Chapter X: Conclusion

With the death of Turgenev and Dostoyevsky, the great epoch of Russian literature came to an end. A period of literary as well as of political stagnation began, which lasted until the Russo-Japanese War. This was followed by the revolutionary movement, which, in its turn, produced a literary as well as a political chaos, the effect of which and of the manifold reactions it brought about are still being felt. It was only natural, if one considers the extent and the quality of the productions of the preceding epoch, that the soil of literary Russia should require a rest.

As it is, one can count the writers of prominence which the epoch of stagnation produced on one's fingers--CHEKHOV, GARSHIN, KOROLENKO, and at the end of the period MAXIME GORKY, and apart from them, in a by-path of his own, MEREZHKOVSKY. Of these Chekhov and Gorky tower above the others. Chekhov enlarged the range of Russian literature by painting the middle-class and the _Intelligentsia_, and brought back to Russian literature the note of humour; and Gorky broke altogether fresh ground by painting the vagabond, the artisan, the tramp, the thief, the flotsam and jetsam of the big town and the highway, and by painting in a new manner.

Gorky's work came like that of Mr. Rudyard Kipling to England, as a revelation. Not only did his subject matter open the doors on dominions undreamed of, but his attitude towards life and that of his heroes towards life seemed to be different from that of all Russian novelists before his advent; and yet the difference between him and his forerunners is not so great as it appears at first sight. It is true that his rough and rebellious heroes, instead of playing the Hamlet, or of finding the solution of life in charity and humility or submission, are partisans of the survival of the fittest with a vengeance, the survival of the strongest fist and the sharpest knife; yet are these new heroes really so different from the uncompromising type that we have already seen sharing one half of the Russian stage, right through the story of Russian literature, from Bazarov back to Peter the Great, and on whose existence was founded the remark that Peter the Great was one of the ingredients in the Russian character? Put Bazarov on the road, or Lermontov, or even Peter the Great, and you get Gorky's barefooted hero.

Where Gorky created something absolutely new was in the surroundings and in the manner of life which he described, and in the way he described them; this is especially true of his treatment of nature: for the first time in Russian prose literature, we get away from the "orthodox" landscape of convention, and we are face to face with the elements. We feel as if a new breath of air had entered into literature; we feel as people accustomed to the manner in which the poets treated nature in England in the eighteenth century must have felt when Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley and Coleridge began to write.

Chekhov worked on older lines. He descends directly from Turgenev, although his field is a different one. He, more than any other writer and better than any other writer, painted the epoch of stagnation, when Russia, as a Russian once said, was playing itself to death at _vindt_ (an older form of _Bridge_). The tone of his work is grey, and indeed resembles, as Tolstoy said, that of a photographer, by its objective realism as well as by its absence of high tones; yet if Chekhov is a photographer, he is at the same time a supreme artist, an artist in black and white, and his pessimism is counteracted by two other factors, his sense of humour and his humanity; were it not so, the impression of sadness one would derive from the sum of misery which his crowded stage of merchants, students, squires, innkeepers, waiters, schoolmasters, magistrates, popes, officials, make up between them, would be intolerable. Some of Chekhov's most interesting work was written for the stage, on which he also brought Scenes of Country Life, which is the sub-title of the play _Uncle Vanya_. There are the same grey tints, the same weary, amiable, and slack people, bankrupt of ideals and poor in hope, whom we meet in the stories; and here, too, behind the sordid triviality and futility, we hear the "still sad music of humanity." But in order that the tints of Chekhov's delicate living and breathing photographs can be effective on the stage, very special acting is necessary, in order to convey the quality of atmosphere which is his special gift. Fortunately he met with exactly the right technique and the appropriate treatment at the Art Theatre at Moscow.

Chekhov died in 1904, soon after the Russo-Japanese War had begun. Apart from the main stream and tradition of Russian fiction and Russian prose, Merezhkovsky occupies a unique place, a place which lies between criticism and imaginative historical fiction, not unlike, in some respects--but very different in others--that which is occupied by Walter Pater in English fiction. His best known work, at least his best known work in Europe, is a prose trilogy, "The Death of the Gods" (a study of Julian the apostate), "The Resurrection of the Gods" (the story of Leonardo da Vinci), and "The Antichrist" (the story of Peter the Great and his son Alexis), which has been translated into nearly every European language. This trilogy is an essay in imaginative historical reconstitution; it testifies to a real and deep culture, and it is lit at times by flashes of imaginative inspiration which make the scenes of the past live; it is alive with suggestive thought; but it is not throughout convincing, there is a touch of Bulwer Lytton as well as a touch of Goethe and Pater in it. Merezhkovsky is perhaps more successful in his purely critical work, his books on Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky and Gogol, which are infinitely stimulating, suggestive, and original, than in his historical fiction, although, needless to say, his criticism appeals to a far narrower public. He is in any case one of the most brilliant and interesting of Russian modern writers, and perhaps the best known outside Russia.

