Chapter XI: The Fair Maid (1)

"We could not blot out from English poetry its visions of the
fairyland without a sense of irreparable loss. No other literature
save that of Greece alone can vie with ours in its pictures of the
land of fantasy and glamour, or has brought back from that
mysterious realm of unfading beauty treasures of more exquisite and
enduring charm."--ALFRED NUTT.

"We have already shown how long and how faithfully the Gaelic and
Welsh peasants clung to their old gods in spite of all the efforts
of the clerics to explain them as ancient kings, or transform them
into wonder-working saints, or to ban them as demons of
Hell."--CHARLES SQUIRE.

In the preceding chapter it was shown that the number eleven was for some reason peculiarly identified with the Elven, or Elves: in Germany eleven seems to have carried a somewhat similar significance, for on the eleventh day of the eleventh month was always inaugurated the Carnival season which was celebrated by weekly festivities which increased in mirthful intensity until Shrove Tuesday.[692] Commenting upon this custom it has been pointed out that "The fates seem to have displayed a remarkable sense of artistry in decreeing that the Great War should cease at the moment when it did, for the hostilities came to an end at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month".[693]

Etymologists connect the word Fate with fay; the expression _fate_ is radically _good fay_, and it is merely a matter of choice whether Fate or the Fates be regarded as Three or as One: moreover the aspect of Fate, whether grim or beautiful, differs invariably to the same extent as that of the two fairy mothers which Kingsley introduces into _The Water Babies_, the delicious Lady Doasyouwouldbedoneby and the forbidding Mrs. Bedonebyasyoudid.

The Greek _Moirae_ or Fates were represented as either three austere maidens or as three aged hags: the Celtic _mairae_, of which Rice Holmes observes that "no deities were nearer to the hearts of Celtic peasants," were represented in groups of three; their aspect was that of gentle, serious, motherly women holding new-born infants in their hands, or bearing fruits and flowers in their laps; and many offerings were made to them by country folk in gratitude for their care of farm, and flock, and home.[694]

In the Etrurian bucket illustrated on page 474, the Magna Mater or Fate was represented with two children, one white the other black: in the emblems herewith the supporting Pair are depicted as two Amoretti, and the Central Fire, Force, or Tryamour is portrayed by three hearts blazing with the fire of Charity. There is indeed no doubt that the Three Charities, Three Graces, and Three Fates were merely presentations of the one unchanging central and everlasting Fire, Phare, or Force. Among the Latins the Moirae were termed Parcae, and seemingly all mythologies represent the Great Pyre, Phare, or Fairy as at times a Fury. In Britain Keridwen--whose name the authorities state meant _perpetual love_--appears very notably as a Fury, and on certain British coins she is similarly depicted. What were the circumstances which caused the moneyers of the period to concentrate such anguish into the physiognomy of the pherepolis it would be interesting to know: the fact remains that they did so, yet we find what obviously is the same fiery-locked figure with an expression unmistakably serene.

Tradition seems to have preserved the memory of the Virgin Mary as one of the Three Greek Moirae or Three Celtic Mairae or Spinners, for according to an apocryphal gospel Mary was one of the spinsters of the Temple Veil: "And the High priest said; choose for me by lot who shall spin the gold and the white and fine linen, and the blue and the scarlet, and the true purple. And the true purple and the scarlet fell to the lot of Mary, and she took them and went away to her house."[695] The purple heart-shaped mulberry in Greek is _moria_, and the Athenian district known as Moria is supposed to have been so named from its similitude to a mulberry leaf. In Cornwall the scarlet-berried holly is known as Aunt Mary's Tree, and as _aunt_ in the West of England was a title applied in general to _old_ women, it is evident that Aunt Mary of the Holly Tree must have been differentiated from the little Maid of Bethlehem. According to _The Golden Legend_ St. Mary died at the age of seventy-two, a number of which the significance has been partially noted, and she was reputed to have been fifteen years of age when she gave birth to the Saviour of the World: the number fifteen is again connected with St. Mary in the miracle thus recorded of her early childhood: "And when the circle of three years was rolled round, and the time of her weaning was fulfilled, they brought the Virgin to the Temple of the Lord with offerings. Now there were round the temple according to the fifteen Psalms of Degrees, fifteen steps going up."[696] Up these mystic fifteen steps we are told that the new-weaned child miraculously walked unaided.

The New Testament refers to three Marys; in the design overleaf the figure might well represent Fate, and that there was once a Great and a Little Mary is somewhat implied by the fact that in Jerusalem adjoining the church of St. Mary was "another church of St. Mary called the Little":[697] that there was also at one time a White Mary and a Black Mary is indubitable from the numerous Black Virgins which still exist in continental churches. Even the glorious Diana of Ephesus was, as has been seen, at times represented as black: the name Ephesus, where the Magna Mater was pre-eminently worshipped, is radically Ephe, and that Godiva of Coventry was alternatively associated with night is clear from the fact that the Godiva procession at a village near Coventry included two Godivas, one white, the other black.[698]

Near King's Cross, London, in the ward of Farendone, used to exist a spring known as Black Mary's Hole: this name was popularly supposed to have originated from a negro woman who kept a black cow and used to draw water from the spring, but tradition also said that it was originally the Blessed Mary's Well, and that this having fallen into disrepute at the time of the Reformation the less attractive cognomen was adopted.[699]

FIG. 361.--Dagger-handle in form of mammoth, Bruniquel.

From _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Stone Age_
(B.M.).]

