Chapter XIII: Part II: of the Trachten. The jazerant coats of the fifteenth (4)

In the thirteenth century we first obtain a pictorial representation of the LEGAL DUEL, or wager of battle: rude, it is true, but curiously confirming the written testimony that has come down to us of the arms and apparel of the Champions.

This drawing has been carefully traced from one of the "Miscellaneous Rolls" in the Tower, of the time of Henry III. The combatants are Walter Blowberme and Hamun le Stare, the latter being the vanquished champion, and figuring a second time in the group as undergoing the punishment incidental to his defeat. The names of the duellers are written over the figures, the central one being that of the victor. Both are armed with the quadrangular bowed shield and a "baston" headed with a double beak. Britton (De Jure Angliæ, fol. 41) exactly describes their arming: "Puis voisent combattre armés sans fer et sans longe arme, à testes découvertes et à mains nues (à pié?) ovesque deux bastons cornuts d'une longueur, et chascun de eux d'un escu de quatre corners, sauns autre arme dont nul ne puisse autre griever." The exact length of the bâtons we learn from a statute of Philip of France in 1215: "Statuimus quod Campiones non pugnent de caetero cum baculis qui excedant longitudinem trium pedum." They might, however, continues the statute, use staves of shorter dimensions, if they thought proper.

The arming "sans fer" mentioned above is made more clear by a passage of the "Coustumier of Normandy," chap. 28: (Les champions doivent être) "appareillez en leurs cuiries, ou en leurs cotes, avec leurs escus, et leurs bastons cornus, armez si comme mestier sera de drap, de cuir, de laine et d'estoupes. Es escus, ne es bastons, ne es armures de jambes, ne doit aver fors fust ou cuir, ou ci qui est pardevant dit; ne ils ne peuvent avoir autre instrument à grever l'un l'autre fors l'escu et le baston." The bare heads and cropped hair of our duellers are in conformity with another ordinance of the Camp-fight: "Les Chevaliers qui se combate por murtre ou por homicide, se doive combatre à pié, et _sans coiffe_, et estre _roignés à la reonde_[447]." Compare the figure of the champion of Bishop Wyvil, which appears on the monumental brass of the prelate in Salisbury Cathedral: date 1375. It is engraved in Waller's Brasses, Part ix., and in Carter's "Painting and Sculpture." For an extended series of evidences relating to the custom of Wager of Battle, see Ducange or Adelung, _v. Campiones_, and compare Henault, _ad an._ 1260.

Built about 1275.

No. 89.]

FOOTNOTES:

[265] An instructive series of English sculptured figures has been finely engraved in Stothard's Monumental Effigies, and in the continuation of this work by the brothers Hollis. The continental examples, especially those of Germany, are ably figured in Hefner's _Costumes du Moyen-Age_. The sculptured effigies preserved in the Church of St. Denis are well described in the _Monographie de l'Eglise de St. Denis_ of the Baron De Guilhermy. The monumental brasses of England have been engraved excellently and in large numbers by Messrs. Waller, and in the subsequent works of the Rev. Mr. Boutell. The knightly statues given in Blore's Monuments, though not numerous, are of the highest order of art, and perfect in their truthfulness.

[266] This manuscript is perhaps a little later than the year 1300, but the armour represented in it is essentially that of the thirteenth century.

[267] Matthew Paris, p. 853. ed. Wats.

[268] Collection des Ordonnances, i. 383.

[269] Abstracts of both are given at a later page of this division.

[270] Vol. iii. p. 403.

[271] Eyton's Antiq. of Shropshire, i. 160, sq.

[272] Blount's Anc. Tenures, and Eyton's Antiq. of Shropshire, i. 180.

[273] Page 248.

[274] Paris, p. 374.

[275] Ibid., p. 467.

[276] Paris, p. 514.

[277] Paris, p. 518, _ad an._ 1242.

[278] Rot. Claus. 6 John, m. 66.

[279] Rot. Claus. 7 John, m. 18.

[280] Vol. v. c. 42.

[281] Froissart, bk. i. c. 287.

[282] Hist., p. 591.

[283] Vol. i. p. 198.

[284] pike.

[285] Ann. 1214.

[286] Rigord.

[287] Brito, _ad ann._ 1202.

[288] The abbot of St. Medard.

[289] The Bishop Elect of Beauvais.

[290] Roll of Expenses of K. Edward I. at Rhuddlan Castle: Archæol. xvi., 47.

[291] Ibid.

[292] chattels.

[293] "Hauber, chapel de feer, espe, cutel e cheval." Stat. of Winchester.

[294] "Haubergeon." Ibid.

[295] "Parpoint, chapel de feer, espe e cutel." Ib.

[296] "Espe, ark, setes e cutel." Ib.

[297] "Fans, gisarmes, e cotaus, e autres menues armes." Ib.

[298] These are the same equipments as before, only calculated by a money qualification instead of a landed property. The Winchester Statute has a similar provision.

[299] Here the Stat. of Winchester has an additional class: "Qui meins ad de chateux de vynt marcs, espees, cuteus e autres menues armes."

[300] "Arcs et setes hors de forestes, e dedenz forestes arcs et piles (_var._ pilets)." Stat. Win.

[301] "Deus foiz par an." Stat. Win.

[302] Cap. 23.

[303] Blount's Ancient Tenures.

[304] Rot. Pat. 55.

[305] "Culvertage means in plain English the penalty of being a turn-tail. The culprit was liable by law to the forfeiture of all property, and perpetual servitude." Lingard, Hist, of Eng. See also Ducange, v. Culvertagium.

[306] New Rymer, 444. See also Hallam's Middle Ages, vol. i. p. 170. ed. 1855.

[307] M. Paris. Additamenta.

[308] Ibid., p. 1145.

[309] Page 568.