During the war, a writer of fiction made his name by a remarkable book, namely KUPRIN, who in his novel, _The Duel_, gave a vivid and masterly picture of the life of an officer in the line. Kuprin has since kept the promise of his early work. At the same time, LEONID ANDREEV came forward with short stories, plays, a description of war (_The Red Laugh_), moralities, not uninfluenced by Maeterlinck, and a limpid and beautiful style in which pessimism seemed to be speaking its last word.

In 1905 the revolutionary movement broke out, with its great hopes, its disillusions, its period of anarchy on the one hand and repression on the other; out of the chaos of events came a chaos of writing rather than literature, and in its turn this produced, in literature as well as in life, a reaction, or rather a series of reactions, towards symbolism, æstheticism, mysticism on the one hand, and towards materialism--not of theory but of practice--on the other. But since these various reactions are now going on, and are vitally affecting the present day, the revolutionary movement of 1905 seems the right point to take leave of Russian literature. In 1905 a new era began, and what that era will ultimately produce, it is too soon even to hazard a guess.

Looking back over the record of Russian literature, the first thing which must strike us, if we think of the literature of other countries, is its comparatively short life. There is in Russian literature no Middle Ages, no Villon, no Dante, no Chaucer, no Renaissance, no _Grand Siècle_. Literature begins in the nineteenth century. The second thing which will perhaps strike us is that, in spite of its being the youngest of all the literatures, it seems to be spiritually the oldest. In some respects it seems to have become over-ripe before it reached maturity. But herein, perhaps, lies the secret of its greatness, and this may be the value of its contribution to the soul of mankind. It is--

"Old in grief and very wise in tears":

and its chief gift to mankind is an expression, made with a naturalness and sincerity that are matchless, and a love of reality which is unique,--for all Russian literature, whether in prose or verse, is rooted in reality--of that grief and that wisdom; the grief and wisdom which come from a great heart; a heart that is large enough to embrace the world and to drown all the sorrows therein with the immensity of its sympathy, its fraternity, its pity, its charity, and its love.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

1113. _The Chronicle of Nestor._

1692. First play produced in Russia, Gregory.
Simeon Polotsky's _The Prodigal Son_ acted.

1703. The first Russian newspaper, _The Russian News_, appears.

1725. Death of Peter the Great.
Foundation of the Academy of Science.

1744. Death of Kantemir.

1750. Death of Tatishchev.

1755. University of Moscow founded.

1762. Accession of Catherine the Great.

1765. Death of Lomonosov.

1790. Radishchev's _Journey Through Russia_ published.

1796. Death of Catherine the Great.

1800. First edition of _The Story of the Raid of Prince Igor_
published.

1802. Zhukovsky translates Gray's _Elegy_.
Death of Radishchev.

1806. Krylov's first fables published.

1816. Death of Derzhavin.
_History of the Russian State_, by Karamzin, published.

1819. University of St. Petersburg founded.

1820. Pushkin's _Ruslan and Ludmila_ published.

1823. Griboyedov's _Misfortune of Being Clever_ circulated.
First Canto of _Eugene Onegin_ published.

1825. The Decembrist Attempt.

1826. Rileev hanged.
Death of Karamzin.

1827. Pushkin's _Gypsies_ published.

1829. Death of Griboyedov.
Pushkin's _Poltava_ published.

1831. Pushkin's _Boris Godunov_ published.
Complete version of _Eugene Onegin_ published.

1832. Gogol's _Evening on the Farm near the Dikanka_ published.

1834. Gogol's _Mirgorod_ published.

1835. Gogol's _Revisor_ produced on the stage.

1836. Chaadaev's letters published.

1837. Death of Pushkin.

1841. Death of Lermontov.

1842. Death of Koltsov.
Gogol's _Dead Souls_ published.

1844. Death of Krylov.

1847. Gogol's correspondence published.
Turgenev's _Sportsman's Sketches_ published.
Death of Belinsky.

1849. Dostoyevsky imprisoned.

1856-7. Saltykov's _Government Sketches_ appear.

