Chapter IX: Appendix

DESCRIPTION OF A GREEK BIREME OF ABOUT 800 B.C.

During the year 1899 the British Museum acquired a new vase of the
Dipylon class, which was found near Thebes in Boeotia, and dates
from about 800 B.C. On one side of the vase are represented chariots
and horses, apparently about to start for a race. On the other side is
a painting of a complete bireme, which, on account of its antiquity
and the peculiarities of its structure is of extraordinary interest.
The galley in question, Fig. 74, is reproduced from an illustration,
traced direct from the vase, and published in the "Journal of Hellenic
Studies," vol. xix. (1899). The chief peculiarity of the construction
is that the rowers are seated upon a two-storied open staging, erected
upon a very shallow hull and extending from an elevated forecastle to
an equally raised structure at the stern. The stage, or platform, on
which the lower tier of oarsmen is seated, is supported by vertical
struts rising out of the body of the boat. The platform for the upper
stage is also supported by vertical struts, which rise, not from the
boat itself, but from an intermediate stage, situated between the two
tiers of rowers. In the absence of a plan it is not possible to say if
these platforms were floored decks, with openings cut in them, where
necessary, for the legs of the rowers; or if they were simply composed
of longitudinal beams connected by cross-pieces which served as seats,
or benches. The latter arrangement appears to be the more probable.
There are twenty oarsmen a-side, on the lower tier, and, apparently,
nineteen on the upper. No attempt is made by the artist to show more
than the rowers on one side, and, to avoid confusion, those on the two
tiers have their oars on the opposite sides of the galley, and only
one of the blades of the far side is shown. The men of the lower tier
rest their feet against supports fixed to the vertical struts which
support their platform, while those of the upper tier rest theirs,
apparently, upon the intermediate stage. The vessel is provided with a
large and a small ram, and is steered by means of two large paddles.
The prow ornament resembles a snake. In some of its features, notably
in the shape of the ram, the shallowness of the hull, and the height
and number of the stages, this galley resembles the Phoenician boat
of a somewhat later date, described on page 28. The arrangement of the
rowers is, however, totally different in the two cases, those in the
Phoenician vessel being all housed in the hull proper, while those
in the Greek galley are all placed on the stages. It is a curious
coincidence that the two specimens of galleys of the eighth and
seventh centuries B.C., of which we possess illustrations, should both
be provided with these lofty open stages.

This Greek bireme, with its shallow hull and lofty, open
superstructure, could hardy have been a seaworthy vessel. The question
arises, What purpose could it have been intended to serve? The rams,
of course, suggest war; but the use of rams appears to have been
pretty general, even in small Greek rowing-boats, and has survived
into our own day in the Venetian gondola. The late Dr. A. S. Murray,
keeper of the Greek and Roman antiquities at the British Museum, who
wrote an account of the vase in the "Journal of Hellenic Studies," is
of opinion that both the subjects on this vase represent processions,
or races, held at the funeral ceremonies of some prominent citizen,
and that, in fact, all the subjects on Dipylon vases seem to refer to
deceased persons. He points out that Virgil mentions in the _AEneid_
that games, held in honour of the deceased, commenced with a race of
ships, and that he could hardly have done this if there were no
authority for the practice. The large figures at the stern seem to
point to the bireme of Fig. 74 being about to be used for racing
purposes. The man who is going to step on board is in the act of
taking leave of a woman, who holds away from him a crown, or prize,
for which he may be about to contend. If this view be correct we have,
at once, an explanation of the very peculiar structure of this bireme,
which, with its open sides and small freeboard, could only have been
intended for use in smooth water and, possibly, for racing purposes.

There are several other representations of Greek galleys, or of
fragments of them, in existence. Nearly all have been found on
eighth-century Dipylon vases, but, hitherto, no other specimen has
been found in which all the rowers are seated on an open stage. In the
collection of Dr. Sturge there is a vase of this period, ornamented
with a painting of a bireme, which is as rakish and elegant in
appearance as Fig. 74 is clumsy. It also is propelled by 78, or
perhaps 80, rowers. Those of the lower tier are seated in the body of
the boat, while those of the upper bank on what appears to be a flying
deck connecting the forecastle and poop, and about 3 ft. to 3 ft. 6
in. above the seats of the lower tier.