[310] This circular formation, however, was no new invention. We have it in Cæsar: "Quum illi, _orbe facto_, sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter millia VI. convenerunt." Bell. Gall., L. 4.

[311] Fordun, xi. 34; Hemingford, 59-165; Walsingham, 75.

[312] p. 631.

[313] Hist. _sub an._ 1256. See also the account of the Tartar warriors. M. Paris, _ad ann._ 1238, 1241, 1243.

[314] M. Paris, _sub an._ 1238. p. 399.

[315] Ibid., p. 467.

[316] Ibid., p. 574.

[317] Paris, 651.

[318] Lingard, vol. iii. p. 280.

[319] Kriegsbuch, b. 2. fol. 66.

[320] MS. Chronicle, cited by the Emperor of the French in the _Etudes sur l'Artillerie_, vol. i. p. 39.

[321] Sismondi, Repub. Ital., iii. 105.

[322] Giov. Villani, L. 7. c. 8.

[323] Trivet, Annales, fol. 282.

[324] Ante, page 217.

[325] Page 687.

[326] Page 537.

[327] Rolandini: De factis in March. Tarvis., L. iv. c. 13.

[328] M. Paris, p. 669.

[329] Page 74.

[330] Brasses and Slabs.

[331] Tho. Archid. in Hist. Salonit., c. 28. Ducange, v. _Collarium_.

[332] Plac. Coron., 8 Ed. I., Rot. 41.

[333] a. 1296.

[334] Archæologia, vol. xvii. pp. 302, 304 and 305.

[335] Copied from the figure by Blore and Le Keux in Surtees' Durham, iij. 155.

[336] Add. MS. 6728. Kerrich Collections.

[337] Archæologia, vol. xvii. p. 302, seq.

[338] This illustration has been kindly lent by the Council of the Archæological Institute.

[339] Mémoires de la Soc. des Antiq. de France, t. xiii. p. 339.

[340] Annales Archéol., t. iv. p. 212.

[341] New Fœdera, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 203.

[342] Archæol. Journ., vol. ii. p. 349.

[343] New Rymer, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 203.

[344] Three sculptured effigies had already been noticed in England, having defences of Banded-mail, when in the course of a tour in the midland counties with an archæological friend, the Rev. Mr. Parke, of Lichfield, the writer had the good fortune to find, in the little church of Newton Solney in Derbyshire, the monument here figured. See Archæol. Journ., vol. vii. p. 360. The other statues are those at Tewkesbury, Dodford, Northants, and Tollard Royal, Wilts. The engraving of the Sulney effigy and the following three woodcuts illustrative of Banded-mail have been obligingly lent by the Central Committee of the Archæological Institute.

[345] Kerrich Collections in Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 6,731, f. 4.

[346] Vol. i. p. 77.

[347] We are again obliged to borrow illustrations of our subject from the fourteenth century. This manuscript appears to have been illuminated about 1360.

[348] Wien's kaiserliches Zeughaus.

[349] Chaucer.

[350] Six or eight.

[351] protect.

[352] _Archæologia_, vol. xvii. pp. 302 and 305.

[353] Glossar., v. _Armatura_.

[354] hauberk.

[355] shields? Perhaps, coming with the body-armour, the ailettes.

[356] greaves.

[357] gloves: _gants_? See the glossarists.

[358] Vol. iii. p. 403.

[359] Paris, 773.

[360] Froissart, bk. ii. ch. 200, ed. Buchon.

[361] Page 686.

[362] He died in 1247. The effigy is figured by Willemin, vol. i., Pl. XCI.; and by Guilhermy, page 164.

[363] Paris, p. 730.

[364] De Bauçoio: _Descriptio Victoriæ_ &c. apud Duchesne, t. v.

[365] Gesta Ludov. IX. ap. Duchesne, t. v. p. 377.

[366] Compare Surtees' Durham, where there is a rude cut of the effigy, vol. iii. p. 151.

[367] conflict.

[368] Page 154.

[369] Page 502.

[370] See _Archæologia_, vol. xii. Plate LI.

[371] guisarmes.

[372] Dugdale's Warwickshire, p. 765.

[373] Plac. Cor. 12 Ed. I., apud Blount.

[374] Page 503.

[375] Statutes of the Realm, j., 230: circa 1290.

[376] From _lamina_: dimin. _lamella_.

[377] Albericus in Chron., ann. 1214.

[378] Ad ann. 1256.

[379] Vol. i., Plate XXXI.

[380] étoit.

[381] The stirrup Cross-bow is seen in our engraving.

[382] From the French, _vis._

[383] From the Italian? an arbalest to be bent by "naturall strength" alone: see Florio, v. _Lena_.

[384] Pesarola is a balance, but the application of the word is not clear.

[385] Guiart, ann. 1304.

[386] Fragment. Hist. Dalphin., t. ii. p. 64.

[387] Paris, p. 685.

[388] Paris, p. 689; and compare page 1,092.

[389] Page 210.

[390] Page 38.

[391] Paris, p. 853. Compare Chron. of Dunstable, p. 366, and M. Westminster, p. 387.

[392] Paris, p. 853, ad an. 1264.

[393] Ibid., p. 366.

[394] Ibid., p. 375.

[395] Paris, p. 385.

[396] Evidently a mistake of the transcriber. Such a sum of thirteenth century money would make about £300 of modern currency.

[397] The silver matrix of the seal of this baron is still in existence, and was exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Society of Antiquaries in 1777, as recorded in the fifth volume of the _Archæologia_. Plate XVII. of that volume gives us a representation of the seal. It exhibits the "saddle of the arms of the said Robert:" the arms being repeated on the shield and housing: the knight is armed with the sword. This seal was made between 1298 and 1304, as it contains also a shield of the arms of Ferrers; Robert Fitz Walter having married a lady of that house in 1298: she dying in 1304, the baron married into another family.

