Chapter XVI: Introduction (2)

The "Sacrifice Stone," also, is in its original place, being so large that it can not be easily removed. Formerly this had a grass roof over it, supported by high poles. When the victim's life was extinct his body was suspended to a rafter or crossbeam at the top of the structure and left there until the flesh had decayed. The bones were then interred on top of the bluff in the rear. It is said that the corpses of chiefs and others of high rank were wrapped in banana leaves and steamed until the flesh fell away. The skeletons were then buried.

A mile from the mouth of the Wailua River, on a narrow plateau between it and a small tributary, the summit level being about 200 feet above the water, is a heiau in fairly good condition. It is one of the large structures of its kind, but is so overgrown that measurements or close description are not possible. It is supposed to be the one which was sacred to the devotions of the highest priesthood. The common people were not allowed to venture near it, and even the king could not visit it without special permission involving the most complicated ceremonies. It has passed into possession of the county and will be restored as nearly as can be to its pristine state and thus preserved.

On a mass of loose rocks, resulting from disintegration of an old lava flow, projecting into the ocean half a mile east from the mouth of the Wailua River, and near the race track, is a heiau of irregular construction. The extreme measurements are 80 feet north and south by 200 feet east and west. The wall on the side toward the sea is higher and wider along the central half than it is nearer the ends. Small inclosures, bounded by single rows of stones, probably mark the sites of houses for priests and attendants. Along the inner side of the wall next to the water are four depressions, remains of partially filled well-like or cistern-like excavations; similar hollows, obscured by brush, are also next to the inner foot of the opposite wall. A large rock in the form of a triangular prism, standing upright, with one end firmly imbedded in the ground, was no doubt a "god" of some kind; it has a slight hollow or "cup" pecked in the flat top. There are several irregular rows of stones outside of the inclosure. Dense growth prevents the examination necessary for a closer description.

DUNE BURIALS

Four miles east of Lihue a spur of the plantation railway was run into the dunes to procure sand for making fills. In the course of this work human bones were found, the remains of one individual in one spot and of at least two others not far away. None of these bones seemed to have been long underground. Search in the vicinity, over bare spots among the ridges whose upper portions have been carried away by the winds, revealed indications of burials in at least six other places. Such bones as were found were decayed or in fragments. Among them was part of the skull of a very young infant. A quantity of cooking stones, some coral rasps or files, and a much weathered fragment of a wooden bowl, denoted that camps had been made on the dunes. As the beach is smooth, firm, and extensive, providing an excellent place for landing canoes or dragging seines, these remains probably pertain to parties or families who maintained fishing camps here.

At the mouth of the Wailua River, on the east side, was a "City of Refuge." It is now partially destroyed, many of the stones having been taken away to make a fill in the road. It was rectangular in form, 360 feet east and west, 60 feet north and south, made of large stones, some of them weighing a ton or even more. The eastern portion of the interior is artificially made a foot higher than the western. The structure is 300 feet from the water. Midway down the gentle slope in front, opposite the western end, is a slightly crooked row, 100 feet long, of very large stones. A similar row is near the water on the side between the inclosure and the river.

WAIMEA

There were formerly several heiaus within a few miles of Waimea. Some of them have been destroyed by cultivation, while others are difficult to find and impossible to examine in the cane fields or dense brush.

At the east foot of a rocky peak 13 miles by road from Waimea, at an elevation of more than 3,600 feet, is a small heiau almost on the brink of the canyon. Within the walls it is 30 feet across each way. On the south line are three large stones in line, one at each corner, the third about midway between them. No doubt their position determined the location of the structure. It stands on a slight slope. The west wall is 2 feet high inside, the earth having washed down level with its top outside. The north wall is a foot higher than the floor at the west end, and is completely buried at the east, as are the south and west walls along their entire length except for a protruding stone here and there. In fact, the whole interior seems to have received a heavy deposit of earth, carried in from the outside by wind and rain. All these features give an appearance of antiquity to the ruin.