1859. Ostrovsky's _Storm_ produced.
Goncharov's _Oblomov_ published.

1860. Turgenev's _Fathers and Sons_ published.

1861. Emancipation of the Serfs.

1862. Pisemsky's _Troubled Sea_ published.

1863. Chernyshevsky's _What is to be Done?_ published.

1865. Leskov's _No Way Out_ published.

1865-1872. Tolstoy's _War and Peace_ appeared.

1866. Dostoyevsky's _Crime and Punishment_ published.

1868. Dostoyevsky's _Idiot_ published.

1875. Death of Count Alexis Tolstoy.

1875-6. Tolstoy's _Anna Karenina_ published.

1877. Death of Nekrasov.

1881. Death of Dostoyevsky.

1883. Death of Turgenev.

1886. Death of Ostrovsky.

1887. Death of Nadson.

1889. Death of Saltykov.

1900. Death of Soloviev.
Production of Chekhov's _Chaika_ (Seagull).

1904. Production of Chekhov's _Cherry Orchard_.
Death of Chekhov.

1910. Death of Tolstoy.

INDEX

Acton, Lord, 146

Ainsworth, Harrison, 82

Aksakov, Ivan, 154

----, Serge, 154 f.

Alexander I, 9, 30 f., 44, 124, 169

---- II, 52, 153, 160, 179, 227

Alexis, Tsar, 23

Andreev, Leonid, 248

_Anna Karenina_, Tolstoy's, 205 f.

Apukhtin, 238

Arnold, Matthew, 123, 146, 226

Atheism and Socialism, 150 f.

Bakunin, 179, 180

Balfour, Mr. A. J., 182

Balmont, 242

Bariatinsky, Prince, 101

Batyushkov, 58

Baudelaire, 226

Beaconsfield, Lord, 146

Belinsky, 142, 150

_Bell, The_, Herzen edits, 151, 153, 180

Bloch, Alexander, 242

_Bogoiskateli_, 198, 199

Brontë, Charlotte, 222

----, Emily, 46

Brückner, Prof., 144, 145, 147, 214

Brusov, 242

Bulgaria, 12

Bulgaria, liberation of, 170, 171

Bürger's _Leonore_ translated into Russian, 52

Burns, Robert, 125

Byron, 61 f., 66, 67, 71, 72 (footnotes), 73, 98, 119, 123, 146

Byzantium, Emperor of, 11

Catherine I, 18 (footnote)

---- II, 27, 32, 33, 80, 155

Chaadaev, 148

Chekhov, 243, 244 f.

Chernyshevsky, 180, 181, 227

Chesterton, Mr. G. K., 182

Christianity of the East, 11

_Chronicle of Kiev_, the, 15 f.

_Chronicle of Nestor_, the, 15 f.

Church, the, influence on Russian literature, 11, 21

Constantine, 44

Corot, 226

Crabbe, Nekrasov and, 229 f.

Crimean War, the, 160, 202, 238

Danilevsky, 180

Daudet, 172

"Decembrist" rising, the, 44, 45, 61, 92

Delvig, Baron, 101

Demetrius, 21, 67

Derzhavin, 29, 56

Diderot, 27

Dobrolyubov, 180, 181, 227

Donne, John, 97

Dostoyevsky, 96, 99, 109, 143, 145, 160, 161, 164, 167, 173, 180,
192, 196 f., 200, 210 f., 220 f.

Eastern and Western Churches, schism of, 13, 22, 182, 183

Eliot, Sir Charles, 13

Elizabeth, Empress, 26

Emancipation of the serfs, the, 160, 227

Falconet's equestrian statue of Peter the Great, 85

Fet, 232 f.

Flaubert, 162, 204

French influence in Russia, 26

French Revolution, the, 27, 40, 159

Gagarin, Prince, 150

Garshin, 243

Gautier, 226

German influence in Russia, 26

Goethe, death of, 228

----, Pushkin's resemblance to, 92 f.

Gogol, Nicholas, 126 f., 190

Goncharov, 143, 176 f.

