Chapter XI: Illumination of Books (2)

The value of illuminated books is enormous. An Elector of Bavaria once offered a town for a single book; but the monks had sufficient worldly wisdom to know that he could easily take the town again, and so declined the exchange!

With the introduction of printing, the art of illumination was doomed. The personal message from the scribe to the reader was merged in the more comprehensive message of the press to the public. It was no longer necessary to spend a year on a work that could be accomplished in a day; so the artists found themselves reduced to painting initial letters in printed books, sometimes on vellum, but more often on paper. This art still flourishes in many localities; but it is no more illumination, though it is often so designated, than photography is portrait painting. Both are useful in their departments and for their several purposes, but it is incorrect to confound them.

Once, while examining an old choral book, I was particularly struck with the matchless personal element which exists in a book which is made, as this was, by the hand, from the first stroke to the last. The first page showed a bold lettering, the sweep of the pen being firm and free. Animal vigour was demonstrated in the steady hand and the clear eye. The illuminations were daintily painted, and the sure touch of the little white line used to accentuate the colours, was noticeable. After several pages, the letters became less true and firm. The lines had a tendency to slant to the right; a weakness could be detected in the formerly strong man. Finally the writing grew positively shaky. The skill was lost.

Suddenly, on another page, came a change. A new hand had taken up the work--that of a novice. He had not the skill of the previous worker in his best days, but the indecision of his lines was that of inexperience, not of failing ability. Gradually he improved. His colours were clearer and ground more smoothly; his gold showed a more glassy surface. The book ended as it had begun, a virile work of art; but in the course of its making, one man had grown old, lost his skill, and died, and another had started in his immaturity, gained his education, and devoted his best years to this book.

The printing press stands for all that is progressive and desirable; modern life and thought hang upon this discovery. But in this glorious new birth there was sacrificed a certain indescribable charm which can never be felt now except by a book lover as he turns the leaves of an ancient illuminated book. To him it is given to understand that pathetic appeal across the centuries.

