Chapter XII: Mental Evolution (3)

MOORE, Mr. Thomas, on hybrids between Amherst and golden pheasants, 106

Mosaic vision, 291

Mouth-organs of insects, 179

Muciparous canals of fishes, 298

MÜLLER, Prof. Max, "Science of Thought," 325;
on percepts, 375;
on language and thought, 376;
paraphrased, 467;
on materialism, 471

_Murex_, 292

_Mus rex_ and _imperator_, 100

Musical and artistic faculty, 484

Mussel, freshwater, gills of, 4;
olfactory organ of, 260

Mutilation, law of growth after, 126;
not the best kind of evidence of transmitted modifications, 162

N

NÄGELI, 159

NAISH, Mr. John G., on the cockatoo, 354

Natural selection, variation and, 61;
two modes, elimination and selection proper, 79;
and the effects of use and disuse, 174;
not to be used as a magic formula, 184;
and instinct, 445;
and human thought, 484

Nerves, briefly described, 246;
afferent and efferent, 303

_Nestor notabilis_, 446

Nests of bower-bird and humming-bird, 408;
instinctive building of, 453

NETTLESHIP, Mr., on a lion, 400

Neural processes, environment of, 491

Neurosis and psychosis, 465

Neuter insects, 440

New Zealand sparrow, 445;
parrot, 446;
chaffinch, 454

NICHOLS, on taste, 251

Noctule, 66

NOIRÉ, on concepts, 325

_Nomada solidaginis_, 90

NORRIS, Mr. W. E., quoted, 420

Noumena, or "things in themselves," 470

Nucleus of animal cell, 10;
as controlling formative process in, 124

Nutrition in illustration of the process of life, 25

O

Object, nature of, 313, 437

Ocelli in insects, 288

_Oecodoma cephalotes_, 213

_Onchidium_, 293

Optogram, 276

Organic combination, hypothesis of, 150, 240

Organic evolution, 177;
as basis of comparative psychology, 336

Organic growth, 5

Organism, unity of, as regards body and germ, 161;
relation of, to environment, 183

Organization, co-ordinating power of, 125;
of bodily and mental activities, 419

Origin, distinguished from guidance, 242

Origin of species, 242

Origin of organic variations, 231;
of metakinetic or mental variations, 496

_Ornithoptera_, 179

Otoliths, 265, 271

OWEN, Sir Richard, suggested germinal continuity, 135

Oyster-embryo set free early, 56;
variation of Mediterranean, 164

P

_Pachyrhyncus orbifex_, 87

_Pagurus prideauxii_, 457

Pain, massive and acute, 379;
capacities of animals for, 391

Pangenesis, 182

Panmixia and disuse, 189

_Papilionidæ_, 202

Paradise, birds of, 202

Paranucleus in protozoa, 39

_Param[oe]cium_, reproduction in, 39

Parasites, how they feed, 5

Parental sacrifice in birds and mammals, 57;
its limits, 186

Parrot, intelligence of, 353

Parthenogenetic forms, no second polar cell in, 153;
the drone an exception, 153

_Parus palustris_, 164

PEAL, Mr. S., on use of tools by elephant, 370

PECKHAM, Mr. G. W., on love-antics of a spider, 208, 450

_Pecten_, 293

Pelagic animals, colours of, 83

PENZOLDT, Dr., on smell, 254

Percept, 325, 326

Perception, 311, 324;
in animals, 339

Perceptual association, 202

Perigenesis of the plastidule, 159

_Peripatus_, 142

Persistence, law of, 61

Pheasant, hybrids between Amherst and golden, 106;
golden, hen with cock's plumage, 228