In the Museum of the Acropolis there are also some fragments of
Dipylon vases, on which are clearly visible portions of biremes. The
rowers of the lower bank are here again, seated in the hull of the
galley and appear to be working their oars in large square portholes,
while the upper row are seated on a flying deck, the space between
which and the gunwale of the hull is partly closed in by what appear
to be patches of awning or light fencing. The portholes above referred
to are in fact merely open intervals between the closed-in spaces.
Similar lengths of fencing may be seen in the representation of a
Phoenician galley (Fig. 7, p. 27).

From the above description it is not difficult to see how the galley,
with two tiers of oars, came to be evolved from the more primitive
unireme. First, a flying deck was added for the accommodation of the
upper tier of rowers. It formed no part of the structure of the ship,
but was supported on the latter by means of struts, or pillars. The
spaces between the hull and the flying deck at the two ends of the
galley were closed in by a raised forecastle and poop. These additions
were necessary in order to keep the vessel dry, and attempts were no
doubt made to give protection to the remainder of the sides by means
of the patches of light awning mentioned above. The step from this to
carrying the structure of the sides up bodily, till they met the upper
deck, and of cutting portholes for the lower tier of oars, would not
be a long one, and would produce the type of bireme illustrated on p.
31 (Fig. 9).

FOOTNOTES:

[1] This illustration is taken from Mr. Villiers Stuart's work, "Nile
Gleanings."

[2] "A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs," by Dr. Henry Brugsch Bey.
Translated and edited from the German by Philip Smith, B.A.

[3] "Nile Gleanings," p. 309.

[4] The inscription is taken from the "History of Egypt under the
Pharaohs," by Dr. Henry Brugsch Bey. Translated and edited by
Philip Smith, B.A. Second edition, pp. 137, 138.

[5] "A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs," by Dr. Henry Brugsch Bey.
Translated and edited from the German by Philip Smith, B.A.
Second edition, p. 358.

[6] Egypt Exploration Fund: _Archaeological Report_, 1895-1896. Edited by
F. L. Griffith, M.A.

[7] "The History of Herodotus," translated by G. C. Macaulay, M.A. 1890.
Vol. i. p. 157. (ii. 96 is the reference to the Greek text.)

[8] In Appendix, p. 157, will be found an account of an eighth-century
Greek bireme, recently discovered.

[9] For latest information on Greek vessels of Archaic period, _see_
Appendix.

[10] This figure is obtained by adding the height of the lowest oar-port
above the water, viz. 3 ft., to 2 ft. 6 in., which is twice the
minimum vertical interval between successive banks.

[11] This illustration is taken from Charnock's "History of Marine
Architecture." It is copied by Charnock from Basius, who, in
his turn, has evidently founded it on the sculptures on Trajan's
Column.

[12] "Caesar, de Bello Gallico," bk. iii. chap. 13.

[13] Vol. xxii., p. 298. Paper by Mr. Colin Archer.

[14] "Archeologie Navale."

[15] W. S. Lindsay, "History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce,"
vol. ii. p. 4.

[16] The details, as related by various authorities, differ slightly.

[17] According to some accounts there were 1,497 bronze and 934 iron
guns of all calibres.

INDEX.

A

Aberdeen clippers, 153

_Acasta_, first English 40-gun frigate, 131

_Adventure_, first genuine English frigate, 128

_Alarm_, first copper-sheathed frigate, 128

Alfred the Great founds English Navy, 56

American clipper, the _Great Republic_, 1853..150

----, ----, the _Ocean Herald_, 1855..150

----, clippers, speeds attained by, 150

----, cotton-ship, the _Bazaar_, 148, 149

----, frigates, superiority of, in 1812..133

----, transatlantic sailing-packet the _Sir John Franklin_, 1840..148

Anchors, first use of capstans for weighing, 101

_Ark_, Elizabethan warship, 98

Ark, Noah's, account of, 6

Armada, Spanish, account of, 97

Artillery, effect of introduction on designs of ships, 77

----, first use of, by Venetians on board ship, 77

----, first use of, in naval warfare, 76, 77. _See also_ GUNS

_Artois_ and _Aigle_, French frigates of 1781, dimensions of, 129

Athenian docks, dimensions of, 41

_Aurore_, French frigate of 1757, dimensions of, 128

B

Baltimore clippers, 147

Barge, Egyptian, used for transporting obelisks down Nile, 21

_Bazaar_, American cotton-ship, 148, 149

Bireme, Greek, of about 500 B.C., 31

----, ----, of about 800 B.C., 157.

