Chapter III: AHL EL-KIBLY: (Southernly tribes) (1)

Arabs of Kerak.
Esh-Sherarat.
Bni-Shammar
El Temeyat.
El Menjat.
Ibn Ghazy.
Bayr.
El-Fesyani.
El-Jerba.
El Jofeir.
El Akeydat
Bni Sayd.
El-Wouled.
El-Bakara.

Appendix III

KAAT AND COFFEE CULTURE IN ARABIA

Kaat (_Celastrus eatha edulis_) is a shrub or small tree which grows at an altitude of about five thousand feet in the lower mountains of Yemen, especially on the slopes of Jebel Sohr near Taiz. It is uncertain whether the plant is indigenous, but if introduced into Yemen from Africa, it came very early, with coffee, when the Abyssinian conquest caused the fall of the Himyarite empire.

Kaat is planted from shoots which are left to grow for three years, then all the leaves and buds are pulled off except on a few twigs; these develop the following year into juicy shoots which are cut off, tied in bundles, wrapped in grass to preserve their moisture, and sold under the name of _moubarreh_. The second crop is of better quality, and is called _mouthanee_. A small bundle, _kilwet_, sells at Taiz for about five cents, and a larger quantity, yet scarcely a handful, called _zirbet_, for ten cents. Only the leaves and young twigs are masticated, but I have seen the poor glad to pick up even the castaway dry leaves and branches to get what comfort they could out of them.

The taste of the leaves is slightly bitter and astringent, very like that of the peach leaf. It has stimulative properties, produces wakefulness, and in large quantities hallucination; it is said to preserve the teeth, and some use it as an aphrodisac. All Arabs claim that it gives wonderful power of endurance, and that with their kaat and tobacco they can do without food on long journeys. Every one, young and old, Arab, Jew or Turk, uses it, and many use it in incredible quantities. One soldier told me that he spent a rupee (33 cents) a day for his kaat, and the Cadi of Taiz pays twenty dollars a day for this luxury,—his household, however, is as large as the koran and divorce can make it.

The Ottoman government receives twenty-five per cent customs on the market price of the plant in addition to the land tax on kaat culture. The total revenue from this source is considerable as can be judged from the fact that at Taiz, a town of perhaps five thousand population, all the other taxes are farmed for ten thousand dollars per annum, while the daily sale of kaat amounts to over three hundred dollars!

The kaat market is open from early morning, when the fresh bundles came on donkeys and camels, but the busiest time is in the afternoon; for the proper thing is to eat kaat just before sunset, and to invite guests to chew leaves an hour or two before dinner. The sellers sit in the open air, and are mostly women. In their rather picturesque costumes, unveiled, they sit the long day, with a basket of the green luxury before them; sprinkling their ware from time to time to keep it moist; untying a score of bundles to satisfy some proud epicure who tastes before he takes; haggling over the price of a damaged bundle with some soldier; and again swearing, as only Arabs can, to the genuineness of the kind in question—for kaat has six distinct flavors and varieties, each with a special name, and alas for the slave who was sent for one and returns with another. Sometimes there is close dealing, or on a rainy day “a corner” in the market, or some wicked urchin runs off with a stolen bundle, and at such times all the women talk at once, and their uproar is only rivalled in Yemen by the Jews’ synagogue service. The kaat market at 4 P. M. is indeed a picture, full of color and pose and motion worthy the brush of an artist; its like can only be seen in the villages of lower Yemen, and among the many surprises to the traveller in this Switzerland of Arabia nothing is at first sight stranger and more ludicrous than to see sober Arabs sit down in groups at the close of day and, as Nebuchadnezzar of old, “eat grass like oxen.”

According to an Arab history _kaat_ was used by the Arabs before the coffee-plant became naturalized in the highlands of Yemen. At present coffee and kaat grow together. Both are considered lawful to Moslems, and Yemen’s chief source of wealth is its coffee export. The principal districts for coffee-culture stretch north of Taiz to Lohaia and Kankaban and Sana, and the variety of the product depends mostly on the elevation of the plantation. There are three distinct stages in its culture. First the seed is prepared by removing the shell or pericarp; it is then mingled with wood ashes and dried in the shade. Then the seed is planted in prepared beds of rich soil, mingled with manure; the beds are covered with branches of trees to protect the young plants from the heat of the sun and they are watered every six or seven days. Lastly after six weeks the plants are carefully removed from the ground and planted in rows at a distance of two or three feet from each other. After two or three years the coffee-tree begins to yield.

The gardens in Yemen are all constructed in terraces along the mountain-side and are exceedingly beautiful when the plant is in full bloom. When the berries are ripe they are plucked from the tree and dried in the sun; afterwards packed in gunnybags they are sent to the coast. The Arabs of Yemen seldom use the bean in making coffee but utilize the shell or husk; the beverage is less strong, more sweet and of course cheaper. Coffee is sown in March, budding begins in May, and the crop is gathered in September. A great deal of Yemen coffee finds its way overland to the interior of Arabia in addition to the export to Aden and Hodeida; Mokha was once the great emporium but has utterly decayed and now consists of only a few houses in ruined condition and a dilapidated Mosque.

Appendix IV

AN ARABIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. The Geography of Arabia

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Barthema, (Ludovico.)—Travels in Arabia translated by R. Eden (1576).

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Bent, (Theodore and Mrs.)—South Arabia (London, 1899).

Blunt, (Lady Ann.)—A pilgrimage to Nedj, 2 vols. (London, 1883).
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Buist, (Dr.)—Physical Geography of the Red Sea (no date).

Burckhardt, (John Lewis.)—Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabis, 2 vols.
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Burckhardt, (John Lewis.)—Travels in Arabia, 2 vols. (London, 1830).

Burton, (Richard.)—Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medina
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Chesney—Survey of the Euphrates and Tigris, 4 vols. (London, 1850).

Cloupet—Nouveau Voyage dans l’Arabie Heureuse en 1788 (Paris, 1810).

Constable, (Capt. C. G., and Lieut. A. W. Stiffe.)—The Persian Gulf
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Haig, (F. T., Maj. Gen.)—A Journey through Yemen. Proceedings of the
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B. Manners and Customs[169]

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Redhouse, J. W.—A Tentative Chronological Synopsis of the history of
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Schulten—Hist. Imperii vetus Joctanidarum (Hard. Gelderland, 1786).
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Weil, Gustav—Geschichte der Chalifen, 3 vols. (Mannheim, 1846-51).
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Wüstenfeld, F.—Vergleichungs Tabellen der Muh. und Christ.
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Wüstenfeld, F.—Die Chroniken der Stadt Mekka gesammelt, und
herausgegeben, Arab. Deutsch, 4 vols. (Leipzig, 1857).

Wüstenfeld, F.—Genealogische Tabellen der Arabische Stämme
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D. Islam

Addison, Lancelot—State of Mahumedism (London, 1679).

Akehurst, Rev. G.—Impostures instanced in the life of Mohammed
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Alcock, N.—The rise of Mohammedanism accounted for (London, 1796).

Anonymous—Life of Mohammed (London, 1799).
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Arnold, Matthew—Essay on Persian Miracle Play (London, 1871).
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Arnold, J. M.—Islam and Christianity (London, 1874).