The immense antiquity of human occupation of this site is indicated by the fact that opposite Black Mary's Hole there was found at the end of the seventeenth century a pear-shaped flint instrument in the company of bones of some species of elephant: after lying unappreciated for many years the tool in question has since been recognised as a piece of human handiwork, and may fairly claim to be the first of its kind recorded in this or any other country.[700] That the contemporaries of the mammoth were no mean artists is proved by the Bruniquel objects--particularly the engraving on pebble--here illustrated: not only does the elephant figure on our prehistoric coinage, but it is also found carved on upwards of a hundred stones in Scotland and notably upon a broch at _Brechin_ in Forfarshire. Such was the skill of the Brigantian flintworkers who were settled around Burlington or Bridlington (Yorkshire, anciently _Deira_) that they successfully fabricated small fish-hooks out of flint, a feat forcing one to endorse the dictum of T. Quiller Couch: "This is a matter not unconnected with our present subject, as the hand which fashioned so skilfully the barbed arrow-head of flint, and the polished hammer-axes may be fairly associated with a brain of high capabilities".[701]

We have seen that in Scandinavia Mara--doubtless Black Mary--was a ghastly spectre associated with the Night _Mare_: to this Black Mary may perhaps be assigned _mar_, meaning to injure or destroy, and probably also _morose_, _morbid_, and _murder_. We again get the equation _mar_ = Mary in _marrjan_ the old German for _mar_, for _marrjan_ is equivalent to the name Marian which is merely another form of Mary. The Maid Marian who figured in our May-day festivities in association with the sovereign archer Robin Hood, was obviously not the marrer nor the morose Mary but the Merry Lady of the Morris Dance, _alias_ the gentle Maiden Vere or daughter deare of Flora. To White Mary or Mary the Weaver of the scarlet and true purple, may be assigned _mere_, meaning true and also _merry_, _mirth_, and _marry_: to Black Mary may be assigned _myrrh_ or _mar_, meaning bitterness, and it is characteristic of the morose tendency of clericalism that it is to this root that the authorities attribute the Mary of Merry England.

The association of the May-fair or Fairy Mother with fifteen, and merriment is pointed by the custom that the great fair which used to be held in the Mayfair district of London began on May 1 and lasted for fifteen days: this fair, we are told, was "not for trade and merchandise, but for musick, showes, drinking, gaming, raffling, lotteries, stage plays, and drolls".[702] That the Mayfair district was once dedicated to Holy Vera is possible from Oliver's Mount, the site of which, now known as Mount Street, is believed to mark a fort erected by Oliver Cromwell. We have noted an Oliver's Castle at Avebury or Avereberie, hence it becomes interesting to find an Avery Row in northern Mayfair, and an Avery Farm Row in Little Ebury Street. The term Ebury is supposed to mark the site of a Saxon _ea burgh_ or _island fort_, an assumption which may be correct: at the time of Domesday there existed here a manor of Ebury, and that this neighbourhood was an _abri_ or sanctuary dedicated to Bur or Bru is hinted in the neighbouring place-names _Bruton_ Street (adjoining Avery Row, which is equivalent to Abery Row), _Bour_don Street, _Bur_ton Street, and _Bur_wood Place. Among the charities of Mayfair is one derived from a benefactor named Abourne: we have noticed that the tradition of the neighbourhood is that Kensington Gardens were the haunt of Oberon's fair daughter, and I have already ventured the suggestion that Bryanstone Square--by which is Brawn Street--marks the site of a Brawn, Bryan, Obreon, or Oberon Street. Northwards lies Brondesbury or Bromesbury: at Bromley in Kent the parish church was dedicated to St. Blaze, and the local fair used to be held on St. Blaze's Day,[703] and that the Broom or _planta genista_ was sacred to the primal Blaze is further pointed by the ancient custom of firing broom-bushes on 1st May--the Mayfair's day.[704] In Cornwall furze used to be hung at the door on Mayday morning: at Bramham or Brimham Rocks in Yorkshire the custom of making a blaze on the eve of the Summer Solstice prevailed until the year 1786.[705] By Bromesbury or Brondesbury is Primrose Hill, which was also known as Barrow Hill: there are, however, no traces of a barrow on this still virgin soil which was probably merely a brownlow, brinsley, or brinsmead, unmarked except by fairy bush or stone.[706] The French for primrose is primevere, and that the Mayfair was the Prime and Princess of _all_ meads is implied by Herrick's lines:--

Come with the Spring-time forth, fair Maid, and be
This year again the Meadow's Deity.
Yet ere ye enter, give us leave to set
Upon your head this flowry coronet;
To make this neat distinction from the rest,
You are _the Prime_, and Princesse of the feast:
To which with _silver_ feet lead you the way,
While sweet-breath'd nymphs attend you on this day.
This is your houre; and best you may command,
Since you are Lady of this fairie land.
Full mirth wait on you, and such mirth as shall
Cherrish the cheek, but make none blush at all.

With the "silver feet" of the Meadow Maid may be connoted the curious custom of the London Merrymaids thus described by a French visitor to England in the time of Charles II.: "On the first of May, and the five or six days following, all the pretty young country girls, that serve the town with milk, dress themselves up very neatly and borrow abundance of silver plate whereof they make a pyramid which they adorn with ribbons and flowers, and carry upon their heads instead of their common milk-pails."[707] That this pyramid or pyre of silver represented a crown or halo is further implied by an engraving of the eighteenth century depicting a fiddler and two milk-maids dancing, one of the maids having on her head a silver plate. It is probable that this symbolised the moon, and that the second dancer represented the sun, the twain standing for the Heavenly Pair, or the Powers of Day and Night.

