Chapter XIII: Appendix

It was after I had finished this treatise that Mohnike’s _Blicke auf das Pflanzen- und Thierleben in den indischen Malaienländern_ (Münster, 1883) came into my hands. The author, who was for several years physician and medical superintendent in the Dutch Indies, has given an interesting account of the orang-utan. It appears that this animal is only found in the northern part of Sumatra, and is more common on the western than on the eastern coast. Even there the orang is only occasionally captured. The Dyaks of Borneo are fond of the flesh of this ape, which they shoot, especially in the interior of the island, with poisoned darts, projected from a blow-pipe. The wounded part is then carefully cut out.

Mohnike states that in Borneo _Hylobates concolor_ is called Ouo-ouo by the Malays, and Kalawet by the Dyaks. Dark specimens of _Hylobates variegatus_ are in the Malay dialect called _itam_, or black Unko, and light specimens are called _puti_, or white Unko. A good illustration of _Hylobates leucogenys_ is given in the _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_, p. 680, Plate 42: London, 1877.

It should be added to what I have said in the text, that the uvula of the orang-utan is often absent (Bischoff, _Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla_, p. 37; and Rückart, _Der Pharynx als Sprach- und Schluck-apparat_, p. 24, plate iii. fig. 10: Munich, 1882). I have, however, examined a specimen in which the uvula was quite perceptible, as well as the palate and arched root of the tongue.

In addition to the lower jaw from Naulette, of which I have spoken above, the fragment of a lower jaw has lately been found in the Schipka cave, Moravia, declared by Schaaffhausen to be that of an ape-like child. Virchow has carefully examined this fragment, and considers that it belongs to an adult of the mammoth age, who suffered from retention of the teeth, and that there is nothing pithecoid about it. The same author subjected the Naulette jaw, which he has repeatedly examined in Brussels, to a close analysis, and is somewhat disposed to admit the pithecoid character of this specimen (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, p. 277: 1882).

R. Baume, on the other hand, considers that both the Naulette jaw and that from the Schipka cave are pithecoid forms. He finds in these two specimens the actual proof of the existence of man-apes in the diluvial period, since they differ widely, in the form of the lower jaw, from any living specimens. This author is of opinion that in the diluvial period there must have been races of men far inferior to the lowest races now in existence (_Die Kieferfragmente von La Naulette und aus der Schipkahöhle_, Leipzig, 1883).

See Hartmann, _Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin_, November 19, 1878, for remarks on the tendon, the blood-vessels of the shoulder and thigh in anthropoids, in addition to those given in the text.

AUTHORITIES FOR CHAPTER I.

(1) “Hinc (_i.e._ Θεῶν ὄχημα) tridui navigatione torrentes igneos prætervecti in sinum venimus, qui Noti Ceras dicitur (Νότου Κέρας). In sinus recessu insula erat priori, illi similis; nam lacum habebat, in quo insula erat altera, referta hominibus silvestribus. Erant autem multo plures mulieres hirsutis corporibus, quas interpretes Gorillas (Γορίλλας) vocabant. Nos persequentes viros quidem capere non potuimus, omnes enim effugiebant quum per præcipitia scanderent et saxis se defenderent; sed feminas cepimus tres, quæ mordentes et lacerantes ductores sequi nolebant. Atque occidimus eas et pelles detractas asportavimus Carthaginem. Neque enim ulterius navigavimus, quum annona deficeret” (Hannonis Carthaginiensis Periplus. Geographi Græci Minores, ed. C. Muelleri, vol. i.).

(2) Comp. Temminck, Esquisses zoologiques sur la cote de Guinée (Leiden, 1853), p. 3.

(3) Marc. de Serres first directed the attention of naturalists to this mosaic. Comp. Froriep, Notizen zur Natur- und Heilkunde, book 42. It has been frequently said that the original of this mosaic is in the Museum of Antiquities at Berlin. Undoubtedly the mosaic in question also consists of a landscape with hippopotami, crocodile, etc., but it cannot be compared with that of Palestrina, which is to my knowledge in the Barberini palace at Rome.

(4) See the Natural History of the younger Pliny, ii. 172; vii. 2.

(5) Regnum Congo: hoc est Vera Descriptio Regni Africani quod tam ab incolis quam Lusitanis Congus appellatur, per Philippum Pigafettam, olim ex Edoardo Lopez acromatis lingua Italica excerpta, nunc Latio sermone donata ab Aug. Cassiod. Reinio. Iconibus et imaginibus rerum memorabilium quasi vivis, opera et industria Joan. Theod. et Joan. Israelis de Bry, fratrum exornata (Francofurti, MDXCVIII.).

(6) Abhandlungen der Königl. Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (iii. cl. ix. div. 1).

(7) A voyage to Congo and several other countries in Southern Africa, Church collection of voyages and travels (London, 1744), i. 651.

(8) Relation d’un voyage fait en 1695–97 aux côtes d’Afrique, etc. (Paris, 1699).

(9) Nouveau voyage en Guinée, p. 74.

(10) Observationes Medicæ (Amsterdam), § 56. I have recently had occasion to doubt whether Tulpe’s representation of an ape is not founded on that of an orang-utan of average size. At any rate, the head of the animal given by this anatomist reminds me more of an orang than of a chimpanzee.

(11) The Anatomy of a Pygmy, compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man. With an Essay concerning the Pygmies, etc., of the Ancients (edit. i., London, 1699; edit. ii., 1751).

(12) Purchas, His Pilgrims. I have made use of the edition published in London in 1625 (vol. ii. 982).

(13) Beschryvinge des Afrikaensche gewesten van Egypten, Barbaryen, Lybien, Biledulgerid, Negrosland, Ethiopien, Abyssinie, etc. (Amsterdam, 1688; edit. ii. 1679). I have made use of the German version of 1760.