Gorky, Maxime, 164, 243, 244 f.

Gray's _Elegy_, Russian translations of, 52, 53

Gregory, Protestant pastor of the Sloboda, 23

Griboyedov, 45 f., 126, 191

Grigoriev, 179, 180

Grigorovich, 194, 195

Grimm's Fairy Tales, 84

Haumant, M., 168

Heckeren-Dantes' duel with Pushkin, 90

Heine, 98

Herzen, Alexander, 143, 150 f., 180

Hoffmann, 127

Homyakov, 154

Hugo, Victor, 117, 118, 172

Ivan III, 20, 21, 24

---- IV ("The Terrible"), 24, 67, 235

Ivanov, 242

_Jane Eyre_ cited, 222

Kantemir, Prince, 27

Karakozov, 153

Karamzin, 18, 32 f., 141

Katkov, 180, 182

Keats, 146

_Kidnapped_ (Stevenson's), 129

Kiev, destruction of, 19;
rebuilding of, 21

----, the mother of Russian culture, 10 f.

Kipling, Mr. Rudyard, 244

Koltsov, 124 f.

Korolenko, 243

Krylov, 34 f., 176 f.

Kuprin, 248

La Fontaine, 35 f.

Lang, Andrew, 128

Latin language taught in Moscow, 22

Le Maistre, Joseph, 148, 149

Leo X, 13

Lermontov, 102 f., 126

Leskov, vi, 189 f.

Lisle, Leconte de, 226

Literary criticism, 141

Liturgical books, revision of, 22

Lomonosov, Michael, 26, 29

Luther, 13

Lytton, Bulwer, 248

Maikov, 232

Maupassant, 128, 172

Meredith, George, 169, 172

Merezhkovsky, 147, 205, 243, 247 f.

Mérimée, 83, 141

Mill, John Stuart, 181

Mickiewicz, the Pole, 87

Montesquieu, 27

Morley, John, 146

Moscow, 10, 19, 21

Moscow Art Theatre, the, v, 221, 222, 247

----, European culture in, 23

_Moscow Journal_ founded by Karamzin, 32

Moscow, Pushkin's memorial at, 99, 220

----, schools in, 22

----, the fire of, 18

----, University of, 26

Mozart of Russian literature, the, 175

Musin-Pushkin, Count. _See_ Pushkin.

Musset, 118, 119

Mussorgsky, 67

Nadson, 239 f.

Napoleon, 30 f., 40, 111, 204

Nechaev, 218

Nekrasov, 229 f., 234

Nicholas, 44

Nicholas, Emperor, 160

Nicholas I, 103

Nihilism, 152, 163, 171, 173, 179, 217, 218, 227

Nikitin, 238

Norsemen in Russia, 10

_Odyssey_, the, Russian translation of, 52

Ostrovsky, 193 f.

Palæologa, Sophia, 21

Paris revolution of 1848, the, 159

Parnassian poetry, the epoch of, 226 f.

Pater, Walter, 247, 248

Paul, Emperor, 33

Peter the Great, 21, 24 f., 71, 85, 97

---- ---- of Poetry, the, 95

Petrashevsky and his followers, 159, 160

Pisarev, 180, 181, 227

Pisemsky, 191, 193

Poe, E. A., 86

Poland, 21, 24

Poland, the rising in, 180

Poles occupy Moscow, 24

Polevoy, 142

Polezhaev, 101

Polonsky, 232, 233 f.

Polotsky, Simeon, 22 f.

Preobrazhenskoe and its theatre, 23

Pre-Raphaelites, the, 226

Printing press, the first, 21

Propagandists of Western Ideas the, 148 f.

Prutkov, Kuzma. _See_ Tolstoy, Count Alexis.

Pugachev and the Cossack rising, 80

Pushkin vi, 18, 34, 41, 43, 50, 54 f., 109, 110, 123, 126, 132,
135, 138, 143, 162, 167, 220

Radishchev, 27 f.

Rakhmaninov, 81

Rimsky-Korsakov, 81

Rodionovna, Anna, 84, 85

Rome, Gogol settles in, 133

Rousseau, 27

Russia and political liberty, 148

----, Norsemen in, 10, 11

----, Tartar invasion of, 19, 24

----, the revolutionary movement of 1905, 243, 248, 249

Russian literature, beginnings of, 9 f.

---- ----, dawn of, 30 f.