THE END.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arts and Crafts Movement. O. L. Triggs. Two Lectures. William Morris. Decorative Arts. William Morris. Treatises of Benvenuto Cellini. Library of British Manufactories. Gold and Silver. Wheatley. Ye Olden Time. E. S. Holt. Arts and Crafts Essays. Ed. by Morris. Industrial Arts. Maskell. Old English Silver. Cripps. Spanish Arts. J. E. Riañio. History of the Fine Arts. W. B. Scott. Art Work in Gold and Silver. P. H. Delamotte. Gold and Silver. J. H. Pollen. Une Ville du Temps Jadis. M. E. Del Monte. Industrial Arts. P. Burty. Arts of the Middle Ages. Labarte. Miscellanea Graphica. Fairholt. Artist's Way of Working. R. Sturgis. Jewellery. Cyril Davenport. Enamels. Mrs. Nelson Dawson. Precious Stones. Jones. Ghiberti and Donatello. Leader Scott. Iron Work. J. S. Gardner. Guilds of Florence. E. Staley. Armour in England. J. S. Gardner. Foreign Armour in England. J. S. Gardner. Cameos. Cyril Davenport. Peter Vischer. Cecil Headlam. St. Eloi and St. Bernward. Baring Gould; Lives of the Saint. European Enamels. H. Cunynghame. Intarsia and Marquetry. H. Jackson. Pavement Masters of Siena. R. H. Cust. Sculpture in Ivory. Digby Wyatt. Ancient and Mediæval Ivories. Wm. Maskell. Ivory Carvers of the Middle Ages. A. M. Cust. Arts of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. P. Lacroix. Ivories. A. Maskell. Old English Embroidery. F. and H. Marshall. The Bayeux Tapestry. F. R. Fowke. History of Tapestry. W. G. Thomson. La Broderie. L. de Farcy. Textile Fabrics. Dr. Rock. Needlework as Art. Lady Alford. History of Needlework. Countess of Wilton. Gilds; Their Origins, etc. C. Walford. Tapestry. A. Champeaux. Tapestry. J. Hayes. Ornamental Metal Work. Digby Wyatt. La Mosaïque. Gerspach. The Master Mosaic Workers. G. Sand. Revival of Sculpture. A. L. Frothingham. History of Italian Sculpture. C. H. Perkins. Art Applied to Industry. W. Burges. Four Centuries of Art. Noel Humphreys. Aratra Pentelici. Ruskin. Seven Lamps of Architecture. Ruskin. Val d'Arno. Ruskin. Stones of Venice. Ruskin. Lectures on Sculpture. Flaxman. Brick and Marble. G. E. Street. Sculpture in Wood. Williams. Greek and Gothic. St. J. Tyrwhitt. Westminster Abbey and Craftsmen. W. R. Lethaby. Le Roi René. L. de la Marche. English Mediæval Figure Sculpture. Prior and Gardner. Churches of Paris. Sophia Beale. Matthew Paris' Chronicle. Crowns and Coronations. Jones. Bell's Handbooks of Rouen, Chartres, Amiens, Wells, Salisbury and Lincoln. History of Sculpture. D'Agincourt. The Grotesque in Church Art. T. T. Wildridge. Choir Stalls and Their Carving. Emma Phipson. Memorials of Westminster Abbey. Dean Stanley. Memorials of Canterbury. Dean Stanley. Les Corporations des Arts et Metiers. Hubert Valeroux. Finger Ring Lore. Jones. Goldsmith's and Silversmith's Work. Nelson Dawson. The Dark Ages. Maitland. Rambles of an Archæologist. F. W. Fairholt. History of Furniture. A. Jacquemart. Embroidery. W. G. P. Townsend. Le Livre des Metiers. Etienne Boileau. Illuminated Manuscripts. J. H. Middleton. Illuminated Manuscripts. Edward Quaile. English Illuminated Manuscripts. Maunde Thompson. Les Manuscrits et l'art de les Orner. Alphonse Labitte. Les Manuscrits et la Miniature. L. de la Marche. Primer of Illumination. Delamotte. Primer of Illumination. Digby Wyatt. Ancient Painting and Sculpture in England. J. Carter. Vasari's Lives of the Painters. (Selected.) Benvenuto Cellini--Autobiography. Illuminated Manuscripts. O. Westwood. Celtic Illuminative Art. S. F. H. Robinson. Illuminated Manuscripts. Bradley.

INDEX

Aachen, 16 Abbeville, 265 Abbo, 57 Absalom, 299 Acherius, J., 335 Adam, 28 Adam, Abbot, 21 Adaminus, 222 Adelard, 229 Aelfled, 199 Aelst, 172 Agatho, 281 Agnelli, Fra, 226 Agnese, St., 14, 316 Agnolo, B., 303 Ahab, 276 Aignan, St., 354 Aix-la-Chapelle, 98, 287 Albans, St., 114, 186, 207, 250 Alberti, L., 131 Aleuin, 14, 278, 332 Aldobrandini, 131 Alfred, King, 4, 64, 67, 94, 199 Alford, Lady, 188, 303 Alicante, 167 Almeria, 183 Aloise, 20 Alwin, Bp., 252 Alwyn, H. F., 25 Amasia, Bp. of, 191 America, 25 Amiens, 65, 144, 230, 233, 236, 238, 240, 244, 265 Anastatius, 201, 281 "Anatomy of Abuses," 26 Ancona, 224 "Ancren Riwle," 75 Angers, 164, 208 Anglo-Saxons, 49, 92, 95, 100, 111, 159, 184, 294, 343 Anne of Bohemia, 65, 135 Anne of Brittany, 174, 211, 361 Anne of Cleves, 206 Anquetil, 230 Antelami, 221 Anthemius, 316 Anthony, St., 254 Antwerp, 116 Apollinaire, St., 316 Apollonius, 319 Apulia, 182 Arabia, 5, 14, 147 Arles, 18, 192, 229 Arnant, A., 292 Arnolfo di Cambio, 227 Armour, 121-132 Arphe, H. d' and J. d', 24, 25 Arras, 20, 165, 166, 167, 171 Arrigo (see Peselli) Arthur, Prince, 205 Artois, 166 Asser, 4 Asterius, St., 192 Atlas, 9 Athelmay, 4 August the Pious, 245 Augustine, St., 279, 354 Aurelian, 180 Auquilinus, 230 Austin, W., 129 Auxene, 162 Aventin, St., 231 Avernier, A., 265 Avignon, M. de, 33

