Chapter XIII: Forestry

Did anyone ever hear of Argentine timber? Few people indeed; though a good many more know that both of the River Plate Republics are large importers of wood from the North of Europe. That they need not be so, because they have all they, and a good many other countries besides, can possibly need already growing in their own territories (and as much more as may be wanted, only for the trouble of planting under highly favourable natural conditions), will come as a surprise even to some Argentines and Uruguayans; so accustomed are they to import all their building timber and furniture. Yet the above are facts.[46]

The only well-known forestal products of the River Plate are the logs of and extract from the QUEBRACHO (_Aspidosperma Quebracho_, Schlet). The wood of this tree is very hard—hence its name quebra-hacha, break-axe—and is valuable for cabinet-making, fine carving, and engraving, etc.; but it rots quickly when exposed to the influences of weather. Notwithstanding this, on account of its hardness, it is in large demand for railway sleepers. The extract is very largely used for tanning.

The following lists and descriptions given by Señor Fernando Mauduit in his erudite Monograph on “Arboriculture in Argentina,” attached to the Argentine National Census, 1908, cannot, certainly, be improved on by the present author. These lists, although confined to the enumeration of the chief classes of trees only, are at the same time fully indicative of the general nature of forest vegetation not only in Argentina but also in Uruguay.

A glance at the map of both Republics will show that, from geographic and climatic distribution, they may practically be reckoned as one country in this regard. Indeed, as will be seen, Señor Mauduit specifically includes Uruguay in what he terms the Riparian Region. He says that the configuration of the different zones and the fertility of their soil allow of the cultivation of every product of the two Americas, Asia, Europe and Australia, with the exception of those of the torrid zone.

The following enumeration of “regions” and of the chief kinds of trees found and capable of being grown in the River Plate countries, with the respective descriptions, are taken from the Monograph above referred to:—

1. SUBTROPICAL, comprising the plains of Santiago del Estero
and the Chaco, the lowlands of Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy, North
Corrientes and Misiones.

2. NORTHERN ANDEAN, stretching along the Andes, from San Juan
to the Bolivian frontier, comprising Catamarca, Salta, Jujuy,
Los Andes and part of Tucumán.

3. SOUTHERN ANDEAN, from San Juan to Neuquen.

4. NORTHERN PAMPEAN, from Santiago del Estero to Buenos Aires,
wherein the eucalyptus trees do not suffer from frost, and
comprising Córdoba, San Luis, part of Santa Fé and Buenos Aires.

5. SOUTHERN PAMPEAN, comprising Córdoba and San Luis, where the
eucalyptus freezes, Southern Buenos Aires and the Pampas.

6. AUSTRAL, composed of the territories of Rio Negro, Chubut
and Santa Cruz.

7. RIPARIAN, comprising the islands of the Paraná, Entre Rios
and the shores of the rivers Plate, Paraná and Uruguay.

8. MARITIME, stretching along the Atlantic coast in a
belt three leagues wide, more or less, according to the
configuration of the soil.

9. STRAITS, consisting of the shores of the Straits of Magellan
and Tierra del Fuego.

The confines of all these regions cross and merge into one
another, at times, on account of the altitude in their
different zones. The vegetation typical of one zone is often
scattered through one or more neighbouring ones, so that they
cannot be exactly defined. The greater or lesser altitude of a
place often goes towards modifying the uniform character of the
vegetation.

In the first region the forests contain the best timber in the
Republic, cedar or hardwood, so-called (cedrela) quebracho
white and red, lapacho, algarrobo (carob), acacia, ibirá,
molle, ñandubay, different woods, Misiones pine, Brazilian
araucaria, tarco, urunday, aguaribay, cebil, timbó, palm
trees, etc., and the fruit trees of the region, orange, lemon,
pomegranate, guava, chirimoyas (custard apple) and pantas.

Fruit tree planting, though seldom, is more carefully done
than formerly, and its products inundate the markets of Buenos
Aires, Rosario and Santa Fé.

The Paraguayan tea tree, or rather bush (mate), is grown in
many places and cultivated rationally. Mr. Thays’ experiments
give room for hoping that this precious bush may become a
certain source of future wealth, whereas the old system of
cultivation was bound to entail, early or late, the total
extinction of the product.

All kinds of eucalyptus trees grow well, and the extensive
planting of these trees in the Chaco, Misiones, in Tucumán,
Corrientes and Santiago del Estero is a consummation devoutly
to be wished for.

The same trees are found in the second region, but fewer in
number and smaller in size, orange, lemon, fig, plum, peach and
pomegranate trees, also the vine can be successfully grown,
and in the valleys guayavos, chirimoyas, pantas, avocados and
persimmons. Plantations of mate and eucalyptus could also be
tried.

The third region is warmer and partly covered with vineyards.
Here the vine is in its native element.

On the slopes of the Andes the soil is admirably suited for the
planting of forest trees, such as pines, firs, beeches, and
all others peculiar to mild, dry climates; as well as for that
of fruit trees, such as the walnut, chestnut, apple, cherry,
pear and peach trees … the vine where late frosts are not very
frequent.

In the Northern Pampas, or the fourth region, all kinds of
fruit trees can be grown, soil permitting, orange, fig,
persimmon, vines, mulberry, almond, peach, apricot, plum,
cherry, walnut, chestnut, pear and quince trees. This is the
forest tree region of the plains: hardwood, native willows, the
paradise tree, ombú, laurel, sequoia, cypress, sycamore, maple
and many others. The caldén tree covers immense stretches,
likewise the carob tree.

The fifth or Southern Pampean region differs from the preceding
one in the cooler and even colder climate in its southern part.
Apart from the trees which suffer from frosts this is the most
favourable zone for tree cultivation in general. All forest
trees which resist 10° below zero grow well here, the oak,
beech, ash, maple, pine, fir, spruce, poplar, elm, sycamore and
such fruit trees as the peach, cherry, plum, apricot, quince,
pear and apple tree.