” T. W.—The Preaching of Islam: A history of the Propagation of the
Muslim faith (London, 1896).

Bate, J. D.—Claims of Ishmael (Benares, 1884).

Bedwell, W.—Mahomet’s Imposture (London, 1615).
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Beverly, R. M.—A reply to Higgins [See Higgins,] 1829.

Blochman, H.—’Ain i Akbari of Abdul Fadhl, (Eng. trans.)
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Blunt, W. S.—The Future of Islam (London, 1881).

Blyden—Islam, Christianity and the Negro Race (London, 1888).

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Deutsch, Emanuel—Essay on Islam (London, 1874).

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Dugat, Gustave—Histoire des philos. et des theol. Musulmans de 632-1358
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Duveyrier, H.—La conferie Musulmane de Sidi Moh. bin Ali Es-Senonsi
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Gmelin, M. F.—Christenschlaverei und der Islam (Berlin, 1873).

Guyard, S.—La civilization Musulmane (Paris, 1884).

Haines, C. R.—Islam as a Missionary Religion (London, 1888).

Hamilton, C.—The Hedayah, a commentary on Moslem law. Trans.
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Herclots, Dr.—Qanoon-el-Islam (London, 1832).

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Irving, Washington—Life of Mahomet (London, 1850).
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Jansen, H.—Verbreitung des Islams, u. z. w., in den verschiedenen,
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Jessup, H. H.—The Mohammedan Missionary Problem (Phila., 1889).

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KORAN: (Editions and translations).
—English versions: Alexander Ross (from French, 1649-1688), Sale
(1734), Rodwell (1861), Palmer (1880).
—First Arabic, _printed text_, at Rome, 1530 (Brixiensis).
Arabic text, Hinkelmann (Hamburg, 1649).
and Latin text,—Maracci (Padua, 1698).
text—Empress Catherine II. (St. Petersburg, 1787).
( ” 1790, 1793, 1796, 1798).
(Kasan, 1803, 1809, 1839).
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—Russian version (St. Petersburg, 1776).
Translations exist also in the other European languages; and in
Persian, Urdu, Pushto, Turkish, Javan, and Malayan made by Moslems.

KORAN COMMENTARIES:—(“There are no less than 20,000 in the library at
Tripolis alone”—Arnold’s Islam and Christianity, p. 81).
The most important are,—(Sunni)—
Al Baghawi, A. H. 515.
Al Baidhawi, A. H. 685.
Al Jalalain, A. H. 864 and 911.
Al Mazhari, A. H. 1225.
Al Mudarik, A. H. 701.
Ar-Razi (30 vols.), A. H. 606.
As-Safi, A. H. 668.
As-sirru’l wajiz, A. H. 715.
At-Tafsir ’l Kebir, A. H. 606.
Azizi, A. H. 1239, (and Shiah).
Az-Zamakhshari, A. H. 604.
Hussain, A. H. 900.
Ibn u’l Arabi, A. H. 628.
Mir Bakir, A. H. 1041.
Saiyid Hasham, A. H. 1160.
Sheikh Saduk, A. H. 381.

Krehl, C. L. E.—Das leben des Moham. (Leipzig, 1884).

Kremer, Von Alfred—Geschichte der Herrschende Ideen des Islams: Der
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La Chatelier, A.—L’Islam an XIX^_e_siècle (Paris, 1888).

Lake, J. J.—Islam, its origin, genius and mission (London, 1878).

Lamairesse, E., (et G. Dujarric.)—Vie de Mahomet d’apres la tradition,
vol. i. (Paris, 1898).

Lane-Poole, Stanley—Studies in a Mosque (London, 1883).
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Lane—Selections from the Koran (London, 1879).

MacBride, J. D.—The Mohammedan Religion Explained (London, 1859).

Maitland, E.—England and Islam (London, 1877).

Marracio, L.—Refutatio Al Coran (Batavii, 1698).

Martyn, Henry—Controversial Tracts on Christianity and Islam, by the
Rev. S. Lee (edited Cambridge, 1824).

Matthews—The Mishkat (traditions) translation (Calcutta, 1809).

Merrick, J. L.—The life and religion of Mohammed from Sheeah
traditions (translated from Persian) (Boston, 1850).

Mills, C.—The History of Muhammedanism (London, 1817).

Mills, W. H.—The Muhammedan System (—1828).

Mochler, J. A.—The relation of Islam to the Gospel (translation)
(Calcutta, 1847).

Mohler, J. A.—Ueber das Verhaltniss des Islams zum Evangelium (1830).

Morgan, Joseph—Mohammedanism Explained (London, 1723).

Muir, Sir William—Life of Mahomet, 4 vols. (London, 1858 and 1897).
—Rise and Decline of Islam (in Present Day Tracts, London, 1887).
—Mahomet and Islam (London, 1890).
—Sweet First Fruits. Translated from Arabic. (London, 1896).
—The apology of Al Kindy, translated from Arabic (London, 1887).

Muir, Sir William—The Coran: Its composition and teaching and the
testimony it bears to the Holy Scriptures (London, 1878).

Muir, Sir William—The Beacon of Truth (from Arabic) (London, 1897.)
—The Caliphate (London, 1897).
—The Mohammedan Controversy (Edinburgh, 1897).

Müller, F. A.—Der Islam im Morgen und Abendlanden (Berlin, 1885).

Murray, Rev. W.—Life of Mohammed, according to Abu El Fida
(Elgin, no date).

Neale, F. A.—Islamism, its Rise and Progress (London, 1854).

Niemann, G. K.—Inleiding tot de keunisvanden Islam (Rotterdam, 1861).

Nöldecke, T.—Geschichte des Qurans (Göttingen, 1860).
—Das Leben Muhammeds (Hanover, 1863).

Oelsner, C. E.—Des effets de la religion de Mohammed (Paris, 1810).

Osborn, Major—Islam under the Arabs (London, 1876).
—Islam under the Caliphs (London, 1878).

Pfander, Doctor—The Mizan El Hak (translated from Persian)
(London, 1867).
—Miftah ul Asrar (Persian) (Calcutta, 1839).
—Tarik ul Hyat, Persian (Calcutta, 1840).

Palgrave, W. G.—Essays on Eastern Question (London, 1872).
—Travels in Central and Eastern Arabia.

Palmer, E. H.—The Koran translated, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1880).

Pelly, Lewis—The Miracle Play of Hasan and Hussain (London, 1879).

Perron—L’Islamisme, Son Institutions, etc. (Paris, 1877).
—Femmes Arabes avant et depuis l’Islamisme (Paris, 1858).

Pitts, Joseph—Religion and manners of Mahometans (Oxford, 1704).

Prideaux, H.—The True Nature of the Imposture fully explained
(London, 1718).

Rabadan—Mahometanism (Spanish and Arabic) 1603.

Reland (and others)—Four Treatises (on Islam) (London, 1712).

Rodwell, J. M.—The Koran, Translated (London, 1871).

Roebuck, J. A.—Life of Mahomet (London, 1833).

Ross, Alexander—The Koran (London, 1642).