In Ireland there is little doubt that St. Mary was bracketed inextricably with St. Bride, whence the bardic assertion:--

There are _two_ holy virgins in heaven
By whom may I be guarded
Mary and St. Brighed.[708]

In a Latin Hymn Brighid--"the Mary of the Gael"--is startlingly acclaimed as the Magna Mater or Very Queen of Heaven:--

Brighid who is esteemed the Queen of the true God
Averred herself to be _Christ's Mother_, and made herself such by
words and deeds.[709]

At Kildare where the circular pyreum assuredly symbolised the central Fire, the servants of Bride were known indeterminately as either Maolbrighde or Maolmuire, _i.e._, servants of Brighde, or servants of Muire, and it is probable that _Muire_, the Gaelic form of Mary, was radically _mother ire_, the word _ire_ being no doubt the same as _ur_, an Aryan radical meaning _fire_, whence _ar_son, _ar_dent, etc. The circular pyreum of Bride or Brighit the Bright, may be compared with the "round church of St. Mary" in Gethsemane: here the Virgin was said to have been born, and on the round church in question containing her sepulchre it was fabled that "the rain never falls although there is no roof above it".[710] This circular church of St. Mary was thus like the circular hedge of St. Bride open to the skies, and it is highly probable that the word Mary, Mory, Maree, etc., sometimes meant _mor_, _mawr_, or _Big_ Eye. The golden centre or Bull's Eye will be subsequently considered, meanwhile it is relevant to _Mor eye_ to point out that less than 200 years ago it was customary to sacrifice a bull on 25th August--a most ardent period of the year--to the god Mowrie and his "devilians" on the Scotch island of Inis Maree, evidently Mowrie's island.[711] At other times and in other districts, Mowrie, Muire, or Mary was no doubt equated with the Celtic Saints Amary and Omer: the surviving words _amor_, _amour_, pointing logically to the conclusion that _love_ was Mary's predominant characteristic. There is no radical distinction between _amour_ and _humour_, both words probably enshrining the adjectival _eu_, meaning soft, gentle, pleasing, and propitious: humour is merriment. A notable connection with Mary and _amour_ is found in Germany where Mother Mary is alternately Mother Ross or Rose: not only is the rose the symbol of _amour_, but the word _rose_ is evidently a corrosion of _Eros_, the Greek title of Cupid or Amor. Miss Eckenstein states: "I have come across Mother Ross in our own [English] chapbook literature,"[712] whence it becomes significant to find that Myrrha, the Virgin Mother of the Phrygian Adonis, was the consort of a divine Smith, or Hammer-god named Kinyras. The word Kinyras may thus reasonably be modernised into King Eros, and it is not unlikely that inquiries at Ross, Kinross, and Delginross would elicit a connection between these places and the God of Love.

The authorities are slovenly content to equate Mary with Maria, Muire, Marion, etc., assigning all these variations without distinction to _mara_, or bitterness: with regard to Maria, however, it may be suspected that this form is more probably to be referred to Mother Rhea, and more radically to _ma rhi_, _i.e._, Mother Queen, Lady, or Princess. That the word was used as generic term for Good Mother or Pure Mother is implied by its almost universal employment: thus not only was Adonis said to be the son of Myrrha, but Hermes was likewise said to be the child of Maia or Myrrha. The Mother of the Siamese Saviour was entitled Maya Maria, _i.e._, the Great Mary; the Mother of Buddha was Maya; Maia was a Roman Flower goddess, and it is generally accepted that _May_, the month of the Flower goddess, is an Anglicised form of Maia.

The _earliest known_ allusion to the morris dance occurs in the church records of Kingston-on-Thames, where the morris dancers used to dance in the parish church.[713] There are in Britain not less than forty or fifty Kingstons, three Kingsburys, four Kentons, seven Kingstons, one Kenstone, and four Kingstones: all these may have been the towns or seats of tribal Kings, but under what names were they known before Kings settled there? It is highly improbable that royal residences were planted in previously uninhabited spots, and it is more likely that our Kings were crowned and associated with already sacred sites where stood a royal and super-sacred stone analogous to the Scotch _Johnstone_. This was certainly the case at Kingston-on-Thames where there still stands in the market-place the holy stone on which our ancient Kings were crowned: near by is _Can_bury Park, and it would not surprise me if the original barrow or mound of _Can_ were still standing there. The surname Lovekyn, which appears very prominently in Kingston records, may be connoted with the adjective _kind_, and it is probable that Moreford, the ancient name of Kingston-on-Thames, did not--as is supposed--mean _big ford_, but Amor or Mary ford. In Spain and Portugal (Iberia) the name Maria is bestowed indiscriminately upon men and women: that the same indistinction existed in connection with St. Marine may be inferred from the statement in _The Golden Legend_: "St. Marine was a noble virgin, and was _one only_ daughter to her father who changed the habit of his daughter so that she seemed and was taken for his son and not a woman".[714]

If the Mary of the Marigolds or "winking marybuds," which "gin to ope their golden eyes," was Mary or Big Eye, it may also be surmised that San Marino was the darling of the Mariners, and was the chief Mary-maid, Merro-maid or Mermaid: although the New Testament does not associate the Virgin Mary with _mare_ the sea, amongst her titles are "Myrhh of the Sea," "Lady of the Sea," and "Star of the Sea". At St. Mary's in the Scillies, in the neighbourhood of Silver Street, is a castle known as Stella Maria: this castle is "built with salient angles resembling the rays of a star," and Pelistry Bay on the opposite side of the islet was thus presumably sacred to Belle Istry, the Beautiful Istar or Star. It has often been supposed that Start Point was named after Astarte, and there is every probability that the various rivers Stour, including the Kentish Great Stour and Little Stour, were also attributed to Istar or Esther. The Greek version of the Book of _Esther_--a varient of Istar--contains the remarkable passage, "A little fountain became a river, and there was light, and the sun, and much water": in the neighbourhood of the Kentish Stour is Eastry; in Essex there is a Good Easter and a High Easter, and in Wilts and Somerset are Eastertowns. In England the sun was popularly supposed to dance at Eastertide, and _in Britain alone_ is the Easter festival known under this name: the ancient Germans worshipped a Virgin-mother named Ostara, whose image was common in their consecrated forests.