"Babee's Book," 39 Bakes, J., 171 Balbastro, 130 Baldini, B., 34 Baldovinetto, 322 Ballin, C., 35 Bamberg, 258 Baptist, John, 65 Barbarossa, 16 Barcheston, 171 Bargello, 281 Barnwell, 330 Bartholomew Anglicus, 4, 81, 83, 110, 149 Basilewski, 291 Basle, 23 Basse-taille, 103 Bataille, 166 Bavaria, 165, 266, 295, 362 Bayeux Tapestry, 154-159 Bazinge, A. de, 207 Beauchamp, R., 144 Becket, T. à, 28, 46, 54, 61 Bede, 110, 145 Begue, J. de, 338 Bells, 145 Benedict, St., 4, 329 Benedictional of Ethelwold, 355 Benet, J., 250 Bergamo, 308 Bernard, M., 167 Bernard, St., 21, 22, 270, 287 Bernward, Bp., 16-20, 136, 140, 229, 317 Berquem, L., 74 Bess of Hardwick, 211 Bethancourt, J. de, 33 Beverly, 257, 274 Bezaleel, 1, 25 Bezold, H. van, 268 Bianchini, 324 Billiard Balls, 295 Birch, W. de G., 349 Biscornette, 113 Black Prince, 135 "Blandiver, Jack," 152 Bloet, Bp., 246 Blois, 174 Boabdil, 127 Boileau, E., 217 Boleyn, A., 78 Bologna, 224, 308 Bolognese, M. S., 337 Boningegna, G., 98 Boston Art Museum, 342 Bosworth, 66 Botticelli, 190 Boudichon, J., 361 Boulin, A., 265 Boutellier, J. le, 237 Bradshaw, 170 Brandenburgh, 295 Bridget, St., 53, 346 Briolottus, 222 Brithnoth, 160 British Museum, 292, 345 Bronze, 132-149 Brooches, 50-56 Browning, R., 258 Brunelleschi, 305 Brussels, 172 Brussels, M. S., 337 Burgundy, 194 Byzantine style, 13, 22, 24, 49, 63, 84, 87, 92, 97, 103, 183, 191, 199, 220, 224, 340 "Byzantine Guide," 342

Cadwollo, 134 Caffi, M., 307 Cambio, A. del, 301 Cambridge, 37, 364 Camerino, J., 321 Cameos, 85-90 Cano, A., 268 Canterbury, 54, 135, 176, 243 Canute (see Knut) Canozio, 305 Caradosso, 8 Caramania, 168 Carazan, 5 Carlencas, 218 Carovage, 151 Carpentras, Bp. of, 37 Carrara, 221 Carter, J., 106, 251, 290 Casati, 90 Cassiodorus, 327 Castel, G. van, 268 Castiglione, Count, 308 Cecilia, St., 186 Celestine III., Pope, 18 Cellini, Benvenuto, xii, 7-13, 43, 56, 68-71, 91, 96, 105, 127, 132, 304 Celtic style, 50-54, 92, 343 Centula, 317 Chained Books, 330 Chalices, 29 Champlevé, 94, 103 Charlemagne, 14, 15, 23, 62, 98, 124, 146, 181, 203, 224, 294, 328, 332, 338 Charles I., 212 Charles V., 40, 70, 165, 209, 265, 295, 359 Charles the Bold, 15 Chartres, 107, 145, 219, 229, 231, 234, 237, 238, 242, 312 Chaucer, 169, 181, 193 Chelles, J. de, 240 Cherio, L. de, 355 Chester, 170, 273 Chichester, 242 Chilperic, 38 Chinchintalas, 187 Christin of Margate, 207 Cid, The, 128 Claudian, 278 Clement le Brodeur, 207 Clement, Pope, 9, 56, 89 Clemente, St., 321 Clermont, 314 Clocks, 150 Clothaire II., 157 Clovio, G., 361 Clovis II., 62 Cluny, 14 Cockayne, W., 44 Coinsi, Prior, 270 Colaccio, M., 305 Cola di Rienzi, 204 Coldingham, 249 Cologne, 98, 115, 145 Columba, St., 220, 327, 344 Columbkille, 52 Constantine, 13, 313, 316, 340 Constantinople, 57, 84, 86, 97, 136, 181, 225, 316, 317, 318, 340 Constanza, Sta., 314 Coquille, G. de, 32 Cordova, 25 Coro, D. del, 299 Cosmati Mosaic, 310 Coula, 53 Courtray, 152 Coventry, 201 Cozette, 177 Cracow, 266 Crete, 276 Crest, H., 33 Crivelli, C., 183 Croisètes, J. de, 166 Cromwell, O., 29 Crown Jewels, 66 Croyland, 147, 164, 192, 200 Crumdale, R., 250 Cunegonde, 207 Cunegunda, Queen, 2, 24 Cups, 44 Curfew, 147 Curmer, 361 Cuserius, 315 Cuthbert, St., 53, 145, 199, 345 Cynewulf, 149 Cyzicus, L. de, 279, 341

