Chapter II: Part 2

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Specific Weight of Weight of
NAME. COMPOSITION. gravity. cubic inch cubic foot
(ounces). (pounds).
----------------+----------------------------+------+----------+--------
Gold, pure | | 19.3 | 11.169 | 1,206.25
Gold, native |Gold, silver, copper, iron | 17.5 | 10.128 | 1,093.75
Silver, pure | | 10.6 | 6.134 | 662.50
Silver, native |Silver and other metals | 10. | 5.787 | 625.00
Copper, native |Copper | 8.9 | 5.150 | 556.25
Vitreous Copper |Sulphuret of copper, 21; | | |
|copper, 79 | 5.6 | 3.298 | 350.00
Copper pyrites |Sulphur, 35; copper, 35; | | |
|iron, 30 | 4.2 | 2.430 | 262.50
Red copper |Copper, 89; oxygen, 11 | 5.9 | 3.414 | 368.75
Gray copper |Sulphur, arsenic, antimony, | | |
|silver, copper, iron, zinc, | | |
|and mercury in most varying | | |
|proportions | 4.8 | 2.777 | 300.00
Malachite |Carbonic acid, 20; oxide of | | |
|copper, 72; water, 8 | 3.8 | 2.199 | 237.50
Tin oxide |Oxygen, 22; tin, 78 | 6.7 | 3.877 | 418.75
Tin pyrites |Tin, 27; copper, 30; | | |
|iron, 13; sulphur, 29 | 4.4 | 2.546 | 275.00
Lead, pure | | 11.4 | 6.597 | 712.50
Galena |Sulphur, 13; lead, 87 | 7.5 | 4.340 | 468.75
Carb. of lead |Carbonic acid, 16; oxide of | | |
|lead, 84 | 6.4 | 3.715 | 400.00
Zinc | | 7.0 | 4.051 | 437.50
Red oxide |Zinc, 80; oxygen, 19; oxide | | |
of zinc | of manganese | 5.4 | 3.125 | 337.50
Antimony | | 6.8 | 3.935 | 425.00
Gray oxide |Sulphur, 29; antimony, 71 | 4.5 | 2.025 | 281.25
of antimony | | | |
Nickel | | 8.4 | 4.861 | 525.00
Arsenical nickel|Arsenic, 56; nickel, 44 | 7.5 | 4.340 | 468.75
Sulphuret |Nickel, sulphur, arsenic | 6.2 | 3.588 | 387.50
Cobalt pyrites |Cobalt, 58; sulphur | 5.0 | 2.893 | 312.50
Iron, cast | | 7.2 | 4.166 | 450.00
Iron, wrought | | 7.78| 4.496 | 486.25
Iron pyrites |Sulphur, 53; iron, 47 | 4.9 | 2.835 | 306.25
Magnetic iron |Oxygen, 28; iron, 72 | 5.1 | 2.951 | 318.75
Arsenical iron |Arsenic, 46; sulphur, 20; | | |
|iron, 34 | 5.7 | 3.298 | 356.25
Specular iron |Oxygen, 30; iron, 70 | 4.9 | 2.835 | 306.25
Hematite |Oxide of iron, 86; water, 14| 4.0 | 2.314 | 250.00
Uranium, or |Oxygen, 15; uranium, 85 | 7.0 | 4.051 | 437.50
pitch-blende | | | |
Baryta or | | 4.0 | 2.314 | 250.00
heavy spar | | | |
Lime rock | | 3.0 | 1.736 | 187.50
Calc spar | | 2.7 | 1.562 | 168.75
Fluor spar | | 3.15| 1.822 | 196.87
Quartz | | 2.69| 1.673 | 167.452
Granite | | 2.78| 1.608 | 173.75
----------------+----------------------------+------+----------+-----------

Note.--A vein of ore one inch thick, six feet long, and six feet high, will measure three cubic feet; two inches, six cubic feet, and so on in proportion, allowing three cubic feet for every inch of ore in the lode, six feet high and six feet long.

Excellent Advice to the Emigrant Traveler

Is given by the California Immigrant Union, No. 248 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, which, if heeded, will be of service:

1. Buy your tickets for passage on railroad or steamboat, only at the office, before starting. Many of the runners who offer tickets for sale in the streets are swindlers. If you intend to go in a steamer or ship, examine the vessel before getting your ticket, and engage a particular berth or room in a part of the vessel that is clean, well ventilated and just comfortably warm.

2. Never show your money nor let any stranger know that you have any. Thieves prefer to rob emigrants, who generally carry money with them, and cannot stop to prosecute them, and have no acquaintances to aid in the prosecution. Do not mention the fact that you are an emigrant to persons who have no business to know it.

3. Never carry any large sum of money with you; you can always buy drafts at banks, and if you are going to a strange place you can give your photograph to the banker to forward to your destination, so that you can be identified without trouble when you want to draw your money.

4. Avoid those strangers who claim to be old acquaintances, and whom you do not recollect. A certain class of thieves claim the acquaintance of ignorant countrymen whom they want to rob.

5. Do not drink at the solicitation of strangers; the first point of the thief is to intoxicate or drug his victim.

6. Do not play cards for money with strangers; in many cases they confederate to rob emigrants.

7. Travel in company with old friends, if possible, and do not leave them. Thieves prefer to take their victims one at a time.

8. If you see anybody pick up a full pocket-book, and he offers it to you for a small sum; or if you see some men playing cards, and you are requested to bet on some point where it seems certain that you must win; or it you see an auctioneer selling a fine gold watch for five dollars, don’t let them catch you. Emigrants are systematically swindled by such tricks.

9. If, when you arrive in a strange town, you want information and advice, you can always get it by applying at the right place. First, apply at the office of the Immigration Society, if there is one. If you are a foreigner, you will probably find in the large cities a Consular office or a benevolent society of your countrymen, and you can apply there. Usually, there are attentive and polite men at the police office. Public officers generally in the United States are ready to assist and advise strangers.

10. Before starting from home, carefully read all the accessible books about the State or Territory to which you intend to go; and when you arrive, go to some place where you can find old friends, if you have any. If you are poor, commence work immediately, but do not be in a hurry to buy land, unless with the approval of men whom you can trust. Take a month or two to get information about the country. Advice about the purchase of land is often given with corrupt motives.

* * * * *

White Mountain Reservation.--The boundaries of the reservation to be as follows, as shown in red on the accompanying map: Starting at the point of intersection of the boundary between New Mexico and Arizona with the south edge of the Black Mesa, and following the southern edge of the Black Mesa to a point due north of Sombrero or Plumoso Butte; then due south to said Sombrero or Plumoso Butte; then in the direction of the Picache Colorado to the crest of the Apache Mountains, following said crest down the Salt River to Pinal Creek, and then up the Pinal Creek to the top of the Pinal Mountains; then following the crest of the Pinal range, “the Cordilleras de la Gila,” the “Almagra Mountains,” and other mountains bordering the north bank of the Gila River to the New Mexican boundary, near Steeple Rock; then following said boundary north to its intersection with the south edge of the Black Mesa, the starting point.