What is described as the "camp" surrounding St. Albans is called the Oyster Hills, and amid the much water of the Thames Valley is an Osterley or Oesterley. On the Oyster Hills at St. Albans was an hospice for infirm women, dedicated to St. Mary de Pree, the word _pree_ here being probably _pre_, the French for a meadow--but Verulam may have been _pre land_, for in ancient times it was known alternatively as Vrolan or _Bro_lan.[715] The Oesterley or Oester meadow in the Thames Valley, sometimes written Awsterley, was obviously common ground, for when Sir Thomas Gresham enclosed it his new park palings were rudely torn down and burnt by the populace, much to the offence of Queen Elizabeth who was staying in the place at the time. Notwithstanding the royal displeasure, complaints were laid against Gresham "by sundry poor men for having enclosed certain common ground to the prejudice of the poor".

Next Osterley is Brentford, where once stood "the Priory of the Holy Angels in the Marshlands": other accounts state that this organisation was a "friary, hospital, or fraternity of the Nine holy orders of Angels". With this holy Nine may be connoted the Nine Men's Morrice and the favourite Mayday pageant of "the Nine Worthies". As _w_ and _v_ were always interchangeable we may safely identify the "worthies" with the "virtues," and I am unable to follow the official connection between _worth_ and _verse_: there is no immediate or necessary relation between them. The Danish for _worth_ is _vorde_, the Swedish is _varda_, and there is thus little doubt that _worthy_ and _virtue_ are one and the same word. In _Love's Labour's Lost_ Constable Dull expresses his willingness to "make one in a dance or so, or I will play the tabor to the Worthies and let them dance the Hey".

Osterley is on the river Brent, which sprang from a pond "vulgarly called Brown's Well,"[716] whence it is probable that the Brent vulgarly derived its name from Oberon, the All _Parent_. Brentford was the capital of Middlesex; numerous pre-historic relics have been found there, and that it was a site of immemorial importance is testified by its ancient name of Breninford, supposed to mean King's Road or Way. But bren_en_ is the plural of bren--a Prince or King, and two fairy Princes or two fairy Kings were traditionally and proverbially associated with the place. In Cowper's _Task_ occur the lines:--

United yet divided twain at once So sit two kings of Brentford on one throne.

Prior, in his _Alma_, refers to the two Kings as being "discreet and wise," and it is probable that in Buckingham's _The Rehearsal_, of which the scene is laid at Brentford, we have further scraps of genuine and authentic tradition. _The Rehearsal_ introduces us to two true Kings and two usurpers: the true Kings who are represented as being very fond of one another come on to the stage hand-in-hand, and are generally seen _smelling at one rose_ or one nosegay. Imagining themselves being plotted against, one says to the other:--

Then spite of Fate we'll thus combined stand
And like true brothers still walk hand in hand.

Driven from their throne by usurpers, nevertheless, towards the end of the play, "the two right Kings of Brentford descend in the clouds singing in white garments, and three fiddlers sitting before them in green". Adjacent to Brentford is the village of Twickenham where at the parish church used to prevail a custom of giving away on Easter Day the divided fragments of two great cakes.[717] This apparently innocuous ceremony was, however, in 1645 deemed to be a superstitious relic and was accordingly suppressed. We have seen that charity-cakes were distributed at Biddenden in commemoration of the Twin Sisters; we have also seen that St. Michael was associated with a great cake named after him, hence it is exceedingly probable that Twickenham of the Two Easter Cakes was a seat of the Two or Twa Kings who survived in the traditions of the neighbouring Breninford or King's Ford.

That the Two or Twa Kings of Twickenham were associated with Two Fires is suggested by the alternative name Twi_ttan_ham: in Celtic _tan_ meant fire, and the term has survived in _tan_dsticker, _i.e._, fire-sticks, or matches: it has also survived in _tinder_, "anything for kindling fires from a spark," and in _etincelle_, the French for spark. In Etruria Jupiter was known as Tino or Tin, and on the British Star-hero coin here illustrated the legend reads TIN: the town of Tolentino, with which one of the St. Nicholas's was associated in combination with a star, was probably a shrine of Tall Ancient Tino; in modern Greece Tino is a contracted form of Constantine. The Bel_tan_ or Bel_tein_ fires were frequently in pairs or twins, and there is a saying still current in Ireland--"I am between Bels fires," meaning "I am on the horns of a dilemma". The Dioscuri or Two Kings were always associated with fires or stars: they were the _beau-ideal_ warriors or War Boys, and to them was probably sacred the "Warboy's Wood" in Huntingdon, where on May Day the poor used to go "sticking" or gathering fuel. The Dioscuri occur frequently on Roman coins, and it will be noticed that the British Warboy is often represented with a star, and with the palm branch of Invictus. On the assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary it is said that an angel appeared before her bearing "a bough of the palm of paradise--and the palm shone by right great clearness and was like to a green rod whose leaves shone like to the morrow star".[718] There is very little doubt that the mysterious fish-bone, fern-leaf, spike, ear of corn, or back-bone, which figures so frequently among the "what-nots" of our ancient coinage represented the green and magic rod of Paradise.

At Twickenham is Bushey Park, which is assumed to have derived its name from the bushes in which it abounded: for some reason our ancestors combined their Bush and Star inn-signs into one, _vide_ the design herewith: we have already traced a connection between _bougie_--a candle, and the _Bogie_ whose habitation was the brakes and bushes: whence it is not unlikely that Bushey Park derived its title from the Elphin fires, Will-o-the-wisps, or bougies which must have danced nightly when Twickenham was little better than a swamp. The Rev. J. B. Johnston decodes Bushey into "Byssa's" isle or peninsula, and it is not improbable that Bushey in Hertfordshire bears the same interpretation, only I do not think that the supposititious Byssa, Bissei, or Bisi was an Anglo-Saxon. That "Bisi" was Bogie or Puck is perhaps implied further by the place-name Den_bies_ facing Boxhill: we have already noted in this district Bagdon, Pigdon, Bookham, and Pixham, whence Denbies, situated on the brow of Pigdon or Bagdon, suggests that here seemingly was the actual Bissei's den. The supposititious Bissei assigned to Bushey may be connoted with the giant Bosow who dwelt by repute on Buzza's Hill just beyond Hugh Town, St. Mary's. According to Miss Courtney the Cornish family of Bosow are traceable to the giant of Buzza's Hill.[719] Presumably to Puck or Bog, are similarly traceable the common surnames Begg, Bog, etc.