These two regions are those containing the largest plantations
of trees of all kinds, millions of eucalyptus trees, farms,
parks and gardens, richly stocked, representing millions of
dollars, and ever-increasing and multiplying orchards and
groves which bring in thousands, but whose output could be
increased tenfold without succeeding in ousting the preserved
fruit imported from Europe and North America.

The sixth or Austral region, as its name indicates, is exposed
to the south winds. It is the cold region which excludes the
eucalyptus, the Californian pine, and peach tree, the vine,
etc., but where in sheltered spots the cherry, plum, pear and
apple tree can be grown, the last especially. This, once known,
would make the fortune of this region. Cider manufacture would
furnish a wholesome, pleasant beverage, much cheaper than wine.

Moreover, the preparation of apple preserves of every kind will
one day be like that of North America. The man who plants apple
trees, beginning from 38° S. latitude to the south, secures for
himself and his children returns proportionate to the outlay
made.

The seventh region is very fertile and suited for the planting
of willows, poplars, alders, cryptomerias, cypresses,
sycamores, magnolias, palm trees, orange trees, tangerines,
persimmons, etc. Peach and quince trees are grown here on a
large scale to supply the markets of the capital. It has been
the cradle of fruit-growing, and as it has been endowed with
a mild climate and a generally humid soil everything grows
luxuriantly and produces abundantly, though the general quality
of its products is not equal to that of the fruit grown in the
fifth region.

The eighth region is arid in certain places, and always
exposed to the winds and sea fogs which are so harmful to the
growth of the trees. The winds from the south blow throughout
the year on nearly all our sea coast. The only trees that can
be grown successfully are the eucalyptus (_E. globulus_), the
Canadian and other poplars, the tamarisk, cypress, lambertiana,
maritime pine, _Pinus insignis_, and all must be planted very
thickly in order to resist the impetuous attack of the winds
and the fogs.

In the ninth and last region we have included the shores of the
Straits of Magellan as far as Gallegos, and inland as far as
the hills; and on the other shore Fireland (Tierra del Fuego).
Fruit tree planting cannot be thought of there for the present,
the only thing to be done is to propagate largely the native
growths, and where the climate permits it to plant spruces,
pines, firs, birches, beeches, hazels, currant bushes, yews,
all of which are sturdy growths of the colder countries.

CHIEF INDIGENOUS SPECIES OF FOREST TREES

QUEBRACHO, _Aspidosperma Quebracho_, Schlet.—A tree 20 metres
in height by 1 metre in diameter, with very hard wood, greatly
valued for certain purposes. Does not resist exposure to
the elements, however, and rots easily. Greatly prized for
engraving and cabinet-making and for fine wood carving, etc.
The bark and leaves are rich in tannin. It appears that there
are some varieties which do not possess so large a percentage
of tannin.

It grows easily from seed which is sown in beds when ripe,
where it must be nursed before sowing in beds. Its growth is
slow at first, but once the roots have taken well in a soil
rich in humus it attains a great size. It multiplies naturally
from its seeds and should form a third as a stock tree in the
afforestation of the subtropical regions.

BOLDU, _Boldu chilanum_, Nees.—Grows to a height of 15 metres
in the Andean regions, where its timber is used for various
purposes. It multiplies from seed and should be sown in beds in
holes. Can be utilized as an auxiliary in afforestation of its
native region.

LIGNUM VITÆ (Palo Santo), _Bulnesia Sarmienti_, Grisb.—20
metres in height by 0·75 metre in diameter. Grows plentifully
in the Chaco and Misiones, Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy, gives a
timber, heavier than water, which is used for cabinet-making
and various ornaments. Multiplies easily from seed as an
auxiliary in subtropical woods.

PALO BLANCO, _Calycophyllum multiflorum_, Grisb.—About 15
metres in height, gives very fine timber, yellow in colour,
used for different joinery purposes. Multiplies from seed like
the preceding tree and used also as an auxiliary in the same
regions.

HORCO MOLLE, _Bumelia obtusiolia_, Roem and Schlet.—12 metres
in height by O·50 metre in diameter. Furnishes excellent timber
for cabinet-making and coach-building. Multiplies from seed
sown in rows as soon as ripe. In mixed subtropical woods, it
serves as an auxiliary for afforestation and reafforestation.

GUAICUM, _Cesalpina melanocarpa_, Grisb.—From 10 to 15 metres
in height. Gives nice veined timber, used for cabinet-making
and ornaments. Its bark, as well as the seed pods, contains a
large percentage of tannin. It multiplies from seed and is a
secondary tree throughout the subtropical zone.

RED CEDAR, _Cedrela brasiliensis_, A. Juss.—30 metres in height
by O·75 metre in diameter, and sometimes more. Furnishes very
fine light timber of a nice colour and easy to work. Much
used for joinery work. One of the best stock trees in the
subtropical zone, where it should be used for reafforestation
in the existing woods, and afforestation throughout the
subtropical region. To be sown in rows as far as possible and
with seeds in layers.

TALA, _Celtis tola_, Gill, _Celtis sellowiana_, Miq.—From 10
to 15 metres in height. This tree is of slight importance
for afforestation, although its timber is good for posts,
cart-trees, handles for tools, etc. Grows in the first, second
and third regions. Multiplies from seeds in layers as an
auxiliary in mixed woods and woodlands.

PALO DE LANZA AMARILLA (Yellow Lancewood), _Chuncoa trifolia_,
Grisb.—Same height and regions as the preceding tree. To be
planted in the same woods. The timber is useful for joinery
work.