Directly below it, well toward the bottom of the canyon, which is said to be 3,000 feet deep, is a long, narrow, curved ridge with rounded top and almost vertical sides. The upper part, apparently an old lava flow, is darker in color than the surrounding precipices, its surface checkered and seamed by weathering and erosion, so that it has an almost startling resemblance to a huge serpent crawling out of the side of the mountain and, with head laid flat on the extreme point of the cliff, watching something in the stream bed a thousand feet below. If the old Hawaiians had been familiar with ophidians, as were the American Indians, this "Snake God" would no doubt have held high rank among their divinities.

CONCLUSIONS

As intimated above, much additional information regarding antiquities in the Hawaiian Islands can be found in publications of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu. Descriptions, with illustrations, of a number of heiaus are given by Mr. Thrum in the "Hawaiian Annual" for 1906 to 1910, inclusive; and his forthcoming volume will completely cover this branch of archeology. The Bishop Museum has undertaken to make a complete survey and report of all the ancient remains, while Dr. Brigham has almost finished for publication an exhaustive treatise which will include all his observations and deductions along the same lines. With these tasks ended, there will be nothing for anyone else to do, except to take measures for the restoration and care of the principal structures.

All the aboriginal remains on the islands are the work of the present Hawaiian race. When the earliest of these people came here they found the islands without inhabitants. There are no evidences of any prehistoric population nor any indications whatever of underground remains. Consequently, so far as can be ascertained, excavations would not result in the discovery of any prehistoric objects or of anything essentially different from what can be seen on the surface or found slightly covered by very recent natural accumulation. At the same time, all the remains are well worthy of study and preservation. These conclusions meet the full approval and indorsement of both Mr. Thrum and Dr. Brigham.

INDEX

Page.

ACCOUNT'S CAVES 131

ADAIR, quoted on construction of houses 170

ADZES--
chert, from Miller's Cave 79
stone, in Molokai 177

AKERS POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of 18

ALABAMA, explorations in 133-150

ALABASTER--
from Wyandotte Cave 108-109
_See_ Stalagmite; Travertine.

ALFORD'S CAVE 140

ALLEN, VALENTINE, acknowledgment to 29

ALTARS, SUPPOSED SACRIFICIAL, origin of 172
_See_ SACRIFICIAL STONES.

ALTON, house mounds near 161

ANIMALS--
bones of, found in cave 33
of Molokai 176

ANTLER, OBJECTS OF, from Sell Cave 48

ARKANSAS COUNTY, ARK., excavation of mound in 170

ARKLOW CAVE 125

ARLINGTON--
cairns in vicinity of 40
caves in vicinity of 34, 35

ARMSTRONG, B.G., tradition investigated by 172

ARNHOLDT CAVE 90

ARROWHEADS discovered in caves 31, 39

ASH CAVE 89

ASHES--
beds of, in caves 31, 32, 33, 38
curious cavities in 67-68
deposit of, in Miller's Cave 65-66

ASHLEY CREEK, cave on 19

AWLS--
bone, in Miller's Cave 74
from Goat Bluff Cave 37

AXES--
from Miller's Cave 78
grooved, found in cave 39, 40

AZTALAN, WIS., theory concerning wall at 172

BAGNELL HILL, cave on 94

BAILEY'S CAVE 140

BAKER'S LAKE, cave on 89

"BALLROOM" of Bates Cave 23

BARNARD CAVE 140-141

BARREN COUNTY, KY., explorations in 119

BAT CAVE--
in Colbert County 134
in Shannon County 18
near Crocker 55
on the Osage River 95