By the Italians the phosphorescent lights or bougies of St. Elmo are known not as Castor and Pollux, but as the fires of St. Peter and St. Nicholas: the name Nicholas is considered to mean "Victory of the People"; in Greek _nike_ means _victory_: we have seen that in Russia Nicholas was equated with St. Michael, in face of which facts it is presumptive that St. Nicholas was Invictus, or the Unconquerable. In London, at Paternoster Lane used to stand "the fair parish church of St. Michael called Paternoster,"[720] and that St. Nicholas was originally "Our Father" or Paternoster is implied by the corporate seal of Yarmouth: this represents St. Nicholas supported on either side by angels, and bears the inscription _O Pastor Vere Tibi Subjectis Miserere_. It must surely have savoured of heresy to hail the supposed Nicholas of Patara in Lycia as _O Pastor Vere_, unless in popular estimation St. Nicholas was actually the Great Pastor or True Feeder: that Nicholas was indeterminately either the Father or the Mother is deducible from the fact that in Scotland the name Nicholas is commonly bestowed on girls.

In France and Italy prayers are addressed to Great St. Nicholas, and it is probable that there was always a Nichol and a Nicolette or _nucleus_: we are told that St. Nicholas, whose mother's name was Joanna, was born at Patara, and that he became the Bishop of Myra: on his fete day the proper offering was a cock, and that Nicholas or Invictus was the chanteur or Chanticleer, is implied by the statement: "St. Nicholas went abroad in most part in London singing after the old fashion, and was received with many people into their houses, and had much good cheer, as ever they had in many places": on Christmas Eve St. Nicholas still wanders among the children, notwithstanding the sixteenth century censure--"thus tender minds to worship saints and wicked things are taught".

Nicholas is an extended form of Nike, Nick, or Neck, and the frequent juxtaposition of St. Nicholas and St. George is an implication that these Two Kings were once the Heavenly Twins. We have already noted an Eleven Stone at Trenuggo--the _abode of Nuggo?_ and there is a likelihood that Nuggo or Nike was there worshipped as One and Only, the _Unique_: that he was Lord of the Harvests is implied by the fabrication of a harvest doll or Neck. According to Skeat _neck_ originally meant the nape or knop of the neck; it would thus seem that _neck_--Old English _nekke_--was a synonym for knob or knop. In Cornwall Neck-day was the great day of the year, when the Neck was "cried"[721] and suspended in the ingle nook until the following year: in the words of an old Cornishwoman: "There were Neck cakes, much feasting and dancing all the evening. Another great day was Guldise day when the corn was drawn: Guldise cakes and a lump of pease-pudding for every one."[722]

Near London Stone is the Church of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, and at Old Jewry stood St. Mary Cole Church: it is not unlikely that this latter was originally dedicated to Old King Cole, the father of the lovely Helen and the Merry Old Soul whose three fiddlers may be connoted with the three green fiddlers of the Kings of Brentford. The great bowl of Cole, the _ghoul_ of other ages, may be equated with the _cauldron_ or _calix_ of the Pastor Vere: the British word for _cauldron_ was _pair_, and the Druidic bards speak with great enthusiasm of "their cauldron," "the cauldron of Britannia," "the cauldron of Lady Keridwen," etc. This cauldron was identified with the Stone circles, and the Bardic poets also speak of a mysterious _pair dadeni_ which is understood to mean "the cauldron of new birth or rejuvenescence".[723] The old artists seemingly represented the Virtues as emerging from this cauldron as three naked boys or Amoretti, for it is said that St. Nicholas revived three murdered children who had been pickled in brine by a wicked inn-keeper who had run short of bacon. This miracle is his well-known emblem, and the murder story by which the authorities accounted for the picture is probably as silly and brutal an afterthought as the horrid "tortures" and protracted dolours of other saints. Nevertheless some ghoulish and horrible practices seem to have accompanied the worship of the cauldron, and the author of _Druidism Exhumed_ reproduces a Scotch sculpture of a cauldron out of which protruding human legs are waving ominously in the air.

St. Nicholas of Bari is portrayed resuscitating three youths from three tubs: that Nicholas was radically the Prince of Peace is implied, however, from the exclamation "Nic'las!" which among children is equivalent to "fainites": the sign of truce or fainites is to cross the two fore-fingers into the form of the _treus_ or cross.

St. Nicholas is the unquestioned patron of all children, and in the past bands of lads, terming themselves St. Nicholas' Clerks or St. Nicholas' Knights, added considerably to the conviviality of the cities. Apparently at all abbeys once existed the custom of installing upon St. Nicholas' Day a Boy Bishop who was generally a choir or singing boy: this so-called Bearn Bishop or Barnebishop was decked, according to one account, in "a myter of cloth and gold with _two knopps_ of silver gilt and enamelled," and a study of the customs prevailing at this amazing festival of the Holy Innocent leaves little doubt that the Barnebishop personified the conception of the Pastor Vere in the aspect of a lad or "knave". The connection between _knop_ and _knave_ has already been traced, and the "two knopps" of the episcopal knave or bairnbishop presumably symbolised the _bren_ or breasts of Pastor Vere, the celestial Parent: it has already been suggested that the knops on Figs. 30 to 38 (p. 149) represented the Eyes or Breasts of the All Mighty.

In Irish _ab_ meant _father_ or _lord_, and in all probability St. Abb's Head, supposedly named after a Bishop Ebba, was once a seat of Knebba worship: that Cunobe was the Mighty Muse, singing like St. Nicholas after the old fashion, is evident from the British coin illustrated on page 305, a sad example of carelessness, declension, and degradation from the Macedonian Philippus.