LAUREL, _Emmotum apogon_, Grisb.—One of the finest trees of the
subtropical region; over 25 metres in height by O·50 metre in
diameter. The timber is very fine and good, and is useful for
carpentry work. One of the best kinds for reafforestation and
as stock for afforestation. Sown in rows in little holes with
seeds in layers as far as possible.

WHITE OR YELLOW LAUREL, _Oreodaphne suaveolens_, Meissn.—30
metres in height by 0·50 metre in diameter. Furnishes light
timber, aromatic, easily worked and suitable for joinery. Is a
good auxiliary for reafforestation and for afforestation in the
first region. Sown like the preceding one.

BLACK LAUREL or MOUNTAIN LAUREL, _Nectandra porphyria_,
Grisb.—Same height as the preceding trees and 1 metre in
diameter. Gives fine yellow timber with a black grain like
walnut, but requiring a long time to become seasoned, and
splitting when worked before being quite seasoned. Employed in
hydraulic works, as it keeps well in water. A good auxiliary
kind for afforestation in the first, second and fourth regions,
the seed to be sown in little holes, in rows and in layers.

TIMBÓ PACARÁ, _Enterolobium timbouva_, Mart.—A very leafy tree
of the subtropical region, from 15 to 25 metres in height by 1
to 1·50 metres in diameter. Furnishes timber used for carpentry
and different household purposes, for boats, casks, etc. The
bark contains tannin, and the sawdust of the dry wood causes
sneezing. This is a good auxiliary kind for woods in the first,
second and fourth regions. Multiplies from seeds sown in holes
in rows. It can also be grown from twigs to be planted at the
end of May, a metre apart, in rows of from 1 to 3 metres apart.

BEECH, _Fagus antarctica_, Mirb., _F. betuloides_, Mirb., _F.
oblicua_, Mirb.—A tree of 20 to 30 metres in height, peculiar
to the austral regions, where it forms forests and woods.
Its timber does not resist damp greatly, but is much prized
for box-making and internal woodwork. Multiplies easily from
its seeds, which grow naturally in its shade. When they are
gathered to be used for afforestation they must be sown at
once in layers, or in little holes, as their germinative
power is soon lost. Is one of the best kinds of stock
trees for afforestation in the 6th and 9th regions and for
reafforestation where it already grows.

LARCH, _Fitz-roya patagonica_, Hook.—This conifer of the woods
of the south attains a height of 30 metres, and the timber
given by it is equal to pinewood and used for similar purposes.
Is very suitable for afforestation intermingled with wild pines
in the austral region, and with spruce in that of the straits.
It might also be added to the araucaria in the extreme south of
the Southern Andean region.

QUILLAY (Soap Bark), _Garugandra amorphoides_, Grisb.—This
is a very thorny tree and can be used as a protective belt
round large orchards or plantations for industrial purposes,
in places where animals trespass, and there is no other way to
prevent it. It attains a height of 15 metres by 0·75 metre in
diameter and multiplies naturally from seed. Its timber seems
to be of good quality, and its bark is used as soap in cleaning
woollen and cotton fabrics.

It can be planted as indicated above in regions first, second
and third; and, should it become a nuisance, it may be rooted
out when the plantations are strong against trespass.

CHAÑAR, _Gourlien decorticans_, Gill.—Whole woods of these
trees are to be found in regions 1, 2, 3 and 4. Its fruit is
edible and animals crave for it. Its timber is used for various
household purposes.

WALNUT (Cayuri), _Juglans australis_, Grisb.—15 metres in
height by 1 metre in diameter, with timber equal to European
walnut. This valuable tree, which ought to be cultivated on
a large scale, is gradually vanishing from our woods without
any attempt at reafforestation. We shall become aware of its
industrial value only when it has completely disappeared. It is
suitable as a stock tree in afforestation and as an auxiliary
in reafforestation.

RED QUEBRACHO, _Loxopterigium Lorentzii_, Grisb.—A valuable
tree, 15 metres in height by 2 metres in diameter, its timber
is greatly prized for building purposes, and possesses so much
tannin that it is largely exploited in the Chaco forests. It is
slow of growth, and, therefore, measures for its multiplication
are indispensable, so as to avoid exhausting this source of
wealth. It is one of the best stock kinds for reafforestation,
a third being planted with species of a more rapid growth.
It multiplies naturally if care is taken to prevent forest
fires and to leave always a few full-grown trees standing. Red
Quebracho timber is hard, heavy, and not easily worked. It is
used especially for railway sleepers, posts, columns, frames,
etc. It is nicely veined, and heavy furniture can be made from
it. Buried or in water it keeps for many years.

TIPA (Hardwood), _Machærium Tipa_, Benth.—A tree from 20 to 25
metres in height, very leafy. Its timber is used for different
household purposes. A splendid avenue tree, but very third-rate
as a forest tree. The seeds are sown in rows, once ripe: 1st
and 4th regions.

MORA (Mulberry), _Maclura Mora_, Grisb.—From 15 to 20 metres
in height by 1 metre in diameter. Furnishes yellowish,
fine-grained timber, which is used for the manufacture of
elegant furniture. Well seasoned, the wood is the colour of
mahogany. An excellent auxiliary tree in the subtropical,
Pampean and Northern Andean regions. In mixed woods it may be
stock or prevailing tree, according to the kinds grown with it.
It may also be used for woodland cutting. It is sown in rows,
or grown in nurseries for two years, when the young plants are
transplanted.

PALO DE SAN ANTONIO, _Myrsine floribunda_.—15 metres in height
by 0·75 metre in diameter, with a straight trunk and springy
wood, which is used principally for making staves. To be sown
in rows as an auxiliary, in mixed woods, in the 1st, 2nd and
4th regions.

CEBIL, _Piptadenia Cebil_, Grisb., _P. communis_, Benth.—A
tree of 20 to 25 metres in height by over 1 metre in diameter.
Grows in the subtropical Andean and Northern Pampean regions.
Excellent timber, but can only be utilized when quite seasoned,
and is used principally for joinery. To be sown as stock trees
in furrows or small holes.