[398] The Elms in Smithfield; an ancient place of execution. A Close Roll of this century (4. Hen. III.) mentions the "Furcæ factæ apud Ulmellos com. Middlesex." Strype, b. iii. p. 238.

[399] Pat. 24 Ed. I. in Turr. Lond.--New Rymer, vol. i. p. 848.

[400] _Archæologia_, vol. xvii. p. 306.

[401] Page 385. "Cum equis ferro coopertis."

[402] Coll. des Ordonnances, j. 383.

[403] Gloss. v. Equi cooperti.

[404] Pat. 27 Edw. I., m. 40; in Turr. Lond.--New Rymer, vol. i. p. 901.

[405] Engraved in Archæol. Journ., vol. ix. p. 27.

[406] _Archæol._, vol. xvii. p. 305.

[407] Published by Roy. Soc. of Antiquaries.

[408] "De regimine principum." The author died in 1316.

[409] Lib. iii. pars iii. The Album of Villard de Honnecourt (of the thirteenth century) contains also directions for constructing the "fort engieng con apiele trebucet." See _Revue Archéologique_, vol. vi. p. 76.

[410] Matthew Paris, page 624.

[411] Chron. de Justinger: cited by Col. Dufour in his _Mémoire sur l'Artillerie des Anciens_, p. 89.

[412] Page 751.

[413] Page 1091.

[414] Albericus in Chron. MS. an. 1238, apud Adelung.

[415] Rolandini de factis in March. Tarvis., lib. viii. c. 13; Monachi Patavini Chron., p. 693.

[416] Compare Christine de Pisan, "Fais du roy Charles," chap. 36.

[417] 17 Sep. 1240.

[418] Balistarios.

[419] _Petrariam turquesiam._ Its particular character has not been ascertained. But it was a machine for throwing large stones with considerable force.

[420] This name was given to a wall fortified with battlements and machicoulis, the fashion having been originally introduced by the Saracens.

[421] A Bretèche was a covered passage constructed of wood on the top of a wall or of a tower, carried upon the series of corbels called machicoulis. It was usually removed in time of peace, being easily put up again in time of war: for this reason, examples are not often now to be found. There are probably none remaining in England, and they are rare in France, but occasionally occur in a dilapidated state, and the marks where they have been placed are to be seen on almost every old fortification. They formed a very important part of the defensive system in the middle ages. It was in these wooden galleries that the archers were chiefly placed, and from them stones were hurled on the heads of the assailants through the openings of the machicoulis, the men being entirely protected by the outer boarding and roof of the bretèche or gallery. (For many engravings of them, see Viollet-Le-Duc, Architecture Militaire du Moyen-Age, 8vo. Paris, 1854.) There were loopholes in the outer boarding; and in the wall behind openings for the supply of projectiles from the inner passage behind the parapet wall, in front of which the _bretèches_ were built. These projectiles were conveyed to the top of the walls or towers by means of the sort of wells which we find in the thickness of the walls of old castles. The _Bretèches_ were also called _Hourds_. They were sometimes erected on the top of wooden palisades only, as was the case in this instance.

[422] Wendover (in Paris, p. 270); Dunstab., p. 142; New Rymer, vol. i. p. 175. Annal. Wigorn., p. 486.

[423] Paris, p. 510, sub. an. 1241.

[424] See Henault, vol. iii. p. 971. ed. 1774.

[425] Page 715.

[426] Trivet, Hemingford, Westminster, Walsingham, ad an. 1274.

[427] Rymer, vol. i. p. 162.

[428] Ibid., p. 213.

[429] Ibid., p. 323.

[430] Ibid., p. 450.

[431] Page 916. See also pp. 964, 976, 977 and 979.

[432] Matthew of Westminster, p. 300.

[433] Westminster, p. 252.

[434] See _Archæologia_, vol. xvii. p. 298.

[435] Statutes of the Realm, vol. i. p. 230.

[436] A doubtful word. It has been held to mean the kind of cloth called "muster-develers:" a body-armour seems implied.

[437] Cuissards.

[438] "Bacynette." _Lib. Horn._

[439] Lincoln.

[440] The squire's armour.

[441] Succour.

[442] "Mareschaus." _Lib. Horn._

[443] The Earls of Cornwall, Gloucester, Warren and Lincoln.

[444] Page 729.

[445] Probably for _Hampshire_; a wide deviation: but when we remember that the word has passed through the Spanish and French, we shall be less inclined to wonder at its present state.

[446] Chap. xvi.

[447] Assis. Hieros., cap. 101.

INDEX.

Abbo, monk of St. Germain-des-Pres, his account of the siege of Paris
in 886, p. 88.

Advocati of the Church, Part ii. 165.

Adze-axe, Part i. 45, 48.

Aestii, 68.

Agathias, 4, 5, 16.

Ailettes, 245, 368;
various forms of, 250;
their purpose, 251;
enriched, 252;
of leather, 369.

Ailettes figured, 247, 250, 254.

Aketon, 129.

Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne, his enigma, "De Lorica," 62.

Andegavi, 9.

Anelace, 315.

Anglo-Saxons, 9, 15, 17, 21, 65.

Angon, 6, 25.

Arabic Treatise on the Art of War in the thirteenth century, 329.

Arbalest (see Cross-bow).

Arbalestina, 204.

Archers, Part ii. 100, 104, 105, 115, 157, 186, Pt. iii. 198, 224;
mounted, Pt. ii. 102, Pt. iii. 195;
of Anjou, 200;
placed at the wings, Pt. iii. 224;
intermixed with cavalry, 225.

Arcubalestarii, 201.

Armati, 197.

Armour (see Body-armour).

Arms, View of, Part iii. 211.

Army forms barrier of carts and wagons, 225.

Arrière-ban, Pt. ii. 98, 99, Pt. iii. 212.

