Chapter VI: Present Tendencies of American Art (2)

The writer regards as among the most improving and delightful evenings he has enjoyed those passed with some of these talented and enthusiastic art students at the table where a number regularly met to dine--at the Max Emanuel café in Munich. Dinner over, huge flagons of beer were placed before each one, and pipes were lit, whose wreaths of upward-curling smoke softened the gleam of the candles, and gave a poetic haze to the dim nooks of the hall that was highly congenial to the hour and the topics discussed. The leonine head of Duveneck, massively set on his broad shoulders, as from time to time behind a cloud of smoke he gave forth an opinion, lent much dignity to the scene; while the grave, thoughtful features of Shirlaw, and the dreamy, contemplative face of Chase, occasionally lit by a flash of impetuous emotion, aided by an eloquent gesture, made the occasion one of great interest. Others there were around the board whose sallies of humor or weighty expressions of opinion made an indelible impression.

Among the resident artists of New York who have recently studied abroad, Louis C. Tiffany, a follower of the French school, holds a prominent position. He has done some very clever things in landscape and _genre_ from subjects suggested by his trip to the East, and has succeeded equally in oil and water colors, and is now giving a preference to American subjects, and also turning his attention to the pursuit of decorative art. He is essentially a colorist, to whom the radiant tints of the iris seem like harmoniously chorded strains of music. William Sartain, a pupil of Bonnât and Yvon, has also proved himself an excellent colorist, and shows vigor and truth of drawing both in figure and architectural perspective, as well as pleasing composition in work which he has done abroad.

The new phase into which our landscape art is passing under foreign influence is well indicated by the paintings of Charles Miller, a graduate of the Munich school, who is inspired by a stirring, breezy love for nature, especially for her more intense and vivid effects, strong contrasts of light and shade, glowing sunsets, and masses of dun gray clouds rolling up in thunderous majesty and gloom over landscapes fading off into the infinite distance. As a draughtsman Mr. Miller is less interesting than in rendering such effects as we have suggested with broad, free handling, in which he is often very successful. He is a poet moved by a powerful imagination, idealizing what he sees, and possessed of a memory similar to that of Turner; and thus some of his most striking canvases are the result of a tenacious memory allied to a vigorous observation. Some of his canvases suggest the landscapes of Constable.

]

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Frederick Dielman, who has pursued his studies in Munich, is destined to make his mark in _genre_. In color and tone, and especially in drawing, he has already shown decided ability, and some of his compositions are very promising. Messrs. Weir and Muhrman, both young artists of much promise, and both figure-painters, represent the influence of two different schools. The former comes from an artistic family, his father being Robert W. Weir, one of our oldest painters. Young J. Alden Weir studied in Paris. In portraiture he has a remarkable faculty for seizing character, painting the eye with a truth and life wholly original. In _genre_ he is sometimes quite successful, although inclined to mannerism. Mr. Muhrman is from Cincinnati, and has spent two years in Munich. While there, he placed himself under no master, but observed keenly, and devoted himself wholly to water-colors. Avoiding the use of body color, he yet shows dash and originality in technique, and a fine eye for form and color. The realistic vigor of his work is quite exceptional among our water-color painters. The brilliance and purity of his colors, and the delicious _abandon_ with which he handles the brush to such admirable result, seem to promise that he will become a master in this art. Frank Waller, Wyatt Eaton, W. A. Low, A. P. Ryder, J. H. Twachtman, J. C. Beckwith, A. F. Bunner, Miss Helena De Kay, and Miss M. R. Oakey are among the leading artists who are aiding the new art movement in New York.