----, Roman, 44

_See also_ GALLEYS

Boat, Egyptian, of the third dynasty, 12

----, ----, of the fourth dynasty, 14

Boats, Egyptian, in time of Herodotus, 24

----, ----, of the sixth dynasty, 14

----, ----, of the twelfth dynasty now in existence, 25

----, of the ancient Britons, 55

Bomb-ketches, introduction of, 118

_Brilliant_, English frigate of 1757, dimensions of, 128

_Britannia_, warship of Charles II., 114, 116

Britons, boats of, 55

Buccas, or busses, 67

C

Cabins, first mention of, on English ships, 73

Cables, use of, for girding ancient ships, 52

Cabot's voyages to America, 89

_Cairngorm_, clipper, 153

_Caledonia_, English first-rate of 1805..133

Canynge of Bristol, shipowner of the fifteenth century, 84

Capstans first used for weighing anchors, 101

Caravels, 84, 88, 91

Carracks in the fifteenth century, 81

----, in the sixteenth century, 96

----, Spanish and Portuguese, end of the sixteenth century, 101

Carthaginian naval expedition against Greek colonies, 30

Caulking of ancient galleys, 53

Chain-pumps, introduction of, 101

_Challenger_, first English clipper, 153

Charles I., warships of, 108

Charles II., warships of, 114

Classification of ships in time of Henry V., 80

Clipper, American, the _Great Republic_, 1853..150

----, ----, the _Ocean Herald_, 1855..150

----, the _Cairngorm_, 153

----, the _Lord of the Isles_, 153

Clippers, Aberdeen, 153

----, American, speeds attained by, 150

----, Baltimore, 147

----, English, 153 _et seq_.

Columbus' ships, 87 _et seq_.

_Commerce de Marseille_, French first-rate of 1792, particulars of, 131

Commerce of England in reign of Henry III., 69

----, ----, in reign of Edward IV., 85

Commonwealth, naval expenditure under, 114

----, naval wars of, 112

----, warships of, 114

Competition between Great Britain and the United States for the
world's carrying trade in 1850, 2