Rumsey, A.—Al Sirajiyeh. Translated (London, 1869).

Ryer, Andre du—Life of Mahomet (London, 1718).

Sale—Translation of the Koran with preliminary discourse
(London, 1734).

Scholl, Jules Charles—L’Islam et son fondateur: Étude morale
(Neuchatel, 1874).

Sell, Rev. E.—The Faith of Islam (Madras, 1880 and London, 1897).
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Smith, Bosworth—Mohammed and Mohammedanism (London, 1876).

Smith, H. P.—The Bible and Islam (New York and London, 1897).

Sprenger, Aloys—Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammed, 3 vols.
(Berlin, 1865).

Sprenger, A.—Life of Mohammed from original sources (Allahabad, 1851).

Steinschneider, Moritz—Polemische Literatur in Arabischer Sprache
(Leipzig, 1877).

Stevens, W. R. W.—Christianity and Islam (London, 1877).

St. Hilaire, T. Bartholomew de—Mahomet et le Coran (Paris, 1865).

Stobart, J. W. H.—Islam and its Founder (London, 1876).

Syeed, Ahmed Khan—Essays on the life of Mohammed (London, 1870).

Syeed, Ameer Ali—A critical examination of the life and teachings of
Mohammed (London, 1873).

Tassy, Garcin de—L’Islamisme d’apres le Coran (Paris, 1874).

Taylor, W. C.—The Hist. of Mohammedanism (London, 1834).

Thiersant, P. Dabry de—Le Mahometisme en Chine (Paris, 1878).

Tisdall, W. St. Clair—The Religion of the Crescent (London, 1896).

Turpin, F. H.—Hist. de la vie de Mahomet, 3 vols. (Paris, 1773).

Wallich, J.—Religio Turcia et Mahometis Vita (1659).

Weil, Gustav—Das Leben Mohammeds; nach Ibn Ishak bearbeit von Ibn
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Weil, Gustav—Historische-Kritische Einleitung in den Koran
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Wherry, E. M.—Commentary on the Quran, 5 vols. (London, 1882).

White, J.—Bampton Lectures (on Islam) (Oxford, 1784).

Wollaston, Arthur N.—Half Hours with Mohammed (London, 1890).

Wortabet, John—Researches into Religions of Syria (London, 1860).

Wüstenfeld, H. F.—Das Leben Muhammeds, 3 vols. (Göttingen, 1857.)
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Zotenberg—Tareek-i-Tabari. Translated.

Zwemer, S. M.—The Wahabis. Victoria Institute (London, 1900).

E. Christianity and Missions[171]

Birks, Herbert—Life and Correspondence of Bishop T. V. French
(London, 1895).

Jessup, H. H.—The Setting of the Crescent and the Rising of the
Cross or Kamil Abdul Messiah (Philadelphia, 1898).
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Sinker, Robert—Memoir of Ion Keith Falconer (Cambridge, 1886).

_The Arabian Mission._ Quarterly Letters, Annual Reports, and special
papers on missionary journeys from 1890-1899 (New York).

Wright, Thomas—Early Christianity in Arabia; a historical essay
(London, 1855). This book gives a complete account of the early
spread of Christianity and cites authorities, which, being mostly
in Latin, are omitted here.

F. Language and Literature

Abcarius—English-Arabic Dictionary (Beirut, 1882).

Ahlwardt, W.—The Divans of the six ancient Arabic Poets (London, 1890).

Ahlwardt, W.—Über die Poesie und Poetiek der Araber (Gotha, 1856).
—Bemerkungen über die ächtheit der Alten Arab. Gedichten
(Griefswald, 1872).

Arnold, F. A.—Arabic Chrestomathy, 2 parts (Halis, 1853).
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Badger, G. P.—English-Arabic Lexicon (London, 1881).

Birdwood, Allan B.—An Arabic Reading Book (London, 1891).

Butrus al Bustani—An Encyclopædia in Arabic, vols. i.-ix. (1876-84).

Cadri, Moh.—Guide to Arab. Conversation (Alexandria, 1879).

Caspari, C. P.—Arab. Grammatik (Halle, 1876).

Caussin de Perceval—Grammaire Arabe. (Paris, 1880).

Cheikho, P. L.—Chrestomathia Arabica cum lexico variisque notis
(Beirut, 1897).

Clodius, J. C.—Gram. Arabica (Leipzig, 1729).

Clouston—Arabic Poetry for English Readers (Glasgow, 1889).

De Goeje, Prof.—A complete account of the authorship, etc., of the
Arabian Nights (“De Gids,” Amsterdam, Sept., 1886).

Derenbourg, H. and Spiro J.—Chrestomathy (Paris, 1885).

Dieterici, Fr.—Thier und Mensch vor dem König der Genien u. z. w.
(Leipzig, 1881).
—Arabisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch zum Koran und Thier und Mensch
(Leipzig, 1881).
—Die Arabische Dicht-Kunst (Berlin, 1850).

Dombay, Fr. de—Gram. Mauro-Arab. (Vindob., 1800).

Dozy, R. P. A.—Supplément aux dictionnaires Arabes, 2 vols.
(Leyden, 1877).
—[And many other monographs on the language.]

Erpenius, Th.—Grammatica, etc. (Leyden, 1767).
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Euting—Katalog der Arabischen Literatur (Strassburg, 1877).

Ewald, G. H. A.—Gram. Critica linq. Arab., 2 vols. (Lips., 1831).

Farhat, G.—Dict. Arabe-Française (Marseilles, 1849).

Faris Es Shidiac—Arab. Gram. (London, 1856).

Fleischer, H. L.—Tausend und eine Nacht (text and notes, 12 vols.)
(Breslau, 1825-43).

Fleischer, M. H. L.—Arabische Sprüche u. z. w. (Leipzig, 1837).

Flügel, G.—Die Grammatischen Schulen der Araber nach den Quellen
bearbeitet (Leipzig, 1862).

Flügel—Kitab El Fihrist; with German notes (Leipzig, 1871-72).

Flügel, Gustav—Lexicon Bibliographicum Arab., 7 vols. 4to.
(Leipzig, 1835-58).

Forbes, Duncan—Arabic Grammar.

Freytag—Einleitung in das Studium der Arabischen Sprache (Bonn, 1861).
—Lexicon, Arab. Lat., 4 vols. (Halis, 1830).
(abridged Halis, 1837).
—Arabum Proverbia (3 vols.) (Bonn, 1838).

Giggejus, A.—Thesaurus linq. Arabicae, 4 vols. (Medioland, 1632).

Gies, H.—Zur kentniss sieben Arabischer Versarten (Leipzig, 1879).

Girgass and De Rosen—Chrestomathy (German ed. 1875. Russian, St.
Petersburg, 1876).

Goeje, De M. J.—Debelangrykheid van de beoefening d. Arab. taal en
letterkunde (Hague, 1866).

Golius, J.—Lexicon Arab. Lat. (Leyden, 1653).

Green, A. O.—A Practical Arabic Grammar (Oxford, 1887).