But among the later influences which have entered into our art and promise striking results, there is none more worthy of our consideration than the return of Messrs. Shirlaw and Chase from a thorough course of study in Germany. One of the points of most importance in this connection is that whereas our art for the last thirty years has been in the direction of landscape, its tendencies are now rather toward the painting of the figure, and this is strikingly illustrated by the circumstance that both of these artists have done their strongest work in this department, and their influence will undoubtedly give a fresh impulse to figure-painting. Mr. Shirlaw was for a year professor in the Students' League, but has now abandoned teaching in order that nothing may interfere with original work. Trained in the school which has produced such artists as Defregger, Diez, Braith, and Brandt, he has mastered all the technical knowledge which Munich can give an artist in _genre_ in our day. There is no uncertainty or weakness in his method of handling color; his lines are clearly and carefully drawn, and he undoubtedly achieves excellent results when he attempts simple compositions. One of Mr. Shirlaw's best known compositions, representing a sheep-shearing in Bavaria, has attracted favorable attention at home and abroad. In compositions which include animals, dogs, and birds, he has been especially happy. His inclinations to delineate the characteristics of bird-life are akin to those of the artists of Japan.

]

The genius of Mr. Chase is rather for single figures than elaborate compositions; and his independence of action is shown by the fact that, although he studied with Piloty, the master whom he made his model of excellence was Velasquez. A noble sense of color is perceptible in all his works, whether in the subtle elusive tints of flesh, or in the powerful rendering of a mass of scarlet, as in his notable painting of the "Court Jester." In the painting of a portrait he endeavors, sometimes very successfully, to seize character, although occasionally rather too impressionist in style. His art-life is fired by a lively enthusiasm, which must result in genuine and exalted art. "Waiting for the Ride" is a fine, thoughtful ideal figure of a lady by this artist.

]

In Philadelphia the new movement has some powerful allies, among whom should be prominently mentioned Thomas Eakins, a pupil of Gérôme, and at present professor in the Philadelphia Academy of Art. One of Mr. Eakins's most ambitions paintings represents a surgical operation before a class in anatomy. It is characterized by so many excellent artistic qualities, that one regrets that the work as a whole fails to satisfy. Admirable draughtsman as this painter is, one is surprised that in the arrangement of the figures the perspective should have been so ineffective that the mother is altogether too small for the rest of the group, and the figure of the patient so indistinct that it is difficult to tell exactly the part of the body upon which the surgeon is performing the operation. The monochromatic tone of the composition is, perhaps, intentional, in order to concentrate the effect on the bloody thigh and the crimson finger of the operating professor. But as it is, the attention is at once and so entirely directed on that reeking hand as to convey the impression that such concentration was the sole purpose of the painting. In similar paintings by Ribeira, Regnault, and other artists of the horrible, as vivid a result is obtained without sacrificing the light and color in the other parts of the picture; and the effect, while no less intense, is, therefore, less staring and loud. As to the propriety of introducing into our art a class of subjects hitherto confined to a few of the more brutal artists and races of the Old World, the question may well be left to the decision of the public. In color Mr. Eakins effects a low tone that is sometimes almost monochromatic, but has very few equals in the country in drawing of the figure. Some of his portraits are strongly characteristic, and give remarkable promise. Miss Emily Sartain is devoting herself with good success to _genre_ and portraiture; and Miss Mary Cassatt merits more extended notice and earnest praise for the glory of color and the superb treatment and composition of some of her works.

When we review the various forces now actively at work to hasten forward the progress of American art, we see that they are, with one or two exceptions, still immature; while, on the other hand, the sum of their influence is such as to prove that they are already sufficiently well established to give abundant promise of vitality, and of a career of success that seems destined to carry the arts to a degree of excellence never before seen in America. While the ideal is a more prominent feature of our art than formerly, the tide also sets strongly toward realism, together with a clearer practical knowledge of technique. And while we do not discover marked original power in the artists who represent the new movement, we find in them a self-reliance and a sturdiness of purpose which renders them potential in establishing the end they have in view. It is to their successors that we must look for the founding of a school that shall be at once native in origin, and powerful in the employment of the material to express the ideal.

INDEX.

Abbey, E. A., 177.

Academy of Fine Arts (of New York), 24.

Akers, Benjamin Paul, 151.

Alexander, Cosmo, 16, 24.

Alexander, Francis, 49.

Allston, Washington, 16, 29, 31, 44, 47.

American Art Students' Association, Munich, 200.

Ames, Joseph, 49.

Andrew, John, 168.

Annin, P., 168.

Anthony, A. V. S., 168.

Architecture, 178.

Art Education, 186.

Artists' Funding Society, 88.

Artists' League, 186.