(14) The name Quojas Morrou is also used by Tulpe. A living specimen of these animals was given by Dapper to Prince Frederick Henry of Orange, and is perhaps the one described by Tulpe.

(15) Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashanti (London, 1819: trans. Weimar, 1820; Vienna, 1826). I have made use of the latter translation.

(16) Trans. of the Zoolog. Soc., vol. iii., 1848: On a new species of Chimpanzee, by Professor Owen.

(17) A description of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes Gorilla, by Ph. S. Savage, and of the osteology of the same, by Jeffreys Wyman (Journal of Nat. Hist., Boston, 1847, vol. v.).

(18) Th. Savage: Notice of Troglodytes Gorilla, a new species of Orang on the Gaboon (Boston, 1847). Comp. Kneeland in Proc. of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1850, 1852.

(19) Ostéographie (Paris, 1839–64). Atlas, vol. iv., Mammifères, plate i.

(20) Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, vol. x.

(21) Ibid., vol. viii.

(22) An impression on steel: A mode of photographic illustration used by Nièpce de St. Victor, which has since been materially improved.

(23) Der Gorilla, etc. A coloured illustration by G. Mützel, plate i.

(24) Adventures and explorations in Equatorial Africa (London, 1861). A journey to Ashango Land (London, 1867). The country of the Dwarfs (London, 1872).

(25) Reade, Savage Life: being the narrative of a tour in Equatorial, South-Western, and North-Western Africa, etc. (London, 1863). Brehm, Thierleben, edit. i., i. 16. See also Hartmann, Der Gorilla, p. 4.

(26) Observations on Du Chaillu’s papers on the new species of mammals discovered by him in Equatorial Africa: Proceed. of the Zool. Soc., London. 1861.

(27) Proceed. of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1860. See also Du Chaillu’s Adventures and Explorations, chap. 22; and Reichenbach’s Vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Affen (Dresden and Leipzig), p. 196.

(28) Description of cranium of an adult male gorilla from the River Danger, indicative of a variety of the great chimpanzee (Troglod. Gorilla): Trans. of Zoolog. Soc., London, vol. iv., 1853. Memoir on the Gorilla (London, 1865): well illustrated. Odontography (London, 1840–45). Article on Teeth, by Todd and Bowman, in the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iv. part ii. Lectures on the comparative anatomy and physiology of Vertebrata (London, 1866–68, vol. iii.).

(29) Burton’s Two Trips to the Gorilla land, and the cataracts of the Nile (London, 1876).

(30) Compiègne’s L’Afrique Equatoriale (Paris, 1875; Gabonais, p. 260).

(31) De Brazza’s Le Tour du Monde, Année 1878, No. 936.

(32) Lenz’s Skizzen aus Westafrika (Berlin, 1878), p. 171.

(33) Die Loango Expedition, pt. ii., by Falkenstein, p. 149.

(34) Koppenfels’ Die Gartenlaube (1877), No. 25.

(35) Zoologiska Studier, Andra Häftet. (Lund, 1857).

(36) Revue d’Anthropologie (1876), p. 1, etc.

(37) The Medical Times, 1872.

(38) Descrizione di una scimmia antropomorfa proveniente dall’ Africa centrale, in den Annali del Museo Civico di Genova, i. 53.

(39) Studii craniologici sui Cimpanzé. Ibid., iii. 3.

(40) Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. Sciences (Philadelphia, 1879), pt. iii. p. 385.

(41) On the Appendicular Skeleton of the Primates: Philosophical Transactions (1867), 299.

(41A) Macalister’s Muscular Anatomy of the Gorilla: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy of Science, 2nd series, vol. i.

(42) Ueber die Schädelform des Menschen und der Affen, Leipzig, 1867.

(43) Die Hand und der Fuss. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, vol. v.

(44) Archiv. für Anthropologie, viii. 67.

(45) Abhandl. aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgeg. vom Naturwis. Verein zu Hamburg-Altona (Hamburg, 1876), pp. 74–83.

(46) Ibid., p. 84, etc.

(47) Die anthropomorphen Affen des lübecker Museums (Lübeck, 1876).

(48) Mittheilungen aus dem königl. Zoolog. Museum zu Dresden (1877), No. 2, p. 225.

(49) Der Gorilla, mit Berücksichtigung des Unterschiedes zwischen Menschen und Affen, etc. Denkschrift des Offenbacher Vereins für Naturkunde (Offenbach, 1863).

(50) Ueber die Verschiedenheit in der Schädelbildung des Gorilla, Chimpanse und Orang-utan, etc. (München, 1867). Vergleichende anatomische Untersuchungen über die äussern weiblichen Geschlechts- und Begattungsorgane des Menschen und der Affen. Abhandl. der königl. bayrischen Akad. d. Wissensch., cl. ii. vol. xiii. plate ii. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla. Ibid. cl. ii. vol. xiii. plate iii.

(51) Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Gorilla und Chimpanse. Abhandl. der K. Gesellsch. der Wissensch. Göttingen, vol. 28.

(52) Ueber den Schädel des jungen Gorilla. Monatsberichte der königl. Akademie der Wissensch. zu Berlin (June 7, 1880), p. 516.

(53) Studien aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissensch., plate ii. (Petersburg, 1876), v. 235.

(54) Various works on the gorilla under the following titles:--Beiträge zur Kenntniss der sogen. anthropomorphen Affen, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, series iv. 198; viii. 129; ix. 117. Ueber das Hüftgelenk der anthropoiden Affen. Sitzungsber. der Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, April 17, 1877. Ueber den Torus occipitalis transversus am Hinterhauptbeine des Menschen; Ibid., Nov. 26, 1880. Die menschenähnlichen Affen, No. 247 of the Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissensch. Vorträge, by Virchow and Holtzendorff, p. 11.

(55) Vogt’s Vorlesungen über den Menschen (Giessen, 1863).