----, for the world's carrying trade, probable renewal of, 4

_Constant Warwick_, English frigate, 1646..117

Construction of Greek and Roman galleys, 40

Construction of Viking ship, 59

----, of wooden battleships, 125, 135

Copper-plating ships' bottoms, introduction of, 128

Crews of English ships, end of the twelfth century, 67

----, ----, ----, early fourteenth century, 73

----, ----, ----, reign of Elizabeth, 98

----, ----, ----, seventeenth century, 117

----, of Greek triremes, 42

----, of Roman quinqueremes, 44

Cutters, earliest notice of, 111

D

Danish ship, description of ancient, 63

Decks, use of, in Egyptian ships, 14, 20

----, ----, in Greek galleys, 33, 34, 43, 44, 157, 160

----, ----, in Phoenician galleys, 28

Der-el-Bahari, maritime records on the temple of, 18

Dimensions of American clippers, 150

----, of Athenian docks, 41

----, of Columbus' ship, 89

----, of East Indiaman of 1752..123

----, of English warships, 106, 110, 116, 117, 121, 126, 128, 129,
131, 142

----, of Greek triremes, 41

----, of Italian ships built for France in the thirteenth century, 73

----, of sixteenth century carrack, 96

Dover seal, ship on, 72

Drake circumnavigates globe, 99

Dromons, 67

E

East India Company, early voyages of, 100, 108

----, ----, ----, Elizabeth grants charter to, 100

----, ----, ----, James I. grants charter to, 108

----, ----, ----, origin of, 100

----, ----, ----, in 1772..145

East Indiaman of 1752..123, 124

----, ----, of 1819 (the _Thames_), 144, 145

_Edward Bonaventure_, Elizabethan merchant-ship, 99, 100

Edward III.'s fleet in 1347..76

Edward III., naval wars of, 74

----, ships of, 76

Edward IV., English commerce in reign of, 85

Egypt, favourable situation of, for development of shipbuilding, 7

----, transport of granite blocks down Nile, 9, 14, 15

Egyptian barge for transporting obelisks down Nile, 22

----, boat of the third dynasty, 12

----, ----, of the fourth dynasty, 14

----, ----, of the sixth dynasty, 14

----, boats in time of Herodotus, 24

----, ----, of the twelfth dynasty, now in existence, 25

----, maritime expeditions to the land of Punt, 16, 18

----, naval expedition against the Shepherd Kings, 18

----, religion, influence of, on the development of shipbuilding, 7

----, ships used in Hatshepsu's expedition to Punt, 18

----, warships of Ramses III., 23

_Elizabeth Jones_, Elizabethan warship, 98

Elizabethan fleet, 98, 102
----, maritime expeditions, 99
----, merchant-shipping, 98, 99