Athenæum, Providence, 31.

Augur, Hezekiah, 138.

Bacon, Henry, 7.

Baker, George A., 49.

Ball, Thomas, 149, 150.

Bannister, E. M., 106, 190.

Barry, Charles A., 174.

Bartholomew, Edward S., 152.

Bartol, E. H., 195.

Beard, James, 86.

Beard, William H., 86.

Beckwith, J. C., 207.

Bellew, Frank H. T., 177.

Bellows, A. F., 79.

Bensell, E. B., 174.

Benson, Eugene, 7.

Berkeley, Bishop, 15, 17.

Bierstadt, Albert, 97.

Birch, Thomas, 37.

Bishop, Annette, 174.

Bispham, Henry C., 86.

Blackburn, 16.

Blashfield, Edwin H., 7.

Blauvelt, C. F., 115.

Boutelle, D. W. C., 106.

Bowdoin College, paintings of, 47.

Brackett, Walter M., 85.

Bradford, William, 84.

Bricher, A. T., 111.

Bridgman, Frederick A., 7.

Bridges, Fidelia, 131.

Bristol, John B., 76.

Brown, George L., 64.

Brown, Harry, 84.

Brown, J. Appleton, 106.

Brown, J. G., 115.

Brown, J. H., 167.

Brown, J. Ogden, 131.

Browne, Henry K., 149.

Brumidi, M., 185.

Bunner, A. F., 207.

Burling, Gilbert, 112.

Burns, J., 115.

Calverly, Charles, 156.

Casilear, John W., 73.

Cassatt, Mary, 210.

Catlin, George, 88.

Champney, J. W., 113.

Chapman, J. G., 88.

Chase, William M., 203, 207.

Church, Frederick E., 81.

Church, F. S., 174.

Cincinnati, Music Hall of, 163.

Clevenger, Shobal Vail, 138, 145.

Close, A. P., 104.

Cobb, Darius, 125.

Cole, J., 168.

Cole, J. Foxcroft, 199.

Cole, Thomas, 47, 66.

Conant, Cornelia W., 7.

Colman, Samuel, 79, 112, 190.

Copley, John Singleton, 16, 17, 88, 138, 164.

Cooper Institute, 186.

Cranch, Christopher P., 76.

Crawford, Thomas, 138, 145, 149.

Cropsey, Jasper F., 76.

Cummings, T. S., 167.

Curtis, Jessie, 172.

Cusack, S., 177.

Custer, E. L., 125.

Dana, W. P. W., 7.

Dana, William J., 168.

Darley, Felix O. C., 171.

Darrah, Mrs. S. T., 195.

Davis, J. P., 168.

Davis, T. R., 174.

Davidson, Julian O., 174.

Deas, Charles, 88.

Decorative Art, 186.

De Haas, M. F. H., 109.

De Kay, Helena, 207.

Dengler, Frank, 161.

Dewing, T. W., 199.

Dexter, Henry, 156.

Dielman, Frederick, 204.

Dillon, Julia, 133.

Dix, Charles Temple, 84.

Dolph, J. H., 131.

Doughty, Thomas, 47, 56, 59, 66.

Drowne, Shem, 14, 37, 136.

Dunlap, William, 18.

Durand, Asher B., 47, 56, 59, 66, 167.

Duveneck, F., 7, 203.

Eakins, Thomas, 208.

Eaton, Wyatt, 207.

Edmonds, F. W., 52.

Ehninger, John W., 115.

Elliott, Charles Loring, 49, 50.

Enneking, John J., 196.

Eytinge, Sol, 174.

Ezekiel, Moses J., 156.

Falconer, John M., 112.

Farrar, Henry, 113.

Fassett, Mrs. C. A., 127.

Feke, Robert, 16.

Fenn, Harry, 172.

Flagg, George B., 87.

Foote, Mrs. Mary Halleck, 172.

Fraser, John, 31, 56, 167.

Frazee, John, 136, 138.

Fredericks, Alfred, 172.

Freeman, Mrs. J. E., 156.

French, Daniel C., 161.

Frost, Arthur B., 174.

Frothingham, James, 27.