---- ----, second renascence of, 159

---- ----, the age of prose, 126 f.

---- ----, the second age of poetry, 226 f.

---- newspaper, the first, 25

---- Nihilism. _See_ Nihilism.

---- trade centres, 10

Russia's national poet, 95

Russo-Japanese War, the, 243

Ryleev, 44

Sainte-Beuve, 146

St. Petersburg, 10

---- Jesuits, the, 148

----, the great floods of 1834, 85

Saltykov, Michael, vi, 184 f., 190 f.

Sand, George, 162

Schiller's _Maid of Orleans_, Russian translation of, 52

Schumann of Russian literature, the, 175

Seekers after God, 198

Serfs, emancipation of the, 160, 227

Shakespeare, Pushkin on, 65, 66

Shchedrin. _See_ Saltykov.

Siberia, Dostoyevsky at, 160, 213, 225

----, Radishchev at, 28

Slav race, the, 10 f.

Slavonic liturgy, introduction of, 12

Slavophiles, the, 143, 148, 152, 154, 159, 180, 228

Sluchevsky, 238

Socialism and Atheism, 150 f.

Society of Welfare, the, 43

Sologub, 242

Soloviev, Vladimir, 11, 93, 181 f.

Stebnitsky. _See_ Leskov.

Stendhal, 204

Stevenson, R. L., 127, 128, 129, 214

Strakhov, 180

Suffragettes, 163, 164

Sully-Prudhomme, 226

Suvorov, 30

Sviatoslav, 15, 16

Taine, 162

Tartar invasion of Russia, the, 19;
the Tartar yoke thrown off, 24

Tatishchev, 26

Tchaikovsky, 80, 236

Tennyson, Lord, 165, 166, 226

Thackeray, 172

Tolstoy, Count Alexis, 234 f.

----, Count Leo, 134, 161, 164, 170, 196 f., 211, 246

Turgenev, Ivan, 64, 161 f., 192

Tyutchev, 154, 228

Universal church, Soloviev's views on, 182-183

University of Moscow, the, 26, 251

Venevitinov, 101

Vienna, Congress of, 40, 43

Vigny, Alfred de, 202

Vinci, Leonardo da, 67

Virgil of Russian prose, the, 175

Vladimir, Prince of Kiev, 11

Volkonsky, Princess, 150

Voltaire, 27

Volynsky, 147

Vyatka, Saltykov banished to, 185

Vyazemsky, Prince, 141

_War and Peace_, publication of, 202 f.

Wells, Mr., 164

Wilson, John, 81

Woman's Suffrage, 182. _Cf._ Suffragettes.

Wordsworth, 120, 123

Yakovlev. _Cf._ Herzen, Alexander.

Yazykov, 101

Zhukovsky, Basil, 51 f., 83

Zola, 74, 204

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_Science_

7. _MODERN GEOGRAPHY_

By Dr MARION NEWBIGIN. (Illustrated.) "Geography, again: what a dull, tedious study that was wont to be!... But Miss Marion Newbigin invests its dry bones with the flesh and blood of romantic interest."--_Daily Telegraph._

9. _THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS_

By Dr D. H. SCOTT, M.A., F.R.S., late Hon. Keeper of the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew. (Fully illustrated.) "Dr Scott's candid and familiar style makes the difficult subject both fascinating and easy."--_Gardeners' Chronicle._

17. _HEALTH AND DISEASE_

By W. LESLIE MACKENZIE, M.D., Local Government Board, Edinburgh.

18. _INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICS_

By A. N. WHITEHEAD, Sc.D., F.R.S. (With Diagrams.) "Mr Whitehead has discharged with conspicuous success the task he is so exceptionally qualified to undertake. For he is one of our great authorities upon the foundations of the science."--_Westminster Gazette._

19. _THE ANIMAL WORLD_

By Professor F. W. GAMBLE, F.R.S. With Introduction by Sir Oliver Lodge. (Many Illustrations.) "A fascinating and suggestive survey."--_Morning Post._

20. _EVOLUTION_

By Professor J. ARTHUR THOMSON and Professor PATRICK GEDDES. "A many-coloured and romantic panorama, opening up, like no other book we know, a rational vision of world-development."--_Belfast News-Letter._