_Phengodini_, 223

Phenomenal nature of object, 315, 320, 331

Photographic psychology, 320, 326

_Phrynocephalus mystaceus_, 90

Physiological isolation, 104

Physiological and psychological activities, 304;
series, 386, 417

PICTON, Mrs. E., on Skye terrier, 398

Pigeons, correlated variations in, 216;
silky fantail prepotent, 227

Pigs, intestines of, 171;
crossing of, 226, 230

Pike, teeth of, 437

Pineal gland, 196, 288

Pipistrelle, wing of, 64

Pipits as illustrating divergence, 97

Pitch, musical, 261

Plasm, 10

Plasmogen, 10

_Platyglossus_, 83

Play, instinct of, 450

Pleasure and the special senses, 243;
massive and acute, 379;
capacities of animals for, 391

_Plecotus auritus_, 68

_Plesiosaurus_, pineal eye of, 288

PLOSS, Herr, on sex-differentiation in man, 59

Plover, Kentish, 83, 217

Polar cells, extrusion of, 51;
and variation, 153

Postponement of action, 385

POULTON, Mr. E. B., on colours of animals, 84;
on _Phrynocephalus mystaceus_, 90;
on caterpillars and chrysalids, 165;
dimorphism in larvæ, 187;
observations on edibility of caterpillars, 212;
"Theories of Heredity," quotation from, 214;
on the eating of unpalatable insects, 445

Predominant defined, 349;
and language, 374

Preferential mating, a means of segregation, 102;
and sexual selection, 197

Preformation and evolution of older writers, 50

Prepotency, 227

Presentations of sense, 318

Previous sire, effect of, 168

Prevision as a criterion of intelligence, 457

Principles, mechanical, 368

Process of life, 20

Progress, or continuous adaptation, 119;
adaptation to more complex circumstances, 183

Pronghorn, curiosity in, 339

Proposition, 329

Protective resemblance and mimicry, 82;
general resemblance, 83;
variable resemblance, 84;
special resemblance, 86;
to another organism, 87;
coloration, a means of segregation, 101

Protection, fosterage and, 219

_Proteus_, sensitive to light, 294

Protista, 15

_Protohippus_, 118

Protophyta, 15

Protoplasm, 10

Protozoa, nature of, 15;
transmission of acquired faculty in, 147;
origin of metazoan variations in, 156;
psychology of, 360

_Psithyrus rupestris_, 90

Psychological and physiological activities, 304;
series, 386, 417

Psychoses and neuroses, 465

Ptarmigan, on colour of, 165

R

Rabbit, brain of, 171;
Angora crossed, 225;
one-eared, 226;
deprived of long lip-hairs, 247;
_papilla foliata_ of, 250;
effects of superabundant food on, 394

RAE, Dr., on dogs swimming rivers, 364;
on "abstract reasoning" in the fox, 366;
on wild and tame ducklings, 435

Rage and anger, 389

RAMSAY, Dr. Wm., on smell, 255

Rats of Solomon Islands, 100;
of the London Docks, 106;
at South Kensington, 115

RAYLEIGH, Lord, on colour-blending, 283;
on sensitive-flame experiments, 298;

Reality, meaning of term, 314

Reason distinguished from intelligence, 330, 365;
as defined by Mr. Romanes, 372

Recepts, 326, 368

Recognition-marks, 103;
involve perception, 351

Reconstructs and reconstruction (mental), 318

Reflex action, 415;
and instinct, 422

Regeneration of lost parts, 41;
in relation to heredity, 124;
law of growth concerned in, 126

Reindeer wounded, 392;
change of habit in, 445

Remnants or vestiges, 196

Reproduction, nature of, 13;
and development, 36;
in the protozoa, 38;
in the metazoa, 41;
by budding, 42;
sexual, 42;
peculiar modifications of, 45;
developmental, 143

Reproductive cells, continuity of, 131

Resemblance, protective, 82;
aggressive, 90

Respiration an essential life-process, 3;
in illustration of the process of life, 21