Fuller, George, 117.

Fuller, R. H., 76.

Furness, William Henry, 125.

Gardner, Elizabeth I., 7.

Gaul, Gilbert, 113.

Gerry, Samuel L., 74.

Gibson, W., 177.

Gifford, R. Swain, 112, 190.

Gifford, Sanford R., 80.

Goodrich, Sarah, 51, 167.

Gould, Thomas R., 152, 154.

Grant, C. R., 199.

Greenough, Horatio, 138, 142.

Greenough, Richard, 156.

Grey, Henry Peters, 51.

Grey, Mrs. Henry Peters, 125.

Grosjean, Charles T., 186.

Guy, S. J., 115.

Hale, Susan, 113.

Hall, Mrs., 167.

Hall, George H., 133.

Hamilton, James, 71, 84.

Harding, Chester, 47, 49.

Hart, James, 79, 130.

Hart, William, 79.

Hart, Joel T., 138, 145.

Hartley, J. S., 161.

Haseltine, H. J., 156.

Hayes, William, 85.

Heade, M. J., 133.

Healy, G. P. A., 49.

Henry, E. L., 115.

Henshaw, Mrs., 133.

Hicks, Thomas, 49, 86.

Hill, Thomas, 97, 98.

Hinckley, T. H., 85.

Homer, Winslow, 117, 190.

Hoppin, Augustus, 172.

Hoskin, Robert, 168.

Hosmer, Harriet, 152, 156.

Howland, A. C., 115.

Hubbard, R. W., 74.

Humphrey, L. B., 172.

Hunt, William M., 49, 185, 193.

Huntington, Daniel, 49, 51, 88.

Impressionism in Art, 192.

Ingham, C. C., 49.

Inman, Henry, 49, 51.

Inness, George, 79, 190.

Inness, George, Jun., 131.

Ipsen, L. S., 174.

Irving, J. B., 113.

Ives, C. B., 156.

Jarvis, John Wesley, 28, 49.

Johnson, David, 76.

Johnson, Eastman, 116, 189.

Juengling, F., 168.

Kelley, J. E., 174.

Kensett, John F., 63, 76.

Kepler, Joseph, 177.

Key, John R., 170.

King, F. S., 168.

Kingsley, E., 168.

Knowlton, Helen M., 195.

Kreul, G., 168.

Lafarge, John, 71, 94, 133, 185.

Lambdin, George C., 133.

Lansil, Walter F., 111.

Lathrop, Francis, 96, 174, 186.

Lay, Oliver I., 115.

Le Clear, Thomas, 49.

Leutze, Emmanuel, 73, 88.

Lewis, Robert, 174.

Linton, W. J., 167.

Longfellow, Ernest, 106.

Longworth, Nicholas, 140.

Loop, Henry A., 125.

Loop, Mrs. Henry A., 125.

Low, Will H., 207.

Macdonald, J. W. A., 156.

M'Entee, Jervis, 103.

Magrath, William, 117.

Malbone, Edward G., 31, 32, 167.

Marsh, Charles, 168.

Marshall, John, 167.

Martin, Homer, 106.

Mather, Cotton, 14.

Maverick, Peter, 167.

Mayer, B. F., 113.

Meade, Larkin J., 152, 153.

Meeker, J. R., 74.

Mignot, Louis R., 83.

Miller, Charles, 203.

Millet, Francis D., 7.

Mills, Clark, 138, 149.

Milmore, Martin, 154.

Moore, E. C., 186.

Moran, Edward, 103.

Moran, Peter, 103, 130.

Moran, Thomas, 97, 100, 172.

Morse, Samuel F. B., 33, 39, 51.

Morse, W. H., 168.

Mount, William Sidney, 52, 86, 117.

Muhrman, William H., 207.

Müller, R. A., 168.

Munzig, B. C., 170.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 186.

Naegle, John, 29.

Nast, Thomas, 177.

National Academy of Design, 37, 39, 49, 51, 58, 186.

Neal, David, 7.

Newton, Gilbert Stuart, 27.

Nicoll, J. C., 111.

Normal Art School of Massachusetts, 186, 187.

Norton, William E., 110.