ALGARROBO (Carob Tree), _Prosopis alba_, Grisb.—From 15 to 20
metres in height by 1 metre in diameter, with timber much used
in carpentry, and bark possessing a large percentage of tannin.
A good kind for afforestation in regions 1, 2 and 4; to be sown
as stock trees in furrows or small holes.

ÑANDUBAY, _Prosopis algarrobilo_, Grisb.—About 10 metres in
height, with hard timber, generally used for large stakes and
posts. Grows well throughout the northern and even in the third
region. To be sown as an auxiliary in mixed woods.

IRIRARÚ, VIRARÚ, PALO DE LANZA (Lancewood), _Ruprechtia
excelsa_, Grisb.—10 to 15 metres in height by 0·75 metre
in diameter; giving excellent timber for various household
purposes. To be sown as an auxiliary in woods of the northern
regions, predominating among timber for cutting.

LAPACHO, _Tabebuia Avellanedæ_, LORENTZ, _Tabebuia flavescens_,
Benth.—This beautiful tree is covered with blossoms in spring
time, the former with pinky mauve and the latter with yellow
blossoms. In the northern forests it grows to a height of 25
metres, its wood is very fine-grained and very much prized for
all sorts of fine carpentry. Two excellent kinds for stock in
tall mixed woods, 1st and 2nd regions. To be sown in rows, in
furrows or small holes.

COCO (Cocoanut Tree), _Zanthoxylum Coco_, Gill.—From 10 to 12
metres in height by 0·75 metre in diameter. The wood is very
pretty and fine, valued for elegant furniture. To be sown in
rows, furrows or small holes as an auxiliary in mixed woods and
plantations in the 1st and 2nd regions.

URUNDAY, _Astronium juglandifolium_, Grisb.—A splendid tree
from 25 to 30 metres in height by 1·50 metres in diameter,
common in the Chaco. Its timber is very hard and richly
coloured, it is used for furniture, ship-building, etc. One
of the best kinds for stock and reafforestation in the first
region. Multiplies naturally from seed if care be taken to
leave a few trees standing at suitable distances for producing
seeds, which scatter easily. In the warm valleys of the 4th
region, as well as in the 2nd, to be sown in furrows with other
auxiliary species for afforestation.

ALDER TREE, _Alnus ferruginea_, Kth.—From the Northern Andean
region, where it grows to a height of 15 metres by 0·75 metre
in diameter. Gives white, very easily worked, damp-resisting
timber, used for joinery work. A good auxiliary kind for
afforestation in 1st, 2nd, 4th and 7th regions. To be sown in
rows, in furrows or in plots with other species, one being the
stock tree.

NATIVE or RED WILLOW, _Salix Humboldtiana_, Witti.—15 metres in
height by 1 metre in diameter. Grows well in all regions where
the eucalyptus does not freeze, gives timber for carpentry
and multiplies from seed. A good auxiliary in mixed woods and
timber for cutting, and for reafforestation on damp soil, where
it is planted from twigs towards the end of the winter. For
afforestation it is sown in plots when the seeds are ripe, in
regions 4 and 7 and the more temperate part of region 3.

SOUTHERN PINE, _Araucaria imbricata_, R. and P.—A tree 50
metres in height of our southern forests. Its timber is equal
to the best pine, and it is one of the best stock kinds in the
6th region. To be sown in rows or in little holes when the
seeds drop naturally in the 5th and 6th regions.

MISIONES PINE, _Araucaria brasiliensis_, A. Rich.—This conifer
grows to a height of 50 metres by 1 metre in diameter in
certain valleys of the northern regions 1, 2, and part of 3, 4,
7 and 8, as far as Mar del Plata. Its timber is equal to that
of the pine, it is used for joinery and building. Sown like
the preceding tree.

CYPRESS, _Libocedras chilensis_, Endl.—From the Andes, where it
grows to a height of 25 to 30 metres by 0·70 metre in diameter.
Its wood is fine and excels for furniture and veneering. A good
auxiliary kind for the dense woods of the south.

CHIEF SPECIES OF EXOTIC FOREST TREES GROWN IN THE COUNTRY

FIR, _Abies Nordmanniana_, Spach.—From Asia Minor, where it
grows to a height of 40 metres by 1·50 metres in diameter at
least, 5th and 6th regions, in tall woods consisting of firs
alone.

ACACIA OLIVE, _Acacia melanoxylon_, R. Br.—From Australia,
where it attains a height of 15 to 20 metres by 1 metre in
diameter; very branchy, and giving very hard wood known as iron
wood. A good stock kind in acacia, mimosa and laurel groves in
regions 4, 5, 7 and 8, as far as Mar del Plata. To be sown in
rows or in furrows.

FRENCH MIMOSA, _Acacia dealbata_, Link.—Likewise from
Australia; it attains a height of 20 metres by 0·50 metre in
diameter, but breaks easily. A good predominating species and
for reafforestation of timber for cutting, in regions 4, 5, 7
and 8, as far as 38° S. latitude.

MAPLE TREE, _Acer pseudo platanus_, L.—A European tree 20 to 30
metres in height by 0·75 metre in diameter, growing as rapidly
as the sycamore maple. An excellent auxiliary kind for tall
woods of trees with deciduous leaves, in regions 4, 5, 6 and
7. To be sown in rows, in furrows or one-year-old saplings 2
metres apart.

HEAVENLY TREE, _Ailanthus glandulosa_, Desf.—From China, from
25 to 30 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter; very sturdy,
and multiplying on all sides from the numberless saplings which
grow from its roots; furnishes fine, hard, well-veined timber.
A good kind for mixed woods and for stock timber in regions 4,
5, 6, 7 and 8. To be sown in rows or planted from saplings.