Hammer Van Purgstall—Literaturgeschichte der Araber: Von ihren beginne
bis zum ende des Zwölfte Jahrhunderts der Hidschret, 7 vols.
(Wein, 1850-56).

Heury, J.—Vocab. French-Arab. (Beirut, 1881).

Hirth, J. Fr.—Anthologia Arab. (Jenae, 1774).

Hoefer’s Zeitschrift—Ueber die Himyarische Sprache (vol. i., 225 sq).

Jahn, J.—Arabische Chrestomathie (Wien, 1802).

Jayaker, A. S. G.—The Omanese Dialect of Arabic, 2 parts (In Journal
R. A. S., of Gt. Britain).

Kosengarten, J.—Arab. Chrestomathy (Leipzig, 1828).

Kremer, A. von—Lexikographie Arab. (Vienna, 1883).

Lane, E. W.—An Arabic English Dictionary (i.-viii.) (London, 1863-89).

” W.—The Thousand and One Nights, with notes, edited, 3 vols.
(London, 1841).

Lansing, J. G.—Arabic Grammar (New York, 1890).

Mac Naghten, W. H.—Thousand and One Nights literally transl., 4 vols.
(Calcutta, 1839).

Newman, F. W.—Dictionary, 2 vols. (London, 1890).
—Handbook of Modern Arabic (London, 1890).

Nöldeke, Th.—Beitrage zur Kentniss d. Poesie d. alten Araber,
(Hanover, 1864).

Nöldeke, T.—Funf Mo’allqāt, übersetzt und erklärt. II. Die Mo’allaqāt
Antara’s und Labid’s, 8 vo. (Vienna, 1900).

Oberleitner, A.—Chrestomathia Arab. (Vienna, 1824).

Palmer, E. H.—Arabic Grammar (London, 1890).
—Arabic Manual (London, 1890).

Perowne, J. J. S.—Adjrumiah, translated with Arabic voweled text
(Cambridge, 1852).

Richardson—Arab. Persian English Dictionary (London, 1852).

” J. A.—Gram. of Arabic Language (London, 1811).

Rosenmüller, E. F. C.—Grammar (Leipzig, 1818).

Sacy, A. J. Sylvestre de—An Arabic Grammar.
—Arabic Chrestomathy, 4 vols. (Paris, 1829).

Salmone, H. A.—Arabic-English Dictionary on a new system. Vol. I.
contains the Arabic-English part, xviii. and 1254 pp. Vol. II.
contains an English-Arabic key, referring every word to the Arabic
equivalent in the first volume, 2 vols. (London, 1890).

Socin, A.—Arabische Grammatik (Berlin, 1889).

Steingass, F.—Arab.-Eng. and Eng.-Arab. Dict. (London, 1890).

Tien, A.—Handbook of Arabic (London, 1890).
—Manual of Colloquial Arab. (London, 1890).

Trumpp, E.—Einleitung in das Studium der Arabischen Grammatiker
(Münich, 1876).

Tychsen, O. G.—Elementale Arabicum (1792).

Van Dyck, C. C. A.—Suggestions to beginners in the study of Arabic
(Beirut, 1892).

Vollers—Ægypto-Arab. Sprache (Cairo, 1890).

Vriemoet, E. L.—Grammar (Franeker, 1733).

Wahrmund, A.—Arab. Deutsch Handworter buch, 2 vols. (Giessen, 1887).
—Handbuch der Arab. Sprache (Giessen, 1866).

Winckler, J. L. W.—Arab. Sprachlehre nebst Wörterbuch (Leipzig, 1862).

Wright, W.—Arabic Reading Book (London, 1870).

[NOTE.—For other Arabic Lexicons, Grammars and Manuals consult Oriental catalogues of: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., London; F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig; and E. J. Brill, Bibliothéque Orientale, Leyden.]

Index

[_See also Table of Contents_]

Abd-ul-Wahab, 192.

Abdulla bin Rashid, 200.

Abraha, 311.

Abraham, God’s promises to, 401.

Abyssinian invasion of Arabia, 308.

Accessibility of Arabia (see Open doors), 375.

Adam, Tradition of the fall of, 17.

Aden, 53, 218, 335, 376.
as a mission centre, 338.
Tribes around, 230.

Aflaj, 145.

Aftan, Wady, 22, 99.

Allah (see God), 171.

Alphabet, Arabic, 242.

Ali, Ruins at, 105.

Ali’s footprint, 66.

Amara, 132, 289, 364.

American Arabian mission, 353.
Rifles in Arabia, 66_n_, 139.

Amulets (see charms), 283.

Anaeze tribe, 154.

Animals of Arabia, 28, 88, 149.

Arab architecture, 124, 272.
characteristics, 261, 264.
genealogies, 261.
geographers, 25.

Arab, The, 258.

Arabia, 240.
Area of, 18.
Boundaries of, 18.
Felix (Yemen), 53, 307.

Arabia in Moslem tradition, 17.

Arabian field, Problems of the, 374.
history, 158.
idolatry (see Idolatry), 36.
mission, 354.
hymn, 358.

Arabic language, 238, 254.
newspapers, 257.

Arabs, Classes of, 260.
Origin of, 258.

Architecture, Arab, 272.

Arts, Arabian, 75, 274.

Ashera, 140.

Asir, The Turks in, 210.

Athar, Science of, 91, 278.

Bagdad, 133, 321.
mission, 327.
Turkish rule in, 215.
Vilayet, 126.

Bahrein, 97, 110, 220, 363, 373.
huts, 271.

Barka, 84.

Barny, F. J., 366.

Bartholomew, St., Tradition as to, 307.

Batina Coast, 83.

Bayard Taylor (quoted), 121.

Bedaa, 111.

Bedouin, Attacked by, 60.
dress, 272.
life, 265.
tribes, 68, 132, 154.
tribes, Mission to, 328.
warfare, 203, 364.

Beit Allah, 34, 35.

Bent, Theodore, 73.

Bible, Arabic, 256, 316.
depot in Bagdad, 321.
distribution in Arabia, 320, 365, 377, 384, 388.

Black stone of Mecca, 31, 36.

Blood covenants, 166.
revenge, 155, 265.

Blunt, Lady Ann, 269.

British and Foreign Bible Society, 321.

British influence in Arabia, 218.

Bruce, Robert, 321.

Buchanan, Claudius, 314.

Bunder, Abbas, 235.
Jissa, 84.

Burckhardt (quoted), 269.

Burial place of Mohammed, 47.

Burns, William, 320.

Burton (quoted), 282.

Busrah, 124, 129, 361.
mission, 365.

Camel, Land of the, 88.
Use and character, 90, 247.

Cantine, James, 353, 359, 360.

Caravan journey from Bagdad, 136.

Caravan routes of Oman, 94.

Carmathian princes, 115.

Castles in Hadramaut, 75.

Cave-dwellers, Gharah, 86.

Certificate, The Mecca, 40.

Charms used by women of Mecca, 42.

Child life among Arabs, 265.

Christian Church in Aden, 54.
Arabia, 306.

Christian coins used as amulets, 43.

Christian and Missionary Alliance, 328.

Christianity in Arabia, 159, 300.

Christians, Hatred of, 30, 267.
St. John, 285.