Retardation and acceleration, 221

Retina of man, 274; of birds, 284

Retinal purple, 276

Revenge, 401

Reversion, 191

Revolution and evolution, 119

Rhea, neck resembling snake, 88

_Rhinolophus ferri-equinum_, _hipposideros_, 65

Rhyme-association in parrot, 356

RIBOT, M., on attention, 343

RICHARDSON, Mr. Charles, on railway servants killed by train, 388

RILEY, Prof., on _Phengodini_, 223

ROMANES, Prof. G. J., on physiological isolation, 104;
on the cessation of selection, 190;
on the failure of heredity, 192;
on the reversal of selection, 193;
on sense of smell in dog,
on colour-sense in chimpanzee, 283;
on ideas, 326;
on dog cowed by noise, 340;
on abstract ideas in animals, 348;
on parrot, 353;
on localization and discrimination, 359;
examples of animal intelligence considered, 362;
on abstract ideas in the capuchin, 368;
definition of reason, 372;
on strange attachments in birds, 396;
on some emotions in animals, 400;
on endurance of pain in dogs and wolves, 402;
on sense of humour in dog, 407;
on indefinite morality in animals, 413;
definition of instinct, 422;
on education of ant, 428;
on homing faculty of bees, 428;
on consciousness and instinct, 432;
summary of his conclusions on instinct, 434;
on instincts of Siamese ants, 449;
his psychological scale, 478;
on the world as an eject, 479

Rotation, sense of, 269

Rotifers, absence of fertilization in reproduction, 45

Roux, on extirpation of cleavage-cell of frog's egg, 214

ROWELL, G. A., on "Beneficent Distribution of Pain," 392

Ruffs, variability of males, 110, 178

RUSSELL, Mr. W. J., on smell in the dog, 255

S

_Saitis pulex_, 450

Salinity of water, effects of, on brine-shrimp, 164

Salmon, new variety of, in Tasmania, 99

_Saturnia_, modification of, by changed food, 163;
_carpini_ (emperor moth), 258

Savages, fetishistic belief in, 494

SCHAUB, Mr., observations on a terrier, 405

SCHMANKEWITSCH on Artemia, 164

SCLATER, Mr. W. L., on mimicry in an insect, 88

SEDGWICK, Mr. Adam, on development of peripatus, 142

SEEBOHM, Mr. H., on birds' eggs, 410

Segregation, 99

Selection, as compared with elimination, 79;
illustrated, 92;
artificial, 172;
cessation of, 190;
reversal of, 193;
sexual, or preferential mating, 197, 452;
as a factor in the origin of instinct, 447;
as applied to the intellectual faculties, 498

_Selenia_, _illunaria_, and _illustraria_, 238

Self, the, or ego, 475

Self-consciousness, 460

Semicircular canals, 262, 269

Senility, introduction of, 184

Sensation defined, 305, 324

Sense-feelings of animals, 393

Senses of animals, 243;
organic and muscular, 244;
touch, 245;
temperature-sense, 249;
taste, 250;
smell, 253;
hearing, 261;
sight, 272;
contact and telæsthetic, 249;
problematical, 297

Sensibility, 385;
variations of, 449

Sensitive, special use of the term, 9

Sensitiveness and sensibility, 385

Sentiments, 391;
in animals, 403

Sex-differentiation, 58

Sexual union of ovum and sperm a source of variations, 149;
characters, secondary, 197;
selection, 197

Shame in monkey, 402

Sheep, YOUATT on, quoted, 455

Shells, land, of Sandwich Islands, 99

SHIPP, Captain, experiment on an elephant, 401

Sight, sense of, 272

_Sitaris_, instinct of, 438

SKERTCHLY, Mr. S. B. J., on leaf-butterfly, 86

Slave-making ants, 425

Smell, sense of, 253

_Smerinthus ocellatus_, 165

SMITH, Mr. G. Munro, on elimination among microbes, 80

Snail, variations in banding of shells, 75;
sense of smell in, 260;
auditory sac, 265;
eye of, 292;
_spiculæ amoris_ of, 450

Snakes, mimicry in, 88

Snipe, drumming of, 448

SOLLAS, Dr. W. J., on regeneration of tentacle in snail, 127

Somatic, or body-cells, 193

SOMMERING, Fig. of semicircular canals, 270

SPALANZANI, his experiments on bats, 248

SPALDING, Douglas, on instinctive emotions, 395;
on perfect instincts of chicken, 424;
on deferred instinct in swallow, 425