ALDER TREE, _Alnus glutinosa_, Gaertn.—From Europe and Western
Asia. From 20 to 30 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter.
Grows well in the riparian region, and its wood is useful for
carpentry. Sown in rows, in furrows or in plots.

SPANISH CHESTNUT, _Castanea vesca_, Gaertn.—From Europe, Asia
and Northern Africa. It grows here as a fruit tree, but may be
grown also as a forest stock tree in tall and mixed woods, and
as an auxiliary in timber for cutting in regions 3, 4, 5, 6
and 7. Its wood is principally used for staves, casks, etc. To
be sown in rows as soon as it falls, as the germinative power
is of short duration. It may also be sown in nursery beds, for
transplanting when two or three years old.

CASUARINA (She Oak).—Various species are grown here, chief are
_C. quadrivalvis_, Labill., _C. equisetifolia_, Forst., and _C.
glauca_, Sieb. Herb. We ignore the height to which they may
grow, but many specimens we have are from 20 to 30 metres high.
The mode of reproduction and cultivation is the same as for
eucalyptus. The wood is excellent. Suitable for high woods in
the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th regions.

CEDARS.—Although not yet grown on a very large scale, the
specimens we have of _C. Atlantica_, _C. libani_ and _C.
deodara_, natives of Mounts Atlas, Lebanon and the Himalayas,
are hardy, cold-resisting, and everything points to our
being able to grow them well in high woods intermingled with
cypresses, in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th regions. Its
timber is first class, and useful for many purposes.

SWEET CHERRY, _Cerasus avium_, Moench.—From Europe, where it
grows to a height of 20 to 25 metres, gives splendid wood,
greatly prized for furniture. The few specimens we have
scattered through the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th regions. To be
sown in nursery beds after gathering the seeds, or in layers in
furrows or small holes. The nurslings are transplanted when a
year or two old.

CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA, Don.—From Japan. Grows very well here,
easily attaining the same height as in its native land, which
varies from 30 to 40 metres. A good kind for tall woods on
rich soil. Multiplication and cultivation like that of the
eucalyptus in the 4th, 5th and 7th regions. Trials in the 8th.

DAMMARA AUSTRALIS, Lumb.—From New Zealand. The few specimens we
have in the environs of Buenos Aires show a species quite as
hardy as in its native land, where it attains a height of 50
metres by 2 metres in diameter. Grown like the eucalyptus in
compact groves and in the same region.

EUCALYPTUS.—Native of Australia. We reckon our specimens of
this gigantic tree by the thousand, of several different
kinds. The first known specimens of _E. globulus_ were planted
more than half a century ago, and now it would take a long time
to enumerate all our progressive citizens who have devoted
large tracts of land to forming dense groves of these trees,
which, besides giving them good returns in the sums represented
by the present eucalyptus groves, have also contributed to
increase the value of the land, directly or indirectly.
Directly, thanks to the amount of vegetable mould which these
trees originate, and indirectly for the shelter afforded by
them for growing certain kinds of plants and rearing delicate
breeds of cattle which would not have thriven in the open
country. It would be difficult to estimate the share of the
eucalyptus in the increased value of the lands, flocks and
herds. In order to form an idea on the subject one must imagine
what estancias were sixty years ago, with the sheltering ombú
and the peach grove, enclosed by paradise trees and willows.
How long it took to grow a tiny grove of willows, paradise tree
and black wattle, which barely furnished sufficient wood to
heat the water for brewing mate or Paraguayan tea. Different
kinds of Eucalyptus are grown under apocryphal specific
designations, and therefore we abstain from giving them lest we
lead planters into temptation.

The best among them are the following:—

_E. Amygdalina_, Labill.—From Australia and Tasmania, 140
metres in height by 4 or 5 metres in diameter.

_E. Botrioydes_, Smith.—From Southern Queensland, where it
attains a height of 60 metres by 2 metres in diameter.

_E. diversicolor_, F. v. M.—From Southern Australia, 140 metres
in height, over 2 metres in diameter.

_E. cornuta_, Labill.—From the same place as the preceding one,
60 metres in height by 2 metres in diameter.

_E. hemiphloia_, F. v. M.—From New South Wales, where it
attains a height of 60 metres by 2 metres in diameter. The best
wood of all.

_E. leucoxylon_, F. v. M.—From New South Wales and Victoria.
This is the famous “iron bark”; it is only 30 metres in height
by 2 metres in diameter.

_E. melliodora_, Cunningh.—New South Wales and Victoria. Gives
very fine timber and grows to a height of 60 metres by 1·50
metres in diameter. Its blossoms are much visited by bees.

_E. occidentalis_, Smith.—From Western Australia. Like E.
globulus, can be grown near the sea coast. Generally it does
not exceed 40 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter.

_E. pauciflora_, Sieb.—Southern Australia and Tasmania. From
50 to 60 metres in height by 2 metres in diameter, wood of
excellent quality. One of the best cold-resisting species.

_E. Pilularis_, Smith.—Southern Queensland and New South
Wales, 100 metres in height and 4 metres in diameter; wood of
excellent quality.

_E. viminalis_, Labill.—Southern Australia, where it grows to a
height of 100 metres by 3 or 4 metres in diameter.

All these species have been imported and planted in different
places. Some, on the one hand, and others, on the other,
probably have been lost, the remainder are mixed to such a
degree that at present no information can be given about them
without falling into error.

All the species mentioned and some others were planted in “3
de Febrero” Park, about the year 1875-76, in the clump which
shaded the guanacos’ corral. At first they bore distinguishing
numbers, but now nothing remains to designate them. Another
nursery had been started on the other side of the railway to
the Tigre, beside the avenue of palms, of which also we believe
not a vestige remains. There also was a nursery of ombús, one
of hardwood trees and a collection of American grape vines.