Christ’s Sonship, The Rock of, 397.

Church Missionary Society, 322, 327, 344.

Circumcision, 399.

Climate of Arabia, 20, 378.
Bahrein, 106.
Nejd, 147.
Oman, 79, 80, 93.

Cobb, H. N. (quoted), 369.

Coffee trade in Yemen, 70.

Coins (Carmathian), 115, 225.

Colportage work (see Bible distribution), 384.

Commerce, English, in Arabia, 225.
in the Nejd, 151.
of Busrah, 126.

Consulates, British, 231.

Controversy, 385.

Converts from Islam, 391.

Cosmogony, Sabean, 296.

Covenants, 166.

Cradle of the Human Race, 119.

Ctesiphon, Arch of, 133.

Cufic characters, 243.

Customhouse, Turkish, 58.

Customs, Arab, 166.

Da Costa, Isaac, 405.

Damar, 66.

Date culture, 124.
palm, 121.

Dauasir, Wady, 22, 145.

Dedan, 97.

Desert dwellers and the camel, 90.

Deserts of Arabia, 24, 144.

Difficulties of Arabian missions, 374.

Diseases in Arabia, 280, 378.

Diwaniyeh, 139.

Doughty (quoted), 144, 268.

Dress of the Arabs, 58, 70, 272.

Dromedary, 89.

Dutch Missionary Society, 394.
Reformed Church, 353.

Dwellings of Arabs, 271.

East India Company, 221.

Education in Mecca, 43.
of Arab Children, 266, 379.

Educational missions, 383.

Elephants in warfare, 312.

English possessions (see British), 27.

English supremacy in the Gulf, 222.

Euphrates, Journey down the, 136.

Europeans who visited Mecca, 31_n._

Eustace, M., 361.

Evangelistic work in Arabia, 384.

Eve, Tomb of, 17.

Ezekiel, 54, 405.

Ezra, Tomb of, 132.

Family life in Arabia, 265.

Fanaticism, Moslem, 379.

Fao, 129.

Fatima, Shrine of, 50.

Fauna of Arabia, 28.

Feasts, Sabean, 298.

Fetishism, 168.

Feysul, 198.

Fish on the Oman Coast, 82.

Flora of Arabia, 28, 57, 65, 124.

Foods of Arabia, 86, 123, 273.

Forder, Mr., 329.

Frankincense, 86.

Free Church of Scotland, 320, 334.

French, Bishop Thomas Valpy, 330, 331, 344.

French coaling station, 234.

Games, 267.

Geology of Arabia, 21.

Geographers, Arab, 25.

Gharah tribe, 85.

Glenny, Edward (quoted), 397.

God, The Moslem’s idea of, 171.

God’s promises for Arabia, 395.

Government of Bahrein, 108.
Hassa, 117.
Nejd, 150.

Governments in Arabia, 26.

Graves, Anthony N., 320.

Hadramaut, 18, 72.

Hagar, 397, 405.

Haig, F. T., 322, 334, 359, 378.

Hail, 151.

Haj Nasir, Khan of, 140.

Hajarein, Hadramaut, 74.

Halévy, Joseph, 73.

Hanifs, 168.

Harem system, 161.

Harpur, Dr. and Mrs., 322, 325.

Harrat (volcanic tracts), 23.

Hassa, 115, 117.

Hassa, The Turks in, 217.

Haswa, Khan El, 137.

Haura, 75.

Hegira, 183.

Hejaz, Turkish rule in, 207.

Hillah, 137.

Himyarite dynasty, 158, 307.

Himyarites, 259.

Himyaritic inscriptions, 74, 244.

History of Arabia, 158, 409.

Hodeidah, 53, 70, 347.
Bishop French at, 347.

Hodgson, 327.

Hofhoof, 113.

Honey, 86, 247, 282.

Horses, Arabian, 88, 149.

Hospital at Hofhoof, 116.

Hospitality of Rashid, 200.
the Amir of Nejd, 150.

Hostility to Christianity, 386.

Hurgronje Snouck (quoted), 270.

Ibb, Experience at, 65.

Ichthiophagoi, 82.

Idolatry in Arabia, 36, 52, 166, 284, 307.

Idols of Arabia, 166.

Ignorance of Arabia, 145.
Meccans, 42.

Ignorance, Time of, 158.

Illiteracy, 42, 379.

Immorality in Arabia, 40, 41.
of the Koran, 186.

India’s influence on Arabia, 109.

Infanticide, 161.

“Infidels”, 30, 31.

Inscriptions in Yemen, 313.
Himyaritic, 74.

Interior of Arabia, 143, 377.

Irak-Arabi, 120.

Irrigation in Oman, 93.

Ishmael, 35, 401.
Promises to, 398.

Ishmaelite Arabs, 260.

Islam, 169.
Analysis of, 177.
Borrowed elements of, 178.
God of, 171.
sects, 140,192.

Jauf, 275.

Jiddah, 17, 31, 32.

Jebel Shammar, 154.

Jesus Christ, 49, 297.

Jews in Arabia, 63, 66, 159, 308.

“John the Baptist Christians,” 297.

Joktan, 404.

Journey in Oman, 94.
to Hofhoof, 111.
Sana, 56.
up the Tigris, 131.

Kaaba, 34, 35, 263.
Tradition of the, 17.

Kaat-Culture, 63, 414.

Kamaran Island, 33, 22O.

Kamil, 360, 361, 423.

Katar Peninsula, 110.

Katif, 118.

Kedar, Promises concerning, 398.

Keith Falconer, Ion, 250, 331.
Mission, 343, 381.

Kenaneh, 310.

Kerak, 327.

Kerbela, 138, 195.

Khadijah, 181.

Khans, 137.

Koran, 186, 239, 242, 251, 282.

Koreish, 311, 312.

Kuria-Muria Islands, 86, 219.

Kurna, 142.

Kuweit, 128, 222.

Lahaj, 338.

Lane-Poole, Stanley (quoted), 253.

Language of the Arabs, 238, 249.
Sabean, 288.

Lansing, Dr., 321.
J. G., 354.

Law among Arabs (see Government), 265.

Legend as to creation of camel, 88.
of Nebi Salih, 302.
St. Bartholomew, 307.

Legends, 165.

Lethaby, William, 327.

Literature of the Arabs, 242, 251.

Locust, 266, 273.

Love among Arabs, 265.

Lull, Raymond, 239, 314.

Mahmal, 194.

Māadites, 259.

Mackay’s, Alexander, Appeal, 329.

Makalla, 73, 376.

Mandæans, 285.

Manufactures of Hassa, 115.

Marriages in Arabia, 162, 268, 270.
of Mohammed, 181, 182.
Temporary, 41.

Martyn, Henry, 314, 316.

Martyn’s, Henry, Journal, 318.

Mattra, 82.

Mecca, 17, 30, 34.
Capture of, 194.
Certificate, 40.
Turkish Government of, 208.

Meccan songs, 278.

Medical knowledge of Arabs, 280.
mission in Aden, Need of a, 336.

Medical mission in Yemen, 325.
missions, 361, 377.

Medicine, Arab, 281.

Medina, 31, 45.