(56) L’homme et les singes. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, vol. iv. series ii., 1870.

(57) Magitot, Bulletin de la Soc. d’Ethnographie de Paris, 1872.

(58) Gesammelte Werke. A. d. Engl. von J. V. Carus, v. 1, 2 (Stuttgart, 1875).

(59) Gervais’s Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (Paris, 1854), vol. i. p. 27.

(60) Huxley’s Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals (London, 1871).

(61) Flower’s Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia (London, 1870).

(62) Giebel’s Odontographie. Vergleichende Darstellung des Zahnsystems der lebenden und fossilen Wirbelthiere (Leipzig, 1855).

(63) Proceed. of the Zoolog. Soc. (London, 1876).

(64) Hist. Nat. générale et particulière, vol. 35 (Paris).

(65) I quote here the passage which Bosman has taken from the foregoing work by Buffon: “Les singes que l’on appelle smitten (forgerons) en flamand, sont de couleur fauve, et deviennent extrêmement grands: j’en ai vu un de mes propres yeux qui avait cinq pieds de haut et de bien moins grand que l’homme. Ils sont méchants et très forts; un marchand m’a conté, que dans le voisinage du fort de Wimba, le pays est occupé par un très-grand nombre de ces singes, qui sont de force à attaquer l’homme, ce dont on citait des exemples.” Bosman goes on to speak of another species of ape in the same district, which is as hideous as those of the larger kind (Beschrijving van Guiné (1737), p. 34; Voyage de Guinée, p. 258).

(66) Comp. on this point Huxley’s very lucid remarks in his work on the position of man in nature.

(67) Le Jardin des Plantes, by Bernard, Couailhac, Gervais and Lemaout (Paris, 1842), i. 82.

(68) Ibid., p. 83, together with the illustration.

(69) Copied by Chenu, Encycl. d’Hist. Nat. Quadrumanes (Paris, 1851), plate i. fig. 36. By Gervais, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (Paris, 1854), i. 16, 22. By A. B. Reichenbach, Praktische Naturgesch. des Menschen und der Säugethiere (New edit., Leipzig), plate i. fig. 4. H. G. L. Reichenbach, Die Vollständigste Naturgesch. der Affen (Dresden and Leipzig), plate xxxiv., fig. 466; etc.

(70) J. B. Brehm’s Thierleben (Leipzig, 1876), i. 46, 68.

(71) Hartmann, Der Gorilla, etc. Woodcuts, Nos. vi., vii., viii., xiii.

(72) Beobachtungen an zwei lebenden Chimpanse, by H. Tiedemann, Philadelphia. Nach brieflichen Mittheilungen bearbeitet by L. Bischoff (Bonn, 1879).

(73) Temminck’s Esquisse Zoologique, pt. i., etc.

(74) Vrolik, Recherches d’anatomie comparée sur le Chimpanse (Amsterdam, 1841).

(75) On the muscles and nerves of a Chimpanzee, etc. (Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, series ii. 1871, p. 176).

(76) Brühl, Myologisches über die Extremitäten des Chimpanse (Wiener Medicin. Wochenschrift. Jahrg. 1817).

(77) Ontleedkundige nasporingen over de hersenen van den Chimpanse (Amsterdam, 1849).

(78) Des caractères anatomiques des grands singes pseudo-anthropomorphes, Archives du Muséum, vol. viii. Vergleichung der Anatomie des Gorilla mit derjenigen des Chimpanse: very well illustrated.

(79) Recherches sur l’anatomie du Troglodytes Aubryi (Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Mémoires, vol. ii.).

(80) Mittheilungen aus dem königl. Zoologischen Museum zu Dresden, No. 2 (Dresden, 1877).

(81) Comp. the works cited in note 54. Also Hartmann, Beiträge zur Zoologischen und Zootomischen Kenntniss der sogenannten anthropomorphen Affen. Archiv. für Anatomie, Physiologie, etc., by Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond. Series for the years 1872–76, with many plates, some of them chromo-lithographs.

(82) Description de l’espèce de singe aussi singulier que très rare, nommé Orang-Outang, de l’isle de Borneo. Apporté vivant dans la ménagerie de M. le Prince d’Orange. Description d’un recueil exquis d’animaux rares, etc. (Amsterdam, 1804). The plates, representing the orang, which accompany this work are not badly done.

(83) Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap. Tweede Deel. (Derde Druk, 1826).

(84) Beschrijving van der groote Borneosche Orang-outang of de Oostindische Pongo. Ibid. Also Briefe des Herrn v. Wurmb und des Herrn Baron v. Wollzogen (Gotha, 1794).

(85) General and particular descriptions of the vertebrated animals; order quadrumana (London, 1831): with coloured plates.

(86) Monographies de Mammalogie, vol. ii.

(87) Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche besittingen (1839–45). Zoologie, p. 1.

(88) Description des mammifères nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus de la collection du Muséum d’histoire naturelle. Nouv. Archives du Muséum, etc., ii. 485.

(89) Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1842), ix. 54.

(90) Calcutta Government Gazette, Jan. 13, 1853. Asiatic Researches, xv. 489, 491.

(91) Wallace’s Malay Archipelago.

(92) Naturgeschichte des Orang-Utan und einiger anderer Affenarten. Herbell (Düsseldorf, 1791).

(93) On the Comparative Osteology of the Orang-utan and Chimpanzee: London and Edinburgh Philosoph. Magazine, vi. 457; x. 259. Trans. of the Zoolog. Soc. of London, i. pt. iv.

(94) Archiv. für Anatomie, Physiologie, etc., 1836, p. 46; 1839, p. 209.

(95) L. s. cit.

(96) Vier Abbildungen des Schädels der Simia Satyrus von verschiedenem Alter zur Aufklärung der Fabel vom Orañ-Utañ (Marburg, 1838).