Dagobert, 62, 162 Damascening, 126 Damiano, Fra, 308 Davenport, 287 Davenport, C., 86 Davi, J., 236 Day, Lewis, 183 Decker, H., 259 Delhi, 57 Delphyn, N., 255 Delobel, 196 Denis, St., 20, 22, 58, 83, 162, 230, 232 Deschamps, E., 359 Diamonds, 71-74 Diàne of de Poictiers, 107 Didier, Abbé, 318 Didron, 18, 140 Dijon, 152, 194, 229 Dipoenus, 276 Dioscorides, 341 Domenico of the Cameos, 88 Donatello, xiii, 227 Donne, Dr., 79 Dourdan, 166 Drawswerd, 255 Dresden, 85 Dublin, 27, 344 Ducarel, 159 Dunstan, St., 75, 110, 182 Dürer, A., 132, 258, 266, 268 Durham, 53, 148, 172, 197, 250, 252, 288, 318 "Durham Book," 344 Durosne, 33 Duval, J., 173

Ebony, 307 Ecclesiasticus, 81 Edinburgh, 130 Edgitha, 193 Edith, Queen, 159 Edrisi, 167 Edward, goldsmith, 28, 36 Edward I., 75 Edward II., 168, 199 Edward III., 36, 66, 193 Edward IV., 37, 117 Edward the Confessor, 26, 28, 75, 156, 193, 224, 251 Egebric, 147 Eginhard, 282 Egyptians, 1 Eleanor, Queen, 117, 135, 144, 165, 249 Elfen, 309 Elizabeth, Queen, 26, 129, 211 Eloi, St., 22, 57-62, 111 Ely, 159, 195, 200, 249 Embroideries, 179-212 Emesa, 65 Emma, Queen, 200, 251 Enamels, 91-108 England, 2, 4, 23, 135, 164, 214 Eraclius, 336 Essex, William of, 107 Etheldreda, St., 249 Explicit, 354 Exodus, 1 Ezekiel, 276

Fairill, 53 Falkland, Viscount, 211 Farcy, L., 189, 203 Ferdinand I., 302 Ferdinand II., 302 Fereol, St., 328 Ferucci, F., 302 Filigree, 12 Finger-rings, 74-78 Finiguerra, M., 34, 101 Flagons, 37 Flanders, 165 Florence, xii, 26, 34, 88, 115, 136, 147, 176, 224, 264, 298, 301, 303, 319, 322 Florence, Jean of, 165 Florent, St., 163 Fontaine, E. la, 23 Foucquet, J., 361 Fowke, F. R., 155 Fra Angelico, 357 France, 2, 3, 5, 23, 162, 164, 214-216, 257, 262, 291, 325 Francia, 34, 183 Francis I., 11, 105, 107, 133, 152, 177 Fremlingham, R. de, 250 Froissart, 131, 152, 356 Fuller, 189, 201