Arrows, Pt. i. 54, Pt. ii. 156, Pt. iii. 325;
poisoned, Pt. i. 54;
found in graves, Pt. i. 55;
tri-barbed, Pt. ii. 157;
within and without the Forest, 211, 212;
with phials of quick-lime attached, 325.

Arrows figured, 56, 195, 199, 201.

Artillerie, 203.

Astrologers, Part ii. 118, Pt. iii. 227.

Axe, Part i. 5, 12, 45, Pt. ii. 104, 153, Pt. iii. 213, 319;
of copper and iron, Pt. i. 45;
inscribed, Pt. i. 47;
handle of, Pt. i. 49;
handle of iron, Pt. i. 50;
Danish, Pt. i. 12, Pt. iii. 219, 320, 321;
carved on knightly tomb, 318;
double-axe (see Bipennis).

Axes figured, 46, 205, 206.

Bainbergæ, 244.

Balista, Part i. 88, Pt. ii. 158, (see Cross-bow).

Ban, Pt. i. 99.

Banded-mail, 260;
effigies exhibiting it, 260 _note_, 267;
for horse-trappers, 267;
for elephant-trappers, 267.

Banner, Pt. i. 95, Pt. ii. 165, Pt. iii. 334;
imperial, of the Eagle, 332;
of French king to be borne by the Chief Chamberlain, 334;
of St. Paul of London, 335;
of St. John of Beverley, 338.

Bannerer of London in the thirteenth century, 334.

Barbican, 355;
examples of, remaining in England, 360.

Basques, 99, 219.

Bassinet, 292, 367.

Bâton, 131, 322.

Battering-Ram, Pt. i. 88, Pt. ii. 178.

Battle of the Casilin, 16;
of Hastings, 16, 19, 21, 55, 114;
of Stanford Bridge, 20;
of Cuton Moor, or of the Standard, 108;
of Bovines, 198, 343;
of Falkirk, 217;
of Lewes, 331;
of Nuova Croce, 342.

Bayeux Tapestry, 93, 120.

Beads, found in graves of Anglo-Saxon period, 39.

Beáh, 10.

Beard, its fashion, Pt. i. 21, Pt. ii. 149, Pt. iii. 300.

Beffroi, 173, 354.

Behourd, Pt. ii. 182, Pt. iii. 211.

Bells used in tournament equipment, 369.

Berefreid, 174.

Bezanted armour, 255.

Biblia, 352.

Bidaux, Pt. iii. 196, 206.

Biffa, 349.

Bill, Pt. i. 57, 58, Pt. iii. 324.

Bipennis, Pt. i. 5, 45, 48, Pt. ii. 154, Pt. iii. 320.

Bisacuta, 155.

Biturici, 9.

Blazonæ, 369.

Body-armour, Part i. 60, Pt. ii. 119, Pt. iii. 227;
at first used by chiefs only, 61;
of chain-mail, 61, 227, 233;
of jazerant, Pt. i. 64, Pt. ii. 111;
of hide, Pt. i. 64;
quilted, Pt. i. 64, Pt. ii. 134, Pt. iii. 229, 239;
of scale-work, Pt. i. 65, Pt. ii. 132, 133, Pt. iii. 255;
of leather, 132, 240;
of horn, 133;
studded, 134, 243, 255, 256;
of banded-mail, 260;
with breast and back-plates, 271.

Body-guard, Pt. i. 10, Pt. ii. 100.

Boots, 136.

Bosses (see Shields).

Bosses figured, 73, 75.

Bovines, battle of, 198, 343.

Bow (long-bow), Part i. 54, Pt. ii. 105, 156, 160, Pt. iii. 199, 211,
325;
found in graves, 57;
its superiority to the Cross-bow, 160.

Bows figured, 195, 199, 201, 205, 206.

Brabanters, 99.

Brachières, 240, 369.

Brasses, monumental, Pt. iii. 193, 195 _note_.

Breast-plate, early example of, 271.

Bretèche, 357 and _note_.

Bridles, Pt. i. 79, Pt. ii. 171, Pt. iii. 341.

Brigands, 196, 206.

Bronze Period, 1.

Bucula, 292.

Burgundians, 9.

Byrnie, Pt. i. 12, 61, Pt. ii. 109.

Caerphilly Castle, xxv., 377.

Caliburn, 152.

Caltrops, 172.

Canute, 10.

Capitularies of Charlemagne, 8, 9, 14, 15, 54, 61.

------------ of Charles le Chauve, 8, 166.

Captains of Bowmen, 214.

Carcassone, Siege of, 355;
its present state, 360.

Carda, a kind of cloth used in the fabrication of armour, 240, 368.

Cargan, 241.

Carrocio, Part i. 86, Pt. ii. 107, 165, Pt. iii. 331.

Casilinus, battle of the, 16, 17.

Casque normand, 130.

Castle, Norman, xii., 189.

------- Edwardian, xxv., 377.

Cat or Cattus, an engine for siege purposes, Part ii. 178, Pt. iii.
353, 361.

Catapulta, 89.

Ceorl, 10, 38.

Cervellière, 292;
its invention, 293.

Chain-mail, Part i. 61, Pt. ii. 130, Pt. iii. 227;
early fragment in British Museum, 63;
various modes of representing, 123, 270;
shewn of different colours, 270.

Chanfrein, 348.

Chantones, 292.

Charge "en haie," 115, 223.

Charlemagne, his armour, 8;
his sword and belt, 38;
(see Capitularies).

Chastones, 347.

Chat-Chastel, 355.

Chausses, iron, 134;
studded, Pt. ii. 134, Pt. iii. 243, 255;
of chain-mail, 241;
of chain-mail, laced behind, 241;
of banded-mail, 242;
with poleyns, 242.

Chausson, 242;
with knee-pieces, 243.