(97) Note sur les métamorphoses du crâne de l’Orang-Outang, Bulletins de l’Académie de Bruxelles (1838). Annales des Sciences Naturelles (1839), p. 56.

(98) Zur Kenntniss des Orangkopfes und der Orangarten (Wien, 1856).

(99) Die Muskulatur der Extremitäten als Grundlage einer vergleichend-myologischen Untersuchung.

(100) L. s. c., Fig. 42, plate vii.

(101) L. s. c., plate i. p. 30 (left figure).

(102) Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (1876), vol. 15. Brehm’s Thierleben, i. 83.

(103) Copied in Cassell’s Natural History, i. 8 (52), with the erroneous title, “Sick Chimpanzee.”

(104) Naturhistorische Früchte der ersten kais. russischen Erdumsegelung (Petersburg, 1813), p. 130.

(105) Le règne animal (nouv. edit.), i. 88.

(106) Is. Geoff. Saint-Hilaire et F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des mammifères (Paris, 1819–35), plate iii. fig. 4.

(107) Wanderings in New South Wales (London, 1834), vol. ii. chap. viii.

(108) Man and Monkeys (London, 1840), p. 423.

(109) Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., i.

(110) See work cited in note 83.

(111) See work cited in note 63, p. 140.

(112) Hist. Nat. des Singes (Paris, an. ix.), p. 154.

(113) Archives du Muséum d’Hist. Nat., v. 529.

(114) Blyth in Journal of the Asiatic Soc., 1846, xv. 172; Ibid., 1847, xvi. 730.

(115) Proceed. of the Zoolog. Soc. of London, xiv. 11.

(116) Beiträge zur Anatomie des _Hylobates leuciscus_. From the Proceedings of the Bavarian Academy of Science, 2nd series, vol. x. plate iii.

FOOTNOTES.

[2] _Vorträge über Viehzucht und Rassenkenntniss_, i. 61: Berlin, 1872.

[3] Comp. Is. Geoffr. Saint-Hilaire, table v.; also Hartmann, _Der Gorilla_, p. 14, Anm. 4.

[4] Owen, _Memoir_, etc., plate ii.; Brehm, _Thierleben_, i. 56.

[5] Comp. Hartmann, _Der Gorilla_, fig. 8. This is undoubtedly one of the most successful illustrations of the chimpanzee, its habits, expression, and disposition.

[6] Comp. Hartmann, _Der Gorilla_, fig. 27, representing the Hamburg animal in middle age. Fig. 6 gives the wild Paulina of the German Loango expedition. The inscription, by an error of the press, states that it is a male, not a female chimpanzee.

[7] While writing these words I obtained a dried specimen, _Hylobates lenciscus_ (Kuhl), injected with Wickersheiner’s fluid; a large _Hylobates_ of the same species, preserved in spirits of wine; another _Hylobates albimanus_ (Is. Geoffr. Saint-Hilaire), preserved in the same way; and the skeletons of _Hylobates syndactylus_ (F. Cuvier), and of _Hylobates agilis_.

[8] A very good illustration of this animal may be seen in Ed. Poeppig’s _Illustrirter Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs_, vol. i. fig. 24 (Leipzig, 1847), which is taken from some English source with which I am not acquainted. Another woodcut of this animal is in Bock’s _Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo_, p. 342: Jena, 1882.

[9] A specimen of _Hylobates leucogenys_ (Ogilby) may be seen in the British Museum. Comp. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs, etc.: London, 1870.

[10] A good woodcut of _Hylobates pileatus_ (J. E. Gray) appears in Huxley’s work, _Man’s Place in Nature_.

[11] A very good coloured illustration of _Hylobates funereus_, probably taken from life by Werner, may be seen in Is. Geoff. Saint-Hilaire’s _Description des mammifères nouveaux, ou imparfaitement connus de la collection du Muséum d’histoire naturelle_. _Archives du Muséum_, v. 26.

[12] The coronal crest has attained to a quite unusual height in the fine specimen of the skull of an aged male gorilla, No. 92, in the Natural History Museum in Paris.

[13] _Ethnologische Schriften, nach dem Tode des Verfassers gesammelt von dessen Sohne Professor Gustav Retzius_, p. 33: Stockholm, 1864.

[14] _Zur Kenntniss des Orangskopfes_, etc., p. 3. Virchow observes (_Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, March 18, 1876): “The fact that the gibbon, as well as the orang-utan, is brachycephalous is of great geographical interest.”

[15] Monthly report of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin, June 7, 1880.

[16] Virchow, _Ueber einige Merkmale niederer Menschenrassen am Schädel_, p. 41: Berlin, 1875. _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xii. 23: 1880. _Monatsbericht der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin_, p. 523: 1880. The _os epiptericum_ may be observed in cranium No. 92 of the Paris collection. It is plainly seen in Fig. 4, p. 127, in _Darwinismus und Thierproduction_ (Munich, 1876), in which I refer to this skull. See also Bischoff, _Schädelwerk_.

[17] This illustration is from Duvernoy’s _Des caractères anatomiques des grandes singes pseudo-anthropomorphes_, plate ii. It is an excellent illustration of the characteristic spinous processes of the vertebral column, and of the relative position of the limbs.

[18] Duvernoy, table vi. fig. B.

[19] Brühl, _Zur Kenntniss des Orangkopfes_, pp. 2, 3.

[20] “The Missing Link,” _Engineering and Mining Journal_, xx. 3: New York.

[21] _Report of Anthropological Society_, Berlin, April 16, 1881.

[22] Darwin’s _Descent of Man_, p. 21.

[23] Virchow’s _Archiv. für Pathologische Anatomie_, liii. 485: 1871.

[24] _Report of Anthropological Society_, Berlin, March 9, 1878.

[25] Darwin’s _Descent of Man_, vol. i. p. 192.