ASH TREE, _Fraxinus excelsior_, L.—Europe. From 25 to 30 metres
in height by 1 metre in diameter. Gives very elastic, white
or yellow timber, greatly prized in carriage-building. Grows
well in the 5th, 6th and 7th regions. The seeds are laid down
as they ripen, sometimes they take two years to germinate, but
when they fall naturally to the ground and are covered over by
leaves in autumn they sprout well. On this account and that
of its intrinsic value this tree is one of the best kinds for
stocking tall and mixed woods. The best plan for afforestation
is to sow the seeds in nursery beds and plant out the following
year.

BLACK ACACIA, _Gleditschia triacanthos_.—A thorny North
American tree; here growing to a height of 25 metres by 0·70
metre in diameter. Its wood is excellent for cabinet-making.
Sown in rows as an auxiliary—on account of its thorns. It gives
a quantity of edible pods like that of the carob tree. It grows
well in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th regions.

WALNUT, _Juglans regia_, L.—From Europe and Asia. Does not
exceed 25 metres in height, but is a metre and more in
diameter. Grows as a forest tree, but is very suitable for
stocking mixed woods in the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th regions. To
be sown in rows, in holes or in nursery beds and planted out
when a year old. As the seeds keep their germinative power
for a month only, they must be sown immediately or placed in
layers. The wood, which is greatly prized, is one of the best
known and valued.

PARADISE TREE, _Melia azedarach_, L.—Southern Asia. 15 metres
in height by 0·60 metre in diameter. A good auxiliary species
for mixed woods and timber for cutting in the 3rd, 4th, 6th and
7th regions, where the eucalyptus does not freeze.

NEGUNDO FRAXINIFOLIUM, Nutt.—From North America, growing well
in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th regions, where it attains a
height of 10 to 15 metres by 0·50 metre in diameter. It is a
good kind for mixed woods and timber for cutting. The seeds are
sown immediately on ripening. It is also grown from grafting
twigs.

FIR, _Picea excelsa_, Linck.—From Europe, where it attains a
height of 40 metres. The few specimens we know do not allow
of our expressing any opinion, based on practical experience,
about the possible merit of this splendid tree in our woods in
the 3rd, 5th, 6th and 9th regions, though its origin and growth
give reason for hope. In Europe, in all the plantations we know
of in Germany, England and France, the fir is one of the best
cold, storm and drought-resisting trees.

It is sown in rows, in furrows 2·50 to 3 metres apart,
according to the soil. It may be planted alone or alternately
with birch trees.

PINES.—The kind best known and cultivated here are the
_Pinus austriaca_, _P. insignis_ and _P. Pinaster_. Without
questioning the specific designation applied to certain kinds
of pine trees, we may say that _P. insignis_ grows luxuriantly
in the 4th, 5th and 7th regions, forming dense woods; the
_P. Canariensis_, not quite so hardy, does not flourish so
far south, the other kinds may be grown in those as well as
in the Riparian austral and maritime regions, where they may
prove very useful, as well as the varieties _P. maritima_, _P.
laricio_, etc.

PLANE TREE, _Platanus orientalis_, L.—From Europe and Asia
Minor. It grows to 40 metres in height by 1 or 2 metres in
diameter. It is the favourite for avenues; grows taller in the
woods, but its foliage is not so luxuriant. Propagated from
grafting twigs to be planted 50 centimetres apart in rows 2·50
metres apart. To be thinned out when two years old, leaving the
latter distance between them and filling up the gaps with those
taken out. Its wood is useful for many purposes, though not
first class.

POPLAR, _Populus_.—We have many large plantations of the
Lombardy poplar, _P. Nigra_, L., Canadian poplar, _O.
Canadensis_, Michx., and the Swiss, Virginian and some of
the Carolina poplar, which is the male plant of the same
species. Some plantations of the silver poplar, _P. alba_, _P.
euphratica_ and _P. simoni_, have also been planted.

All may be utilized as auxiliaries in planting mixed woods and
timber for cutting. They are very hardy, and the wood is used
for packing-cases, boxes, etc. They are planted from grafting
twigs 50 centimetres apart, in rows of 2 metres, to be thinned
out when necessary.

WHITE ACACIA, _Robinia pseudo-acacia_.—North American. Grows
to a height of 25 metres by 0·60 metre in diameter; when
dry, the wood is excellent, and is used for coach-building,
cabinet-making, etc. It grows well, especially in mixed woods,
as the saplings are utilized. In timber plantations it must be
planted singly as it overruns the ground in a short time. To
be sown in rows 25 or 30 kilogs. to the hectare, without any
mixture. From the strongest and straightest specimens stock
trees are chosen, the others are cut down to the ground every
two, twelve or eighteen years.

WILLOW, _Salix_.—The willow is very useful for planting woods
in damp or low-lying places in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th,
8th and 9th regions. It is grown from grafting twigs, a metre
apart, anywhere. The weeping willow, _S. babylonica_, gives
fuel which sells well. The osier willow, _S. purpurea_, _S.
rubra_, _S. vitellina_, _S. viminalis_ and _S. amygdalina_,
furnish fine and common osiers, which are so much used in
basket-making of every kind, and for light wicker furniture for
the garden and the beach. It is one of the chief products of
the Paraná Islands and others.

ELM TREE, _Ulmus_.—The elms we possess belong to the species
_U. campestris_, L., and _U. montana_, Burch, both from Europe.
They attain a height of 40 metres by 1 metre in diameter, and
grow well on cool gravelly soil. The elm in general is more
suited to the hills or declivities than to the plains. It
is very hardy and long-lived. Its timber is excellent for
coach-building, and some parts of it for cabinet-making. It is
a good species for stock, in suitable places, in the 3rd, 5th,
6th and 7th and some parts of the 9th region. It is sown as
soon as the seeds ripen on well-tilled soil, either in furrows
or plots.