The festival of the Burniebishop was commemorated with conspicuous pomp at Cambrai, and there is reason to think that this amazing institution was one of Cambrian origin: so fast and furious was the accompanying merriment that the custom was inevitably suppressed. The only Manor in the town of Brentford is that of Burston or Boston, whence it is probable that Brentford grew up around a primeval Bur stone or "Denbies". That the place was famous for its merriment and joviality is sufficiently evidenced by the fact that in former times the parish rates "were mainly supported by the profits of public sports and diversions especially at Whitsuntide".[724]

According to _The Rehearsal_ when the True Kings or Two Kings, accompanied by their retinue of three green-clad fiddlers, descended from the clouds, a dance was then performed: "an ancient dance of right belonging to the Kings of Brentford, but since derived with a little alteration to the Inns of Court". On referring to the famous pageants of the Inns of Court we find that the chief character was the Lord of Misrule, known otherwise as the King of Cockneys or Prince of Purpool. We have seen that the Hobby Horse was clad in purple, and that Mary was weaver of the true purple--a combination of true blue and scarlet. The authorities connote _purple_, French _purpre_, with the Greek _porphureos_, "an epithet of the surging sea," and they ally it with the Sanscrit _bhur_, meaning _to be active_. The cockney, and very active Prince of Purpool or Portypool was conspicuously celebrated at Gray's Inn which occupies the site of the ancient Manor of _Poripool_, and the ritual--condemned and suppressed by the Puritans as "popish, diabolical, and antechristian"--seems invariably to have started by a fire or phare lighted in the hall: this at any rate was the custom and status with which the students at St. John's, Oxford, opened the proceedings on All Hallows' Eve.

The Druidic Bards allude to their sacred pyreum, or fire-circle, as a _pair dadeni_, and that a furious Fire or Phare was the object of their devotion is obvious from hymns such as--

Let burst forth ungentle
The horse-paced ardent fire!
Him we worship above the earth,
Fire, fire, low murmuring in its dawn,
High above our inspiration,
Above every spirit
Great is thy terribleness.[725]

_Pourpre_ or _purple_, the royal or imperial colour, was doubtless associated with the Fire of Fires, and the connection between this word and _porphureos_ must, I think, be sought in the idea of _pyre furious_ or _fire furious_, rather than any epithet of the surging sea. The Welsh for purple is _porffor_.

Either within or immediately adjacent to the Manor of Poripool or Purpool were some famous springs named Bagnigge Wells: at the corner of Bathhurst Street, Paddington, was a second Bagnigge Wells, and the river Fleet used also at one time to be known as the Bagnigge. This ubiquitous Bagnigge was in all probability _Big Nigge_ or Big Nicky--

Know you the Nixies gay and fair?
Their eyes are black and green their hair,
They lurk in sedgy shores.

The fairy Nokke, Neck, or Nickel, is said to have been a great musician who sat upon the water's edge and played a golden harp, the harmony of which operated on all nature:[726] sometimes he is represented as a complete horse who could be made to work at the plough if a bridle of particular kind were used: he is also represented as half man and half horse, as an aged man with a long beard, as a handsome young man, and as a pretty little boy with golden hair and scarlet cap. That Big Nigge once haunted the Bagnigge Wells is implied by the attendant legend of Black Mary, Black Mary's Hole being the entrance, or immediately adjacent, to one of the Bagnigge springs: similarly, as has been noted, Peg Powler, and Peg this or that, haunted the streams of Lancashire.

We have seen that Keightley surmised the word _pixy_ to be the endearing diminutive _sy_ added to Puck, whence, as in Nancy, Betsy, Dixie, and so forth, Nixy may similarly be considered as _dear little Nick_. In Suffolk, the fairies are known as farisees, seemingly, _dear little fairies_, and our ancestors seem to have possessed a pronounced partiality for similar diminutives: we find them alluding to the Blood of the Lambkin, an expression which Adamnan's editors remark as "a bold instance of the Celtic diminutive of endearment so characteristic of Adamnan's style": they add: "Throughout Adamnan's work, diminutives are constantly used, and these in most cases are used in a sense of endearment difficult to convey in English, perfectly natural as they are in the mouth of the kindly and warm-hearted Irish saint. In the present case Dr. Reeves thinks the diminutives may indicate the poorness of the animals from the little there was to feed them upon."[727] As the traditions of Fairyland give no hint for the assumption of any rationing or food-shortage it seems hardly necessary to consider either the pixies, the farisees, or the nixies as either half-starved or even impoverished.

In Scandinavia and Germany the nixies are known as the nisses, and they there correspond to the brownies of Scotland: according to Grimm the word _nisse_ is "Nicls, Niclsen, _i.e._, Nicolaus, Niclas, a common name in Germany and the North, which is also contracted to Klas, Claas"; but as _k_ seems invariably to soften into _ch_, and again into _s_, it is a perfectly straight road from Nikke to Nisse, and the adjective _nice_ is an eloquent testimonial to the Nisses' character. Some Nisses were doubtless _nice_, others were obviously nasty, noxious, and nocturnal: the Nis of Jutland is in Friesland called Puk, and also Niss-Puk, Nise-Bok, and Niss-Kuk: the _Kuk_ of this last mentioned may be connoted with the fact that the customary offering to St. Nicholas was a cock--the symbol of the Awakener--and as St. Nicholas was so intimately connected with Patara, the cock of St. Peter is no doubt related to the legend.