[26] _Geologische Bilder zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohner_, ii. 120: Leipzig, 1851–53.

[27] _Voyage pittoresque dans le Brésil_: Paris, 1839.

[28] _Anthropogenie_, p. 482: Leipzig, 1874.

[29] It appears to be very common among Japanese apes (_Inuus speciosus_).

[30] Brühl has noted the intermittent occurrence of a connection between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone.

[31] _Archiv. für Anthropologie_, p. 121: 1878.

[32] Schlocker, _Ueber die Anomalien des Pterion_. Inaugural dissertation. Dorpat, 1879.

[33] _Zur Kraniologie der Mongoloiden: Beobachtungen und Messungen_, p. 56. Dissertation. Heidelburg, Berlin, 1882.

[34] _Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie_, iv. fig. 305.

[35] _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie_, p. 164: 1872.

[36] _Die vierte allgemeine Versammlung der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie_, p. 49.

[37] _Die Urbevölkerung Europas_, p. 46.

[38] _Quarterly Journal of Science_, January, 1864. Comp, also Fuhlrott, _Der fossile Mensch aus dem Neanderthal_: Duisburg, 1865.

[39] _Archiv. für Anthropologie_, viii. fig. 63.

[40] _Zeugnisse_, etc., 157.

[41] _Crania Ethnica_, plate xxvi.; _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, series 12, plate viii. fig. 2.

[42] _Crania Ethnica_, plate xxxvi.

[43] Ten Kate, _loc. cit._ pp. 17, 42. Virchow is of opinion that the facts are not sufficiently clear to enable us to judge how far this formation affects men (_Monatsbericht der Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin_, p. 258: 1881). The detachment of the malar bone from the spheno-maxillary fissure of the orbit has up to this time been too rarely observed in anthropoids to merit serious consideration in this work.

[44] Joly, _Man before Metals_: London.

[45] Gaudry, _Les enchainements du monde animal_, p. 232: Paris, 1878.

[46] Hartmann, _Der Gorilla_, pp. 68, 109.

[47] _Correspondenzblatt der Deutscher Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, p. 148, with illustration: 1878.

[48] _Zur Morphologie des Gesichtsschädel_, pp. 73, 85, 89: Stuttgart, 1877.

[49] Welcker on His und Braune, _Archiv. für Anatomie_, 1881. Rosenberg, Gegenbaur’s _Morphologisches Jahrbuch_, i. 172.

[50] _Beiträge zur Geburtshülfe_, p. 161.

[51] _Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien_, lxxxv. fig. 1: 1882.

[52] Hartmann in _Archiv. für Anatomie_, etc., by Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond, pp. 639–643: 1876.

[53] Wiedersheim, _Morphologisches Jahrbuch_, ii. 421.

[54] _Archiv. für Anthropologie_, p. 463: 1880.

[55] _Alttrojanische Gräber und Schädel. Aus der Abhandlungen der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin_, p. 47: 1882.

[56] _Sitzungsbericht der Berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_: April 17, 1880.

[57] See Spengel’s _Caves and Primitive Inhabitants of Europe_.

[58] _Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals_, p. 481: London, 1871.

[59] _An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia_, p. 310: London, 1870.

[60] _On the Anatomy of the Vertebrates_, ii. 551. Also see my own works in _Archiv. für Anatomie_, p. 648: 1876.

[61] _Studien aus dem Gebiete du Naturwissenschaften_, ii. 316: St. Petersburg, 1876.

[62] Hartmann in _Archiv. für Anatomie_, etc., p. 653: 1876.

[63] Welcker in His and Braune’s _Archiv. Jahrg._, i. p. 71.

[64] Camper, _Œuvres_, i. 152; _Naturgeschichte des Orang-utan_, etc.; Owen, _Transactions of the Zoological Society of London_, i. 365–368; Ibid., v. 15; Welcker in His and Braune’s _Archiv. Jahrg._, ii. p. 106.

[65] _Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift_, p. 4: 1871.

[66] Duchenne’s _Mécanisme de la physiognomie humaine_. Darwin’s _Expression of the Emotions_. Gamba’s _Lezioni di anatomo-fisiologia applicata alle arti belle_.

[67] Macalister, in the _Annals and Magazine of Natural History_, vii. 342 (1871), asserts that he was unable to distinguish the corrugator from the orbicular muscle, and I have been equally unsuccessful.

[68] Darwin’s _Expression of the Emotions_.

[69] Darwin, _Expression of the Emotions_.

[70] _Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia_, 1879. _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1873, 1874.

[71] _Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia_, 1879.

[72] Hartmann in _Archiv. für Anatomie_, by Reichart and Du Bois-Reymond, p. 743 (1875); p. 636 (1876).

[73] Halford, _Not like man, bimanous and biped, nor yet quadrumanous, but cheiropodus_: Melbourne, 1863. _Lines of demarcation between Man, the Gorilla, and the Macaca_: Melbourne, 1863. I only know these two treatises from Bischoff’s quotation. _Anatomie, etc., des Hylobates leuciscus_, pp. 23, 24.

[74] Ruge also considers this muscle to be part of the extensor longus digitorum.

[75] _Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Gorilla und Chimpanse_, p. 32, plate ii. fig. 3.

[76] _Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris_ (1869), pp. 83, 113.

[77] As, for example, in _Hylobates syndactylus_. Comp. Giobel, _Odontographia_, p. 2: Leipzig, 1855.

[78] _Ortleetkundige Beschryving van een volvassen Orang Oetan. Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Neederlandsche Bezittingen_: Leiden, 1840. _Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris_, iv. pp. 368–371: 1869.

[79] Comp. Aeby, _Der Bronchialbaum der Säugethiere und des Menschen_, p. 7, table v. fig. 11: Leipzig, 1880.