Childebert I., 30, 47.

--------- II., 18.

Chinese armour, 120.

------- incendiary weapons, 331.

Chivalry, 94, 97.

Church, armed contingent of, 9.

Circle, the ornament of the coif and hood of mail, Pt. iii. 235, 237.

Clavones, 347.

Clergy militant, Pt. i. 14, Pt. ii. 108, 113, 153, Pt. iii. 220.

Clientes, 196, 208.

Clovis, 9, 17.

Club, 324.

Code, military, Pt. ii. 103.

Cœnomanici, 9.

Coif of mail, continuous, Pt. ii. 130;
flat-topped, Pt. iii. 235;
rounded, 235;
how fastened, 235;
worn with or without other head-defence, 236;
under-coif, 238;
with, front of plate, 291.

Coin, with figure of a Frankish warrior, 31.

Collarium, Pt. iii. 234.

Communal militia, Pt. i. 99, Pt. ii. 166, Pt. iii. 195.

Connoissances, Pt. ii. 167, Pt. iii. 196.

Constables, Pt. iii. 211;
of bowmen, Pt. iii. 214;
of cavalry, Pt. iii. 215.

Contus, 155.

Copita, 348.

Coterelli, 99.

Coudières, 234.

Coustillers, 196, 204.

Crest, fan, for helm, 142;
for knight, 347, 368;
for horse, 347, 368.

Croc, 324.

Cross-bow, Pt. ii. 158, Pt. iii. 325;
various kinds of, 326, 353.

Cross-bows figured, 201, 205.

Cross-bowmen, mounted, Pt. iii. 195, 202;
in thirteenth century, 201;
wearing armour, 204;
placed on the wings, 225.

Cuirie, Pt. iii. 240, 368.

Cultellus, Pt. ii. 154, Pt. iii. 210, 314.

Cultellarius, 155.

Culvertage, Pt. iii. 213 and _note_.

Cuneus, Pt. i. 16, Pt. iii. 223.

Cuton Moor, battle of, 108.

Dagger, Pt. i. 7, 43, 51, Pt. ii. 110, 154, Pt. iii. 318;
of bronze and iron, Pt. i. 53;
inlaid, 53;
carved on knightly tomb, Pt. iii. 318;
at Durham, of the thirteenth century, 318.

Daggers figured, 52, 244, 283.

Dagger-sheath, Pt. i. 43, 53.

Danes, Pt. i. 12.

Danish axe, Pt. i. 12, Pt. iii. 219, 320.

Destrier, Pt. iii. 197, 340.

Divers employed against shipping, Pt. ii. 177.

Duel, Legal, 375.

Eagle, Imperial, 164, 332.

Effigies, knightly, Pt. iii. 193;
works illustrative of, 194 _note_.

Engines, military, Pt. i. 87, Pt. ii. 173, Pt. iii. 224, 348;
Arabic in thirteenth century, 329.

Eorl, 9, 38.

Espée à l'estoc, 314.

Esquire, Pt. ii. 95, Pt. iii. 195.

Espringale, Pt. iii. 224, 353.

Exempts, 9.

Exercises of military aspirants, Pt. i. 83, Pt. ii. 181, 185, 188.

Falarica, 89.

Falchion, Pt. iii. 312.

--------- figured, 313.

Falkirk, battle of, 217.

Falx, faus, or falso, Pt. iii. 211, 323.

Faussar, 324.

Female warriors, Pt. i. 15.

------ spies, 209.

Fetel, 10.

Feudal levy, Pt. i. 95, Pt. ii. 103, Pt. iii. 195.

Fitzstephen, his description of London games in the twelfth
century, 185.

Flag, lance, Pt. ii. 150, 167, 168, Pt. iii. 305, 338.

Flags, Pt. i. 84, Pt. ii. 163, Pt. iii. 331.

Flail, military, 327.

Foot, knights contend as, Pt. ii. 116.

Foot-troops, Pt. iii. 196, 197, 216;
ridden down by the knights of their own party, 203.

Fork, military, Pt. i. 57.

Formation of troops, Pt. i. 16, Pt. ii. 101, 108, 114, Pt. iii. 217,
223.

Forts of wood, 180.

Francisca, 45.

Franks, 4, 9, 16, 53.

Fraternitas armorum, 50 _note_.

Frieslanders, Pt. iii. 219.

Gambeson, Pt. ii. 111, 127, Pt. iii. 229, 239.

Gauls, 9.

Gauntlets of scale-work, 234.

Gaveloches, 219.

Geldon, 151.

Gerefa, 15.

Germans, Pt. i. 9, 16, 17, 31.

Gesa, 106.

Gibet, 153.

Godbertum, 292.

Godendac, 323.

Godwin, Earl, his present to Hardecanute, 12.

Gonfanon, Pt. ii. 103, 166.

Graisle, 168.

Greaves, Pt. iii. 244.

Greek fire, Pt. i. 89, Pt. ii. 161, Pt. iii. 327;
Arabic treatise on, 329;
discharged in barrels, 351.

Guisarme, Pt. i. 50, Pt. ii. 106, 155, Pt. iii. 211, 322.

Gula, Laws of, 12.

Gunpowder, 89.

Gwentland, archers of, 105.

Hair, how worn, Pt. ii. 148, Pt. iii. 301.

Halbard, Pt. i. 11, Pt. iii. 323.

Harold II., 18, 64.

Harold Harfagar, 20.

Hastiludes, 181.

Hastings, battle of, 16, 19, 21, 55, 114.

Hauberk, Pt. ii. 129, Pt. iii. 233;
with continuous coif, Pt. ii. 130, Pt. iii. 233;
short-sleeved, 131, 239;
long-sleeved, 131;
with fingered gloves, Pt. iii. 234;
with separate gauntlets, 234;
with coudières, 234.