Menakha, 69.

Menamah, 99.

Mesopotamia, 119, 216.
Star-worshippers of, 285.

Methods of mission work for Arabia, 383.

Mildmay Mission to the Jews, 363.

Mina, 39.

Miracles, Moslem, 313.

Mishkash, 42.

Mission at Aden, 342.
Muscat, 82, 349.

Missionaries needed, The kind of, 388.

Missionary force in Arabia, 380.
problems of Arabia, 374.

Missions in Arabia, 314.

Mahrah tribe, 85.

Makāmat, 253.

Mohammed, 169, 170, 179, 298.
Ali, 196.
Arabia, before, 158.

Mohammed’s burial place, 47.

Mohammedan intolerance, 30.
problem, 374.

Moharram, 140.

Moses, 302.

Moslem attitude toward Christianity, 386.

Moslem world, Condition of the, 397.

Moule, A. E. (quoted), 351.

Mounds at Ali, 106.
in the River Country, 121.

Mountains and table-lands, 19, 20, 22.

Mufallis, 58.

Muscat, 78, 363.
Attack on, 364.

Muscat, Bishop French at, 348.
Capture of, 203.
Henry Martyn at, 319.
Importance of, 329.

Music, Arab, 274.

Nasariya, 141.

Nebaioth, Promises regarding, 398.

Needs of Arabia, 381.

Nefud (Sandy Desert), 20.

Neibuhr, M., 17.

Nejd, 20, 27, 146.

Nejf, 138.

Nejran, 145.

New Brunswick Seminary Band, 353.

Newspapers, Arabic, 241.

Nomad population, 380.

Nomads, Arab, 157, 264.

North Africa Mission, 328.

Oaths, 57, 252, 264.

Ojeir, 111.

Oman, 78, 221, 234.
Interior of, 92.
Rulers of, 202.

Open doors in Arabia, 324, 375.

Opposition to missions, 362.

Ottoman (see Turkish), 127.

Outlook for missions, 391.

Palgrave (quoted), 19, 110, 153, 172, 198.

Palmyrene Kingdom, 304.

Paradise, Rivers of, 22_n_.

Paul in Arabia, 300.

Pearl fishing, 100.

Pearl Islands of the Gulf, 97.

Pearl oyster, 100.

Penmanship, Arabic, 245.

Pentecost, Arabs at, 300.

Perim, Island of, 220.

Persecution of Christians, 311, 379.

Persia, 318.

Persian converts, 392.
persecution of Christian Arabs, 305.

Physicians, Arab, 42, 280.

Pilgrimages, Early, 165.
to Mecca, 37, 184.

Pilgrims, Duties of, 38.
Nationality of, 33.

Pillars, The three, 39.

Pirate coast of Oman, 82.

Poem, “Hagar,” 405.

Poems on women, 270.

Poetry, Arab, 163, 164, 254, 274.

Poets, Arabian, 46.

Political divisions of Arabia, 26.
history of Bahrein, 107.

Politics in Arabia, Present, 233.

Polyandry, 162.

Polygamy, 162, 268, 298.

Population of Arabia, 29.
Bagdad, 134.
Irak-Arabi, 126.

Portuguese at Muscat, 81, 202.
castle, Katif, 118.

Postal systems of Arabia, 224.

Post, Geo. E. (quoted), 186.

Poverty of the Arabs, 157.

Prayer, Call to, 326.
for Moslems, 315.

Prayer-meeting of Star-worshippers, 289.

Prayers of pilgrims, 38.
offered at Medina, 50.

Preaching in Yerim, 66, 324.
to Moslems, 384.

Priesthood, Mandæan, 298.

Problems of the Arabian field, 374.

Prophet’s tomb at Medina, 47.

Provinces of Arabia, 25.

Ptolemy’s map of Arabia, 18.

Railway, Anglo-Egyptian, 226.

Rashid, Mohammed bin, 200.

Rastak, 79.

Red Sea coast, 19.

Reformation, Wahabi, 192.

Reformed Church in America, 353.

Religion of heathen Arabs, 164.
the Mahrah tribe, 85.
Sabeans, 288.

Renan, Ernest (quoted), 239.

Report of Keith Falconer, 335.

Results of missions to Moslems, 392.

Rhenish missionary society, 394.

Riad, 152, 201.

Riggs, C. E., 361.

River country, 119, 382.

Rivers of Arabia, 21.

Roba’-el-Khali, 143.

Robbers, Bedouin, 155.

Robbery among Arabs, 264.

Robbery, Turkish, 69.

Roda, 68.

Roman empire and the Arabs, 304.

Ruins at Ali, 105.
in Hadramaut, 74.

Ruma, Wady, 22.

Russian influence, 235.
interests in Arabia, 223.

Sabeans, 285.

Sabat, 317.

Sacred mosque of Mecca, 35.

Sacrifice, Sabean, 294.

Sacrifices in Arabia, 39, 166.

Said, Seyid, 202.

Sana, 56, 67, 212.
Early Christianity in, 310.
Importance of, 324, 360.

Sana inscription, 313.

Saud, 194.

School for African slave-boys, 366.

Schools at Medina, 51.
in Hassa, 117.
of Mecca, 43.

Sciences, Arabian, 274.

Seba, 404.

Semitic languages, 240, 241.

Semites, 240.

Shatt-el-Arab, 120.

Sheba, 403, 404.

Shehr and its ruler, 76.

Sheikh Othman, 56, 335, 336.
mission, 342.

Shibam, 75.

Shiran, Wady, 22.

Shrines of Arabia, 165.

Sib, 84.

Sidra Rabba, 294.

Sin, Koran doctrine of, 190.

Sinaitic Peninsula, 302, 375.

Slave School at Muscat, 366.
trade, 85, 224.

Smith, Eli, 256, 316.

Social character of Arabs, 263.

Socotra, 19, 219.

Sohar, 84.

Soldiers, Turkish, 216.

Songs, Arabian, 275.

Springs of fresh water in the Gulf, 99.

Star-worshippers of Mesopotamia, 285.

Steamship service to Bagdad, 131.

Stern, Rev. A., 327.

Stone, Geo. E., 351, 366, 371, 388.

Suk-el-Shiukh, 141.

Sultan of Turkey, 206.

Sultans of Muscat, 79.

Sumatra missions, 393.

Superstitions, Arab, 165, 187, 283.

Sur, 84.

Sutton, Henry M., 327.

Sword conquest of Islam, 184.

Taif, 45.

Taiz, 60, 62.

Taxation, Turkish, 69, 142, 215.

Tenoof, 96.

Tents, Bedouin, 155, 271.

Telegraph system, 28, 223.

Thoms, S. J., 366.

Theophilus, 307.

Tigris-Euphrates basin, 120.

Torbat manufacture, 138.

Totemism in Arabia, 166.

Toweelah coin, 115.

Trade (see Commerce), of Bagdad, 135.

Trade of Bahrein, 105.
Muscat, 82.

Tradition of fall of Adam and Eve, 17.

Traditions, Henry Martyn’s, 319.

Treaties, British, with Arabs, 228.

Tribal marks, 166, 279, 281.

Travellers in Yemen, 53.