St. Nicholas, or Santa Claus, customarily travels by night: the nixies were black-eyed; Old Nick was always painted black; _nox_, or night, is the same word as nixy; and _nigel_, _night_, or _nicht_ all imply blackness. According to Cæsar: "all the Gauls assert that they are descended from the god Dis, and say that this tradition has been handed down by the Druids. For that reason they compute the divisions of every season not by the number of days but by nights; they keep birthdays, and the beginnings of months and years in such an order that the day follows the night."[728] The expressions fortnight, and sen'night thus not only perpetuate an idea of great antiquity but one which is philosophically sound: to our fore-runners Night was no wise evil, but the beneficent Mother of a Myriad Stars: the fairies revelled in the dark, and in eyes of old "the vast blue night was murmurous with peris wings"[729].

The place-name Knightsbridge is probably a mis-spelling of Neyte, one of the three manors into which Kensington was once divided: the other two were Hyde and Ebury, and it is not unlikely that these once constituted a trinity--Hyde being the Head, Ebury the Brightness, and Neyte--Night. The Egyptian represented Nut, Naut, or Neith as a Mother Goddess with two children in her arms, one white the other black: to her were assigned the words: "I am what has been, what is, and what will be," and her worshippers declared: "She hath built up life from her own body". In Scandinavia Nat was the Mother of all the gods: she was said to be an awe-inspiring, adorable, noble, and beneficent being, and to have her home on the lower slopes of the Nida mountains: _nid_ is the French for _nest_, and with Neyte may be connoted _nuit_, the French for _night_. That St. Neot was _le nuit_ is implied by the tradition that the Church of St. Neot in Cornwall was built not only by night, but entirely by Neot himself who drew the stones from a neighbouring quarry, aided only by the help of reindeer. These magic reindeer are obviously the animals of St. Nick, and it is evidently a memory of Little Nick that has survived in the tradition that St. Neot was a saint of very small stature--somewhere about 15 inches high.[730] With Mother _Nat_ of Scandinavia, and Mother _Naut_ or Neith of Egypt, may be connoted Nutria, a Virgin-Mother goddess of Etruria; a divine nurse with whose name may be connected _nutrix_ (nurse) and _nutriment_.

St. Nicholas is the patron saint of seafarers and there are innumerable dedications to him at the seaside: that Nikke was Neptune is unquestionable, and connected with his name is doubtless _nicchio_ the Italian for a shell. From _nicchio_ comes our modern _niche_, which means a shell-like cavity or recess: in the British EPPI coin, illustrated on page 284, the marine monster may be described as a nikke, and the apparition of the nikke as a perfect horse might not ineptly be designated a _nag_.

I have elsewhere illustrated many representations of the Water-Mother, the Mary-Maid, the Mermaid, the Merrow-Maid, or as she is known in Brittany--Mary Morgan. The resident nymph or genius of the river Se_vern_ was named Sa_brina_; the Welsh for the Severn is Ha_vren_, and thus it is evident that the radical of this river name is _brina_, _vren_, or _vern_: the British Druids recognised certain governing powers named _feraon: fern_ was already noted as an Iberian word meaning _anything good_, whence it is probable that in Havren or Severn the affix _ha_ or _se_ was either the Greek _eu_ or the British and Sanscrit _su_, both alike meaning the _soft, gentle, pleasing_, and _propitious_.

Sabrina fair,
Listen where thou art sitting
Under the glassy, cool, translucent wave,
In twisted braids of lilies, knitting
The loose train of thy amber-dropping hair.

In the neighbourhood of Bryanstone Square is Lissom Grove, a corruption of Lillestone Grove: here thus seemingly stood a stone sacred to the Lily or the All Holy, and the neighbouring church of St. Cyprian probably marks the local memory of a traditional _sy brian_, _Sabrina_, or _dear little brownie_.

Near Silchester, on the boundary line between Berks and Hants, is a large stone known as the Imp stone, and as this was formerly called the Nymph stone,[731] it is probable that in this instance the Imp stone was a contraction of Imper or Imber stone--the Imp being the Nymph of the amber-dropping hair. The Scandinavians believed that the steed of the Mother Goddess Nat produced from its mouth a froth, which consisted of honey-dew, and that from its bridle dropped the dews in the dales in the morning: the same idea attached to the steeds of the Valkyre, or War Maidens, from whose manes, when shaken, dew dropped into the deep dales, whence harvests among the people.[732]

Originally, _imp_ meant a scion, a graft, or an offspring, a sprout, or sprig: _sprig_, _spright_, _spirit_, _spirt_, _sprout_, and _sprack_ (an old English word meaning lively, perky, or pert), are all radically _pr_: in London the sparrow "was supposed to be the soul of a dead person";[733] in Kent, a sparrow is termed a _sprug_, whence it would appear that this pert, perky, little bird was once a symbol of the sprightly sprout, sprite, or spirit.

Stow mentions that the fair parish church of St. Michael called Paternoster when new built, was made a college of St. Spirit and St. Mary. All birds in general were symbols of St. Spirit, but more particularly the Columba or Culver,[734] which was pre-eminently the emblem of Great Holy Vere: we have already illustrated a half white, half black, six-winged representation of this sacred sign of simplicity and love, and the six-winged angel here reproduced is, doubtless, another expression of the far-spread idea:--

The embodied spirit has a thousand heads,
A thousand eyes, a thousand feet, around
On every side, enveloping the earth,
Yet filling space no larger than a span.
He is himself this very universe;
He is whatever is, has been, and shall be;
He is the lord of immortality.[735]