English clippers, 153 _et seq._

----, commerce in the reign of Henry III., 69

----, ----, ----, of Edward IV., 85

----, first-rate of 1637, _Sovereign of the Seas_, 110

----, ----, of 1673, _Royal Charles_, 114, 116

----, ----, of 1706, _Royal Anne_, 131

----, ----, of 1746, _Royal George_, 125, 127

----, ----, of 1790, _Hibernia_, 129

----, ----, of 1794..131 _et seq._

----, ----, of 1805, _Caledonia_, 133

----, ----, of 1815, _Howe_, 135

----, ----, time of William IV., _Waterloo_, 141, 142

----, ----, beginning of Queen Victoria's reign, _Queen_, 142, 143

----, fourth-rate, end of the seventeenth century, 121

----, mercantile marine in time of James I., 107

----, ----, ----, in first half of the nineteenth century, 142

----, second-rate, end of the seventeenth century, 121

----, shipbuilding, excellence of, in time of Charles I., 111

----, ships, Sir Walter Raleigh's criticisms on, 107

----, warships in the reign of Henry VII., 92

----, ----, ----, of Henry VIII., 93

----, ----, ----, of Elizabeth, 98

----, ----, ----, of James I., 104 _et seq._

----, ----, ----, of Charles I., 110

----, ----, in the Commonwealth, 114

----, ----, in the reign of Charles II., 114, 117

----, ----, ----, of Anne, 121

----, ----, ----, of George II., 128

----, ----, ----, of George III., 129 _et seq._

----, ----, ----, of William IV., 142

----, ----, ----, of Victoria, 142

----, ----, increase of size of various rates in 1788..129

----, ----, of the middle of the eighteenth century, defects of, 123

F

_Falmouth_, East Indiaman of 1752, 124, 125

Fleet of Richard Coeur de Lion for invasion of Palestine, 67

Fleet of Edward III. for invasion of France in 1347, 76

----, of Henry V. for invasion of France, 82

----, of Queen Elizabeth to oppose Armada, 98, 102

Fleets of the Saxon Kings of England, 56

Forecastles, developments of, 72, 73, 75, 80, 83, 85, 89, 95, 102

Frigate, French, of 1780, 129, 131, 134, 135

Frigates, _Brilliant_ and _Aurore_, of 1757, dimensions of, 128

----, introduction of, 117, 128

----, of thirty-eight guns, introduced 1780, 129

----, of forty guns, introduced 1792, 131

----, superiority of American in 1812, 133

"Free Traders," 147

French first-rate of 1792, particulars of, 131

----, frigates of 1780, 129, 131, 134, 135

----, naval architects, influence of, 118, 120

----, ----, power under Louis XIV., 118

----, Navy, foundation of, 79

G

Galleasses, Spanish, 1588, 97
----, Venetian, end of the sixteenth century, 103

Galleon, Venetian, of the sixteenth century, 78

Galley, Archaic Greek, about 800 B.C., 157

----, Greek, without deck, 33

----, of eleven banks, alleged to have been built in Cyprus, 35

----, of sixteen banks, brought to Rome by AEmilius Paulus, 36

----, Phoenician, of the seventh century, 27

----, Ptolemy Philopater's, criticism of account of, 45

----, Venetian, of the fourteenth century, 77

Galleys, ancient, caulking of, 53

----, ----, structural arrangements of, 51 _et seq._

----, ----, timber used in construction of, 50

----, arrangement of rowers in, 43, 47

----, Greek and Roman, details of construction of, 40 _et seq._

----, Greek, rams of, 31, 52, 53

----, Liburnian, 37

----, many-banked, arrangement of oars in, 47

----, ----, disused after Actium, 37

----, ----, use of, by Ptolemies, 37

----, ----, use of, in Greece, 35

----, reasons for arrangement of oars in banks, 42

----, Roman, use of lead sheathing in, 53

----, ----, use of turrets in, 54

----, ----, used against Carthaginians, 36

----, speeds of, 48, 50

----, use of decks in, 28, 34, 36, 43, 44, 157, 160

----, use of sails in, 43

----, used by Alexander the Great, 35

----, Venetian, number of rowers to oars of, 47

----, with four banks of oars, use of, by Athenians, 35

----, with five banks of oars, use of, by Athenians and Syracusans, 35

_See also_ UNIREMES, BIREMES, TRIREMES, QUINQUEREMES, PENTECONTERS

Genoese ship built for France, 1268, 73

_Great Republic_, American clipper, 1853, 150

Greece, ancient, shipbuilding in, 28

----, favourable geographical situation of, for navigation, 28

Greek bireme of about 800 B.C., 157

----, bireme of about 500 B.C., 31

----, galley without deck, 33

----, galleys, rams of, 31, 52, 53

Greek merchant-ship of about 500 B.C., 38

----, penteconters, 35

----, triremes, crews of, 42

----, ----, details of, 41

----, unireme of about 500 B.C., 31

Greeks (ancient), naval expeditions of, 29

Guns, naval, time of Henry VIII., 95

_See also_ ARTILLERY, NAVAL GUNS

H

Hatshepsu's expedition to the land of Punt, 18

_Henry Grace a Dieu_, warship of Henry VIII., 93

Henry V., classification of ships of, 81

----, fleet of, for invasion of France, 82

----, naval development in reign of, 80

Henry VI., ship of reign of, 83

Henry VII., naval development in reign of, 92

Henry VIII., naval guns in time of, 95

----, warships of, 93

Herodotus, account of Egyptian boats by, 24

_Hibernia_, battleship of 1790, particulars of, 129

