Chapter XII: Why Do Animals Become Extinct? (6)

Extinction, ascribed to great convulsions, 225
ascribed to primitive man, 188, 224
of Dinosaurs, 221
local, 225
by man, 224, 225
of Marine Reptiles, 222
often unaccountable, 222, 223
of Pliocene rhinoceros, 232
sometimes evolution, 221, 226
of Titanotheres, 222

Feathers, imprints of, 76, 132

Fishes, abundance of, 25
armored, 23, 24, 25, 28
collections of, 32
killed by cold, 230
killed by volcanoes, 231

Fish-crows, killed by cold, 231

Flesh does not petrify, 10

Flightless birds, absent from Tasmania, 155
present distribution, 154, 155
relation between flightlessness and size, 156

Folds and frills, 129

Footprints, collections of, 47
books on, 47
See also under Tracks

Fossil birds, rarity of, 86

Fossil man, 13

Fossilization a slow process, 10

Fossils, conditions under which they are formed, 5, 7
collecting, 112-116
definition of, 1
deformation of, 16
impressions, 2, 3
not necessarily petrifactions, 2
preparation of, 117-119
why they are not more common, 5, 15, 16

Fowls, muscles of, 81

Frill of Triceratops, 102

Fur-seals killed by ice-floes, 233

Gar pikes, destruction of, 26

Giant birds, reasons for distribution and flightlessness, 153

Giant Moa, 141
leg compared with that of horse, 152*

Giant Sloth, domesticated by man, 224
struggle between, 46

Giant Sloth, tracks at Carson City, 46

Gilfort, Robert, 157

Great Auk, extermination of, 232

Grouse on Scotch moors, 235

Hawkins, B. W., restorations by, 137

Hesperornis, description of, 80
impressions of feathers, 132
position of legs, 83, 84
restoration of, 82*

Hippotherium, 166, 167

Hoactzin, habits of, 74, 75*

Horn does not petrify, 130

Horse, abundant in Pleistocene time, 164
books on, 176
of bronze age, 163, 167
collections of fossil, 176
development of, 167, 168,* 175
differences between fossil and living, 163
early domestication, 165
evidence as to genealogy, 170-173
extra-toed, 172, 173
found in South America in 1530, 165
of Julius Caesar, 172
none found wild in historic times, 165
Pliocene, 166
possibility of existence in America up to the time of its
discovery, 169, 170
primitive, 160, 161*

Horse, sketched by primitive man, 163
teeth of, 170
three-toed, 166

Humming-bird, exterminated by hurricane, 231

Hydrarchus, 62*

Hyracotherium, 160, 161,* 170, 174

Ichthyosaurs, silhouettes of, 132

Iguanodons, found at Bernissart, 104

Impressions of feathers, 131
of scales, 131
of skin, 131

Inbreeding, effects of, 231, 232

Information, sources of, xvi

Innuits, habits, 192

Interdependence of animals and plants, 234, 235, 238

Ivory, fossil, 2, 4, 188, 189

Jaw of Mosasaur, 54*
of reptiles, 53

Killing of the Mammoth, story, 177, 193

Kimmswick, deposit of Mastodon bones, 209

Knight, Charles R., restorations by, xviii, 136

Koch's Hydrarchus, 61, 62*
Missourium, 207,* 208

Leaves, impressions of, 3, 13

Leg of Brontornis, 149*

Leg of the Great Brontosaurus, 96*
of Giant Moa, 152*
position in Hesperornis, 83
position in ducks, 84

Lenape Stone, 215, 216, 219*

Life, earliest traces of, 21, 34

Lingula, antiquity of, 228
Professor Brooks on, 229

Loricaria, 24*

Mammoth, adapted to a cold climate, 134
Alaskan Live, Story, 190
believed to live underground, 178
bones taken for those of giants, 185
contemporary with man, 189
derivation of name, 178
description, 179
discovery of entire specimens, 183, 187
distribution, 184, 186
drawn by early man, 189, 197*
entire specimens obtainable, 194
reasons for extermination, 188
killing of the, 177
literature on, 197
misconception as to size, 179
mounted skeleton, 179
not now living, 190
preservation of remains, 187
skeletons in Alaska, 181, 195

Mammoth, in Chicago Academy of Sciences, 179
at St. Petersburg, 183*
restoration, 176*
size, 179, 180, 181
size of tusks, 181, 196
teeth, 196, 199*
teeth dredged in North Sea, 184
tusks brought into market, 188, 189

Man contemporary with Mammoth, 189
fossil, 13
of Guadeloupe, 13

Manatees killed by cold, 230

Marsh, Prof. O. C., collection of fossil horses, 176
on Dinosaurs, 222
on toothed birds, 79, 89

Mastodon, bones taken for those of giants, 205
thought to be carnivorous, 206
covering, 210
description, 210
distribution, 203, 210, 212
extinction, 212
literature, 218
and man, 215, 216
first noticed in America, 204
origin unknown, 202
remains abundant, 208, 209
remains in Ulster and Orange counties, New York, 204, 206
restoration, 210*

Mastodon, size, 211
skeletons on exhibition, 218
species, 203
teeth, 198, 199,* 218
tusks, 199, 200