=Southern Pacific Railroad.=

Regular and Special Rates in U. S. Gold Coin for the “Loop Route.”

===========================================================================
Between | | San | | | | |
SAN FRANCISCO | New- | Buena-| Santa | Los | San | |
and | hall.|Ventura|Barbara|Angeles| Diego| Colton| Yuma
-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---
Distances | 438 M| 488 M | 518 M | 470 M | 606 M| 528 M | 720 M
-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---
(1) Unlimited First |$25.85|$30.85 |$33.85 |$28.00 |$38.00|$31.00 |$50.00
Class | | | | | | |
(2) Unlimited First | | | | | | |
Class including | | | | 65.00 | | |
Yosemite| | | | | | |
(3) Limited First | 20.00| 24.00 | 27.00 | 20.00 | 30.00| 23.00 | 42.00
Class | | | | | | |
(4) Limited Third | 10.00| 15.00 | 18.00 | 10.00 | 20.00| 13.00 | 32.00
Class | | | | | | |
-----------------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+----

(1) Allows stop-over privileges, at pleasure, upon notifying Conductors.

(2) Includes the Tourists’ Trip from Merced to Yosemite and Return.

(3) Limited to a continuous trip between San Francisco and Los Angeles.

(4) Limited to a continuous trip between San Francisco and Los Angeles, on Third Class Trains.

T. H. GOODMAN,
General Pass. & Ticket Agent.

Eastern Railroad Rates.

FIRST-CLASS.
_From_ _Denver or Colorado Springs._
St. Louis to $50.00
Chicago to 65.00
Cincinnati to 65.00
Quincy to 49.00
Kansas City to 45.00
Atchison to 45.00

EMIGRANT RATES.
_From_ _Denver_
_and Pueblo._ _La Veta._
New York to $31.55
St. Louis to 22.00 $25.00
Cincinnati to 30.00 33.00
Quincy to 22.40 25.40
Chicago to 29.40 32.40
Toledo to 34.40 37.40
Indianapolis to 29.00 32.00
Kansas City to } 20.00 24.00
Atchison to }

FREIGHT RATES.

Household goods, trees and shrubbery, farm implements, wagons, stock, old mining tools, etc., emigrant’s account only, from Kansas City to Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo, $100 per car; less than car loads, $1 per 100 lbs. To El Moro, $130 per car; less than car loads, $1.30 per 100 lbs.

FROM MISSOURI RIVER TO COLORADO, EN ROUTE TO ARIZONA.

_First-Class Fare._--Atchison or Kansas City to Pueblo, Colorado Springs, and Denver, $35; Veta, $38; Cañon City, $36.25.

_Second-Class Fare._--From Kansas City, Atchison, Topeka, and Lawrence to Pueblo and Denver, $30; Veta, $33.75; Cañon City, $32; El Moro, $35; Del Norte, $51.75; Lake City, $67.75; Santa Fé, $75.

From Kansas City, Atchison, Topeka, and Lawrence to West Las Animas, $26.

_Emigrant Rates._--From Kansas City, Atchison, Topeka, and Lawrence to West Las Animas, La Junta, Pueblo, and Denver, $20; Veta, $24; Cañon City, $22.50; El Moro, $25.50; Del Norte, $42.50: Lake City, $58; Santa Fé, $65.50.

_Distance to Santa Fé, New Mexico._--From Atchison or Kansas City to Trinidad, Col., 707 miles by rail; from Trinidad, by stage, to Cimarron, 74 miles; to Fort Union, 14 miles; to Las Végas, 139 miles; and to Santa Fé, 214 miles; making the total distance from Atchison or Kansas City 923 miles--707 miles by rail and 216 by stage. From Santa Fé to Mesilla, 180 miles by stage; to Silver City, from the same, 385 miles. At this point, connection is made by the Southern Pacific mail stages either for El Paso and the Texas routes, via Mesilla, or northward, by way of Santa Fé and as above, to the Colorado and Kansas railroads.

FARES FROM SAN FRANCISCO.

_By Coast Steamer._--San Pedro or Santa Monica--cabin, $14; steerage, $9, including berth and meals; time about 45 hours to Santa Monica; leave San Francisco every two or three days, at 9 A. M. San Francisco to San Diego--cabin, $15; steerage, $10; San Pedro to Los Angeles, 50 cents; Santa Monica to Los Angeles, $1.

Los Angeles to Yuma, $23, railroad; Los Angeles to Dos Palmas, $13.10, railroad; Dos Palmas to Ehrenberg, stage, $20; Los Angeles to Colton, $3; Colton to Yuma, $19; Colton to Dos Palmas, $10.10. Sleeping berths, (two nights) $5. Yuma to Ehrenberg, steamer--cabin, $15; deck, $10. San Francisco to Ehrenberg, (by steamer, cabin, to Santa Monica; thence railroad to Dos Palmas, and stage to Ehrenberg) $48.10. Same points, by railroad to Yuma and steamboat thence, $65; or by railroad to Dos Palmas and stage thence, $55.10.

_Stage Fares._--Tucson to Altar, Sonora, $10; to Hermosillo, Sonora, $20. Leave Tucson every Monday noon; return Saturdays, 10 A. M.

_Express Matter._--On 25 pounds and over, to Altar, four cents per pound; to Hermosillo, eight cents per pound.

The fare to and from Prescott to Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento, or San José, by California and Arizona stage to Dos Palmas, and thence by rail, is as follows:

To Los Angeles $61.25
To San José 86.75
To San Francisco 86.75
To Sacramento 86.75

The person holding a ticket has the privilege of stopping over in Los Angeles or other points on the railroad for a reasonable length of time.

Schedule Time by Overland Stage from Yuma, leaving San Francisco by
Southern Pacific R. R. thereto

===========================================================================
_Time._ |_Arrives._| ||_Time._ |_Arrives._|
--------+---------+---------------------------+----------+-----------------
2nd day | 1 P. M. | Gila City Ar.|| 7th day| 11 A. M. | Silver City N. M.
3rd ” | 9 A. M. | Stanwix ”|| 8th ” | 12 M. | Mesilla ”
3rd ” | 7 P. M. | Gila Bend ”|| 8th ” | 1 P. M. | Las Cruces ”
4th ” | 5 A. M. | Maricopa Wells ”|| 9th ” | 1 A. M. | El Paso Tex.
4th ” |10 A. M. | Phœnix ”||11th ” | 12 MN. | Fort Davis ”
4th ” | 3 P. M. | Florence ”||12th ” | 1 A. M. | Fort Stockton ”
4th ” | 5 P. M. | Camp McDowell ”||13th ” | 2 A. M. | Fort Concho ”
5th ” | 6 A. M. | Tucson ”||14th ” | 11 P. M. | Fort Worth ”
6th ” | 6 A. M. | Camp Grant ”||14th ” | 11 P. M. | San Antonio ”
6th ” |11 A. M. | Camp Bowie ”||14th ” | 11 P. M. | Austin ”
--------+---------+-----------------++--------+----------+-----------------

United States Military Telegraph--California, Arizona and New Mexico Divisions.