_Hollandia_, Dutch warship of 1683..116

_Howe_, English first-rate of 1815..135

I

_Invincible_, French warship of 1747..126

Italian fifteenth century ship, 79

J

James I. appoints Commission to inquire into state of Navy, 104

----, development of merchant shipping under, 108

----, warships of, 104 _et seq._

L

_La Blanche Nef_, loss of, 67

Lancaster's expedition to East Indies, 100

La Rochelle, naval battle of, in 1372..77

Lead-sheathing, use of, in Roman galleys, 53

Lepanto, naval battle of, 103

L'Espagnols-sur-Mer, naval battle of, 77

Liburnian galleys, 37

_Lord of the Isles_, Greenock clipper, 153

Libyan boats in ancient Egypt, 9

M

_Madre de Dios_, Portuguese carrack, 101

_Marie la Cordeliere_, French warship, 1512..93

Maritime expedition round Africa sent out by Nekau, 24

----, ----, to land of Punt, 16, 18

----, ----, Elizabethan, 99

_See also_ NAVAL EXPEDITIONS, NAVAL WARS

Masting of warships in Tudor period, 95

Masts of ancient Egyptian boats, 13

Mediaeval ships, 65 _et seq._

Mercantile Marine of Great Britain in first half of the nineteenth
century, 145

Merchant shipping, development of, under James I., 108

----, ----, foreign, end of the sixteenth century, 101

----, ships, ancient, 38

----, ----, Elizabethan, 99, 100

----, ----, Greek, of about 500 B.C., 38

----, ----, Roman, 38

_Minerva_, first English 38-gun frigate, 129

Museums, technical, value of, 3

N

Naval battle at Lepanto, 103
----, ----, at Sluys, 74

Naval battle of La Rochelle in 1372..77

----, ----, of L'Espagnols-sur-Mer, 77

----, ----, off South Foreland in 1217..70

----, expedition, Carthaginian, against Greek colonists, 30

----, expeditions of the ancient Greeks, 29

----, ----, Persian, against Greece, 29

----, expenditure under the Commonwealth, 114

----, guns in time of Henry VIII., 95

----, power of France under Louis XIV., 118

----, war with United States in 1812..133

----, wars of the Commonwealth, 112

----, ----, of Edward III., 74

Navigation, early notions of, 5

Nekau's attempt to make a Red Sea and Nile canal, 23

----, expedition round Africa, 24

Noah's ark, account of, 6

Norman ships, 65

Norsemen, ships of, 58

O

Oars, arrangement of, in galleys of many banks, 47

----, of Greek triremes, length of, 42

----, of Venetian galleys, number of rowers to, 47

Obelisk, transport of, to Rome in 50 A.D., 39

Obelisks, size and weight of, 21

----, transport of, down Nile, 21

Ocean Herald, American clipper, 1855..150

Olaf Tryggvesson, large ship built by, 67

Overland route to India, closing of, in the fifteenth century, 92

P

Penteconters, Greek, 35

Persian naval expeditions against Greece, 29

Pett, Phineas, 104, 110, 111, 114

Phoenician galley of seventh century, 28

Phoenicians, commerce of, 26

----, origin of, 26

Poole seal, ship on, 74

Portholes of warships in Tudor period, 95, 101

----, raising of lower deck at end of the eighteenth century, 131

Portuguese, discoveries of, in the fifteenth century, 84

_Prince Royal_, warship of James I., 104 et seq.

Ptolemies, use of many-banked galleys by, 36

Ptolemy Philopater's galley, criticism of account of, 45

Punt, first recorded maritime expedition to the land of, 16

----, Queen Hatshepsu's expedition to the land of, 18

Q

_Queen_, English first-rate, time of Queen Victoria, 142

Quinqueremes, Roman, crews of, 44

----, use of, by Alexander the Great, 35

----, use of, by Romans, 36, 44

R

Raleigh's criticisms on English ships, 107

Rams of Greek galleys, 31, 52, 53

Ramses III., warships of, 23

_Regent_, warship built 1490..92

Renan, Bernard, 118

Richard Coeur de Lion, fleet of, 67

Richard II., ship of reign of, 80

Rigging, improvements introduced in fourteenth century, 78

----, improvements in, end of the sixteenth century, 101

Roman galleys, use of lead sheathing in, 53

----, ----, use of turrets in, 54

----, ----, used against Carthaginians, 36, 44

----, merchant ships, 38

----, naval power, origin of, 36

----, quinqueremes, crews of, 44

_Royal Anne_, English first-rate of 1706..131

_Royal Charles_, warship of Charles II., 114

_Royal George_, particulars of, 126

Rudders, first use of, in English ships, 74

S

Sailcloth, linen, made by ancient Egyptians, 25

Sailing-ships, excellence of American, in the middle of the nineteenth
century, 3, 147

Sails, early use of, in Egypt, 13

----, papyrus used for, by ancient Egyptians, 25

----, use of, in galleys, 43

Sandefjord ship, description of, 58

Sandwich seal, ship on, 71

_Santa Maria_, caravel of Columbus, 88 _et seq._

Saracen ship of the twelfth century, 68

Saxon kings of England, fleets of, 56

----, ships, 56

Seppings, Sir Robert, improvements introduced by, in naval
construction, 135 _et seq._

Shelf-pieces, introduction of, in shipbuilding, 139

Ship, description of ancient Danish, 63

----, description of Viking, 59

----, Genoese, built for France, 1268..73

----, Greek merchant, 38

----, Roman merchant, 38

----, Italian, of fifteenth century, 79

----, of Columbus, 87 et seq.