BATES CAVE 22-23

BATTLE GROUND near Miller's Cave 59

BEADS--
columella, from cairn 87
shell, found in cairn 28
stone, in cave 31

BEAR CREEK, rock house on 118

BECKER, PHILIP, examination of cave refuse by 84

"BECKWITH'S FORT," mounds near 169

BEDFORD, caves in vicinity of 103, 104

BEER CAVE, popular name for Steuffer Cave 99

BELCHER CAVE 121

BELL, ROBERT A., cave on farm of 51

BELL'S CAVE 122

BEN SMITH'S CAVE 119

BERRY, GEORGE, cave on land of 43

BIG CREEK CAVE 18

BIG-MOUTH CAVE 138

BIG PINEY--
caves in vicinity of 57, 81
house mounds on 162

BIG PINEY POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of 56

BIRTHSTONE of Kauai Island 192

BISHOP MUSEUM, value of, to students 174

BLATCHLEY, W.S.--
caverns described by 102
quoted 103-104, 107, 110

BLEDSOE COUNTY, TENN., cave in 128

BLOODLAND, house mounds near 57

BLOWING CAVE 136

BLUE RIVER, caves on 111

BLUE SPRING CAVE 18

BLUEWATER CAVE 134

BLUFF CITY, caves in vicinity of 124, 125

BODE CAVE 94

BOILING SPRING OF THE GASCONADE, cave near 34

BOND, JOHN R., cave on farm of 92

BONE CAVE 120

BONES, ANIMAL, in caves 33, 37, 72, 73

BONES, HUMAN--
in Bell's Cave 51
in cairn at Devil's Elbow 86-87
in cairns on Helm's farm 88
in Caldwell's Cave 132
in cave on Meshach Creek 121
in Colyer's Cave 133
in Cub Run Cave 113
in dune burials 193
in Goat Bluff Cave 36, 37, 38, 39
in Gourd Creek Cave 34
in Haunted Cave 116
in Hawaiian caves 182
in Miller's Cave 67, 69-72, 73, 76
in mound 151
in Ramsey's Cave 82
in Sell Cave 47-49
_See_ Skeletons; Skulls.

BOWLING GREEN, caves near 118

BRADLEY CAVE 112

BRANDON, cave near 138

BRIDAL CAVE, beauty of 90

BRIGGS, CAPT. J.B., cave owned by 117

BRIGGS, IKE, cave on land of 116

BRIGGS'S CAVE 116

BRIGHAM, DR., work of 174, 194

BROOKS CAVE 56

BRUMLEY, cave in vicinity of 91

BRYANT'S BLUFF, rock shelters in 40

BUCHER CAVE 51

BUCKNER CAVE. _See_ Harry Buckner Cave; Joel Buckner Cave.

BUFFALO WALLOWS, so-called 152

BUNCH CAVE 90

BURIAL CAVE near Sheffields 135

BURIAL CUSTOMS in Hawaii 192

BURIAL PLACES on Maui Island 190

BURIALS--
communal 151, 153, 157
dune 193-194
in Goat Bluff Cave 36
in Gourd Creek Cave 30
inclosed in flat stones 88
on Lost Hill 27
_See_ Cairns; Graves.

BURKSVILLE, cave near 111

BUSHNELL, D.I., JR.--
conclusion of, regarding house mounds 164
quoted on house mounds 161

CAIRNS--
at Miller's Cave 59
at Sugar Tree camp 40
containing double burial 19
in vicinity of Eugene, Mo. 96
near Pillman's Cave 83
near Woodland Cave 84
of common occurrence 17
on Helm's farm 87-89
on Lost Hill 24-28, 84
on the Gasconade 40, 99
_See_ Burials; Graves.

CALDWELL'S CAVE 131-132

CAMDEN COUNTY, MO.--
explorations in 89-91
geological formations in 91

CAMERON, WILLIAM, tradition obtained by 172

CAMP-GROUND CAVE 51

CANNIBAL HOUSE, so-called, near Omaha 156

CANNIBALISM, discoveries indicating 77

CAVE, meaning of term, in Hawaii 182

CAVE EARTH, composition of 16

CAVE EXPLORATION, conditions considered in 101

CAVE MAN, no trace of, in Ozark Hills 15

CAVES. _See_ CAVERNS.