TABLE OF DISTANCES.
_Stations._ _Miles._
San Diego, Cal. 0
Campo, Cal. 43
Yuma, A. T. 173
Stanwix, A. T. 269
Maricopa Wells, A. T. 364
Florence, A. T. 410
Tucson, A. T. 473
Tres Alamos, A. T. 519
Camp Grant, A. T. 572
Camp Bowie, A. T. 617
PRESCOTT BRANCH.
Phœnix, A. T. 382
Wickenburg, A. T. 432
Prescott, A. T. 487
Camp Verde, A. T. 523
APACHE BRANCH.
Camp Grant 572
Camp Goodwin 612
Camp Apache 697
Ralston, New Mexico 663
Silver City, New Mexico 712
Fort Bayard, New Mexico 721
Fort Cummings, New Mexico 760
Mesilla, New Mexico 811
Los Cruces, New Mexico 813
Fort Selden, New Mexico 831
Fort McRae, New Mexico 880
Fort Craig, New Mexico 922
Albuquerque, New Mexico 1,033
Bernalillo, New Mexico 1,051
Santa Fé, New Mexico 1,097

ITINERARY.

STAGE, MILITARY, AND MINE ROADS, STATIONS, TOWNS, AND MILITARY
POSTS. WATER, WOOD, GRASS, ETC., EN ROUTE. COMPILED FROM THE
BEST MILITARY AND OTHER AUTHORITIES.

Yuma, A. T., to Mesilla, N. M.--Overland Road and Stations of the S. P. O. M. S. Line.

_Miles._
Yuma, A. T.[*]
Desconso 14 14
Gila City 8 22
Rattlesnake 7 29
Mission Camp (1) 3 32
Filibuster 12 44
Antelope Peak 6 50
Mohawk (2) 16 66
Teamster’s Camp (3) 20 86
Stanwix[*] 20 96
Burke’s (4) 12 108
Oatman Flat (5) 10 118
Gila Bend (6) 30 148
Maricopa Wells[*] (7) 43 191
Pima Villages (8) 12 203
Sweet Water. 7 209
Sacaton. 6 215
Montezuma. 10 225
Sanford (9) 8 233
Florence[*] (10) 4 237
Desert Wells 36 273
Point of Mountain 9 282
Water Holes 9 291
Tucson[*] (11) 9 300
Cienega (12) 30 330
Tres Alimos (13) 20 350
Steel’s Ranch (14) 40 390
Apache Pass[*] (Camp Bowie) (15) 35 425
Ralston, New Mexico 50 475
Knight’s Ranch, New Mexico 25 500
Silver City, ” (16) 25 525
Fort Bayard, ” 10 535
Rio Membres, ” 40 565
Fort Cummings[*] ” 20 585
Slocum’s, ” 30 615
Mesilla, ” (17) 15 645

[*] Telegraph Offices.

At all stations, wood, water, and grass, or other feed, are to be found. At most of them, a small store is also kept. Meals and lodgings can be obtained. (1) At Mission Camp, there is a road south and west, to the old Papago country, via Cabaza Prieto. (2) From Mohawk is a road due south to the same region. (3) Five miles east of Teamster Camp is a route south to the Ajo Copper Mines, and then southwest to Sonora. (4) At Burke’s is a road south to the same point. (5) At Painted Rock, north of and near this station, a road to Phœnix comes in. (6) Near Gila Bend, a road diverges south, through the old Papago country, to old mines and deserted Indian villages. (7) At Maricopa Wells, roads north and south diverge direct to Tucson, the Papagonia, to Phœnix, Camps McDowell, Verde, and Apache. (8) At Pima Villages, a road diverges north, passing through the Maricopa village (Indians, 800). There are 5,000 Pima Indians, living in ten large and several small villages, between this station and Montezuma. There is also a road directly south from Pima. (9) Road south to Desert Wells. (10) From Florence, regular stages leave for Silver City, Pioneer District; Globe City, Globe District; San Carlos, and Camp Apache; also, to Hayden, East Phœnix, Phœnix, Wickenburg, and Prescott. There is a direct road to old Camp Grant, east, and thence to the San Pablo Valley and Arivipa settlements. (11) At Tucson, the highway to Mexico, via the valley of the Santa Cruz, diverges west. Stages leave for Guaymas. (12) Near Cienega, a road diverges to Davidson’s, the Santa Rita placers, old Camps Crittenden and Wallen, the Pategonias, and the old Presidio San Pedro (U. S. Camp Huachuca). (13) At Tres Alimos, there is a road north and up the San Pedro Valley to San Carlos, the Globe District, and Camp Apache. (14) There are roads north and south at this point to Camp Grant and the old Chiricahua Reservation, now abandoned, and thence, by trails, etc., to Sulphur Springs Valley, Dragoon Mountains, etc. (15) There is a road north direct to Safford, on the Gila. (16) Stages here for the most southerly station, via Santa Fé, on the Denver & Rio Grande N. G. R. R.; thence east, via Colorado and Kansas railroads. (17) At Mesilla, the overland stages connect with branch to El Paso, Fort Worth, etc., Texas.

Distances Between Stations, commencing at Dos Palmas, on S. P. R. R., and thence over Lines of Cal. and Arizona Stage Co.

_Miles._
Dos Palmas west to Canyon Springs 15
Canyon Sp’gs ” Chuckawalla 36 51
Chuckawalla ” Mule Springs 18 69
Mule Springs ” Willows 29 98
Willows ” Ehrenberg (1) 11 109
Ehrenberg ” Tyson’s Wells (2) 22 131
Tyson’s Wells ” Desert Well (3) 28 159
Desert Well ” Mungia Well 17 176
Mungia Well ” Cullings Well (4) 15 191
Cullings Well ” Point Mountain 25 216
Point Mountain ” Wickenburg (5) 20 236
Wickenburg north to Partridge City 17 253
Partridge City ” Antelope Valley 10 26
Antelope Val’y ” Dixon 17 280
Dixon ” Prescott (6) 17 297
Wickenburg south to Smith’s Mills (7) 15
Smith’s Mills ” Agua Fria 28 43
Agua Fria ” Phœnix (8) 22 65
Phœnix ” Hayden Ferry 9 74
Hayden Ferry ” House’s Well 20 94
House’s Well ” Florence 20 114
Florence ” Tucson (overland stage) 63 277