Gaddi, G. and A., 319-320, 322 Gaegart, 114 Gale, P., 207 Gall, St., 124, 145, 263, 285 Galla Placida, 315 "Gammer Gurton's Needle," 188 Gandesheim, 19 Garlande, J. de, 62 Garnier, 230 Gaunt, J. of, 35, 55 Gautier, R., 207 Gendulphus, St., 288 Genesis, 160 Genevieve, St., 3, 239 Genoa, 12, 180 Gerbert, 150 Germany, 5, 16, 17, 114, 130, 139, 141, 185, 198, 214, 257, 262, 291 George II., 186 George IV., 75 Gerona, 160 Ghent, 130 Ghiberti, xii, 34, 71, 136, 227 Ghirlandajo, 33, 322 Giacomo, Maestro, 306 Gifford, G., 29 Gilles, St., 229 Giralda, 135 Giraldus, Cambriensis, 335 Girard d'Orleans, 265 Giotto, 264, 322 "Giovanni of the Camelians," 88 Giudetto, Maestro, 296 Glastonbury, 110, 152, 220, 331 Gloucester, 327, 331 Gloucester, John of, 248 Gobelins Tapestry, 160, 164, 176 Godemann, 355 Gold Leaf, 335 Gontran, 229 Gothic style, 24, 29 Gouda, 299 Granada, 183 Gregory, St., 221, 277 Gresham, Sir T., 25 Grès, H. de, 292 Grimani Breviary, 361 Grosso, N., 116 Grotesques, 235-243, 273, 349, 353 Grove, D. van, 268 Guerrazzar, Treasure of, 63 Guillaume, Abbot, 229 Gutierez, 167

Haag, J., 240 Hall Mark, 3 Hankford, Sir W., 36 Hampton Court, 171 Hannequin, 32 Harleian MS., 352 Harrison, 193 Harold, 157, 158 Hasquin, J. de, 33 Hatfield, 171 Hayes, S. L., 156 Headlam, C., 268 Hebrides, 196 Hebrews, 1 Héliot, 292 Hennequin de Liege, 240 Henry I., 23, 155 Henry II., 83, 107, 197 Henry III, 27, 28, 36, 38, 86, 117, 135, 144, 207, 248, 287, 311 Henry V., 252 Henry VI., 185 Henry VII., 102, 181, 206, 253, 254, 257, 268 Henry VIII., 131, 175, 195, 209, 254 Henry the Pious, 23 Herlin, F., 266 Herman, 74 Herodias, 65 Hezilo, 20 Hildesheim, xii, 16-20, 116, 136, 139, 140, 258, 285, 286, 309, 317 Holanda, A. de, 361 Holderness, 273 Honorius, Pope, 316 Hudd, A., 255 Huberd, R., 251 Hugh, St., 246 Hughes, Abbot, 229 Husee, 37-78 Hust, A., 265

Il Lasca, 305 Illumination, 326-364 Imber, L., 255 Inlay, 296-309 Innocent IV., 200 Iona, 220 Ireland, 342-345 Iron, 109-121 Isaiah, 1 Isidore, 316 Isle of Man, 77 Islip, Abbot, 102, 275 Italy, 5, 21, 92, 141 Ivan III, 283 Ivory carving, 275-295 "Ivy Pattern," 347

Jackson, H., 307 Jacob of Breslau, 328 Jacobus, Fra, 319 James, 315 James I., 56, 176 Jeanne, Queen, 173 Jeanne of Navarre, 68 John, King, 66, 105, 207 John XII., 111 John IV., 316 Johnson, R., 117 Joinville, Sirede, 194 Jones, Sir E. B., 203 Jouy, B. de, 314 Justinian, 220, 221, 315

Katherine, Queen, 252 Katherine of Aragon, 209 Keepe, H., 241 Kells, Book of, 49, 344 Kent, Fair Maid of, 196 Keys, 119 Kildare, Gospels of, 345 Kirton, Ed., 241 "Kleine Heldenbuch," 189 Knight, 210 Knut, King, 200, 252 Kohinoor, 71 Kraft, A., 141, 213, 258, 259, 261, 266 Krems, 115