Mesohippus, 167

Mimicry, not conscious, 128

Missourium of Koch, 207,* 208

Moas, collections of, 156, 157
contemporary with man, 143, 144
deductions from distribution, 143
destruction of, 143, 144
discovery of bones, 140
elephant-footed, 142
feathers of, 141
Giant, 141
supposed food of, 142
legends of, 139, 140
literature, 158
scientific names, 146
size of, 141
species of, 141

Moloch, an Australian lizard, 100*

Mosasaurs, abundance of, in Kansas, 52
books on, 69
collections of, 68
extinction of, 56
first discovery, 50
jaw of, 54*

Mosasaurs, range of, 49
restoration, 52*
size of, 49, 50

Mylodon tracks at Carson City, 45

Names, scientific, reasons for using, xvi, xvii

Nature, balance of, 238

Nuts, fossil, 11

Oldest animals, 21
vertebrates, 19, 22

Ostrich egg, 147

Over-specialization, 221, 222

Peale, C. W., 205

Peale, Rembrandt, 205, 206

Pelican, mandible, 53

Penguins, depend on fat for warmth, 127
feathers highly modified, 128
swim with wings, 80

Petrified bodies, 10

Phororhacos, description of, 149
mistaken for mammal, 149
Patagonian bird, 148
related to heron family, 152
restoration, frontispiece
skull, 150, 151*

Protohippus, 166

Pteraspis, 28

Pterichthys, 25, 28, 32*
mistaken for crab, 25

Pterodactyls, impressions of wings, 133
from Kansas, 55
wing, 72*

Pycraft, W. P., restoration of Archaeopteryx, 89

Radiolarians, 15, 17*

Reconstruction of animals, 127, 130, 134

Reptiles, fasting powers of, 98
growth throughout life, 102
jaws, 53

Restorations, xviii
Archaeopteryx, 89*
Ceratosaurus, 106*
Hesperornis, 82*
Mammoth, 176*
Mastodon, 210*
Phororhacos, frontispiece
progress in, 137
Stegosaurus, 108*
Thespesius, 90*
Triceratops, 126*
Tylosaurus, 52*

Reversion of fancy stock, 171

Rhinoceros, exterminated by cold, 232

Roc, legend of, 144, 145

Rocks, thickness of sedimentary, 20

Ruffles on dresses, 202

Schuchert, Charles, on collecting fossils, 17
collector of Zeuglodon bones, 63

Seals, covering of, 128

Sea-serpent, belief in, 56
possibility of existence, 57

Shaler, Professor, on changes in Miocene flora of Europe, 236, 237

Sharks, early, 31
Great-toothed, 65
known from spines and teeth, 29
Port Jackson, 29
teeth of, 69
White, or Man-Eater, 65

Skeleton, basis of all restorations, 127
best testimony of animal's relationships, 124
information to be derived from, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127
a problem in mechanics, 102, 124
reconstruction of, 120
relation of, to exterior of animal, 121, 127
of Triceratops, 103,* 121

Spines and plates, 130

Stegosaurus, description of, 106
restoration of, 108*

Survival of the fittest, 173

Teeth, birds with, 79
of gnawing animals, 169, 200
of grass-eaters, 169

Teeth, of horse, 170
of mammoth, 198, 199*
of mastodon, 198, 199*
of sharks, 29, 30
of Thespesius, 105

Thespesius, abundance of, 104, 105
brain of, 93
(Same as Claosaurus)
engulfed in quicksand, 8
impressions of skin, 132
restoration of, 90*
teeth of, 105
at Yale, 109

Tiger, preying on reindeer, 134

Tile-fish, destruction of, 230

Titanichthys, 28, 29

Toothed birds, collections of, 88
discovery of, 79

Townsend C. H., 190-192

Tracks, ascribed to birds, 38
ascribed to giants, 45
animals known from, 41
collections of, 47
of Connecticut Valley, 37
deductions from, 44
of Dinosaurs, 38,* 40,* 41, 47*
discovery in England and America, 37, 42
how formed, 35, 40
at Hastings, 44

Tracks, of Mylodon, 46
of worms, 3, 33

Triceratops, brain, 94
broken horn, 102
description, 100, 101
restoration, 126*
skeleton, 103*

Tufa, 14

Tukeman, killing of the Mammoth, 177, 193

Variation in animals, 228

Vertebrates, oldest, 22

Vestigial structures, 201, 202

Volcanic outbursts, 231, 232

Webster, F. S., on destruction of gar pikes, 26

White, C. A., on the nature and uses of fossils, 17

White Shark, 65

Wings, 71, 72,* 73
of embryonic birds, 73

Wood, fossil, 9, 10

Worm trails, 3, 33

Yucca, fertilization, 235

Zeuglodon, abundance of remains, 60
same as Basilosaurus
description, 58, 63
habits, 59

Zeuglodon, Koch's restoration, 62
name, 58, 69
once numerous, 60
size, 58
specimen of, 68
structure of bones, 64
teeth, 58, 69*

End of Project Gutenberg's Animals of the Past, by Frederic A. Lucas