Sparrows in New Zealand, 445

Specific characters, utility of, 110;
constancy of, 111

SPENCER, Mr. Baldwin, Fig. of pineal eye, 288

SPENCER, Mr. Herbert, law associated with his name, 37;
physiological units, 125, 153;
on lap-dogs, 195;
on the Irish elk and giraffe, 212;
on diminution in ear-muscles, 215;
definition of pleasure and pain, 381;
on æsthetics, 412;
on instinct and reflex action, 422

Sperm-cell and egg-cell, 13;
conditions which determine production of, 60

Sphex, instinct of, 429, 456

Spiders, hunting, mimicry in, 89;
Javan, Mr. H. O. Forbes on, 90;
love-antics of, 208, 450;
ocelli of, 289

SPINOZA, quoted, 61, 379, 460

Sponges, reproduction of, 41, 42

_Spongilla_, reproduction of, 46

Spore-formation, reproduction by, 38

Squirrel of Sarepta, 113

Stag-beetles, variation in males of, 180

Star-fish, embryo set free early, 56

Starling, modified song of, 455

ST. JOHN, observations on a retriever, 400

_Stenorhynchus_, 457

Sterility, how developed, 108

STEWART, Mr. Duncan, on sympathy in cat, 398

Stimuli, 302

STRANGE, Mr., on love-antics of satin bower-bird, 450

Striped ancestor of Equidæ, 230

Struggle for existence, 79;
variations in the intensity of, 112

STURGE, Miss Mildred, on the parrot, 355

_Stylonichia_, observations of M. Maupas on, 39

SULLY, Mr. James, on concepts, 325;
on propositions, 329;
on judgment and reason, 330;
on emotion, 390;
on æsthetic sense of beauty, 411

SUTTON, Mr. Bland, on hen pheasant like the male, 228;
on the action of leucocytes, 439

Swallow and swift, convergence in, 117;
cliff, of United States, 445

SWAYNE, Mr. S. H., on the elephant, 369

Symbolic nature of mental products, 314

SYMONDS, Mr. J. A., on "world-consciousness," 478

Sympathy in animals, 397

T

Tameness, instinctive, 435

TANNER, Miss Agnes, on a thrush, 398

Tasmanian salmon, 99

Taste, standard of, 95, 205;
sense of, 250

Teeth of pike, 437

Temperature-sense, 249

Terror, 387

_Thaumalia picta_ and _amherstiæ_, 106

_Thekla_, instinct of, 430

"Things in themselves," or noumena, 470

THOMAS, Mr. Oldfield, on rats of Solomon Islands, 100

THOMSON, Mr. J. A., Prof. Patrick GEDDES, and, on anabolism and
katabolism, 44;
quoted, 50, 137, 237;
his "History and Theory of Heredity," 35