(1) Ehrenberg is a steamboat landing of importance. Roads north to La Paz, the Colorado Reservation Camp and Agency, and south to Eureka and Castle Dome district. (2) A road branches here southward to Castle Dome landing, and the mines in that district. (3) At this station mine roads diverge to the Harcuvar District and mines; an extensive stock range is found within five miles. (4) At Cullings, the road forks, the right-hand branch going to Wickenburg, and the other striking more northerly, via Date Creek, to Prescott. (5) At this point roads diverge south to Phœnix and Florence, to the Vulture Mine, to Agua Fria and Cave Creek mines, east and north to Prescott, and northeast to adjacent mining districts. (6) At Prescott, roads diverge to Camp Verde and valley, with its growing settlements, to Alexandria, and other mining towns and camps; north to the Black Hills and Forest, and to the San Francisco Mountain; northwest to Mineral Park and vicinity, and almost due west to Aubry and Hardyville landings. Also east, via Camp Verde, across the Plateau to Fort Wingate, New Mexico, and thence to the present southern terminus of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. (7) At Smith’s Mill, south of Wickenburg, a road east diverges to Camp McDowell. (8) At Phœnix, roads diverge southward, one crossing to and following the Hassayampa Creek to the Gila, others eastward, up the Salt River valley, to Marysville and Camp McDowell, while other roads strike south, direct to Maricopa Wells, the mail stage line diverging in a southeast direction to Florence.

Military Routes.

Numbers 1-9 include all the Routes north of the Gila River; Numbers 14-25 include all the routes south of the Gila River in Arizona, and the Routes from San Diego to Fort Yuma; Numbers 26-31 include the Routes from Arizona into New Mexico and Sonora, from Fort Whipple, A. T., to Fort Wingate, New Mexico, and the Routes from Camp Pinal and Camp Apache.

☞ When there is more than one route, the distance on the usual route is marked with an Asterisk (*). There is a difference of ten per cent. less, as a rule, on the roads and routes surveyed by the military authorities, as compared with those given by the stage companies and mail contractors.

_No._ _Route._ _Distance._
1 Camp Mojave to Willow Grove 79.78
2 Camp Willow Grove to Fort Whipple (Prescott) 84.88
3 Fort Whipple to Camp Verde 38.59
4 Fort Whipple to Date Creek 59.65
5 Ehrenberg to Camp Colorado (Indian Reservation) 45.50
6 Ehrenberg to Date Creek {*130.32
{ 137.17
7 Ehrenberg to Wickenburg, A. T. 131.32
8 Camp Colorado to Date Creek {*175.82
{ 84.00
9 Date Creek to Camp McDowell {*109.83
{ 126.18
10 Date Creek to Maricopa Wells 101.05
11 Wickenburg to Fort Whipple, (Prescott) via trail 55.00
12 Wickenburg to Camp McDowell, via trail 65.00
13 Camp McDowell to Fort Whipple (Prescott) 109.85
14 Camp McDowell to Camp Reno 33.00
15 Camp Reno to Camp Verde 90.00
16 Camp McDowell to Maricopa Wells 44.81
17 Camp McDowell to Camp Grant 106.17
18 San Diego to Fort Yuma, Cal. {*191.61
{ 229.05
19 Fort Yuma, Cal., to Maricopa Wells (Yuma) 176.73
20 Maricopa Wells to Camp Grant 90.78
21 Camp Grant to Camp Goodwin 153.46
22 Camp Grant to Camp Bowie 135.34
23 Maricopa Wells to Tucson (Camp Lowell) 98.01
24 Camp Grant to Tucson (Camp Lowell) 52.08
25 Tucson (Camp Lowell) to Camp Goodwin 149.85
26 Tucson (Camp Lowell) to Camp Bowie 105.36
27 Tucson (Camp Lowell) to Camp Crittenden (east of Santa Rita) {*50.78
{ 87.36
28 Camp Crittenden to Camp Bowie 97.55
29 Camp Bowie to Camp Goodwin {*88.00
{ 99.00
30 Camp Bowie, A. T., to Fort Cummings 114.00
31 Tucson (Camp Lowell) A. T., to Guaymas, Mexico 350.78
32 Camp Wallen, (abandoned) A. T., to Guaymas, Mexico 317.50
33 Tucson, (Camp Lowell) A. T., to La Libertad, Mexico {*225.23
{ 226.97
34 Tucson, (Camp Lowell) A. T., to Lobos, Mexico 213.64
35 Camp Pinal to Tucson (Camp Lowell) 114.63
36 Camp Pinal to Fort Whipple 243.97
37 Camp Pinal to Camp Grant 87.65
38 Camp Apache to Tucson (Camp Lowell) 221.85
39 Camp Apache to Maricopa Wells 316.24
40 Camp Apache to Fort Whipple 268.00
41 Fort Whipple (Prescott) to Fort Wingate, N. M. 285.76

From Yuma.

=========================================================================
| |
_To_ |Miles.| _Route_
----------------------+------+-------------------------------------------
Camp Pinal, disused | 260 |Via Florence, on the Overland Road.
Camp Apache | 497 |Via both Tucson and via Camp
Camp Bowie | 380 | Grant, 494 miles.
Camp Colorado, disused| 195 |Via Ehrenberg and then by river road, 45
| | miles.
Camp Colorado, ” | 215 |Via river steamer.
Camp Crittenden, ” | 326 |Via Maricopa Wells, Tucson and Davidson’s
| | Springs.
Date Creek, ” | 278 |Via Ehrenberg or via Camp
Camp Goodwin, ” | 425 | Colorado.
Camp Grant | 268 |Via Maricopa Wells and Florence or Tucson.
Tucson | 275 |Via direct from Maricopa, by stage road 300
| | miles.
Camp McDowell | 222 |Via overland road to Maricopa Wells.
Camp Mojave | 503 |By river steamer.
Camp Reno, disused | 255 |Via Camp Verde.
Camp Verde | 377 |Via overland road to Maricopa Wells, and
| | thence via Phœnix and Camp McDowell.
Prescott | 338 |Via Oatman Flat and Wickenberg.
Ehrenberg | 140 |By river steamer.
Maricopa Wells | 177 |By regular stage route, 191 miles.
La Paz | 130 |By river steamer.
Guaymas, Mexico | 620 |Via Tucson.
La Libertad, Mexico | 500 |Via Tucson.
Lobos, Mexico | 489 |
Tubac | 321 |Via Maricopa Weils direct to Tucson,
Castle Dome Mills | 12 | regular stage route 346 ms.
” Mines | 22 |
” Landing | 22 |By river steamer.
Sonora Line | 50 | ” ”
Eureka | | ” ”
Landing | | ” ”
Aubry | | ” ”
Hardyville | | ” ”
Callville | | ” ”
----------------------+------+------------------------------------------

From Prescott.