EXOTIC FOREST TREES WHICH IT WOULD BE WELL TO INTRODUCE

FIR TREE.—The most interesting species are:—

_A. amabilis_ and _A. balsamea_, from North America, grows from
30 to 40 metres high by 1 to 1·50 metres in diameter. Suitable
for the 3rd, 5th and 6th regions.

_A. bifida_, _A. brachyphylla_, from Japan, attain a height of
40 or 50 metres, 4th, 5th and 7th regions.

_A. bracteata_, Hook and Arn.—From the mountains of Santa
Lucia. 50 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter.

_A. concolor_, Lindl.—From the Rocky Mountains, where they grow
to 30 or 40 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter. These two
species should be tried in the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th regions.

_A. grandis_, Lindl.—From the northern states of the Union.
Attains a height of 90 metres by 1 or 2 metres in diameter,
3rd, 4th and 6th.

_A. magnifice_, Murr., and _A. mobilis_, Lindl.—From California
and Oregon, where it grows to a height of 70 to 80 metres by 2
or 3 metres in diameter; 2nd and 3rd regions, and the hills in
the 4th and 5th.

_A. pectinata_, D. C.—From Europe. 40 metres in height by 1
metre and sometimes more in diameter; 3rd, 5th, 6th and 9th
regions.

_A. religiosa_, Lindl.—From Mexico. Attains 40 to 50 metres in
height by 1 or 2 metres in diameter; 2nd and 3rd regions.

All fir trees require hilly ground already stocked with trees.
It is useless to plant them on the open plain. Other conifers,
known also as firs, belong to the genera _Picea_ and _Tsuga_.

MAPLE TREE.—The _Acer campestre_ and _A. platanoides_.—From
Europe, appear to be suited for our 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th
regions, the latter as a stock species. Thirty feet high.

The _A. eriocarpum_, Michx., and _A. rubrum_, Michx., are two
handsome species from North America, where they grow to a
height of 20 to 35 metres by 1 metre in diameter.

To be essayed in the same regions as the preceding trees. They
require deep soil and are cultivated like the sycamore maple.

ALDERS. The _Alnus cordifolia_, Ten.—From Europe, and _A.
orientalis_, Dcne., from Asia. Would grow well in the 7th
region and on the shores of the 5th, 6th and 9th.

ARAUCARIAS. The _Araucaria Bidwilli_, Hook, and _A.
Cunninghami_, Ait., both from Eastern Australia. Grow to a
height of 50 to 60 metres and give excellent timber; 2nd, 3rd
and 4th regions.

_A. excelsa_, R. Br.—From Norfolk Island. Attains a height of
70 metres by 1 metre and over in diameter; 2nd, 3rd and 4th
regions.

_A. Cookii_, E. Br., and _A. mulleri_, R. Br.—From New
Caledonia; 40 metres in height; 1st, 2nd and 4th regions.

All grow on deep, humid soil, rich in vegetable mould, like
certain parts of the Chaco and of the 1st and 2nd regions.

BIRCHES.—Valuable trees for the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 9th
regions. Do not exceed 30 metres in height on the best soil,
but very hardy and reach a metre in diameter. The best species
are _Betula alba_, _B. nigra_, _B. lenta_ and _B. pubescens_.

AMERICAN WALNUT TREES.—All give excellent timber, strong and
hardier than the European kinds. Could be planted and sown in
regions 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The best species for woods are _Carya
alba_, Nut., and _C. amara_, from Canada. _C. olivæformis_
and _C. porcina_ from the central states of North America.
_C. tomentosa_, Nutt., is popularly known in North America as
Hickory.

Tall trees, generally very leafy, and suitable for stock in
mixed woods and for special wood planting, together with
European and Asiatic species, cultivated like the common
walnut, _J. regia_.

CEDARS.—All cedars give very fine wood known as cedar-wood,
whence the confusion with real cedar belonging to the conifera
family.

The Red Cedar of Australia, _Cedrela australis_, Muell., grows
to 60 metres in height. May be planted in the 1st and 2nd
regions together with the one we have, _C. brasiliensis_. _C.
sinensis_, A. Juss, seems more suitable for the 3rd and 5th
regions.

CHAMÆYPARIS.—This resinous tree gives excellent timber in the
United States, where it grows to a height of 25 to 30 metres
by 0·60 metre in diameter. The species _C. Lawsoniana_ and _C.
Nutkænsis_, from North America, as well as _C. obtusa_, Endl.,
from Japan, appear to be suitable for dense woods in regions 4,
5 and 6.

DACRYDIUM.—Indigenous to Tasmania and New Zealand. The forest
species furnish good carpentry timber. From some descriptions
of Chilian conifers it would seem that some of these are very
like Dacrydium.

The most interesting species are _D. cupressinum_, Soland, _D.
Franklinii_ and _D. Kirkii_, F. v. M.

These trees grow to a height of 40 to 60 metres and require
very generous soil, rather damp and warm, like that of the
1st and 2nd regions in our country. To be cultivated as the
_Araucaria brasiliensis_ or Misiones pine.

DIOSPYROS.—The _D. lotus_, from Italy, and _D. Virginiana_
furnish valuable timber know as ebony. They do not exceed 20
to 25 metres in height. A trial might be made in the 2nd, 3rd,
4th, 5th and 7th regions.

DRIMYS, _D. Winter_, Forst.—A Chilian tree 15 to 20 metres in
height, gives winter bark, used in medicine. To be tried for
mixed woods in the 3rd, 4th and 5th regions.

BEECH, _Fagus sylvatica_, L.—A European tree 30 metres in
height by half a metre in diameter; gives excellent wood for
boxes and wooden partitions or anything not exposed to the
weather. A first-class species for the 3rd, 5th, 6th and 9th
regions as a stock tree in tall woods.