Haubergeon, Pt. ii. 131, Pt. iii. 239.

Helm, flat-topped, 279, 346;
flat-topped, with moveable ventail, 281;
worn over the mail-coif, 281;
round-topped, 281;
of "sugar-loaf" form, 282;
of leather, 282, 368, 369;
secured by a chain, 285;
with fan-crest, 285;
with peacock plume, 286;
with horns, 289;
crowned, 289;
of Poitiers, 293.

Helmets, Pt. i. 66, Pt. ii. 138, Pt. iii. 274;
combed, Pt. i. 67, Pt. ii. 140;
conical, Pt. i. 67, Pt. ii. 140, Pt. iii. 290;
Phrygian, Pt. i. 67, Pt. ii. 140;
round-topped, Pt. i. 67, Pt. ii. 140, Pt. iii. 290;
crested, Pt. i. 68, Pt. ii. 141, 142, Pt. iii. 285;
charmed, 68;
frame, Pt. i. 69, Pt. iii. 291;
of bronze, 71;
of bronze gilt, 71;
of wood, 71;
crowned, 72, 289;
nasal, Pt. i. 72, Pt. ii. 130, 138, Pt. iii. 291;
wide-rimmed, Pt. ii. 112, 141, Pt. iii. 290;
with cheek-pieces and neck-pieces, 139;
flat-topped, Pt. ii. 141, Pt. iii. 289;
with heraldic device, 142;
open-faced, 291.

Hood of chain-mail, Pt. iii. 236;
flat-topped, 236;
round-topped, 236;
slipped off the head and resting on the shoulders, 237;
hood of cloth-like material, 237.

Horns, Pt. ii. 169, Pt. iii. 338.

Horse, buried in the grave of warrior, 80, 83 _note_;
spare in the field of battle, 116;
Spanish, Pt. ii. 173, Pt. iii. 339;
of William the Conqueror, 173;
with fan-crest, 286;
breeds of, 339;
horses of contending knights fight also, 340;
armed horses come into use in England, 344.

Horse furniture, Pt. i. 79, Pt. ii. 169, Pt. iii. 340;
rich, 80, 340;
of chain-mail, Pt ii. 169, Pt. iii. 197, 335, 341, 343;
of cloth, 335;
of silk, 336;
quilted, 341, 343;
armoried, 341, 345, 347.

Horse troops, Pt. i. 17, Pt. ii. 103, Pt. iii. 195.

Hourds, 358 _note_.

Hungarians, 13.

Húscarlas, 10, 38.

Icelanders, 11.

Irish troops, Part ii. 103.

Iron Period, 2.

Italy, troops in, Pt. i. 12, Pt. iii. 195, 218.

Javelin, Part i. 29, Pt. ii. 156, Pt. iii. 325.

Jazerant armour, Pt. i. 64, Pt. ii. 111.

Joust, 182.

Jousts of Peace, 368.

Knee-pieces, 243.

Knife (see Dagger).

Knight bachelor, 95.

------ banneret, 95.

Knights, of low degree, 96;
tied to saddle, 172;
effeminate, 188;
perform every kind of military duty, 222;
equipment of in 1298, 292.

Lance (see Spear).

Legal Duel, 375.

Leg-bands, Part i. 65, Pt. ii. 134.

---------- defences, 134.

Levy, feudal, Pt. i. 95, Pt. ii. 103, Pt. iii. 195.

Levy, general, Pt. i. 97.

London pastimes in the twelfth century, 185.

Mace, Pt. i. 57, Pt. ii. 153, Pt. iii. 321.

Machicoulis, 357 _note_.

Maître des Arbalestriers de France, 204.

Mallet, 207.

Mangona, Pt. i. 88, Pt. ii. 179, Pt. iii. 348.

Mangonella, 179;
sea-mangonel, 325, 352;
Arabian, 330.

Mantle, 133, 137.

Manufacture of arms and armour, Pt. ii. 162, Pt. iii. 293, 316, 320.

Massue, 324.

Mate-Griffon, 176.

Men-at-arms, Pt. ii. 103, Pt. iii. 197.

Mercenary troops, Pt. i. 99, Pt. ii. 115.

Mines, Pt. ii. 180;
defiances in, 181;
knightly vigils in, 181.

Misericorde, 319.

Monk of St. Gall, his description of the armour of Charlemagne, 8.

Monument of victory in the Campagna di Roma, 361.

Morning-star, 57, 58.

Musculus, 88.

Musical instruments, Pt. ii. 168, Pt. iii. 338.

Mustilers, 367.

Necromancers, 118.

Normans, Pt. i. 17, Pt. ii. _passim_.

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, his armour and arms, 113, 131.

Omens consulted for military purposes, 17.

Oriflamme, Pt. ii 165, Pt. iii. 333.

Otho the Great, ceremonies at his coronation, 31.

Panzar, Part i. 12, Pt. ii. 109.

Pay of knights in the time of King John, 213;
of knights and others in the reign of Edward I., 214.

Pennon, Pt. i. 95, Pt. ii. 103, 167, Pt. iii. 338.

------- of French King to be borne by the Chief Varlet Tranchant, 334.

Petrary, Turkish, 356.

Pictavi, 9.

Pigacia, 137.

Pike, Pt. i. 57, Pt. ii. 162.

Pilete, 207, 342.

Plastron-de-fer, 119.

Plate-armour introduced, 227.

Pluteus, 88.

Poisoned weapons, Pt. i. 40, 54, 59.

Poitrail, Pt. ii. 171, Pt. iii. 341.

Pole-axe, Pt. i. 45, 48, Pt. iii. 322.

Poleyns, 242, 243.

Porchester Castle, xii., 189.

Posse Comitatûs, 10, 97 (and see Statutes of Arms).

Pourpoint, 210, 239.