Camp Mojave to Willow Grove, A. T.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ | _Miles._ | _Miles._ | _Description._
| | |
------------------------+----------+----------+--------------------------
Hardyville | 6 | 6 |Village; sandy road.
Alexander’s Camp | 2 | 8 |Water and wood; no grass.
First Water, Union Pass | 11 | 20 |Water; grass scarce; no
| | | wood; no camping ground.
Union Pass (Spring) | 1 | 21 |Water; no wood or grass;
| | | road up hill; no camping
| | | ground.
Coyote Spring | 16 | 38 |Water; grass scarce; wood.
Beale’s Spring | 1 | 39 |Another spring ½ mile
| | | beyond; very good water.
Hualpais Spring | 14 | 54 |Half a mile to right of
| | | road; water bad; good
| | | grass.
Tanks | 12 | 67 |Filled with sand; no water
| | | or wood.
Cottonwood | 7 | 75 |Water, grass and wood.
Willow Grove | 4 | 81 |With the fractions added.
------------------------+----------+----------+--------------------------

1½ miles beyond Beale’s Spring, where road crosses Sandy Wash, there is permanent and good water; ¼ mile to right of road, in the Wash, grass abundant; good camping ground. Wood near by, ¾ mile to left of road. Up the Wash are large bodies of good water.

3 miles before reaching Hualpais Spring, just after crossing Big Wash, good permanent water; grass and wood 1½ miles to right of road; good road nearly to the water. In coming from Willow Grove to Camp Mojave, in order to reach this camping ground turn to left 2 miles after leaving Hualpais Spring. Important camping ground, used by trains.

Willow Grove to Prescott, A. T.

==========================================================================
| | |
_To_ | _Miles._ | _Miles._ | _Description._
| | |
----------------------+----------+----------+----------------------------
Fort Rock | 9 | 9 |Ranch. Water, grass and
| | | wood. Road generally good.
Camp near Muddy Cañon | 11 | 20 |Water in cañon 300 yards to
| | | right of road; wood
| | | abundant; road good.
Anvil Rock | 4 | 24 |Water and grass.
Oaks and Willows | 9 | 33 |Water, grass and wood. Road
| | | generally good.
Old Toll Gate | 9 | 43 |Abandoned. Road hilly,
| | | otherwise good.
Roblett’s (Ranch) | 2 | 45 |Water, grass and wood.
Toll Gate (Ranch) } | | |Water and wood abundant. Road
Camp Hualpai } | 1 | 46 | as above.
Williamson’s Valley | 15 | 62 |Water and grass; no wood. Road
| | | excellent.
Lee’s Ranch | 13 | 75 |Water, grass and wood. Road
| | | excellent.
Prescott | 11 | 86 |Road excellent.
----------------------+----------+--- ------+--------------------------

Three miles beyond Camp near Muddy Cañon is an old government camping ground, with water all the year; wood and grass abundant. New road forks to the left, one mile beyond Camp. Two miles further is the Camp opposite the above mentioned water, one-fourth mile to right of road. Present camping ground well marked.

This new road intersects old road one mile before reaching Anvil Rock; is smooth, and avoids the rocky hills on the old road, now very difficult for loaded teams. Both roads are boggy in winter.

Prescott (Fort Whipple) to Camp Verde, A. T. Route 1.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
| | |
------------------+--------+----------+----------------------------------
[1]Lurty’s Ranch | 11 | 11 |Water and grass; wood scarce. Good
| | | road.
Ash Creek | 9 | 21 |Water permanent; grazing tolerably
| | | fair; wood scarce.
Cienega | 7 | 28 |Water permanent; grazing excellent;
| | | wood close by spring.
Summit Grief Hill | 4 | 32 |Water to right of road one mile
| | | before reaching Summit except in
| | | dry season; grazing good; wood
| | | plenty.
Camp Verde | 5 | 38 |Road good; first mile steep descent.
------------------+---==---+--------+------------------------------------

[1] The road forking to the right at this place leads to Agua Fria Ranch, distance 4 miles; from Agua Fria Ranch to Ash Creek by a direct road the distance is 7.80 miles.

The direct road from Lurty’s cannot be used for supply trains, which all go by Bower’s Ranch, making the distance from Fort Whipple to Camp Verde 40.67 miles.

Prescott, (Fort Whipple) to Camp Verde, A. T. Route 2.

=======================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
| | |
-------------------------+--------+--------+---------------------------
Lurty’s Ranch | 14 | 14 |Via “Point of Rocks.” Water
| | | and grass; wood scarce;
| | | road good.
New Road to Camp McDowell| 6 | 20 |
Ash Creek | 2 | 23 |Water permanent; grazing
| | | fair; wood scarce.
Government Saw Mill | 6 | 30 |
Camp Verde | 16 | 46 |Good road.
-------------------------+--------+--------+----------------------------
Captain Foster, Assistant Quartermaster, reported this road in 1874 as
the only practicable one for loaded wagons, between Fort Whipple and
Camp Verde.

Prescott to Date Creek, A. T.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ | _Miles._ | _Miles._ | _Description._
| | |
----------------+----------+----------+----------------------------------
Lee’s Ranch | 11 | 11 |Water, grass and wood. Right-hand
| | | road to Camp Mojave.
Tonto Spring | 9 | 20.60 |Water to right of road ¼ mile
| | | distant. Good camping ground.
Dickson’s Ranch | 10 | 30.60 |Water, grass and wood. Road good.
Ehle’s Ranch | 3 | 34.10 |Water, grass and grain. Road good.
| | | Mail station; good stabling.
Uncle Rob’s | 5 | 39.79 |Water, grass and grain.
Jones’ Camp | 3 | 42.79 |Water, part of year; grass good.
| | | Road bad and dangerous.
Willow Spring | 4 | 47.71 |Water ¼ mile to left of road;
| | | grass good; wood scarce.
Soldiers’ Holes | 6 | 53.71 |Water in rainy season.
Date Creek | 5 | 60.00 |Road mostly good.
----------------|----------|----------|----------------------------------

By a rough trail from Fort Whipple over Granite Mountains to Ehle’s Ranch (Skull Valley) the distance is estimated at eighteen miles. There is another trail leading over this range entering Skull Valley at its upper end, (Dickson’s Ranch) three and one-half miles from Ehle’s. This trail is three or four miles longer than the other, but is not so rough. In winter the short trail (so-called) is often obstructed by snow. These trails are used by the “Mail Carrier.”

Camp Apache to Prescott, A. T.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
| | |
----------------------------+--------+--------+------------------------
Tank | 18 | 18 |
Spring | 5 | 23 |
Forks of Road | 8 | 31 |Right fork to Zuni, N. M.
Jo. N.’s Camp | 18 | 49 |
Silver Spring | 4 | 53 |
Stoneman’s Camp | 8 | 61 |
Shevelon’s fork of Colorado | 7 | 68 |After crossing, take
| | | right fork of road.
Crossing of Little Colorado | 28 | 96 |
Sunset Crossing | 33 | 129 |
Tank | 18 | 147 |
Jo. N.’s Camp | 20 | 167 |
Sante Spring | 8 | 175 |
Stoneman’s Lake | 13 | 188 |
Beaver Creek | 18 | 206 |
Camp Verde | 18 | 224 |
Prescott | 44 | 268 |
----------------------------+--------+--------+------------------------

Dos Palmas (S. P. R. R.) to Ehrenberg, A. T.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
| | |
----------------------------+--------+--------+------------------------
[1]Dos Palmas (S. P. R. R.) | | |
Cañon Springs | 11 | 190 |Water and wood; little
| | | grass. Good road.
Chuc-a-walla (Station) | 34 | 224 |Water and wood. Good road.
Laguna | 30 | 254 |Water and wood; little
| | | grass; heavy sand.
Willow Springs | 7 | 261 |Water, grass and wood.
| | | Good road.
Bradshaw’s Ferry (Ranch) | 12 | 273 |Water and wood. Good road.
[2]Ehrenberg | 2 | 276 |Sandy road.
----------------------------+--------+--------+------------------------

[1] California and Arizona stages to Prescott leave this station.