----, of Edward III., 76

----, of reign of Richard II., 80

----, ----, of Henry VI., 83

----, on Dover seal, 72

----, on Poole seal, 74

----, on Sandwich seal, 71

----, Saracen, of the twelfth century, 68

----, Venetian, built for France, 1268..73

----, Venetian, of the twelfth century, of great size, 68

Ships, classification of, early fifteenth century, 81

----, earliest mention of, in history, 11

----, Egyptian, used in Hatshepsu's expedition to Punt, 19

----, English, of the end of the fifteenth century, 85

----, mediaeval, 65 _et seq._

----, Norman, 65

----, of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, improvements in, 79,
80

----, of the fourteenth century, crews of, 74

----, of the Norsemen, 58

----, of the Saxons, 56

----, of the Veneti, 55

----, of Vasco da Gama, 91

----, the most ancient known, 9

----, used in Trojan expedition, 31

See also MERCHANT-SHIPS, EAST INDIAMEN, WARSHIPS, WEST INDIAMEN

Shipbuilding, cost of timber for, in the nineteenth century, 155

----, improvements introduced by Sir Robert Seppings, 135 _et seq._

----, in ancient Greece, 28 _et seq._

----, introduction of shelf-pieces and waterways, 139

Shipping statistics of the principal maritime powers, 1

_Sir John Franklin_, American Transatlantic sailing-packet, 1840..148

Sluys, battle of, 74

_Soleil Royal_, French warship, end of the seventeenth century, 116

_Sovereign_, English warship, time of Henry VII., 92

_Sovereign of the Seas_, warship of Charles I., 110

Spanish Armada, account of, 97

Speeds attained by American clippers, 150

----, of galleys, 48, 50

Square buttocks, abandonment of, in English warships, 106

Steam navigation, introduction of, 155

Stern castles, development of, 72, 73, 75, 79, 83, 89, 95, 102

_Stornoway_ and _Chrysolite_, first Aberdeen clippers, 153

Strains, hogging and sagging, on ships, 135

Structural arrangements of ancient galleys, 51 _et seq._

Stuart kings, fondness of for Navy, 104, 108, 114

T

_Thames_, East Indiaman, of 1819, 145

_Thetis_, West Indiaman, 146, 147

Timber for shipbuilding, cost of, in the nineteenth century, 155

----, ----, superstitions of ancients regarding, 50

----, for warships, methods of treating in the eighteenth century, 122

----, used in construction of ancient galleys, 50

Topmasts, introduction of striking, 101

_Trade's Increase_, Jacobean merchantman, 108

Triremes, first use of, in Greece, 29

----, Greek, crews of, 42

----, ----, dimensions of, 39

----, ----, length of oars of, 42

_See also_ GALLEYS

_Triumph_, Elizabethan warship, 98

Trojan expedition, ships used in, 31

"Tumble home," why introduced, 78

Turrets, use of, in Roman galleys, 54

U

Unireme, Greek, of about 500 B.C., 31.

_See also_ GALLEYS

V

Vasco da Gama, ships of, 91

----, voyages of, 91

Veneti, ships of, 55

Venetian galleasses, end of the sixteenth century, 103

----, galleon of the sixteenth century, 78

----, galley of the fourteenth century, 77

----, galleys, number of rowers to oars of, 47

----, ship, built for France, 1268, 73

----, twelfth century ship of great size, 68

Venetians, first use of naval artillery by, 77

----, skill of, in shipbuilding, 69

Ventilation of warships, middle of the eighteenth century, 123

Viking ship, description of, 59

Voyages of Vasco da Gama, 91

W

Warships of Ramses III., 23

----, ventilation of, middle of the eighteenth century, 123

_See also_ ENGLISH WARSHIPS, ENGLISH FIRST-RATES, FRIGATES,
FLEETS, GALLEYS, SHIPS, FRENCH FIRST-RATES

_Waterloo_, English first-rate, time of William IV., 141, 142

Waterways, introduction of, in shipbuilding, 139

West Indiaman, the _Thetis_, 146

END OF PART I.

PRINTED BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND READING.

End of Project Gutenberg's Ancient and Modern Ships., by George C. V. Holmes