Laach, 262 Labenwolf, 143 Labarte, 302 Laborde, 74 Labraellier, J., 295 Lacordaire, 160 Lagrange, 168 Lambspring, B., 129 Lamoury, S., 166 Lateran, The, 205, 316, 321 Laura, 193 Lawrence, St., 315 Lead, 149 Lebrija, 269 Leighton, T. de, 117 Leland, 206 Leo III., 203 Leo X., 172 Leon, 25 Leopardi, 302 "Les Maitres Mosaïtes," 323 Lethaby, W. R., 252, 311 Lewis, 293 Lewis, H., 117 Liberale da Verona, 361 "Liber Eliensis," 200 Lille, 166 Limoges, 24-57, 103, 107, 144 Lincoln, 244, 246, 274 Lincoln Imp, 247 Lindisfarne, 53, 345 Limousin, E. and L., 107 Lisle, Lord, 35, 55 Little Gidding, 212 Locks, 120 Lombards, The, 18, 63, 220, 277 London, 25, 26, 44, 182, 185, 206, 248, 288 Lothaire, 38 Louis VI., 21 Louis VII., 21 Louis XII., 174, 361 Louis XIV., 197 Louis, Prince, 20 Louis, St., 22, 194, 232, 240, 253 Louvre, The, 270, 292 Lübke, xi Lucca, 221, 296 Luca della Robbia, 213 Ludlow, 273 Luini, B., 307 Luna, de, 306

MacDurnam, 344 "Mad Meg," 130 Madrid, 177-270 Maes Eyck, 358 Magaster, 278 Maiano, B. de, 304 Maitland, 14 Maitani, L., 227 Malaga, 269 Malmsbury, W. of, 65, 75, 220 Malvezzi, M., 308 Manne, P., 33 Mantegna, 101 Mantreux, J. de, 32 Manuello, 302 Mapilton, Master, 252 "Mappae Claviculae," 276 Marcel, St., 238 Marcellus, 65 Marche, L. de la, 341 Maretta, G., 8 Mariana, Queen, 270 Mark's, St., 318, 323, 361 Marten, 66 Martin, St., 17, 87 Martyr, Bp., 240 Mary, Queen of Scots, 210 Maskell, A. and W., 32, 186, 294 Massari, A., 306 Matilda, Queen, 155 Matsys, Q., 118, 141 Matteo da Siena, 300 Maximian, 282 Medici, The, 85, 176, 211, 254, 301 Memlinc, 166 Mexicans, 18 Michael, St., 18, 19 Michelangelo, 9, 90, 116, 254, 303 Milan, 281, 307 Mildmay, H., 67 Minella, P. de, 299 Miniato, San, 298 Miserere Stalls, 271-275 "Mons Meg," 130 Monte Cassino, 318 Montereau, J. de, 240 Montfort, S. de, 63 Montarsy, P. de, 35 Monza, 23, 63, 221 Monzon, 146 Moore, Charles, xi, 234 Moorish style, 24 Moreau, J., 241 Morel, B., 135 Mortlake, 178 Morris, Wm., v, x, 248 Moryson, F., 26 Mt. Athos, 341 Möser, L., 266 Mosaic, 309-327

Nantes, 314 Nassaro, M. dal, 88 Naumberg, 259 Navagiero, 183 Nevers, Count of, 194 Nicolas, J., 33 Niello, 49, 99-102 Nomenticum, 166 Norfolk, 31 Norman style, 29 Norton, C. E., 219, 226 Norwich, 45, 196, 331 Nôtre Dame, Paris, 218, 234, 238, 240 Noyon, 58, 60 Nüremberg, 141, 152, 258, 259, 266, 292, 309

Oath Book of the Saxon Kings, 346 Odericus, 311 Odo, goldsmith, 14, 27 Odo, Abbot, 115 Olivetans, 307-308 Orcagna, 34, 140, 183, 227 Orebsc, S. M., 24 Orghet, J., 166 Oriental, 24, 84 Orleans, 33 Orso Magister, 222 Orviedo, 278 Orvieto, 33, 227, 244, 302, 310 Osmont, 204 Othlonus, 356 Otho, 230, 286 Otto III., Emperor, 16 Oudenardes, 169 Ouen, St., 58 Oxford, 168, 210, 248, 255, 354