Pourpointers of Paris in the thirteenth century, 239.

Prayer-book of Charles the Bald, 57.

Procopius, 4.

Prussians, 112.

Quarrels or bolts of cross-bows, Pt. ii. 159, Pt. iii. 204, 326.

-------- "empennés d'airain," 327.

Quintain, water, Pt. ii. 186;
various kinds of, 187;
on Offham Green, Kent, 187;
at London in 1252, 374.

Quiretta, 368.

Quiver, Pt. i. 55, Pt. ii. 102, 158, Pt. iii. 325.

Races, migrations of, 1.

Relics, Saintly, in request for warlike purposes, 17.

Ribauds, Pt. iii. 196, 206, 228;
Roi des Ribauds, 208.

Richard Cœur-de-Lion an archer, 157.

Roi des Hérauts, 367.

Roman influences, 7, 88, 89.

Round-table Game, 306, 370;
at Wallenden, 371;
at Kenilworth, 372;
Round Table of King Arthur at Winchester, 372.

Rutarii, 99.

Sabre, curved, Pt. iii. 314.

Saddle, Part i. 79, 81, Pt. ii. 169, Pt. iii. 340.

Saddle-cloth, 170;
armoried, 336, 340.

Saintly aid in battle, 117.

Saracens, 13.

Saracenic wall, 357.

Satellites, 196, 209.

Saxon Chronicle, 11, 14, 76.

Scale armour, Pt. i. 65, Pt. ii. 132, 133, Pt. iii. 234, 255.

Scandinavians, Pt. i. 12, Pt. ii. 109.

Scottish troops, Pt. ii. 106, Pt. iii. 217.

Scramasaxi, 60.

Scutage, 99.

Sea-fights, 362;
sea-mangonels, 325, 352.

Seals, their use in the study of ancient costume, 93;
various modes of expressing armour upon them, 122.

Seal of William the Conqueror, 92, 142;
of William Rufus, 102, 123;
of Henry I., 119;
of Alexander I., king of Scotland, 106;
of King Stephen, 122, 126, 145;
of Henry II., 151, 170;
of Conan, duke of Britanny, 140;
of Richard Cœur-de-Lion, 123, 140, 141, 142, 146;
of King John, 228, 289, 290;
of Saer de Quinci, 345;
of Alexander II. of Scotland, 147, 340;
of King Henry III., 298, 308;
of Roger de Quinci, 345;
of Hugo de Vere, 345;
of King Edward I., 339, 345;
of Robert Fitz Walter, 336, 340.

Seals figured:--of William I., 92;
of William II., 102;
of Henry I., 119;
of Alexander I. of Scotland, 107;
of Stephen, 122, 144;
of Henry II., 151, 170;
of Conan, duke of Britanny, 140;
of Richard I., _frontispiece_;
of John, 228;
of Henry III., 299, 307;
of Roger de Quinci, 346;
of Edward I., 339.

Seax, 34, 35.

Sergens-d'armes, Pt. ii. 100, Pt. iii. 196, 198.

------- de pied, 196, 197.

Shields, Pt. i. 72, Pt. ii. 143, Pt. iii. 293;
bosses of, Pt. i. 72, 78, Pt. ii. 143, 144, Pt. iii. 295;
handle, 72;
reinforced with iron strips, 74;
of Anglo-Saxon period, usually of lime-wood, 74;
partly of leather, 76;
rim of metal, 76, 111;
round, Pt. i. 72, Pt. ii. 111, 143, 145, Pt. iii. 294, 318;
oval, 76;
painted and gilt, 76, 146;
carried at back, 77, 146;
large, 77;
bronze coatings of, 78;
Danish, 78;
guige, Pt. i. 79, Pt. ii. 146, Pt. iii. 295;
position in the graves, 79;
kite-shaped, Pt. ii. 143, Pt. iii. 294;
triangular, Pt. ii. 143, Pt. iii. 294;
enarmes, 145, 295;
heraldic, Pt. ii. 146, Pt. iii. 296;
rich, 78, 147;
used for bier of slain knight, 147;
heart-shaped, Pt. iii. 294;
pear-shaped, 294;
quadrangular, 295;
rounded below, 295;
materials of, in thirteenth century, 295;
with "pattern" ornaments, 297;
slung at hip, 297;
hung on room walls, 297;
hung up in churches as memorials of distinguished knights, 297;
carved on knightly tomb, 318.

Shields figured: _frontispiece_, Part i. 60, 64, 65, 67, 77, Pt. ii.
92, 102, 119, 122, 127, 129, 135, 136, 140, 144, 151, 170,
Pt. iii. 228, 230, 232, 237, 243, 244, 250, 275, 283, 285, 287,
296, 299, 303, 313, 339, 346.

Ships, Pt. i. 11, 90, Pt. ii. 110, 147, 173, 178, Pt. iii. 362.

Sica, 35.

Sidonius Apollinaris, 4, 34.

Siege of Paris in 886, 88;
of Jerusalem in 1099, 173;
of Crema in 1160, 176, 181;
of Ancona in 1174, 177;
of Messina in 1190, 178;
of Acre, in 1191, 180;
of Bedford castle in 1224, 360;
of Carcassone in 1240, 355;
of the Castle of Capaccio in 1246, 350.

Sigeward, duke of Northumberland, his death, 66.

Skating tilt, 187.

Sling, Pt. i. 57, 58, Pt. ii. 156, Pt. iii. 204, 327;
sling-stones, 59;
staff-sling, 206, 327.

Slings figured, Pt. i. 59, Pt. ii. 135, Pt. iii. 205, 206.

Soket, 306.

Song, war, 20.

Soudoyers, 208.

Sow, an engine for sieges, 174.

Spears, Pt. i. 21, Pt. ii. 150, Pt. iii. 301.