[80] _The Brain as an Organ of Mind._ International Scientific Series.

[81] Pansch writes of a gorilla’s brain: “The cerebellum ought, in a horizontal position, to be somewhat overlapped by the cerebrum.” I do not understand what he means by the expression _ought_.

[82] _Natural History Review_, p. 201: 1861.

[83] _Sitzung der Mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der königl. bairischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_, p. 100: Feb. 4, 1871.

[84] Gratiolet, _Mém. sur les plis cérébraux de l’homme et des primates_.

[85] _Correspondenzblatt der deutschen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, p. 133: 1878.

[86] _Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, 1877.

[87] Ibid., p. 25: 1878.

[88] _Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, p. 28: 1878.

[89] _Archiv. für Anthropologie_, p. 129: 1867.

[90] _Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, p. 283: 1877.

[91] _Correspondenzblatt der deutschen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, p. 134: 1877. H. Gerhartz, _Ueber die Ursachen der Microcephalie_. Inaugural dissertation. Bonn, 1874.

[92] _Anatomische Untersuchung eines Microcephalen Knaben._ Reprint of a paper written for the celebration of the three hundredth year of the University of Wurzburg, p. 27.

[93] _Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, p. 248: 1877.

[94] _Das peripherische Nerversystem der Wirbelthiere_, p. 219: Leipzig, 1878.

[95] _Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France_, p. 1: 1877.

[96] _Die Vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Affen_, p. 191: Leipzig and Dresden.

[97] See Chenu, _Encyclopédie d’Historie Naturelle, Quadrumanes_, p. 34.

[98] Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the British Museum. Appendix, p. 127: London, 1870.

[99] For example, the ears are represented as somewhat too small. Although the growth of hair on the crown of the head makes them look larger, the want of proportion must be admitted. It might easily have been altered, but I preferred to reproduce the original sketch as it stood.

[100] _Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild._, by C. Vogt and Specht, p. 11: Munich, 1882.

[101] _Mafoca Betreffendes._ Reprinted from the reports of the _Gesellschaft für Natur und Heilkunde zu Dresden_, Sitzung, xxvii. p. 9: 1876.

[102] _Thierleben_, ii. 80, 81. _Illustrirte Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs_, i. 11: Leipzig, 1880.

[103] _Der Gorilla_, vi. p. 25. The inscription to this fine cut erroneously gives this as a male instead of a female specimen.

[104] Series for 1876, plate vii. figs. 2, 4.

[105] _Livingstone’s Last Journals in Central Africa from 1865 to his death_, ii. 52–55: London, 1874.

[106] _Die Loango Expedition_, Abth. iii. p. 248: Leipzig, 1882.

[107] Ibid., Abth. ii. p. 150.

[108] _Die Loango Expedition_, Abth. i. p. 123.

[109] _Die Loango Expedition_, p. 103.

[110] The account given by H. von Koppenfels, whose early death we must all deplore, is taken from his article in the _Gartenlaube_ (1877, No. 25); from his correspondence with his family, which I have been allowed to see; and from a long paper addressed to Professor Bastian from Adalinalonga, dated March 26, 1874.

[111] _Illustrirtes Thierleben_, i. 17: Hildburghausen, 1864.

[112] Schweinfurth, _Im Herzen von Afrika_, p. 335: New edition, Leipzig, 1878.

[113] Duirentuin: Illustrated description of the mammals and birds kept in the Zoological Gardens, Amsterdam. Published in the Dutch language about 1862.

[114] _Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo_, etc., p. 31.

[115] This illustration confirms the remark already made, that the posterior of this ape somewhat resembles the rump of a bird in structure.

[116] _Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen_: Leiden, 1840–45.

[117] _Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo_, p. 31.

[118] _Die Preussiche Expedition nach Ostasien. Zoologische Abtheilung_, vol. i. p. 249: Berlin, 1876.

[119] _Unter der Kannibalen auf Borneo_, p. 327.

[120] Sir Stamford Raffles saw a perfectly white specimen of this species (_Transactions of the Linnæan Society_, xiii. 241).

[121] G. Broesike, _Sitzungtbericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin_: December 18, 1877.

[122] _Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, March 18, 1876, p. 93.

[123] See also Nissle, _Die Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, pp. 56, 57: 1876.

[124] Wallace’s _Malay Archipelago_, vol. i.

[125] _Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo_, p. 31.

[126] _Enchainements_, p. 235.

[127] Fraas, _Wurtembergische Jahresheft_, xxvi. plate iv. fig. 1: 1870.

[128] Forsyth, _Atti della Societá Italiana di Scienze Naturali_, xiv.: 1872.

[129] _Anthropogenie_, p. 482: Leipzig, 1874.

[130] We do not here include the leaping and running mice.

[131] _Reise nach Brasilien_, ii. 177: Frankfurt-am-Main, 1821.

[132] _Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, etc., i. 534: Leipzig, 1867.

[133] _Les Enchainements du monde animal_, p. 240.

[134] _Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild_, p. 49.

[135] _Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde_, 3rd edit., i. 38: Tübingen, 1882.

[136] Darwin’s _Descent of Man_, 1st edit., vol. ii. p. 385.

[137] Darwin’s _Descent of Man_, i. p. 212.

[138] _Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild_, p. 67.

INDEX.

