Chapter VII: Part 3

Guide and Adviser ]

Traveling in the Smokies

“You can’t get there from here,” an oldtimer might tell you about traveling in the Smokies, and you might think that’s true when you get on some of the back roads in the area. But if you stick mostly to the paved roads and use your auto map and the map in this book, you should not have much or any trouble finding your way around Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

The park, which is administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, is located along the border between North Carolina and Tennessee. It can be reached by major highways in both states and by the Blue Ridge Parkway, which connects the park with Shenandoah National Park in Virginia. Newfound Gap Road, the only road that crosses the park, connects Gatlinburg, Tennessee, with Cherokee, North Carolina. It is closed to commercial vehicles.

There are just a few other roads within the park itself, so travel between distant points is quite roundabout and time consuming. But you will see plenty of nice scenery along the way. Because this handbook focuses on the history of the area, the travel information does, too. But by no means should you let the limited scope presented here limit what you do. We encourage you to enjoy the scenic views, flowers, shrubs, and wildlife as you travel to and through the historic sites. For example, while you’re in the Cable Mill area at Cades Cove, you might take the trail to Abrams Falls. It’s a delightful short hike to a beautiful spot in the park. And if you take the Roaring Fork Auto Tour, you might hike the 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) through a hemlock forest to Grotto Falls. There are plenty of other short hikes in the park, and when you take them you may come across decaying ruins of early settlements.

Visitor Centers

Park headquarters and the major visitor center are at Sugarlands, 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) south of Gatlinburg. Other visitor centers are at Cades Cove and at Oconaluftee, both of which are prime historical areas in the park. The Sugarlands and Oconaluftee centers are open 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. during the winter, with extended hours the rest of the year. The Cades Cove center, located in the Cable Mill area on the loop road, is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. from mid-April through October. Exhibits at the Cades Cove and Oconaluftee centers feature the human history of the Smokies. The relative flatness of the Cades Cove area makes this the best place to bicycle in the park.

Walks and Talks

Some of the guided walks and evening programs deal with history. Check schedules at the visitor centers and campgrounds or in the park newspaper.

Mountain lifeways and skills are demonstrated periodically from early spring through October at the Pioneer Farmstead at Oconaluftee, Cades Cove, Mingus Mill, and Little Greenbrier School. At Oconaluftee you can walk through a typical Smokies farm and see many of yesteryear’s household chores being demonstrated. At Cades Cove, you can see, among other things, how sorghum and wooden shingles were made. Millers seasonally operate the gristmills near Oconaluftee and at Cades Cove. All of these demonstrations indicate that the good old days were not easy ones.

Further Information

For more detailed travel and natural history information, see Handbook 112, _Great Smoky Mountains_, in this National Park Service series. This book and an extensive array of literature about various aspects of the park are sold at the Sugarlands, Oconaluftee, and Cades Cove visitor centers by a nonprofit organization that assists the park’s interpretive programs. For a price list, write to: Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association, Gatlinburg, TN 37738.

Specific questions can be addressed to: Superintendent, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN 37738. The headquarters’ telephone number is (615) 436-5615.

Accommodations and Services

You can obtain gasoline, food, lodging, and camping supplies in most communities near the park in both Tennessee and North Carolina. Several campgrounds are located in both the park and in the nearby towns.

Within the park, only LeConte Lodge and Wonderland Hotel offer accommodations, and they are limited. A half-day hike up a mountain trail is required to reach LeConte Lodge, which is open from mid-April to late October. Rustic hotel accommodations and food service are provided at Wonderland Hotel in Elkmont from June 1 to October 1.

Write to the chambers of commerce in the communities near the park for general travel advice and for current information on the availability of lodging facilities.

Safety

While touring the park’s historical sites, stay on the trails, keep children under control, enjoy the farm animals at a distance, and stay safely away from the millwheels and other machinery.

While traveling throughout the park, beware of the many black bears no matter how tame they may appear. If they approach your vehicle, keep the windows closed. Do not feed the bears!

And keep in mind that the weather can change quickly in the Smokies and that hypothermia can strike not only in the winter but at any season. Be careful not to become wet and/or chilled. Carry extra clothing.

See Handbook 112, _Great Smoky Mountains_, for more precautions and information about the black bear, hypothermia, and other dangers.