CAVERNS--
air of 14-15
as habitations 14
development of 13-14
floors of 14
method of measuring 17
proper examination of 16

CAVITIES IN ASH-BED 67-68, 73

CEDAR GROVE, cave in vicinity of 18

CHATTANOOGA, caves in vicinity of 132

CHAUMONT STATION, cave near 117

CHEATHAM'S FERRY, cave near 134

CHIPPEWAS, Sioux driven westward by 172

CHUNKEY STONES in Molokai 177, 180

CITY OF REFUGE--
at mouth of Wailua River 193
wall of 184

CIVIL WAR, caves as shelters during 23

CLARKSVILLE, cave in vicinity of 123

CLEMMENS CREEK CAVE 89

COAHOMA COUNTY, MISS., large mound in 171

COAL PIT HOLLOW, mention of 24

COFFEE CAVE 134

COKELY CAVE 90

COLBERT COUNTY, ALA., caves of 134, 135

COLE COUNTY, MO., explorations in 100

COLLEGE CAVE 128

COLLINSVILLE, cave in vicinity of 139

COLOSSAL CAVE 115

COLYER'S CAVE 133

COMMUNAL BURIAL. _See_ Burials, communal.

COOK, CAPTAIN, death of 184

COOKE, GEORGE, acknowledgment to 175

COOKING, method of, in Molokai 179

COOKVILLE, caves in vicinity of 42

CRAWFORD COUNTY, IND., explorations in 107

CRITTENDEN COUNTY, ARK., mound excavations in 169

CRUMP'S CAVE 118

CUB RUN CAVE 113-115

CULVER'S CAVE 136

CURRENT RIVER, caves of 18

DAERHOFF, BEN, cave on farm of 95

DALLAS COUNTY, MO., house mounds in 161

DANCING PLATFORMS in Molokai 181-182

DAVIS, J.W., caves on farm of 42

DAYLIGHT IN CAVES, use of term 16

DEKALB COUNTY, ALA., caves of 137-139

DENT COUNTY, MO., caves of 20-22

DEVIL'S ELBOW--
burials at 88
house mounds at 162
walled graves at 84

DILLON, house mounds near 42, 162

DINSMORE, DR. R.S., excavations made by 153-154

DISCOIDS, STONE, in Molokai 177

DIXON, cave in vicinity of 89

DIXON'S CAVE 116

DONNEHUE'S CAVE 103

DONNELSON'S CAVE 103-106

DOUBLE CAVE 54-55

DRIP ROCK--
deposits of, in Berry Cave 43
meaning of the term 16
_See_ Stalactite; Stalagmite.