A

A-Bantu, 86

Abel, 10

Abors, 253

Aeby, 6, 130, 131, 206

Africa, 90

African negroes, pithecoid structure of, 86

Aidanill, 88

Ainos, 96

Alix, 9, 149, 207, 213

Angola, 225

Anthropoid apes, development of acquaintance with, 1;
external form of, 11;
external and anatomical structure of, compared with the human, 55;
ears of, and men, 89;
neck of, 100;
trunk of, 100;
carpus of, 102;
hand of, 102;
upper limbs of, 102;
skull of, 107;
vertebral column of, and men, 125;
humerus of, 131;
tibia of, 137;
hinder extremities of, 145;
muscular system of, 150;
skin of head of, 156;
clavicle of, 160;
digestive system of, 181;
teeth of, 182;
tongue of, 182;
vertebral column of, 182;
liver of, 187;
stomach and intestines of, 187;
spleen of, 188;
sexual organs of, 190;
brain of, 192;
nervous system of, 192;
peripheral, 207;
vascular system of, 208;
structure of, 210;
varieties in the form of, 210;
geographical distribution, habits in a state of nature, and native
names of, 225;
life in captivity of, 257;
position of, in the zoological system, 285.

Anthropomorphism of gorilla, orang, chimpanzee, and gibbon, 290

Aschangolo, 236

Aschira, 240

Ashanti, 86

Astarte, temple of, 2

Authorities for Chapter I., 311

Australian blacks, 86, 96

B

Baboon, 11, 92

Baker, 122

Ballone, river, 88

Bam (_Troglodytes niger_), 222, 237

Banya, 237

Bär, K. E. von, 6, 143

Bari, 86

Bartels, 96

Bastian, Ch., 192, 197

Battel, 3, 8

Bennet, 10

Beyrich, 285

Biceps of anthropoids, 165

Bischoff, 6, 78, 152, 167, 188

Blainville, D. de, 4, 134

Blyth, 10

Bock, 45, 241, 284

Bolau, 7, 188, 260

Bond, 87

Borneo, 241

Bosman, 8

Boucher de Perthes, 119

Bourgeois, 299

Bouvier, 210

Bowdich, E., 4

Brain of apes, 192

Brazza, De, 6, 235

Brehm, A. E., 6, 9, 217

Brooke, 10

Brosse, 269

Brühl, 10, 58, 78, 150, 176

Broca, 110

Broderip, 269

Buala, plateau of, 226

Buchholz, 235, 258

Buchta, 107

Buffon, 8, 267

Burmeister, 101

Burton, R., 6

Bushmen, 87

Busu, Bakalaya, 236

C

Cachêu, 237

Camaroon river, 225

Carpus of anthropoid apes, 102

Catharcludi, land of, 2

Champneys, 9

Chapman, 6, 164

Chenu, 10

Chimpanzee, 2, 8, 29, 33, 58, 91, 219, 237, 267;
anthropomorphism of, 290

Chimpezée, 8

Chinchoxo, 7

Chudzinsky, 165

Clavicle of anthropoids, 160

Colobus, 286

Compiègne, A. de, 6, 235

Congo, 226

Cuvier, G., 10, 45, 50

D

Dabulamanzi, 86

Dahlbom, 6, 9

Dahomey, 86

Danger, river, 225

Dapper, O., 4

Darwin, 7, 91, 97, 157, 303, 308

Delaunay, 298

Devéria, A., 5

Diard, 10, 45, 252

Digestive system of anthropoids, 181

Dippel, 148

_Dryopithecus_, 286

Du Chaillu, 6, 215, 227, 257

Duchenne, 154

Dücker, Von, 299

Dumortier, 10

Duncan, P. M., 220

Durand, 122

Duvaucel, 10, 50, 254

Duvernoy, 6, 149, 172, 215

Dyaks, 245;
of Dusun, 251

E

Ears of anthropoids and men, 89

Ecker, 6, 96

Ehlers, 6, 7, 153, 188

Eliva, lake, 236

Engeco, 4

Eyelids of anthropoids and of man, 94

F

Fan, 236

Falkenstein, 7, 219, 260

Femur of mammals, 136

Flower, 6, 142

Foot of anthropoids, 22

Ford, 5, 225

Fortuna, temple of, 2

Four-handed, rejection of the term, 146

Franquet, 5

Froger, 3

Froriep, 126

G

Gaboon district, 5, 226, 240

Galloa, 240

Gamba, 154

Garrau mountains, 253

Garrigou, 298

Gaudry, 285, 299

Gautier Laboulaye, 5

Gegenbaur, 134

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 5, 9

Geographical distribution of anthropoids, 225

Gervais, 7, 9

Ghauts, 87

Gibbon, anthropomorphism of, 290

Gibbon, skeleton of, 81

Gibbon (_Hylobates_), 11, 45, 251, 281

---- _H. albimanus_, 49, 282

---- _H. entelloides_, 52

---- _H. funereus_, 54, 283

---- _H. Hoolock_, 52, 282

---- _H. Lar agilis_, 45, 50, 283

---- _H. leuciscus_, 51

---- _H. leucogenys_, 53

---- _H. pileatus_, 53

---- _H. Rafflesii_, 52

Giebel, 7

Giglioli, 6, 9

Glover, 86

Gorilla, 12, 26, 55, 60, 210, 225, 257;
skull of an aged male, 56;
skull of young male, 60;
skeleton of aged male, 65;
skeleton of female, 68