22. _CRIME AND INSANITY_

By Dr C. A. MERCIER. "Furnishes much valuable information from one occupying the highest position among medico-legal psychologists."--_Asylum News._

28. _PSYCHICAL RESEARCH_

By Sir W. F. BARRETT, F.R.S., Professor of Physics, Royal College of Science, Dublin, 1873-1910. "What he has to say on thought-reading, hypnotism, telepathy, crystal-vision, spiritualism, divinings, and so on, will be read with avidity."--_Dundee Courier._

31. _ASTRONOMY_

By A. R. HINKS, M.A., Chief Assistant, Cambridge Observatory. "Original in thought, eclectic in substance, and critical in treatment.... No better little book is available."--_School World._

32. _INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE_

By J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A., Regius Professor of Natural History, Aberdeen University. "Professor Thomson's delightful literary style is well known; and here he discourses freshly and easily on the methods of science and its relations with philosophy, art, religion, and practical life."--_Aberdeen Journal._

36. _CLIMATE AND WEATHER_

By Prof. H. N. DICKSON, D.Sc.Oxon., M.A., F.R.S.E., President of the Royal Meteorological Society. (With Diagrams.) "The author has succeeded in presenting in a very lucid and agreeable manner the causes of the movements of the atmosphere and of the more stable winds."--_Manchester Guardian._

41. _ANTHROPOLOGY_

By R. R. MARETT, M.A., Reader in Social Anthropology in Oxford University. "An absolutely perfect handbook, so clear that a child could understand it, so fascinating and human that it beats fiction 'to a frazzle.'"--_Morning Leader._

44. _THE PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY_

By Prof. J. G. MCKENDRICK, M.D. "Upon every page of it is stamped the impress of a creative imagination."--_Glasgow Herald._

46. _MATTER AND ENERGY_

By F. SODDY, M.A., F.R.S. "Prof. Soddy has successfully accomplished the very difficult task of making physics of absorbing interest on popular lines."--_Nature._

49. _PSYCHOLOGY, THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR_

By Prof. W. MCDOUGALL, F.R.S., M.B. "A happy example of the non-technical handling of an unwieldy science, suggesting rather than dogmatising. It should whet appetites for deeper study."--_Christian World._

53. _THE MAKING OF THE EARTH_

By Prof. J. W. GREGORY, F.R.S. (With 38 Maps and Figures.) "A fascinating little volume.... Among the many good things contained in the series this takes a high place."--_The Athenæum._

57. _THE HUMAN BODY_

By A. KEITH, M.D., LL.D., Conservator of Museum and Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons. (Illustrated.) "It literally makes the 'dry bones' to live. It will certainly take a high place among the classics of popular science."--_Manchester Guardian._

58. _ELECTRICITY_

By GISBERT KAPP, D.Eng., Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of Birmingham. (Illustrated.) "It will be appreciated greatly by learners and by the great number of amateurs who are interested in what is one of the most fascinating of scientific studies."--_Glasgow Herald._

62. _THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF LIFE_

By Dr BENJAMIN MOORE, Professor of Bio-Chemistry, University College, Liverpool. "Stimulating, learned, lucid."--_Liverpool Courier._

67. _CHEMISTRY_

By RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in Finsbury Technical College, London. Presents clearly, without the detail demanded by the expert, the way in which chemical science has developed, and the stage it has reached.

72. _PLANT LIFE_

By Prof. J. B. FARMER, D.Sc., F.R.S. (Illustrated.) "Professor Farmer has contrived to convey all the most vital facts of plant physiology, and also to present a good many of the chief problems which confront investigators to-day in the realms of morphology and of heredity."--_Morning Post._

78. _THE OCEAN_

A General Account of the Science of the Sea. By Sir JOHN MURRAY, K.C.B. F.R.S. (Colour plates and other illustrations.)

79. _NERVES_

By Prof. D. FRASER HARRIS, M.D., D.Sc. (Illustrated.) A description, in non-technical language, of the nervous system, its intricate mechanism and the strange phenomena of energy and fatigue, with some practical reflections.

86. _SEX_

By Prof. PATRICK GEDDES and Prof. J. ARTHUR THOMSON, LL.D. (Illus.)

88. _THE GROWTH OF EUROPE_

By Prof. GRENVILLE COLE, (Illus.)