Pacheco, 25 Padua, 305 Pala d'Oro, 23, 97, 98 Palermo, 311 "Pancake Man" 245 Paris, 2, 17, 20-23, 26, 37, 52, 69, 86, 113, 149, 166, 186, 200, 218, 229, 234, 238, 239, 240, 339 Paris, Matthew, 27, 180, 207 Parma, 221 Patras, L., 139 Patrick, St., 2, 49, 52, 145, 238 Paul the Deacon, 221 Paulus, 315 Pausanias, 121 Pavia, 221 Pembroke, Earl, 67 Penne, 208 Perseus, 134 Persia, 55 Perugia, 224, 298 Peselli, 322 Peter Albericus, 224 Peter Amabilis, 224 Peter the Great, 295 Peter de St. Andeman, 335 Peter Orfever, 224 Peter of Rome, 310 Peter of Spain, 241 Petrarch, 192, 362 Philip IV., 167 Philip the Bold, 165 Philip the Good, 165 Philippa, Queen, 194 Philostratus, 91, 103 Philoxenus, 277 Picardie, 317 Pickering, W., 129 Pietra Dura, 301 Piggigny, J. de, 32 Pinturicchio, 300 Pirckheimer, W., 132 Pisa, 221, 225, 298 Pisani, The, 71, 216, 221, 225, 234, 244 Pistoja, 298 Pitti Palace, 101, 177, 301, 302 Pius II., 67 Pliny, 2, 110, 143 Poitiers, 162, 163 Pollajuolo, xiii, 34, 195 Polo, Marco, 5, 55, 71, 184, 187, 278 Pordenone, 323 Portland Vase, 87 Poucet, J. de and B., 241 Poulligny, G. de, 207 Poussin, N., 33 Precious Stones, 77-83 Prior and Gardner, 244 Probus, 277 "Properties of Things," 4 Psalter of Edwin, 353 Ptolemies, The, 83 Pudenziana, St., 314 Pugin, 120, 153

Quentin, St., 60 "Queen Mary's Psalter," 347

Rabanus, 278 Rabotin, L., 33 Raffaelo da Brescia, 308 Ralph, Brother, 250 Ramsay, W., 250 Raphael, 166, 172, 323 Rausart, J. de, 166 Ravenna, 216, 224, 282, 283, 312, 314, 315 Redgrave, R., xi, 47 Rée, J. P., 259 Reformation, The, 29, 31, 209 Reggio, 305 Renaissance, 32, 88, 117, 135, 141, 164, 192, 205, 227, 239, 268, 271, 362 René of Anjou, 33, 164, 173, 208, 241 Renoy, J., 237 Reynolds, Sir J., 139 Rheims, 150, 162, 229, 238, 239, 300 Richard II., 37, 135 Richard III., 66 Ripon, 273 Robert, King, 150, 229 Rock, Dr., 155, 183, 191, 197, 210 Rome, 17, 19, 24, 136, 187, 264, 278, 283, 310, 316, 321, 322 Romanesque style, 18, 29, 219, 220, 258 Romulus and Remus, 299 Rosebeque, 131, 167 Rossi, 314 Rothenburg, 266 Rouen, 60, 236, 265 Roze, Abbé, 236 Ruskin, J., v, 144, 221, 222, 226, 227, 235, 265, 298

Salinas, 130 Salisbury, 243 Salisbury, Earl, 35 Salt-cellars, 43 Salutati, B., 195 Sand, G., 323 Sandwich, 30 Sansovino, xii Sano di Pietro, 361 Saumur, 162, 241 Sauval, 114 Savonarola, 195 Schülein, H., 266 Scillis, 276 Scholastico, A., 295 Schutz, C., 185 Scott, W., 51 Sculpture, 213 Selsea, 242 Senlis, H. de, 292 Seville, 24, 25, 128, 132, 209 Sewald, 165 Shakespeare, 77 Shoreditch, J. of, 168 Shrewsbury, 211 Siena, 225, 298-300, 302 Silk, 179 Siriès, L., 302 Sithiu, 339 Skelton, J., 359 Smyrna, 168 Soignoles, J. de, 240 Solignac, 58 Sophia, Sta., 316 South Kensington Museum, 19, 170, 177, 197, 198, 303, 226 Spain, 24, 102, 110, 117, 120, 127-8, 130, 211, 258, 278, 294, 306 Spoons, 39 "Squire of Low Degree," 197 Staley, E., 134 Statius, 315 Stauracius, 136 Stengel, H., 309 Stephanus, 315 Stephen IV., 187 Stevens, T., 144 Strasburg, 259 Stoss-Veit, 258-266 Stubbes, 25 Stubbs, Charles, 249 Stump Work, 212 Sturgis, R., vii, 218, 307 Suger, Abbot, 20-23, 230, 318 Suinthila, 23, 63 Sumercote, J. de, 207 "Swineherd of Stowe," 246 Sylvester II., 151 Sylvester, Bp., 314 Symmachus, 279 Symonds, J. A., 139 Syon Cope, 201 Syrlin, J., 266