ASH TREE.—The _Fraxinus americana_, L., _F. quadrangularis_,
Michx., _F. sambucifolia_, Lam.—From North America, are trees
of 30 to 35 metres in height by 0·60 to 1 metre in diameter.
The timber is highly prized for coach-building and other
special work. It appears suitable for mixed woods in 5th, 6th
and 7th regions, where it may be grown like the common ash tree.

BLACK WALNUT TREE, _Juglans nigra_, L.—From North America,
where it attains 40 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter.
Though its wood is not so valuable as common walnut, it is very
pretty and fine-grained. It might be planted and grown in the
same regions as the other kinds of walnut.

JUNIPER TREE, _Juniperus virginiana_, L.—From 25 to 30 metres
high by 1 metre in diameter, growing in North American
forests. The wood is very nice, and used by cabinet-makers,
etc. This conifer appears suitable for dense woods in the 3rd,
5th and 6th regions, with Lambertiana and other cypresses, and
is grown in the same way.

LARCH TREE.—The European _Larix europea_, L., and the American
_L. microcarpa_ are hardy species of 25 to 40 metres in height
by 1 metre in diameter, with deciduous leaves, which makes its
transport easy; 5th, 6th and 8th regions; in tall woods with
other conifers. Grown like the Spruce.

SPRUCES.—Great conifers of the cold regions of North America.
The most suitable species for woods, besides the _P. excelsa_,
Linck., which we already grow, are the _P. alba_, Linck., from
Canada, _P. Engelmanii_, Car., from the Rocky Mountains, _P.
morinda_, Linck., from the Himalayas, and _P. nigra_, Linck.,
from Northern America. The latter species is suitable for the
6th and 9th regions; the others for the 5th and 6th, grown as
firs.

LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS, Torr.—From California, where it grows to
40 metres in height, over a metre in diameter, is very strong
and gives excellent timber. Appears suitable for afforestation
together with the Chilian variety in the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 7th
regions.

To be sown and cultivated like the Lambertiana cypress.

TULIP TREE, or WHITEWOOD, _Liriodendrum tulipifera_, L.—From
North America, where it attains a height of 60 metres by 3 and
4 metres in diameter. Gives good wood and appears suitable for
growing in tall woods on deep and humid soil in regions 4, 5, 6
and 7.

To be sown thickly in furrows or in beds for transplanting when
a year old.

PINE TREES.—We already have different kinds of pine trees which
flourish in woods. It would be well to introduce the better
species, because we lack such as _Pinus australis_, Michx.,
from Carolina and Florida, where it grows to 35 to 40 metres
in height. This is the species which gives the timber known as
pitchpine.

_P. Benthamiana_, Hartw.—From California. 70 metres in height
by 2 metres in diameter. Good timber.

_P. excelsa_, Wall.—From the Himalayas. 40 metres in height.

_P. Jeffreyana_, V. H.; _P. Lambertiana_, Doug.; _P.
Sabiniana_, Doug.; and _P. Torreyana_, all from California.

_P. Strobus_, L.—From North America. A hardy tree 40 metres in
height by 1 metre in diameter.

The Californian species might be tried in the 4th, 5th, 6th
and 8th regions. The Himalayan species on the mountain ranges
of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th, and the last-named species in
the 5th, 6th and 8th. That from the Carolinas might be grown
together with _P. insignis_.

To be grown in woods of the same kind in the same regions and
in the same way as those we have.

PLANERA CRENATA, Desf.—A tree from the Caucasians; excellent
timber and very hardy.

Grown like the elm and in the same regions.

CAUCASIAN WALNUT TREE, _Pterocarya caucasica_ and _P.
Spachiand_.—Trees 20 metres in height, magnificent timber and
suitable for intermingling with other walnut trees, especially
Carya species.

SEQUOIA.—From California, where it grows to 80 or 100 metres in
height by 5 or 6 metres in diameter. The species _S. gigantea_
is that which attains the greatest size; the _S. sempervirens_
is more modest and less exacting about the nature of the soil
and its situation. The former requires porous, deep and rather
clayey soil, situated on hills or in ravines. To be tried in
the 3rd and 6th regions and on the mountains in the 4th and
5th. Grown as the pine.

LIME TREE.—The different European and North American species,
_Tilia argentea_, Desf., _T. nigra_, Burk, and _T. silvestris_
from Europe, might be planted in the 5th, 6th and 7th regions
in heavy, porous, clay soil.

_Tsuga douglasi_ (Fir).—From Colorado State, North America.
Attains a height of 50 metres and furnishes excellent timber.
Suitable for planting woods together with spruces and firs, and
grown in the same way.

AMERICAN ELM TREE, _Ulmus americanus_, L.—This is a very hardy
species at least 30 metres high. Its timber, though not so very
good, is yet used in carriage-building and the like. Grown like
other elm species and in the same regions.

Lest it should be thought that a disproportionate amount of space has been allotted here to this matter of forestry it must be pointed out that timber of all kinds constitutes one of the greatest of the still latent treasures of the River Plate. A treasure which could be easily realized but which has hitherto been extraordinarily neglected not only in practice but even by most writers on the countries in question.

Argentina will one day export timber and ornamental woods instead of importing them as she has done hitherto; and perhaps the present difficulties of maritime transport will help to turn the eyes of both Republics to the wealth of building and other timber and fine woods they have at hand.

A visit to the coach-making works of those of the River Plate Railway Companies which manufacture their own luxurious saloon and sleeping cars, would alone suffice to astonish many people by the beauty and value of the native woods there used, both in the cabinet-maker’s art and in the most solid portions of construction destined to resist exceptional strain.

Señor Mauduit has already been quoted on the subject of the need of shade for cattle. A need which estancieros now pretty fully appreciate.