Regulations

Roads within the park are designed for scenic driving, so stay within the speed limits and be alert for slow vehicles and for others exiting and entering. Pull off the roads or park only at designated areas. Gasoline is not sold in the park, so be sure to fill your tank before heading on a long trip.

Do not leave valuables inside a locked car where they can be seen. Leave them home, take them with you when you leave your vehicle, or lock them in the trunk.

Hunting is prohibited in the park. Firearms must be broken down so they cannot be used. The use of archery equipment, game calls, and spotlights also is prohibited.

All plants, animals, and artifacts are protected by Federal law here. Do not disturb them in any way. Fishing is permitted subject to state and Federal regulations and licensing.

All overnight camping in the backcountry requires a backcountry permit. Otherwise, camp and build fires only in designated campground sites.

We suggest that you do not bring pets. They are permitted in the park but only if on a leash or under other physical control. They may not be taken on trails or cross-country hikes. Veterinary services are found nearby. If you want to board your pet during your stay here, check with the nearby chambers of commerce.

Oconaluftee

Self-sufficiency and individuality were strong traits in the Smokies. Each person had to do a variety of tasks, and each family member had to help or complement the others. Just as Milas Messer (see pages 90-91) exemplified these traits personally, the Pioneer Farmstead at Oconaluftee on the North Carolina side of the park represents them structurally. Various buildings have been brought here to create a typical Smokies farmstead on the banks of the Oconaluftee River.

In the summer and fall farm animals roam about the farmstead and a man and a woman carry out daily chores to give you an idea of what the pioneers had to do just to exist. At first these Jacks- and Jills-of-all-trades had no stores to go to. They made their own tools, built their own houses and barns and outbuildings, raised their own food, made their own clothes, and doctored themselves, for the most part.

The log house here is a particularly nice one, for John Davis built it with matched walls. He split the logs in half and used the halves on opposite walls. The two stone chimneys are typical of the earliest houses. Davis’ sons, then 8 and 4, collected rocks for the chimneys with oxen and a sled.

Behind the house is an essential building, the meathouse. Here meat, mostly pork, was layered on the shelf at the far end and covered with a thick coating of salt. After the meat had cured, it was hung from poles, which go from end to end, to protect it from rodents. In the early years especially, bear meat and venison hung alongside the pork.

_At the Pioneer Farmstead in Oconaluftee you can get a glimpse of what daily farm life was like in the Smokies. Besides the ongoing kitchen tasks, chores included tending cows and chickens, cutting and stacking hay, building and repairing barns and wagons, and a thousand other things._ ]

Apples were a big part of the settlers’ diet in a variety of forms: cider, vinegar, brandy, sauces, and pies. And of course they ate them, too, right off the tree. The thick rock walls on the lower floor of the apple house protect the fruit from freezing in winter. The summer apples were kept on the log-wall second floor.

The Indians’ maize, or corn, was the most essential crop on the typical Smokies farmstead. Besides being used as food for livestock, it was the staple for the pioneers themselves. With corn they made corn bread, hoe cakes, corn meal mush, and even a little moonshine. The harvested crop was kept dry in a corncrib until used.

As the pioneers became more settled and turned into farmers, they built barns to provide shelter for their cows, oxen, sheep, and horses, plus some of their farming equipment and hay. The large, log barn at the Oconaluftee Farmstead is unusual. It is a drovers’ barn--a hotel for cattle and other animals driven to market. The barn is located close to its original site.

Most farmers had a small blacksmith shop where they could bang out a few tools, horseshoes, hinges, and, later on, parts for farm machinery. These structures were not very sophisticated; they just had to provide a little shelter so the fire could be kept going and to protect the equipment--and to keep the smith dry--during inclement weather.

The springhouse served not only as the source of water but as a refrigerator. Here milk, melons, and other foods were kept, many of them in large crocks. The water usually ran through the springhouse in one half of a hollowed out log, or in a rock-lined trench. On hot, muggy days, a child sent to the springhouse for food or water might tarry a moment or two to enjoy the air conditioning.

The farmstead is open all year, but the house is open only from May to November.

Cades Cove

Just as Oconaluftee represents self-sufficiency and individuality, Cades Cove illustrates those traits, plus something else: a sense of community. Here individuals and families worked hard at eking out a living from day to day, but here, too, everyone gathered together from time to time to help harvest a crop, raise a barn, build a church, and maintain a school. The structural evidence of this helping-hand attitude still stands today in Cataloochee (see pages 154-155) and in Cades Cove.