[2] From Ehrenberg there is a road up the Colorado River to Camp Colorado, 45.50 miles.

Irrigated lands in Southern Arizona will readily produce two crops of grain each year, and several of alfalfa. Some lands, belonging to the Pima Indians, as well as fields about Tucson and the ranches of the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Valleys, are known to have been in continuous cultivation for at least from two to three hundred years. Water fertilizes and restores the soil. The valley of the Gila, under analysis, shows more phosphorates and other fertilizers than that of the Nile.

A sand storm on the mesas of Southern Arizona is not a pleasant affair to encounter. If caught in one on horse-back or afoot, imitate the animals, put your face close to the ground and turn your back to the blast.

Ehrenberg to Camp McDowell, A. T., via Date Creek.

=======================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
| | |
----------------------+--------+--------+------------------------------
Tyson’s (Los Pasos) | 25 | 25 |Good water; hay and grain.
Desert Station | 25 | 51 |Good water; hay and grain.
Flint’s | 19 | 70 |Good water and grass.
McMullen’s | 4 | 74 |Old road branches here} Road
| | | by Martinez’s Cañon.} west of
Cullen’s | 10 | 85 |Good water and grass. } Date Creek
Date Creek Crossing | 36 | 121 |Good water and grass. } Mountain.
Date Creek | 9 | 130 |
Martinez’s Cañon | 7 | 7 |Water, grass and wood; road
| | | boggy in wet season.
| | | Right fork to Ehrenberg.
Vulture Mill | 18 | 26 |Last six miles of road
| | | sandy.
[1]Wickenburg | 1 | 27 |Settlement.
[2]Camp on Hassyampa | 5 | 33 |Water (except in very dry
| | | season), grass and wood.
Road leaves Hassyampa | 2 | 35 |Quicksands in Hassyampa
| | | sometimes impassable.
| | | (See Note.)
Mud Tanks | 12 | 48 |Water in rainy season.
Point of Mountain | 7 | 55 |Permanent water in White
| | | Tanks, 1½ miles to
| | | right of road.
[3]Forks of Road | | 56 |Right fork to Salinas Lower
| | | Crossing.
Crossing of | | |
Agua Frio Ranch | 9 | 65 |
Phœnix | | |
(Swelling’s R’ch) | 19 | 85 |Settlement.
Acequia | 1 | 86 |
Forks of Road | 12 | 98 |Right fork to Maricopa
| | | Wells and Camp Grant.
Camp McDowell | 11 | 110 |
----------------------+--------+--------+------------------------------

[1] The road runs along the bed of the stream for a part of the way; when the river is high quicksands are troublesome, and the road is sometimes impassable; whenever this is the case, the route is via the Vulture Mine, by which the distance is increased 18 miles.

From Wickenburg to Prescott, via Walnut Grove, the distance, by a very rough trail, is estimated at 55 miles. Ranch at Walnut Grove, half way.

From Wickenburg to Camp McDowell direct, by trail, the distance is estimated at 65 miles.

[2] There is a road from this point down the Hassyampa to Burke’s Station on the road between Fort Yuma and Maricopa Wells, with the following Camps:--Gila Bend, 40 miles; Cottonwoods, 25 miles; Camp opposite Oatman’s Flat, 10 miles; Agua Caliente, 16 miles; Burke’s Station (fording Gila River), 5 miles--total, 96 miles. The road is quite good, (though seldom traveled) and water, grass and wood are to be found at all the above Camps.

From Date Creek to Maricopa Wells, the road is taken to Salinas Lower Crossing (78 miles), thence by the Gila Lower Crossing (17 miles) to Maricopa Wells (6 miles)--total, 102 miles. In winter, when the Salinas and Gila are too high to ford, by going about 3 miles further up the Gila to Morgan’s, advantage can be taken of a Ferry without increasing the distance to Maricopa Wells.

From Camp McDowell to Prescott, by a proposed wagon road that is opened from Prescott to Agua Frio, the distances are estimated as follows:--Camp McDowell to Agua Frio, 47½ miles; Dickson’s Ranch, by newly opened road, 23 miles; Agua Frio Ranch, by old road, 18 miles; Prescott, 21 miles--total distance, 110 miles.

The road from Camp McDowell to Camp Reno has the following camping grounds:--Camp Miller, 16 miles; Camp Carroll, 4½ miles; Camp O’Connell, 4 miles; Camp Reno, 8½ miles--distance, 33 miles.

From Camp Reno to Camp Verde, by a newly opened road, it is to Camp in Green Valley, 30 miles; thence to Camp Verde, by trail, 60 miles--total distance, 90 miles.

[3] In rainy seasons, when the route by Agua Frio is impassable, it is necessary to take the right fork to Salinas Lower Crossing, (22 miles) thence up the north bank of the Salinas to Phœnix (about 23 miles)--total, 45 miles,--increasing the distance from Camp Date Creek to Camp McDowell about 16 miles.

Camp McDowell to Maricopa Wells, A. T.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ | _Miles._ | _Miles._ | _Description._
| | |
-------------------+----------+----------+-------------------------------
Forks of Road | 11 | 11 |Right fork to Phœnix.
Ferry Station | 2 | 13 |Left fork to Camp Grant. Water,
| | | grass and wood. Crossing of
| | | Salinas River.
Desert Station | 11 | 24 |Well of water. Hay and grain at
| | | Station.
Morgan’s Ferry | 17 | 41 |Crossing of Gila River.
Maricopa Wells | 3 | 45 |Stores. No grass or wood.
-------------------+----------+----------+-------------------------------

During the winter the Gila is usually and the Salinas occasionally, unfordable.