Thought, 482

Thrush, hearing in, 264;
sympathy in, 398

THUNBERG on young hippopotamus, 423

Tissues of the body, 20

TOOKE, Mr. Hammond, on egg-eating snake, 88

Tools, use of, by animals, 370

Touch, sense of, 245

Transformation and metamorphosis, 7

Transparency of some marine organisms, 83

TREAT, Mrs., her experiments on caterpillars, 59

Tricks, 355

_Trionyx_, 181

_Trochus_, 292

Tuco-tuco, 194

TURNER, Sir Wm., on New Guinea natives, 169

Turkey, instinctive emotion in the, 395

Twins, Mr. Galton's investigations on, 169

TYLOR, Alfred, on coloration in animals and plants, 201

U

Udders, enlarged, of cows, 215

Ultra-violet rays, 296

Unicellular organism. _See_ Protozoa

Unity of organism, 161, 234

Use and disuse, 146, 209

Utility of specific characters, 110

V

_Vanessa urticæ_, 165

_Varanus benegalensis_, 288

Variation, correlated, 59;
and natural selection, 61;
tabulated by A. R. Wallace, 63;
in wing-bones of bats, 63;
advantageous, neutral, and disadvantageous, 95;
in climatal and geographical conditions, 112;
secular, in climate and life area, 113;
effect of good times and hard times on, 114;
heredity and the origin of, 122;
a source of, in use and disuse, 146;
sexual union, a mode of origin of, 149;
in definite directions, 151;
produced by extrusion of second polar cell, 153;
protozoan origin of, 156;
due to the action of environment, 163;
to the effects of use and disuse, 168;
to domestication, 171;
in male stag-beetles, 180;
in mating preferences, 205;
co-ordinated in Irish "elk" and giraffe, 212;
nature of, 216;
in amount of developmental capital, 221;
inheritance of, 223;
origin of, 231;
limitations of, 232;
fortuitous, in bat's wing, 235;
definite direction of, 238;
in limits of colour-vision, 281;
in habits and instincts, 445, 456;
in mental evolution, 496

Vertebrata, diagrammatic account of development of, 51

VERWORN, Dr., on protozoa, 440

_Vespertilio mystacinus_, 70

_Vesperugo leisleri_, 65

_Vesperugo noctula_, 67

_Vesperugo pipistrellus_, 69

Vigour and vitality, application of, in male, 237;
in female, 238

Vindictiveness, 401

Vision, 272; mosaic, 291

Volition, 459

_Volucella bombylans_, 90

Voluntary and involuntary activities, 416

_Vorticella_, 38

W

WAELCHLI, Dr., on colour-globules in birds, 284

WALLACE, Mr. A. R., tabulations of variations, 63;
on tortoiseshell butterfly of Isle of Man, 81;
on protective colours in fishes, 83;
on divergence among birds, 97;
on recognition-marks, 102;
on papilionidæ of Celebes, 165;
on the dull colours of hen birds, 199;
on origin of secondary sexual characters, 200;
and A. Tylor on physiological guidance, 201;
on preferential mating, 203;
on reversion in grouse, 229;
on migration in birds, 428;
on nest-building in birds, 453;
on the song of birds, 455;
on materialism, 464;
on mathematical and artistic faculties, 484, 497

WALKER, R., on reversion in bull, 229

WARD, Mr. J. Clifton, on dog, 345

Warning-coloration, 82;
involves perception, 351

WARREN, Mr. Robert Hall, a dog anecdote, 344

Wasp, use of antennæ, 291

Waste and repair essential life-processes, 8

Water, changes of salinity in, 164

Water-ousel, 446

WATERTON, Charles, 256

WATSON, "Reasoning Power of Animals," 369

WEBB, Dr., his operation on an elephant, 369

WEBER, on musical discrimination, 309;
on muscular sensation in eye, 310

WEIR, Mr. Jenner, on nest-building in birds, 453

WEISMANN, Dr., on continuity of germ-plasm, 138;
on distinctness of germ-plasm from body-plasm, 140;
on meaning of second polar cell, 153;
on protozoan origin of variations 156;
on the introduction of senility and death, 184;
on the distinction of birds' eggs, 189;
on the effects of panmixia, 190;
on acceleration, 222;
his views applied to instinct, 438;
the intellectual faculties, 497

WESTLAKE, Miss Mabel, on the parrot, 353

Whiskered bat, 70

White, in arctic forms, 165;
Mr. Poulton on production of, 202;
in grouse, instance of reversion, 229

Wildness of birds, instinctive, 435

WILL, F., on taste in bees, 253

WILSON, Sir Charles W., on wounded camels, 392

WILSON, Edward, measurements of bats, 63

Wing-bones of bats, measurement of, in illustration of variation, 63

Words, "understanding" of, by animals, 347

Wrasse, keenness of vision of, 287

X

Xiphocera, 179

Y

YOUATT "On Sheep," 455

YOUNG, Thomas, his colour-vision theory, 277

YUNG, his experiments on tadpoles, 59

Z

Zebra, inconspicuousness of, in dusk, 84

Zuyder Zee, new variety of herrings in, 99

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End of Project Gutenberg's Animal Life and Intelligence, by Conwy Lloyd Morgan