Turkish Arabia, 376.
rule, 26, 27, 58, 71, 127, 216.

Turkish taxation, 113, 142.

Turks in Arabia, 206.

Unexplored Arabia, 18.

Unoccupied territory, 382.

Van Dyck, C. V. A., 256, 316.

Van Tassel, Samuel, 328.

Veil, Use of the, 161.

Wadys, 21.

Wahabis, 83, 191.

Wahat, 57.

Warfare, Arab, 203.

Wasms, 166, 242, 281.

Water courses of Oman, 93.

Weapons, Arab, 267.

Wellhausen (quoted), 167.

Wellsted’s travels in Arabia, 92, 93.

Wilson, John, 320.

Woman’s dress in Arabia, 272.
work for 365, 383.

Women, Arab, 268.
Bedouin, 156.

Women in the “Time of Ignorance”, 160.

Women, Mohammed and, 183.
of Mecca, 40.
Yemen, 58, 70.
Sabean, 287.

Wood carving in Hadramaut, 75.

Worrall, H. R. L., 364.

Wrede, Adolph von, 72.

Writing as a fine art, 246.
Early Semitic, 242.
use of, 163.
Mandâitic, 287.

Wyckoff, James T., 363.

Yakoob, 361.

Yambo, 51, 196.

Yemen, 53, 57, 62, 234.
as a mission field, 323.
Turks in, 211.

Yemenites, 259.

Yerim, 65.

Young, J. C., 343.

Zemzem, Well of, 34, 36.

Zenobia, 304.

Zobeir, 128.

Zwemer, Peter J., 94, 362, 367.

Zwemer’s, P. J., journey in Oman, 94.

Zwemer, S. M., 354, 359.

Zwemer’s, S. M., journey down the Euphrates, 136.

Zwemer’s, S. M., journey to Hofhoof, 111.

Zwemer’s, S. M., journey to Sana, 56.

Zwemer’s, S. M., journey up the Tigris, 131.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] May not this wady have been once a noble stream perhaps, as Glaser conjectures, the fourth of the Paradise rivers? (Gen ii. 10-14) Upon the question as to where the ancient Semites located Paradise Glaser says that it was in the neighborhood of the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris, on the Arabian side. There the sacred palm of the city of Eridu grew; there according to the view of the ancient Arabs the two larger wadys of Central Arabia opened. The one is the Wady er-Ruma or the Gaihan; and the other is the Wady ed-Dauasir, _a side wady_ of which in the neighborhood of Hamdani still bears the name of Faishan (Pishon).—See “Recent Research in Bible Lands,” by H.V. Hilprecht, (Philadelphia, 1897). See also _The Sunday-School Times_, Vol. XXXIII, No 49.

[2] Samhudi’s History of Medina. (Arabic text p. 40, sqq.)

[3] These wastes are also termed _Dakhna_, _Ahkaf_, and _Hamad_ according to the greater or less depth or shifting nature of the sands or the more or less compact character of the soil.

[4] “Kitab Sinajet-el-Tarb” by Nofel Effendi (Beirut 1890). The author follows the older Arabic authorities.

[5] Geography of Asia (Vol II., p. 460), 1896.

[6] The first account of a European visiting Mecca is that of Ludovico Bartema, a gentleman of Rome, who visited the city in 1503; his narrative was published in 1555. The first Englishman was Joseph Pitts, the sailor from Exeter, in 1678; then followed the great Arabian traveller, John Lewis Burckhardt, 1814; Burton in 1853 visited both Mecca and Medina; H. Bicknell made the pilgrimage in 1862 and T.F. Keane in 1880. The narratives of each of these pilgrims have been published, and from them, and the travels of Ali Bey, and others, we know something of the Holy Land of Arabia. Ali Bey was in reality a Spaniard, called Juan Badia y Seblich, who visited Mecca and Medina in 1807 and left a long account of his travels in two volumes illustrated by many beautiful engravings. Burton’s account of his pilgrimage is best known, but Burckhardt’s is more accurate and scholarly. Of modern books, that of the Dutch scholar, Snouck Hurgronje, who resided in Mecca for a long time, is by far the best. His _Mekka_, in two volumes, is accompanied by an atlas of photographs and gives a complete history of the city as well as a full account of its inhabitants and of the Java pilgrimage.

[7] Vol. II., p. 157.

[8] _TABLE OF MECCA PILGRIMAGE, 1880._

(From Blunt’s “Future of Islam.”)

──────────────────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬───────────────── NATIONALITY OF PILGRIMS. │ Arriving │ Arriving │ Total Moslem │ by Sea. │ by Land. │ Pop. represented. ──────────────────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────────── Ottoman Subjects │ │ │ (excluding Arabia) │ 8,500 │ 1,000 │ 22,000,000 Egyptians │ 5,000 │ 1,000 │ 5,000,000 From “Barbary States” │ 6,000 │ —— │ 18,000,000 Yemen Arabs │ 3,000 │ —— │ 2,500,000 Oman and Hadramaut │ 3,000 │ —— │ 3,000,000 Nejd, etc., Arabs │ —— │ 5,000 │ 4,000,000 Hejaz (including Mecca) │ —— │ 22,000 │ 2,000,000 Negroes from Sudan │ 2,000 │ —— │ 10,000,000 ” ” Zanzibar │ 1,000 │ —— │ 1,500,000 Malabari from Cape │ │ │ of G. Hope │ 150 │ —— │ ———— Persians │ 6,000 │ 2,500 │ 8,000,000 Indians (British Subjects)│ 15,000 │ —— │ 40,000,000 Malays and Javanese │ 12,000 │ —— │ 30,000,000 Chinese │ 100 │ —— │ 15,000,000 Mongols } │ —— │ —— │ 6,000,000 Russians, Tartars, etc.} │ —— │ —— │ 5,000,000 Afghans and Baluchis } │ —— │ —— │ 3,000,000 (included in Ottoman Haj)├──────────┼──────────┤ │ 61,750 │ 31,500 │ ══════════════════════════╤═════════════════════╤═════════════════ Total pilgrims present │ 93,250 │ 175,000,000 at Arafat │ │ ──────────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────

[9] Professor Hankin in the _British Medical Journal_ for June, 1894, published the result of his analysis of Zemzem water as follows: “Total solid in a gallon, 259; Chlorine, 51.24; Free ammonia, parts per million, 0.93; Albuminoid ammonia, .45. It contains an amount of solids greater than that in any well water used for potable purposes.”

[10] Its measurements, according to Ali Bey, are 37 ft. 2 in., 31 ft. 7 in., 38 ft 4 in., 29 ft. and its height is 34 ft. 4 in.

[11] This religion which denies an atonement and teaches that Christ was not crucified yet has for its great festival a feast of sacrifice to commemorate the obedience of Abraham and the substitute provided by God!

[12] This is the testimony of Captain Burton, the man who translated an unexpurgated text of the Arabian nights and left behind a book in manuscript which his wife had the good sense to destroy and so prevent its publication.

[13] Hurgronje, p. 5, Vol. II.

[14] Ibid., p. 102.

[15] Ibid, p 11.