Camp McDowell to Camp Grant, A. T.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ | _Miles._ | _Miles._ | _Description._
| | |
--------------------------+----------+----------+-----------------------
Forks of Road | 11 | 11 |Road excellent. Right
| | | fork to Phœnix.
Ferry Station | 2 | 13 |Small station; bad ford
| | | at high water.
Florence (crossing Gila) | 38 | 52 |Good fording; Ranch ½ mile
| | | this side.
Ruggles and Ewing | 3 | 56 |Last Ranch before leaving
| | | river; good stopping
| | | place.
Junction with Sacaton R’d | 4 | 60 |Desert mesa.
Round Valley | 12 | 73 |No water, wood or grass.
Camp near Round Valley | 2 | 75 |Water ½ mile to left of
| | | road by trail.
Cottonwoods | 13 | 89 |Water ½ mile to right of
| | | road by trail; grass;
| | | wood scarce.
Junction with Tucson R’d | 13 | 103 |
Camp Grant | 3 | 106 |Crossing Rio San Pedro.
--------------------------+----------+----------+------------------------

At Prescott, clerks receive from $50 to $125 per month, with board often thrown in; carpenters and painters, from $4 to $6 per day; masons, from $6 to $8, and in some cases, when a man is possessed of superior skill, as high as $10 per day; ranch hands, herders, cow-boys, from $25 to $50 per month, and board; common laborers, from $2 to $3 per day; domestic servants, men and women, from $25 to $40 per month; but as yet there is no great demand.

Maricopa Wells to Camp Grant, A. T.

=======================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
| | |
-----------------------------+--------+--------+-----------------------
Pima Villages | 10 | 10 |Store and mill.
Sweet Water | 6 | 16 |Store.
Sacaton | 6 | 22 |Store; water; grass
| | | scarce; right fork of
| | | road direct to Tucson.
Reservation, eastern boundary| 7 | 29 |
Walker’s Ranch | 6 | 35 |Indian village and store.
White’s Ranch | 4 | 39 |Gila; wood, hay, grain;
| | | little grass.
Junction with Camp McDowell | | |
Road | 7 | 46 |
Camp Grant | 46 | 92 |Crossing San Pedro.
-----------------------------+--------+--------+-----------------------

The road from Maricopa Wells to Pima Villages is cut up with small gullies, from 1 to 4 feet deep, with steep sides, which, in rainy seasons, are muddy and troublesome.

The left fork leads up the Gila to Adamsville, 2½ miles distant, where are two stores, a mill, etc., and thence to Ruggles and Ewing’s Ranch, (4 miles) where is a store; here the road intersects the road between Camps McDowell and Grant.

Camp Grant to Camp Goodwin.--In very rainy seasons it is necessary to go via Tucson, distance 202 miles. The shorter and better route, except in winter, is up the San Pedro River, 57 miles, to within 8 miles of Tres Alamos, where the left fork leads to Croton Springs, distance 25 miles, and thence to Camp Goodwin, 71 miles--total distance, 153 miles. On this road there are plenty of water, grass and wood, all along the San Pedro River.

Camp Grant to Camp Bowie.--To Croton Spring, distance 82 miles; thence to intersection with road between Tucson and Camp Bowie, distance 16 miles, and thence to Camp Bowie, 37 miles--total distance, 135 miles.

Maricopa Wells.

========================================================================
| | _Total_
_To_ | _Miles._ | _Miles._
----------------------------------------------------+----------+--------
Yuma | | 191
Tucson, southeast, (overland stage road) | | 109
Sacaton (en route direct to Tucson) | | 22
Blue Water ” ” | 20 | 43
Picacho | 13 | 57
Point of Mountains | 24 | 81
Tucson | 17 | 98
Camp Grant | | 90
----------------------------------------------------|----------|------

This is a stage station, with stores, etc., of importance. It is the point of divergence for branch stages to Phœnix, Camp McDowell, and Camp Verde.

Fuller, in his Treatise on Silver Mines, says: “Wherever, in any part of the world, silver mines have been worked they are worked now, unless closed for war, invasion of Indians, etc. We know of no silver mines in the world that have given out.” In support of this position, he instances the mines of Mexico, the old Spanish mines, (opened before Humboldt’s time) the South American mines, still as productive as they were three centuries ago, mines in Hungary worked before the Christian era, the silver mines of Freiburg, opened in the 11th century, etc., nearly all now worked with unabated productiveness.

Maricopa Wells to Tucson, A. T.

(Going south direct.)

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._ |_Miles._ | _Description._
| | |
------------------+---------+---------+-------------------------------
Sacaton | 22 | 22 |Left fork of road to Camp Grant.
Blue Water | 20 | 43 |Well; grass and wood plenty;
| | | station; hay and grain.
Picacho | 13 | 57 |Grass and wood plenty; no water.
Mud Tanks | 15 | 72 |Water in wet weather, wood scarce.
Point of Mountain | 8 | 81 |Wells; grass plenty, wood scarce;
Nine Mile Water | 8 | 89 | station, hay and grain.
Tucson | 8 | 98 |Capital of Territory. Road good
| | | after passing Pima Villages.
------------------+---------+---------+---------------------------------

Camp Grant to Tucson, A. T.

=======================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
| | |
----------------------+--------+--------+------------------------------
Camp Grant | | |Crossing of San Pedro
Forks of Road | 2 | 2 |Wood scarce; grass Right fork
| | | of road to Maricopa Wells.
Cañon del Oro | 21 | 24 |Water, grass, and wood plenty.
Water | 5 | 30 |Water scarce; grass and wood
| | | plenty.
Dry Camp | 8 | 38 |Water in wet weather; grass and
| | | wood plenty.
Roieta | 8 | 47 |Water in wet weather; grass and
Tucson (Camp Lowell) | 4 | 52 |wood plenty.
----------------------+--------+--------+------------------------------

The Rio San Pedro is sometimes impassable in winter on account of high water. The first nine miles of the road is in a cañon, level, and very sandy; the rest of the road to Cañon del Oro is hilly, ascending till near the cañon, when there is a long, steep descent. Three miles beyond Cañon del Oro the road enters the bed of a stream, usually dry; and continues in it to within a half mile of Dry Camp. At the foot of the mountains, opposite Dry Camp, say one and a half miles distant, are the ruins of an old Pueblo, where there is water all the year. The Roieta in winter is a running stream.

Tucson

=========================================================================
_To_ |_Miles._ || _To_ | _Miles._
---------------------------------++--------------------------------------
Camp Pinal, disused | 115 || Camp Verde | 298
Camp Apache | 222 || Fort Cummings, N. M. | 219
Camp Bowie | 165 || Fort Whipple, (Prescott) | 259
Camp Colorado, disused | 349 || Fort Yuma, Cal | 275
Camp Crittenden, ” | 51 || Ehrenberg | 303
Date Creek, ” | 199 || Guaymas, Mexico | 351
Camp Goodwin, ” | 150 || La Libertad ” | 225
Camp Grant | 52 || Maricopa Wells | 98
Canip McDowell | 143 || Lobos, Mexico | 214
Camp Mojave | 424 || San Diego, Cal | 467
Camp Reno, disused | 176 || Tubac | 46
Camp Toll-Gate ” | 208 ||
-----------------------+---------++--------------------------------------