Tali, A., 319-320 Tanagra, 213 Tancho, 146 Tapestry, 154-178 Tapicier, G. le, 168 Tappistere, J. le, 168 Tara Brooch, 50, 83 Tartary, 184 Tassach, 53 Tasso, D. and G., 303, 304 Taugmar, 17 Tegernsee, 357 Temple Church, 248 Tenison Psalter, 347, 352 Texier, Abbé, xiii Textiles, 154 Thebes, 181 Thergunna, 196 Theodolinda, Queen, 221, 277 Theodora, 315 Theodoric, 221, 222, 327 Theophilus the Monk, 5, 6, 7, 74, 81, 85, 95, 99, 100, 110, 185, 276, 337 Theophilus, Emperor, 14, 317 Thillo, 58 Thomson, M. G., 165, 171 Tintoretto, 323 Titian, 323 Toledo, 24, 25, 63, 125, 209, 270 Tonquin, J., 114 Topf, J., 129 Torcello, 112, 319 Torel, W., 144, 249, 250 Torpenhow, 31 Torregiano, 254, 264 Torriti, J., 321 Touraine, 194 Tours, 17, 162, 173, 314 "Treatises" of Cellini, 11 Trittenham, J. of, 354 Trophimes, St., 229 Troupin, J., 265 Troyes, 170 Tucher, A., 268 Tudela, B. of, 57, 181 Tudor, 29 Tuscany, 5 Tutilon, or Tutilo, 229, 263

Ubaldo, St., 204 Ugolino of Siena, 33 Ulm, 266 Ulpha, St., 233 Urbino, 306 Utrecht Psalter, 156, 353

Valence, A. de, 144, 233 Valencia, 146 Valerio Vincentino, 89 Van Eyck, 166 Vasari, G., 34, 85, 89, 106, 116, 191, 254, 302, 320, 322 Vatican, 204 Velasquez, 25, 167 Venice, 84, 97, 136, 223, 312, 318, 322, 323, 361 Verocchio, 33, 34 Verona, 88, 117, 222 Villant, P. de, 208 Vinci, L. da, 33 Viollet-le-Duc, 52, 218 Virgil, 228 Vischer, Peter, 141-143, 266 Vischer, Peter, Jr., 268 Vitel, 314 Vitruvius, 187 Vivaria, 327 Vopiscus, F., 166

Wallois, H., 166 Walpole, H., 148 Walsingham, A. de, 248 Walter of Colchester, 250 Walter of Durham, 250 Ware, R. de, 311 Warwick, 144 Waquier, 207 Wechter, F. de, 166 Welburne, J., 275 Wells, 152, 244 Wendover, R. de, 180 Westminster, 66, 102, 117, 144, 156, 165, 224, 233, 240, 241, 243, 249-255, 268, 275, 311, 331 Westwood, O., 344 Weyden, van der, 169 Willaume, 166 William the Conqueror, 155, 232 Williams of Sens, 243 Wilton, Countess of, 157, 172 Winchester, 149, 165, 199, 272 Windsor, 118, 131, 268 Wire-drawing, 184 Withaf, King, 192 Withers, G., 67 Wolsey, Card., 175 Wood-carving, 262-275 Wood, 66 Woolstrope, 29 Worsted, 196 Wyckham, W., 102

Ypres, 166 York, 181, 275, 285

Zamborro, M., 322 Zuccati, The, 323-325