DRY CAVE 90

DRY CREEK, cave on 56

DRY FORK POST OFFICE, caves near 119

DUNBAR'S CAVE 123-124

DUNES, BURIALS IN 193

DUNLAP, caves in vicinity of 128-129

EDENVILLE ROAD, cave on 57

EDGAR SPRINGS, cave in vicinity of 23

EDMONSON COUNTY, KY., caves of 115-118

EIDSON, WILL ROBERT, cairns on farm of 90

EIGENMANN, PROFESSOR, conclusions of 105

ELDON, cave in vicinity of 96

ELLIS CAVE 138

EMINENCE, supposed cave near 20

ESMITH CAVES 119-120

EUGENE, graves in vicinity of 96

FARMINGTON, mounds near 162, 166

FEARIN CAVE 139

FERGUSON, MO.--
excavation of mound near 168
house mounds near 161

FISH, eyeless 18

FISHING CAVE 18

FISHPONDS--
at Niumahu 192
of Molokai 175

FLINTWORKING SITE 59

FOOD SUPPLY of Molokai 175

FOOTE, A.L., cave on land of 44

FORD'S CAVE 119

FORT DEPOSIT CAVE--
cross sections of 144-149
description of 143-150

FORT PAYNE CAVE 137-138

FORTIFICATION, INDIAN, near Miller's Cave 59

FOSSIL CAVE-- 91
plan of 92
section of 92

FRANKLIN COUNTY, TENN., caves of 131

FREEBURG, caves in vicinity of 97, 99

FREEMAN'S CAVE 81-83

FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, cavern near 107

GAME played in Molokai 177

GARVIN CAVE 112

GASCONADE RIVER, caves on 96, 97, 98, 99

GASCONDY, cave in vicinity of 98

GILDER'S DISCOVERY 157

GILL, DE LANCEY--
observations of 48
theory of 17

GLAIZE CREEK, cave near 91

GLASS FRAGMENT, from Goat Bluff Cave 37

GLOVER, ROBERT, cave on farm of 122

GOAT BLUFF CAVE, description of 35-39

GODS, STONE 186, 193

GOLD IN CAVES, beliefs concerning 21, 30

GORDON, tradition related by 173

GOUGE, from Miller's Cave 79

GOURD CREEK--
cairns at mouth of 24-25
village site on 34

GOURD CREEK CAVE--
description of 29
exploration of 28-34

GRAHAM CAVE 83

GRANITE MOUNTAIN, mounds near 168

GRAVEL in caves 16

GRAVES--
cist, at Iowa Point 152
near Bell's Cave 123
near McKennan's 52
of Molokai 178
on Laughlin's ranch 44
on Saline Creek 95
walled, at Devil's Elbow 84-87
_See_ Cairns; Burials.

"GREAT TEMPLE" of Hawaii 183-184

GREEN RIVER, rock shelters on 118

GREGORY, PROFESSOR--
mention of 175
work of 174

"GROUND HOUSE INDIANS," mounds made by 172

GROUND HOUSE RIVER, probable origin of name 173

GRUNDY COUNTY, TENN., caves of 130

GULFS, formation of 108

GULFS OF LOST RIVER 107

GUMBO for making vessels 69

GUNTERSVILLE, caves in vicinity of 139, 140

GUTHOERL, PETER--
cave on farm of 20
mounds on farm of 22

HA-HA-TON-KA, caves in vicinity of 89

HAMILTON COUNTY, TENN., caves of 132

HAMMERS found in cave 39

HARDIN COUNTY, KY., caves of 112

HARDIN'S CAVE 139-140

HARLOW CAVE 112

HARRISON COUNTY, IND., explorations in 111

HARRISON'S CAVE 136

HARRY BUCKNER CAVE 113

HART COUNTY, KY., explorations in 112

HAUNTED CAVE 116

HAWAII, archeological work in 174-195

HEIAUS--
at Kaupo 188
at Napoopoo 184
described by Mr. Thrum 194
of Hawaii Island 185-187
of Wailua 192-193
of Waimea 194
on Maui Island 190
on Mauna Loa 178-180
sacred to priesthood 192

HELM, DANIEL, cairns on farm of 87

HENSON'S CAVE 129

HILO, archeological work in vicinity of 182

HIXSON'S CAVE 129

HOLMES, W.H., suggestion made by 15

HOLSTON RIVER, cave on 125

HONAUNAU, work of Stokes at 184-185

HONEY LANDING, cave at 139

HOPKINS, ISAAC, mounds on farm of 166-167

HOUSE MOUNDS--
defined 17
in Dent County 22
in Miller County 96
in St. François County, Mo., plan of 168
near Dillon 42
near Ranch House 56-57
near Rolla 41
near St. James 42
near Stover 100
of the lower Mississippi Valley 161
on Brush Creek 99
theories concerning origin of 163-165
_See_ Village sites.

HOUSE SITES. _See_ Heiaus.

HOWE, NEBR., excavations near 155

HRDLI[VC]KA, DR. ALE[VS], reference to 158

HUBLIN'S CAVE 130

HUGHES, SAM P., work of 155-156

HUNTER, A.B., mounds on farm of 166

HURRICANE BLUFF CAVE 97

HUT RINGS--
at Beckwith's Fort 170
similar to ruins of Mandan houses 171

HUTCHINS CAVE 112

HUTCHINSON, HARRISON, cave on farm of 97

IAO VALLEY, remains in 191

ILLINOIS, explorations in 111

IMPLEMENTS--
found in cave 113
found in Molokai 177
found near cemeteries 123
from Sell Cave 46