At its peak in 1850, Cades Cove had 685 residents in 132 households. A few years after that the population shrank to 275 as the soil became overworked and as new lands opened up in the West. Then the population rose again to about 500 just before the park was established.

The State of Tennessee had acquired this land in 1820 from the Cherokees and then sold it to speculators, who in turn sold plots to the settlers. They cleared most of the trees and built their houses at the foot of the surrounding hills. Corn, wheat, oats, and rye were raised on the flat lands, whereas the slopes were used for pastures, orchards, and vegetable gardens. The Park Service leases some of the land here today to farmers to keep the cove open as it was in the early settlement days.

_The Methodist Church, Cable Mill, and Gregg-Cable house are just three of the many log or frame structures still standing in Cades Cove today._ ]

In Cades Cove you will find some of the finest log buildings in America. Some are original; the others come from elsewhere in the park. The first log house on the 18-kilometer (11-mile)-loop-road tour belonged to John and Lurena Oliver, who bought their land in 1826. Their cabin, with its stone chimney and small windows, is typical of many in the Smokies, and it remained in the Oliver family until the park was established. A stone in the Primitive Baptist Church cemetery just down the road commemorates John and Lurena, the first permanent white settlers in the cove. The church was organized in 1827, and the log building was used until 1887, though the members, who were pro-Union, felt they had to shut it down during the Civil War because of strong rebel sentiment.

The Methodist Church supposedly was built by one man, J. D. McCampbell, in 115 days for $115, and after he was done he served as its preacher for many years. The frame Missionary Baptist Church was built in 1894 by a group that split from the Primitive Baptists in 1839 because it endorsed missionary work.

Elijah Oliver’s log house may well be one of the first split-levels. The lower kitchen section off the back formerly was the home of the Herron family and was brought here and attached to the main house. This is a good place to see some of the many auxiliary structures most families had: springhouse, barn, and smokehouse.

Many families also had a tub mill with which they could grind a bushel of corn a day. When they had more corn to grind, they would take it to a larger mill, such as John Cable’s. His was not the first waterwheel mill in Cades Cove, but it is the only remaining one today. It has been rehabilitated a few times, but the main framing, the millstones, and some of the gears are original.

In the Cable Mill area are several other structures that have been brought here from other parts of the park. Among them is the Gregg-Cable house, possibly the first frame house in Cades Cove. It was built by Leason Gregg in 1879 and later became the home, until her death in 1940, of Becky Cable, John’s daughter. At different times the house served as a store and a boardinghouse. The blacksmith shop, barns, smokehouse, corncrib, and sorghum mill are representative of such structures in the Smokies.

Heading east from the mill area, you come to the Henry Whitehead and Dan Lawson places. At both you can see some of the best log work, inside and out, within the park, and both have brick instead of stone chimneys. These houses represent the transition between the crude log house and the finer log house. Further down the road is “Hamp” Tipton’s place, where you can see an apiary or bee gum stand. Honey, sorghum, and maple syrup were common sweets for folks in the Cove.

The last house on the loop road is the Carter Shields place, a one-story log house with loft. This cabin is about the average size of Smokies cabins, but it is a bit fancier than most with its beaded paneling in the living room and a closed-in stairway.

The buildings in Cades Cove are open all year except for the churches and a few other structures.

Other Historic Sites in the Park

Cades Cove and Oconaluftee are the primary locations of historic structures in the national park, but elsewhere there are a few interesting buildings to see.

From Gatlinburg head south on Airport Road, which runs into Cherokee Orchard Road in the park. Soon you come to Noah “Bud” Ogle’s place. Ogle and his wife, Cindy, started farming here on 160 hectares (400 acres) in 1879. Here you can see a log house, log barn, and restored tub mill.

South of the Ogle place you come to Roaring Fork Auto Tour. On this one-way 8-kilometer (5-mile) tour you can see that nature has reclaimed most of the Roaring Fork community. Among the few remaining buildings are Jim Bales’ corncrib and barn, plus a log house that was moved here.

Home for Ephraim Bales, his wife, and nine children consisted of two joined log cabins. The smaller one was the kitchen, and in front of its hearth is a “tater hole.” Family members could lift up a floor board, remove some potatoes from storage, and toss them on the fire to bake. Other structures here include a corncrib and barn.