It is difficult to conceive any filthiness or evil of the dove, yet the hagiologists mention "a foul dove or black culver," which is said to have flown around the head of a certain holy Father named Nonnon.[736] We may connote this Nonnon with Nonna or Non, the reputed mother of St. David, for of St. David, we are told, his birth was heralded by angels thirty years before the event, and that among other miracles (such as restoring sight to the blind), doves settled on his shoulders. Dave or Davy is the same word as dove; in Welsh _dof_ means _gentle_, and it is more probable that the gentle dove derived its title from this word than as officially surmised from the Anglo-Saxon _dufan_, "to plunge into". According to Skeat, _dove_ means literally _diver_, but doves neither dive nor plunge into anything: they have not even a diving flight. The Welsh are known familiarly as Taffys, and the Church of Llan_daff_ is supposed to mean Church on the River Taff: it is more probable that Llandaff was a shrine of the Holy Dove, and that David with the doves upon his shoulder was a personification of the Holy Spirit or Wisdom. _Non_ is the Latin for _not_, and the black dove associated with Nonnon or _not not_ was no doubt a representation of that _Neg_ation, non-existence or inscrutable void, which existed before the world was, and is otherwise termed Chaos or Cause. That Wisdom or the Holy Spirit was conceived as the primal and inscrutable _Darkness_, is evident from the statement in _The Wisdom of Solomon_: "For God loveth none but him that dwelleth with Wisdom. For she is more beautiful than the sun, and above all the orders of stars: being compared with the light _she is found before it_."

The Nonnon of whom "it seemed that a foul dove or black culver flew about him whilst he was at Mass at the alter" was said to be the Bishop of Heliopolis, _i.e._, the city of the Sun, and he comes under notice in connection with St. Pelagienne--"said of _pelagus_ which is as much to say as the _sea_". The interpretation further placed upon St. Pelagienne is that "she was the sea of iniquity, and the flood of sins, but she plunged after into the sea of tears and washed her in the flood of baptism". That poor Pelagienne was the Water Mother of Mary Morgan is implied further by the fragment of autobiography--"I have been called from my birth Pelagienne, but for the pomp of my clothing men call me Margaret":[737] we have seen that Pope Joanna of Engelheim was also called Margaret, whence it is to be suspected that although it is true that _pelagus_ meant _the sea_ St. Pelagienne was primarily the _Bella_ or beautiful _Jeanne_, _i.e._, Mary Morgan or Morgiana.

On the coins of King _Janus_ of Sicily there figured a dove; _jonah_, _yuneh_, or _Ione_ are the Hebrew and Greek terms for dove; the Ionian Greeks were worshippers of the dove, and the consociation of St. Columbe Kille or the "little dove of the church" with the Hebridean island of Iona is presumptive evidence of the worship of the dove in Iona. In the Rhodian Greek coins here illustrated the reverse represents the rhoda or rose of Rhodes, and the obverse head may be connoted with the story of St. Davy with the dove settled on his shoulder: that the dove was also an English emblem is obvious from the British coins, Figs. 377 to 384; the dove will also be found frequently introduced on the contemned _sceattae_ illustrated _ante_, page 364.

Among the golden treasures unearthed by Schliemann at Mykenae was a miniature "model of a temple" on which are seated two pigeons with uplifted wings:[738] among the curious and interesting happenings which occurred during the childhood of the Virgin Mary it is recorded that "Mary was in the Temple of the Lord as if she were a dove that dwelt there, and she received food as from the hand of an angel": Fig. 380 appears to illustrate this dove dwelling in a Temple. The legend continues that when the Holy Virgin attained the age of twelve years the Angel of the Lord caused an assembly of all the widowers each of whom was ordained to bring with him his rod: the High Priest then took these rods and prayed over them, but there came no sign: at last Joseph took his rod "and behold a dove came out of the rod and flew upon Joseph's head".[739] It is said by Lucian that in the most sacred part of the temple of Hieropolis, the holy city of Syria, were three figures of which the centre one had a golden dove upon its head: not only was no name given to this, but the priests said nothing concerning its origin or form, calling it simply "The sign": according to the British Bards--"To Addav came the sign. It was taught by Alpha, and it was the earliest polished melody of Holy God, and by a wise mouth it was canticled." There is little doubt that the descending dove with wings outstretched was a variant of the three rays or Broad Arrow, that the _awen_ was the _Iona_, and that this same idea was conveyed by the Three _ains_, or _eyen_, Eyes, Golden Balls, or pawnbroker's sign. It is recorded of St. Nicholas of Bari, the patron saint of pawnbrokers, that immediately he was born he stood up in the basin in which he was being washed and remained with hands clasped, and uplifted eyes, for two hours: in later life he became wealthy, and threw into a window on three successive nights a bag of gold as a dowry for three impoverished and sore-tempted maidens. In commemoration of these three bags of gold St. Nicholas became the patron saint of pawnbrokers whose sign of the Three Golden Balls is a conversion of the three anonymous gifts.

In Hebrew the Three Apples, Eyes, or Golden Balls are called _ains_ or fountains of living water, and to this day in Wales a spring of water is called in Welsh the Eye of the Fountain or the Water Spring. It will be remembered that the sister of St. Nonna, and therefore the aunt of St. Davy, was denominated Gwen of the Three Breasts, _Tierbron_, or three breasts, may be connoted with three-eyed Thor, and the combination of Eyes and Sprigs is conspicuously noticeable in Fig. 39, page 364: one will also note the head of No. 49 on the same plate.

The Three Holy Children on the reverse of Fig. 391--a Byzantine coin--are presumably the offspring of St. Michael _alias_ Nichol on the obverse: the arms of Cornwall consist of fifteen golden balls called _besants_; the county motto is One and All. Of St. Nicholas of Tolentino who became a friar at the age of _eleven_, we are told that a star rested over his altar and preceded him when he walked, and he is represented in Art with a lily in his hand--the symbol of his pure life--and a star over his head: that Nicolette was identified with the Little Star or Stella Maris is clear from Troubadour _chansons_, such as the following from that small classic _Aucassin and Nicolette_--

Little Star I gaze upon,
Sweetly drawing to the moon,
In such golden haunt is set
Love, and bright-haired Nicolette.
God hath taken from our war
Beauty, like a shining star.
Ah, to reach her, though I fell
From her Heaven to my Hell.
Who were worthy such a thing,
Were he emperor or king?
Still you shine, oh, perfect Star,
Beyond, afar.