_Philosophy and Religion_

15. _MOHAMMEDANISM_

By Prof. D. S. MARGOLIOUTH, M.A., D.Litt. "This generous shilling's worth of wisdom.... A delicate, humorous, and most responsible tractate by an illuminative professor."--_Daily Mail._

40. _THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY_

By the Hon. BERTRAND RUSSELL, F.R.S. "A book that the 'man in the street' will recognise at once to be a boon.... Consistently lucid and non-technical throughout."--_Christian World._

47. _BUDDHISM_

By Mrs RHYS DAVIDS, M.A. "The author presents very attractively as well as very learnedly the philosophy of Buddhism."--_Daily News._

50. _NONCONFORMITY: Its ORIGIN and PROGRESS_

By Principal W. B. SELBIE, M.A. "The historical part is brilliant in its insight, clarity, and proportion."--_Christian World._

54. _ETHICS_

By G. E. MOORE, M.A., Lecturer in Moral Science in Cambridge University. "A very lucid though closely reasoned outline of the logic of good conduct."--_Christian World._

56. _THE MAKING OF THE NEW TESTAMENT_

By Prof. B. W. BACON, LL.D., D.D. "Professor Bacon has boldly, and wisely, taken his own line, and has produced, as a result, an extraordinarily vivid, stimulating, and lucid book."--_Manchester Guardian._

60. _MISSIONS: THEIR RISE and DEVELOPMENT_

By Mrs CREIGHTON. "Very interestingly done.... Its style is simple, direct, unhackneyed, and should find appreciation where a more fervently pious style of writing repels."--_Methodist Recorder._

68. _COMPARATIVE RELIGION_

By Prof. J. ESTLIN CARPENTER, D.Litt., Principal of Manchester College, Oxford. "Puts into the reader's hand a wealth of learning and independent thought."--_Christian World._

74. _A HISTORY OF FREEDOM OF THOUGHT_

By J. B. BURY, Litt.D., LL.D., Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge. "A little masterpiece, which every thinking man will enjoy."--_The Observer._

84. _LITERATURE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT_

By Prof. GEORGE MOORE, D.D., LL.D., of Harvard. A detailed examination of the books of the Old Testament in the light of the most recent research.

90. _THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND_

By Canon E. W. WATSON, Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Oxford.

94. _RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS_

By Canon R. H. CHARLES, D.D., D.Litt.

_Social Science_

1. _PARLIAMENT_

Its History, Constitution, and Practice. By Sir COURTENAY P. ILBERT, G.C.B., K.C.S.I., Clerk of the House of Commons. "The best book on the history and practice of the House of Commons since Bagehot's 'Constitution.'"--_Yorkshire Post._

5. _THE STOCK EXCHANGE_

By F. W. HIRST, Editor of "The Economist." "To an unfinancial mind must be a revelation.... The book is as clear, vigorous, and sane as Bagehot's 'Lombard Street,' than which there is no higher compliment."--_Morning Leader._

6. _IRISH NATIONALITY_

By Mrs J. R. GREEN. "As glowing as it is learned. No book could be more timely."--_Daily News._

10. _THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT_

By J. RAMSAY MACDONALD, M.P. "Admirably adapted for the purpose of exposition."--_The Times._

11. _CONSERVATISM_

By LORD HUGH CECIL, M.A., M.P. "One of those great little books which seldom appear more than once in a generation."--_Morning Post._

16. _THE SCIENCE OF WEALTH_

By J. A. HOBSON, M.A. "Mr J. A. Hobson holds an unique position among living economists.... Original, reasonable, and illuminating."--_The Nation._

21. _LIBERALISM_

By L. T. HOBHOUSE, M.A., Professor of Sociology in the University of London. "A book of rare quality.... We have nothing but praise for the rapid and masterly summaries of the arguments from first principles which form a large part of this book."--_Westminster Gazette._

24. _THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRY_

By D. H. MACGREGOR, M.A., Professor of Political Economy in the University of Leeds. "A volume so dispassionate in terms may be read with profit by all interested in the present state of unrest."--_Aberdeen Journal._

26. _AGRICULTURE_

By Prof. W. SOMERVILLE, F.L.S. "It makes the results of laboratory work at the University accessible to the practical farmer."--_Athenæum._

30. _ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH LAW_

By W. M. GELDART, M.A., B.C.L., Vinerian Professor of English Law at Oxford. "Contains a very clear account of the elementary principles underlying the rules of English Law."--_Scots Law Times._