Tucson to Camp Goodwin, A. T.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
| | |
----------------------+--------+--------+------------------------------
Forks of Road | 14 | 14 |Right fork to Camps Crittenden
| | | and Wallen.
Cienega (begins) | 8 | 23 |Water and wood plenty; grass
Mescal Ranch | 6 | 29 | scarce. Picket post.
Cienega (ends) | | 30 |
Water Hole | 8 | 38 |Water in winter; grass plenty;
| | | wood scarce. Road forks to
| | | left to Tres Alamos.
[1]Crossing San Pedro | 12 | 50 |Water and grass; wood scarce.
| | | Picket post.
Forks of Road to | | |Water plenty at spring; grass
Dragoon Springs | 11 | 62 | and wood plenty. Right fork
| | | to Dragoon Springs, five
| | | miles distant.
Forks of Road to | 3 | 65 |Grass plenty; wood scarce; no
Camp Bowie | | | water. Right fork to Camp
| | | Bowie.
Croton Springs | 13 | 78 |Water brackish; grass plenty;
| | | wood scarce.
Oak Grove | 16 | 94 |Springs: grass and wood plenty.
Kennedy’s Wells | 3 | 97 |Water poor; grass and wood
| | | plenty.
[2]Arivapa Creek | 15 | 113 |Water, except in very dry
| | | season; grass and wood plenty.
Eureka Springs | 1 | 114 |Grass; wood scarce.
Spring | 8 | 122 |
[3]Cottonwoods | 8 | 131 |Stream of water; grass and wood
| | | plenty. Road hilly.
Camp Goodwin | 9 | 140 |Road sandy and down hill.
----------------------+--------+--------+------------------------------

[1] The road from Tucson is over a level mesa till it descends into a cañon, where the Cienega begins. There are several steep hills in the next few miles.

The banks of the San Pedro are high and steep, and about ten yards apart.

[2] In winter it is necessary to take the right fork to avoid Eureka Springs and the Cienega, just beyond it, which are then impassable. This road joins the one by Eureka Springs about a mile beyond the spring.

[3] In summer the creek is dry at this point, but water can always be found by descending the creek half a mile.

Tucson to Camp Bowie, A. T.

=========================================================================
| | |
_To_ | _Miles._ | _Miles._ | _Description._
| | |
------------------------+----------+----------+--------------------------
Fork to Camp Goodwin | 65 | 65 |Left fork to Camp Goodwin.
[1]Junction of Road | | |
from Camp Crittenden | 3 | 68 |
Sulphur Springs | 12 | 80 |Water brackish; grass and
Camp Bowie | 24 | 105 | wood scarce.
------------------------+----------+----------+--------------------------

[1] Half a mile further the road forks to the left, to Camp Goodwin.

The grasses in Arizona nearly all come up from the root, unlike those of California, which grow from the seed. Therefore, in Arizona, if there should be a year without rain, stock would not die of starvation. The nutritious gramma grass does not appear to run to seed at all.

Tucson to Camp Crittenden, A. T.

========================|========|========|==============================
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
------------------------|--------|--------|------------------------------
Forks of Road | 14 | 14 |Left fork to Camp Bowie.
Davidson’s Spring | 12 | 26 |
Camp near Davidson’s | | |
Spring | 1 | 28 |
Mescal Ranch | 10 | 39 |Left fork to Camp Wallen,
Road to Cienegas | 1 | 40 | (abandoned) distance twenty
Junction of road from | | | and a half miles. Fine
Wallen | 7 | 48 | country, grazing, water, and
Camp Crittenden | 2 | 50 | timber in abundance.
------------------------|--------|--------|------------------------------

Tucson (via Tubac) to Camp Crittenden.

========================|========|========|==============================
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
------------------------|--------|--------|------------------------------
San Xavier del Bac | 8 | 8 |Settlement of Papagos Indians.
| | | Old mission church.
La Punta de Agua | 2 | 11 |Ranch.
Saurita | 9 | 20 |Ranch.
[1]Canoé | 12 | 32 |No water in dry season; grass
| | | and wood plenty.
Tubac | 13 | 45 |Town. Point of departure for
| | | Sopori, Arivaca, Toltec
| | | Camps, Aztec District, for
| | | Santa Rita Mountains, etc.
Calabasas | 12 | 58 |Old Fort Mason.
[2]Smith’s Ranch | 3 | 61 |
Sonoita | 12 | 74 |Vail’s Ranch.
Old Fort Buchanan | 12 | 86 |Water, grass, and wood plenty.
Camp Crittenden | 1 | 87 |
------------------------|--------|--------|------------------------------

[1] The left fork crosses the Santa Cruz at Canoé, recrossing the river near Tubac; (the measurement was made on this road). The right fork does not cross the river, and is longer.

[2] Just beyond Smith’s Ranch, take the left fork to Camp Crittenden. The main road goes into Sonora.

Between Tubac and Smith’s Ranch, there are ranches every few miles, with water, grass, and wood.

Between Sonoita and Camp Crittenden, there are several ranches with water and grass, but little wood.

Road to Tubac very hard and smooth; but very rough from there to Crittenden, through Sonoita Cañon.

Camp Crittenden to Camp Bowie, A. T.

========================|========|========|==============================
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
------------------------|--------|--------|------------------------------
Forks of Road | 1 | 1 |Left fork to Tucson.
Forks of Road | 13 | 14 |Right fork to Santa Cruz.
Camp Wallen (abandoned)| 5 | 20 |On Babacomori Creek.
[1]San Pedro Crossing | 18 | 38 |Station.
Dragoon Springs | 18 | 56 |Water, grass, and wood.
[2]Junction with Road | 3 | 60 |Road from Tucson.
Sulphur Springs | 12 | 72 |Water brackish; grass and wood
Camp Bowie | 25 | 98 | scarce.
------------------------|--------|--------|------------------------------

[1] Left fork leads down the right bank to the middle crossing of the San Pedro River, distance 13.32 miles, thence to Camp Bowie or Tucson.

[2] From this point to Camp Goodwin.

Camp Bowie to Camp Goodwin, A. T.

=========================================================================
_To_ |_Miles._|_Miles._| _Description._
--------------------------|--------|--------|--------------------------
[1]Forks of Road | 6 | 6 |Water usually: good grass.
| | | Left fork to Tank, half
| | | mile distant.
Water Holes | 30 | 36 |Water usually; good grass,
| | | near forks, on right side
| | | of road.
First Camp on Gila River. | 27 | 63 |Water; grass scarce.
Second Camp on Gila River | 11 | 74 |Water; grass scarce.
Camp Goodwin | 14 | 88 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] The Tank always contains water. The road from the Tank to the Gila is over a grassy plain with no water in dry season, excepting at Water Holes, near the Junction with the old road along the Rio de Sauz. There water is usually found on the right-hand side of the road.

There is another road to Camp Goodwin, via San Simon, (seventeen and a half miles) and thence down the Rio de Sauz, joining the above road at Water Holes, (thirty-one miles) making the distance about eleven miles longer.

Tucson, A. T., to Guaymas, Mexico.

[ESTIMATED.]

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Arizona ghost trailsChapter II: Part 2

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