Oakey, Maria R., 207.

O'Donovan, W. R., 161.

Page, William, 49, 51, 90.

Palmer, Erastus D., 140, 156, 161.

Parsons, Charles, 112.

Parton, Arthur, 80.

Parton, Ernest, 7.

Peale, Charles Wilson, 21.

Peale, Rembrandt, 28.

Pelham, 20.

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 29, 187.

Perkins, Charles, 174.

Perring, 186.

Petersen, John E. C., 110.

Pope, Alexander, 132.

Porter, Benjamin C., 190.

Powers, Hiram, 138.

Pratt, Matthew, 16, 137.

Pyle, Howard, 177.

Quartley, Arthur, 111.

Ranney, William S., 88.

Redwood Library, Newport, 15.

Reinhart, B. F., 115.

Reinhart, C. S., 177.

Reynolds, Joshua, 19.

Richards, T. Addison, 174.

Richards, William T., 74.

Rimmer, William, 163.

Rinehart, William Henry, 152, 154.

Ritchie, A. H., 167.

Robbins, Ellen, 133.

Robbins, Horace, 80.

Roberts, Howard, 161.

Robinson, Thomas, 130.

Rogers, Frank, 131.

Rogers, John, 159.

Rogers, Randolph, 149, 152.

Rothermel, Peter F., 88.

Rowse, Samuel W., 170.

Rush, William, 138.

Ryder, A. P., 207.

St. Gaudens, Augustus, 163.

Sargent, Colonel Henry, 28.

Sartain, Emily, 210.

Sartain, John, 167.

Sartain, William, 203.

Satterlee, Walter, 115.

Seavey, G. W., 133.

Shapleigh, F. H., 76.

Shirlaw, Walter, 174, 203, 207.

Shurtleff, R. M., 131.

Silva, Francis A., 111.

Simmons, Franklin, 154.

Smilie, George, 80.

Smilie, James, 167.

Smilie, James, Jun., 80, 113.

Smith, Frank Hill, 186.

Smith, J. Hopkinson, 171.

Smith, Walter, 186.

Smithwick and French, 168.

Smybert, John, 15, 22.

Sonntag, W. L., 79.

Staigg, Richard M., 49, 51.

Stebbins, Emma, 156.

Stephens, Louis, 172.

Stephenson, Peter, 156.

Stone, J. M., 196.

Story, George H., 118.

Story, William W., 152, 154.

Stuart, Gilbert, 17, 20, 24, 39, 47, 49, 187.

Sully, Thomas, 28, 49.

Suydam, James A., 73.

Tait, A. F., 132.

Thompson, Launt, 152, 159.

Thompson, Wordsworth, 128.

Thorpe, T. B., 86.

Tiffany, Louis C., 203.

Trumbull, Colonel John, 17, 21, 47, 88, 130, 136.

Tuckerman, S. S., 195.

Twachtman, J. H., 207.

Vanderlyn, John, 17, 29, 44.

Vandyck, Sir Anthony, 14.

Van Wart, Ames, 156.

Vedder, Elihu, 71, 94.

Volk, Leo W., 156.

Waldo, Samuel, 49.

Waller, Frank, 207.

Ward, J. Q. A., 149, 151.

Warner, Olin M., 161.

Water-Color Society, 112.

Waterman, Marcus, 113.

Watson, John, 15.

Way, A. J. H., 133.

Weeks, E. L., 196.

Weir, J. Alden, 204.

Weir, John F., 114.

Weir, Robert W., 47, 52.

West, Benjamin, 17, 29, 138, 142, 164.

Whistler, J. A. McN., 7.

Whitney, Anne, 156.

Whittredge, Worthington, 73, 86.

Wight, Moses, 7.

Wilkinson, George, 186.

Willard, A. W., 114.

Williams, F. D., 76.

Williams, Virgil, 115.

Wilmarth, Lemuel E., 115.

Wolf, H., 168.

Wood, T. W., 114.

Woodville, Richard Caton, 86.

Wright, Frederick W., 170.

Wright, Patience, 37, 136.

Wyant, A. H., 105, 190.

Young, Harvey A., 125.

THE END.

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