38. _THE SCHOOL: An Introduction to the Study of Education._

By J. J. FINDLAY, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Education in Manchester University. "An amazingly comprehensive volume.... It is a remarkable performance, distinguished in its crisp, striking phraseology as well as its inclusiveness of subject-matter."--_Morning Post._

59. _ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY_

By S. J. CHAPMAN, M.A., Professor of Political Economy in Manchester University. "Its importance is not to be measured by its price. Probably the best recent critical exposition of the analytical method in economic science."--_Glasgow Herald._

69. _THE NEWSPAPER_

By G. BINNEY DIBBLEE, M.A. (Illustrated.) The best account extant of the organisation of the newspaper press, at home and abroad.

77. _SHELLEY, GODWIN, AND THEIR CIRCLE_

By H. N. BRAILSFORD, M.A. "Mr Brailsford sketches vividly the influence of the French Revolution on Shelley's and Godwin's England; and the charm and strength of his style make his book an authentic contribution to literature."--_The Bookman._

80. _CO-PARTNERSHIP AND PROFIT-SHARING_

By ANEURIN WILLIAMS, M.A. "A judicious but enthusiastic history, with much interesting speculation on the future of Co-partnership."--_Christian World._

81. _PROBLEMS OF VILLAGE LIFE_

By E. N. BENNETT, M.A. Discusses the leading aspects of the British land problem, including housing, small holdings, rural credit, and the minimum wage.

83. _COMMON-SENSE IN LAW_

By Prof. P. VINOGRADOFF, D.C.L.

85. _UNEMPLOYMENT_

By Prof. A. C. PIGOU, M.A.

96. _POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND: FROM BACON TO HALIFAX_

By G. P. GOOCH, M.A.

IN PREPARATION

_ANCIENT EGYPT._ By F. LL. GRIFFITH, M.A.

_A SHORT HISTORY OF EUROPE._ By HERBERT FISHER, LL.D.

_THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE._ By NORMAN H. BAYNES.

_THE REFORMATION._ By President LINDSAY, LL.D.

_A SHORT HISTORY OF RUSSIA._ By Prof. MILYOUKOV.

_MODERN TURKEY._ By D. G. HOGARTH, M.A.

_FRANCE OF TO-DAY._ By ALBERT THOMAS.

_HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF SPAIN._ By J. FITZMAURICE-KELLY, F.B.A.,
Litt.D.

_LATIN LITERATURE._ By Prof. J. S. PHILLIMORE.

_ITALIAN ART OF THE RENAISSANCE._ By ROGER E. FRY.

_LITERARY TASTE._ By THOMAS SECCOMBE.

_SCANDINAVIAN HISTORY & LITERATURE._ By T. C. SNOW.

_THE MINERAL WORLD._ By Sir T. H. HOLLAND, K.C.I.E., D.Sc.

_A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY._ By CLEMENT WEBB, M.A.

_POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND: From Bentham to J. S. Mill._ By Prof.
W. L. DAVIDSON.

_POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND: From Herbert Spencer to To-day._ By
ERNEST BARKER, M.A.

_THE CRIMINAL AND THE COMMUNITY._ By Viscount ST. CYRES.

_THE CIVIL SERVICE._ By GRAHAM WALLAS, M.A.

_THE SOCIAL SETTLEMENT._ By JANE ADDAMS and R. A. WOODS.

_GREAT INVENTIONS._ By Prof. J. L. MYRES, M.A., F.S.A.

_TOWN PLANNING._ By RAYMOND UNWIN.

London: WILLIAMS AND NORGATE
_And of all Bookshops and Bookstalls._

Transcriber's Note

Minor punctuation errors and printer errors (omitted or transposed letters) have been repaired. Hyphenation has been made consistent.

The following amendments have also been made:

Page 22--mas amended to was--"... but in the interest of
literature, it was a misfortune ..."

Page 192--be amended to he--"... disbelieved in
Liberals, although he believed in Liberalism; ..."

Page 222--Brönte's amended to Brontë's--"These words,
spoken by Charlotte Brontë's _Jane Eyre_, ..."

Page 251--Simon amended to Simeon--"1692. ... Simeon
Polotsky's _The Prodigal Son_ acted."

End of Project Gutenberg's An Outline of Russian Literature, by Maurice Baring