Gorilla, anthropomorphism of, 290

Grandpré, 268

Gratiolet, 9, 152, 199, 209

Gray, 214

Griffith, E., 10

Gruber, 111, 135, 175

Gulliver, 10

Gulnarber, 89

Güssfeldt, 228

H

Habit of anthropoids in a state of nature, 225

Haeckel, 6, 107, 146, 291

Hair, growth of, in man and anthropoids, 96

Hamadryas (_Cynocephalus_), 251

Hand of anthropoids, 102;
muscles of, 166

Hanno, 1

Harlan, 253, 281

Hausanese, 86

Head, skin of, 156;
muscles of, 151

Henle, 153

Hermes, 7, 243, 269, 283

Heusinger, 10

Hoeven, Van der, 103

Holl, 128

Hooker, 97

Human foot, skeleton of, 140

Human structure compared with that of anthropoid apes, 55

Humerus of gorilla, 131

Huxley, 114, 143, 176, 190

Hyrtl, 111

I

Ibos, natives of, 86

Ihering, H. von, 207

Issel, 222

J

Japanese, the, 87

Jeffreys Wyman, 5, 215

Jockos, 8

K

Kamma, 240

Klebs, 205

Kolk, Van der, 9

Koolo-Kamba, the anthropoid, 221

Koppenfels, H. von, 6, 219, 231

Kotaringin, 241

Krause, R., 192, 202

Kuilu, 226, 237

L

Lainier, 214

Lambdoidal suture, 58

Langer, 10, 173

_Laopithecus_, 287

Lartet, 286

Larynx, 188

Laussedat, 298

Lewis, 10

Lenz, H., 6, 9, 235, 258

Life in captivity of anthropoid apes, 257

Ligaments of anthropoids, 146

Ligaments, 187

Limbs of anthropoids, 102

Liver of anthropoid apes, 187

Livingstone, 223, 240

Loango, 7, 226, 237

Lopez, Ed., 3

Lucae, 6

Lucan, 210

Luemme, 226, 237

M

Macacu, 92

Macalister, 152

Mafuca, 95, 215, 240

Magitot, 7

Mahakkam, 250

Malays, 87, 250

Malacca peninsula, 53

Malimba, people of, 240

Malzac, A. de, 220

Mammals, femur of, 136

Mammals, systematic scheme of, 288

Mandril, 3

Mandjaruma, 222

Martens, Von, 251

Martin, W. L., 221

Martius, Von, 294

Max, G., 10, 281

Maximilian of Neuwied, Prince, 294

Mayombe, 228

Meckel, J. F., 147

Meias, 251

Merolla, 3

Meyer, A. B., 6, 216

Meyer, B., 93

Meyer, R, 6

Miklucho-Maclay, 89, 94

Mivart, F., 6

Mpongwe, 236, 240

Müller, 10, 247

Muni (Mooney), 225

Mirenhas, 294

Muscular system of anthropoid apes, 150

Mützel, 10, 25

N

Naga, 253

Nathusius, H. von, 13

Native names of anthropoids, 225

Ndjéko (nschégo), 4, 215, 220, 239

Niam-Niam, 86, 240

Nervous system of anthropoids, 192

Neck of anthropoids, 100

Ntondo, village of, 227

Nuehr, 86

O

Obongo, 294

Ogōwē, 6, 225

Orang-utan, anthropomorphism of, 290

Orang-utan, 8, 11, 41, 43, 91, 223, 242, 273;
skull of, 76;
skeleton of, 76, 79

Ornstein, 96

Orungu, 240

Owen, R., 7, 25, 143, 226, 286

P

Pansch, 6, 197, 260

Pechuël-Lösche, 226, 229

Papuans, 87

Pedro da Cintra, 3

Pelvis of anthropoids, 130

Penaud, 5

Petit, 210

Pigafetta, P., 3

Platysma myoides, 159

Plinius, 2

_Pliopithecus_, 286

Pongo, 4

Ponta-Negra, 226

_Primarii_, 288

Prince, Mrs., 5

_Protopithecus_, 287

Pruner-Bey, 7, 114

Q

Quatrefages, 117

Quenstedt, 286, 302

Quojas morrau, 4

R

Rademacher, 10

Reade, W., 235, 258

Reichenbach, 9

Retzius, 60, 194

Rolleston, 197

Rosenberg, 126, 135, 172, 242

Rousseau, 5

S

Sachs, Dr., 110

Sadong, 241

Sambas, 241

Sarawak, 241

Satyrs, 2

Savage, Dr., 4, 227

Schaaffhausen, 205

Schilluk, 86

Schlegel, 10, 247

Schweinfurth, 220, 238

Scott, J., 97

_Semnopithecus_, 285

Sexual organs of anthropoids, 190

Siam, 53

Siamang, 252

Siebold, 96

Simiina, 28

Skeleton of human foot, 140

Skeleton of aged male gorilla, 65;
of female gorilla, 68;
structure of, 107

Skeleton of chimpanzee, 73

Skin of head of anthropoids, 156

Skull of adult chimpanzee, 72

Skull of aged male gorilla, 56;
of young male gorilla, 60

Skull of orang-utan, 77;
of anthropoids, 107

Smith, W., 3

Soko, 240

Spengel, 114

Spleen of anthropoids, 188

Stieda, 111

Structure of anthropoid apes, 210

Stomach of anthropoid apes, 187

Sumatra, 241, 252

Sungi-Kapajan, 241

T

Tapanoli, 242

Teeth of anthropoids, 182

Temminck, 10

Teweh, 241

Throat pouch, 161

Thorax of anthropoids, 131

Tibia of anthropoids, 137

Tiedemann, 156

Tilesius, 10

Tongue of anthropoids, 182

Traill, Dr., 267

Trinchese, Salvatore, 92

_Troglodytes Gorilla_, 5

Trunk of anthropoids, 100

Tscheladas (_Cynocephalus Geleda_), 250

Tschissambo, 237

Tulpe, N. von, 3, 8

Tyson, E., 3, 9

U

Unko, (_Hylobates Rafflesii_), 52, 252

V

Vascular system of anthropoids, 208

Vélins, 10

Vertebræ, cervical, of chimpanzee, 73

Vertebral column of anthropoids and men, 182

Virchow, R., 6, 58, 96, 111, 114, 138, 202

Vogt, C., 7, 204, 218, 301

Vosmaer, 10

Vrolik, 9, 207

W

Waldeyer, 136

Wallace, 10, 99, 158, 223, 244, 273

Wau-wau (_Hylobates agilis_), 45, 50, 253

Welcker, 126, 147

Wilson, 5

Wimba, Fort, 8

Woolner, 91

Wurmb, 10

Z

Zuckerkandl, 124

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.

Transcriber’s Notes

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Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

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