------- figured, Pt. i. 22, 23, 64, 65, 66, 67, 77, 90, Pt. ii. 92,
102, 107, 119, 122, 127, 129, 133, 135, 136, 137, Pt. iii. 237,
243, 244, 250, 254, 303.

Spear, shaft of, 27, 150;
shoe of, 29;
represented on knightly tomb, 305, 318;
for hastiludes, 306.

Spies, 209.

Spingarda, 353.

Spingardella, 353.

Spurs, Pt. i. 81, Pt. ii. 171, Pt. iii. 298;
on left heel only, 82;
rowelled, 298;
enriched, 300;
suspended in churches as trophies, 300.

Standards, Pt. i. 84, Pt. ii. 163, Pt. iii. 331;
Danish, 84;
Anglo-Saxon, 85;
Dragon, 85, 164, 331,
or Carrocium, Pt. i. 86, Pt. ii. 107, 165, Pt. iii. 331;
of William the Conqueror, 163;
of the emperor Otho, 164;
of Philip Augustus, 302, 334;
French Royal Standard, 334.

Standard, battle of the, 107.

Stanford Bridge, battle of, 20.

Statute-of-Arms of William of Scotland, 50;
of Henry II. in 1181, 97;
of Frejus in 1233, 230, 241;
of Henry III. in 1252, 210;
of Winchester in 1285, 199, 210;
of Edward I. in 1298, 344.

Steallera, 11.

Steel, hardening of in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 163.

Stone-hammer, 57, 58.

Stone Period, 1.

Stones used as weapons, 162.

Stratagems, 116, 225.

Studded armour, 134, 243, 255;
of several kinds, 256.

Sudis, 155.

Surcoat, military, Pt. ii. 111, 126, Pt. iii. 271;
its use, 271;
short and long worn throughout the thirteenth century, 272;
armoried, 272;
its purpose, 273;
powdered with escutcheons, 273;
sleeved, 274;
of Sindon silk, 369;
of Carda, 369.

Swords, Pt. i. 31, Pt. ii. 151, Pt. iii. 307;
rich, 37, 309;
of Charlemagne, 38;
inscribed, 39;
inlaid, 40;
named, 40, 152;
poisoned, 40;
bent, found in graves, 42;
of William the Conqueror, 152;
manner of furbishing, 153;
Hungarian, 163;
worn at the right side, 311;
of King Henry III., 311;
German and French in the thirteenth century, 311;
curved sabre, 314;
stabbing, 314;
of Cologne, 316;
sword and buckler fight, 316;
sword carved on knightly tomb, 317, 318;
made of whalebone, 368, 370.

Swords figured: _frontispiece_, Pt. i. 32, 33, 60, 67, Pt. ii. 130,
132, 135, 136, 140, 144, 151, 170, Pt. iii. 192, 199, 228, 230,
237, 238, 243, 247, 254, 257, 261, 268, 275, 283, 285, 287, 296,
299, 303, 313, 339, 346.

Sword-belts, 44, 152, 309.

----- cross-piece, 34, 151, 308.

----- handle, 35, 308.

----- sheath, 42, 309;
worn beneath hauberk, 130.

Tacitus, 7, 11, 16, 88.

Tactics, Pt. i. 16, Pt. ii. 108, 114, Pt. iii. 222.

Taper-axe, 45, 47.

Tartars, 172.

Tela nodosa, 106.

Tents, 362.

Tenures by various military services: at Riddesdale, Northumberland,
152;
at Faintree, Salop, 200;
at Chetton, Salop, 201;
by Castle-guard, at Portsmouth, 239;
at Sockburn, Durham, 313;
at Plumpton, Warwickshire, 321;
at Baynard's Castle, London, 334.

Terebra, 89.

Testaræ, 348.

Testudo, 88.

Time of military service, 9, 96.

Tournament, Pt. ii. 182, Pt. iii. 362;
near St. Edmundsbury, 183;
restricted to five localities in England, 184;
in France under Philippe Auguste, 184;
armour not different from that worn in battle, 185;
writers on the subject, 185 _note_;
forbidden, 211, 364;
tumultuous at Rochester in 1251, 363;
of Châlons in 1274, 363;
Statute, _circa_ 1295, 366;
of Windsor Park, 366, 368.

Tourney, 182.

Tours, for bending cross-bows, 353.

Towers, Moveable, employed in sieges, Pt. i. 89, Pt. ii. 173, 174,
Pt. iii. 354, 361.

Trébuchet, four kinds of in the thirteenth century, 349;
named, 351;
reproduced at Vincennes in 1850, 351;
projectiles of, 351.

Trialemellum, 324.

Tribulus, 200 (and see Caltrop).

Tripantum, 349.

Trumpet, 169, 338.

Trumulières, 292.

Tunic, 111, 126, 229.

Uniform costume not in vogue, 228;
but adopted on particular occasions, 229.

Urns, funereal, containing weapons, 30, 42.

Varlets, 196.

Vegecius, 30.

Vinea, Pt. ii. 173, 174, 178, Pt. iii. 354.

Vireton, 160.

Vomerulus, 306.

Wace, the particular value of his chronicle to the student of ancient
usages, 94.

Wager of battle, 375.

Wams, Wambasium (see Gambeson).

War-cries, Pt. i. 20, Pt. ii. 117.

Watch: armed Town-watch, temp. Hen. III., 215;
Watch of Paris under St. Louis, 216.

Weapons, Pt. i. 21, Pt. ii. 150, Pt. iii. 301;
of peasants, 161, 315.

Weapon-smiths, 31, 41, 42.

Weland, 41.

Welsh troops, Pt. ii. 104, Pt. iii. 218.

William the Conqueror, his armour, 92, 131;
his horse, 173.

Wire-drawing, when invented, 227.

Transcriber's Notes:

Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been fixed throughout.

Inconsistent hyphenation is as in the original.