[16] Ibid., pp. 61-64.

[17] This coin is called _Mishkash_ and is a Venetian coin of Duke Aloys Mocenigo I. (1570-77 A.D.). On one side the Duke is kneeling before St. Mark the patron saint of Venice and on the other is the image of Christ surrounded by stars.

[18] The western or coast route goes by Koleis, Rabek, Mastura, and near Jebel Eyub (Job’s Mountain) over Jebel Subh, then to Suk-es-Safra and Suk el Jedid to Medina. The eastern road was the one taken by Burton, and goes by way of El Zaribah, El Sufena, El Suerkish, etc., a distance 248 miles.

[19] These arguments may be stated briefly as follows:

1. A tumult followed the announcement of the prophet’s death, and Omar threatened destruction to any one who asserted it. Is it probable that a quiet interment took place?

2. Immediately after Mohammed’s death a dispute about the succession arose, in the ardor of which, according to the Shiahs, the house of Ali and Fatima, near the present tomb, were threatened by fire.

3. The early Moslems would not be apt to _reverence_ the grave of the prophet, as do those of later date, when tradition has exalted him above the common humanity. The early Moslems were indifferent as to the exact spot.

4. The shape of the prophet’s tomb was not known in early times, nor is it given in the traditions, so that we find convex graves in some lands and flat in others.

5. The accounts of the learned among the Moslems are discrepant as to the burial of Mohammed.

6. Shiah schismatics had charge of the sepulchre for centuries, and because of its proximity to the graves of Abubekr and Omar, it was in their interest to remove the body.

7. Even the present position of the grave, with relation to other graves, is in dispute, because the tomb-chamber (_Hujrah_) is closely guarded by eunuchs, who do not allow any one to enter.

8. The tale of the blinding light which surrounds the prophet’s tomb seems a plausible story to conceal a defect.

9. Mohammed el Halebi, the Sheikh-el Ulema of Damascus, assured Burton that he was permitted to pass the door leading into the tomb-chamber, and that he saw no trace of a sepulchre.

10. Moslem historians admit that an attempt was made in A.H. 412 to steal the bodies of Mohammed and the two companions by the third Fatimite Caliph of Egypt; they relate marvels connected with the failure of the attempt, and assert that a trench was dug deep all around the graves and filled with molten lead to prevent the theft of the body.

11. In A. H. 654 the mosque was destroyed by a volcanic eruption, according to the Moslem historians, but the tomb-chamber escaped all damage! Again in A. H. 887 it was struck by lightning. “On this occasion,” says El Samanhudi (quoted by Burckhardt) “the interior of the Hujrah (tomb-chamber) was cleared and three deep graves were found in the inside full of rubbish, but the author of this history, who himself entered it, saw no trace of tombs.” The same author declared that the coffin containing the dust of Mohammed was cased with silver.

12. Lastly the Shiah and Sunni accounts of the prophet’s death and burial are contradictory as to the exact place of burial.

[20] Niebuhr, 1763; Seetzen, 1810; Cruttenden, 1836; Dr. Wolff, 1836; Owen, 1857; Botta, 1837; Passama, 1842; Arnaud, 1843; Van Maltzan, 1871; Halvéy, 1870; Millingen, 1874; Renzo Manzoni, 1879; Glaser, 1880; Defler, 1888; Haig, 1889; Harris, 1892; and later travellers. Defler is the authority on the flora, Glaser on the antiquities, Manzoni on the Turks and their government, Haig on the agricultural population, and Harris tells of the recent rebellions. Niebuhr’s magnificent volumes are still good authority on the geography and natural history of Yemen.

[21] The Yemen plow is shaped like an English plow in many respects; although it has only one handle its coulter is broad and made of iron, a great improvement over the crooked stick of Mesopotamia.

[22] It was not pleasant for an American to notice that nearly all the Turkish rifles in Yemen were “Springfield 1861.” The same weapons that were employed to break the chains of slavery in the southern states, are now used to oppress the peaceful Yemenites.

[23] Of the work among the latter, and my experiences in distributing the New Testament, a report was published by the Mildmay Mission; we therefore omit reference to it here.

[24] Geog. Soc. Proceedings, 1887, p. 482.

[25] Defler says in his diary that this place has “une odeur atroce et des legions de puces et de punaises.” I also had an all-night’s battle.

[26] Hadramaut is a very ancient name for this region. Not only does Ptolemy place here the _Adramitæ_ in his geography, but there seems little doubt that Hadramaut is identical with Hazarmaveth, mentioned in the tenth chapter of Genesis.

[27] “The Hadramaut: a Journey” by Theodore Bent. _Nineteenth Century_, September, 1894. Also Mrs. Bent’s “Yafei and Fadhli countries.” _Geographical Journal_, July, 1898.

[28] Le Hadramont et les Colonies Arabes dans le Archipel Indien par L.W.C. Van den Berg. Batavia, 1886. By order of the Government.

[29] Notes on the Mahrah Tribe with vocabulary of their language; notes on the Gharah tribe; geography of the southeast coast of Arabia;—July, 1845, July, 1847; and January, 1851, in the journal of the Society.

[30] The most characteristic difference between Mahri and Arabic is the substitution of _Shin_ (sh) for _Kaf_ (k) in many words.

[31] “History of Oman.“

[32] The remainder of the chapter is quoted from the letters of my brother, Rev. P. J. Zwemer, and the sketch of Tenoof was drawn by him on one of his journeys.

[33] These islands are identified by Sprenger and others with Dedan of the Scriptures, (_Ezekiel_ xxvii. 15), and were known to the Romans by the name of Tylos. Pliny writes of the cotton-trees, “_arbores vocant gossympinos fertiliore etiam Tylo minore_.”—(xii. 10). Strabo describes the Phœnician temples that existed on the islands, and Ptolemy speaks of the pearl-fisheries which from time immemorial flourished along these coasts. The geographer, Juba, also tells of a battle fought off the islands between the Romans and the Arabs. Ptolemy’s ancient map shows how little was known as to the size or location of the group. Even Niebuhr’s map, which is wonderfully correct in the main, makes a great error in the position of the islands; in his day the two principal islands were called Owal and Arad, names which still linger.

[34] This cost is divided as follows: Fishing smack _r._ 400, wages of 10 divers _r._ 2,000; wages of 12 rope-holders _r._ 2,400; apparatus _r._ 40. Total _rupees_ 4,810.

[35] The _Mashooah_ is a much smaller boat, like the English jolly-boat, and is used in the harbor and for short journeys around the islands.

[36] The only remarkable exception is the Jebel Sinam—a rough hill of basaltic rock that crops out in the midst of the alluvial delta near Zobeir; a peculiar phenomenon, but proving Doughty’s general scheme for the Arabian geology correct even here.

[37] The dates of Hassa and Oman may equal those of Busrah but the gardens are inferior and the quantity produced is not so large.

[38] The last named is outside of our present subject and is a misnomer given by Turkish audacity to the region of Hassa.

[39] Kuweit is the Arabic diminutive of _Kut_ a walled-village; the place is called Grane on some maps—evidently a corruption of _Kurein_ or “little horn,” a name given to an island in the harbor.