INDIAN FORD CAVE 96-97

INDIAN FORT, on the Osage River 99

INDIAN MOUND CAVE 124

INDIANA--
cave region of 102
explorations in 102-111

IOWA POINT, grave at 152

IRON MOUNTAIN, house mounds near 161

IRON MOUNTAIN RAILWAY, mounds along 167

IRVIN, GEORGE, cave on farm of 96

ISBOLL CAVES 135

JACKSON, GENERAL, cave used by, as storage room 143

JACKSON COUNTY, ALA., caves of 135

JEROME, rock shelters in vicinity of 40

JOEL BUCKNER CAVE 113

JONES FARM, cave on 24

JURGGENMEYER, CONRAD, cave on farm of 94

KAMEHAMEHA I, KING--
"slide" made in time of 185
temple built by 183

KANSAN DRIFT, skeletons reported found in 155

KAUAI ISLAND, investigations in 191-194

KENTUCKY, explorations in 112-123

KERR'S MILL, cave near 44

KEY, BUCK, cave on farm of 133

KEY ROCKS 24

KEY'S CAVE 133

KILAUEA, investigations near 183

KILLIAN CAVES 138-139

KNIVES--
discovered in cave 31
flint, found in cave 39
found in cairn 27

LACKAYE'S BLUFF CAVE 97

LAIRD'S CAVE 112

LAKEY'S CAVE 128-129

LAND COMPANY'S CAVE 129

LANE, GEORGE, mound on farm of 24

LANE'S CAVE 56

LAUDERDALE COUNTY, ALA., caves of 133-134

LAUGHLIN RANCH, cairns on 44

LAUPAHOEHOE, ruins at 187

LAWRENCE COUNTY, IND., explorations in 102-106

LEAVENWORTH, caves in vicinity of 111

LEWIS AND CLARK--
mound mentioned by 152
names of, carved on rock 153

LIBRARY OF BISHOP MUSEUM, contents of 174

LIHUE, fishpond near 192

LIMROCK, caves near 135, 136

LINN CREEK, cave formerly near 91

LINNVILLE CAVE 124

LITTLE-MOUTH CAVE 138

LITTLE PINEY--
cave near 40
cave on 23, 34
mound on 24
village site on 34

LITTLE WYANDOTTE CAVE 111

LOCK'S CAVE 112

LODGE SITES on Long's Hill 159-160

LOGAN COUNTY, KY., reconnoissance in 122

LONG'S HILL, the site of Gilder's discovery 157

LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, Caves on west slope of 138

LOST HILL--
cairn on 84
described 25

LOVE'S CAVE 120

LUCAS, F.A., expert on animal bones 128

LUCKENHOFF, JOHN, cave on farm of 94

MCCREARY CAVE 121

MCDERMENT'S CAVES 141-142

MCWILLIAMS FARM, cave on 42

MAMMAL CAVE 116

MAMMOTH CAVE, KY. 115
caves near 115-117

MAMMOTH CAVE, MO., rumors of, not verified 20

MAMMOTH CAVE OF ILLINOIS 111

MARENGO CAVE 107

MARIES COUNTY, MO., explorations in 96-98

MARION COUNTY, TENN., caves of 131-132

MARSH, HENRY, cave on farm of 23

MARSHALL COUNTY, ALA., explorations in 139-150

MARTIN COUNTY, IND., caves of 106

MARTIN, LEWIS, cave on place of 113

MAUI ISLAND, aboriginal structures on 188-191

MAUNA KEA, quarry on 183

MAXEY'S CAVE, described 43

MERAMEC RIVER, house mounds on 161

MERAMEC VALLEY, relics seldom found in 22

MESHACH CREEK, caves on 121

MILL CAVE 106, 118, 121

MILLER, DANIEL S., cave on farm of 57

MILLER, WALTER, cave on farm of 54

MILLER COUNTY, MO., explorations in 91-96

MILLER'S CAVE--
description of 57-81
measurements of 61-62, 63
plan of 62
shells in 66-67

MILLTOWN, cave near 107

MILLTOWN CAVE, change in 108

MISSOURI RIVER, explorations along 151-160

MITCHELL, cave in vicinity of 104