A log house and mill are the only structures that remain of the many that belonged to Alfred Reagan, one of Roaring Fork’s more talented residents. He was a farmer, blacksmith, preacher, miller, storekeeper, and carpenter. His house was more refined than most in the Smokies.

The Roaring Fork Auto Tour road is open from mid-April to mid-November.

_On the way to and from Sugarlands you can take side trips to (below) Mingus Mill, Little Greenbrier School, and Bud Ogle’s place at Roaring Fork. Plan on devoting nearly a full day to visit isolated Cataloochee, where you can see (below) the Caldwell home, schoolhouse, Palmer Chapel, and several other structures._ ]

In the Oconaluftee Valley just north of the Pioneer Farmstead is Mingus Mill, built for Abraham Mingus in the 1870s by Sion Thomas Early. This gristmill, the finest and most advanced in the Smokies, has a water-powered turbine beneath it. Water flows down a millrace and flume to the mill, and, when the flume gate is raised, fills the penstock to power the turbine. The mill has two sets of grinding stones, one for corn and one for wheat. The mill was in operation until 1936, reopened for a few months in 1940, and reconditioned by the Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association in 1968. It is open daily from May through October with a miller usually on duty to explain its workings.

North of Mingus Mill is Smokemont. All that remains of this small community is the Oconaluftee Baptist Church, a frame structure that sits high on a bluff.

Just off Little River Road between Sugarlands and Tremont is Little Greenbrier School (see pages 85 and 144). In the summer an interpreter often is on hand to help children, and adults, understand what going to school was like in the Smokies. The road to the school is narrow and unpaved and not the easiest to negotiate in inclement weather, so you may want to walk in.

Several buildings are still standing in the isolated Cataloochee area on the North Carolina side of the park. They include Palmer Chapel, Beech Grove School, and the Jarvis Palmer, Hiram Caldwell, and Steve Woody homes. Most of the buildings are open, and a ranger is on duty to answer your questions. The fields are mowed to maintain the cove effect from early settlement days. Reaching Cataloochee from the north means a lengthy trip on unpaved road; from the south it’s a bit easier. If you have the time, visiting Cataloochee is worth the extra effort.

Related Nearby Sites

A number of nearby sites are related in one way or the other to the history of the Great Smoky Mountains. Here are a few that you might visit while vacationing in the Smokies:

The arts, crafts, and lifeways of the Cherokees are portrayed by the tribe at the Qualla Reservation, adjacent to the North Carolina side of the park. The Museum of the Cherokee Indian displays a collection of artifacts, and the Oconaluftee Living Indian Village shows typical early Cherokee life in log structures. The play “Unto These Hills” tells the story of the Cherokees and their encounters with Europeans settling in the Smokies and of the forced removal of most of the tribe to Oklahoma in 1838. About 4,000 Cherokees live on the Qualla Reservation today.

The Arrowmont School of Arts and Crafts in Gatlinburg has done much to perpetuate the pottery, weaving, and other skills indicative of the Smokies people. The school displays and sells objects created by local artisans.

The Museum of Appalachia in Norris, Tennessee, just north of Knoxville, has 30 restored pioneer log structures, a representative farmstead, and more than 200,000 artifacts of mountain life.

The Blue Ridge Parkway, administered by the National Park Service, has several log houses, a gristmill, a reconstructed farm, and other early American buildings. Much of the 755-kilometer (469-mile), parkway, which adjoins Great Smoky Mountains National Park near Oconaluftee and runs north into Virginia, is quite far from the park, but some of the historic points of interest are in the southern portion. The Folk Art Center, at milepost 382, displays traditional crafts of the Southern Highlands.

_At Mabry Mill on the Blue Ridge Parkway you can see old-time skills demonstrated in the summer and fall. Weaving is just one of many traditional crafts taught at the Arrowmont School of Arts and Crafts in Gatlinburg._ ]

Armchair Explorations

General histories of the Great Smoky Mountains:

Elizabeth Skaggs Bowman, _Land of High Horizons_, 1938

Carlos C. Campbell, _Birth of a National Park_, 1960

Michael Frome, _Strangers in High Places_, 1980

Horace Kephart, _Our Southern Highlanders_, 1922

Horace Kephart, _Journals_ at Western Carolina University

Robert Lindsay Mason, _The Lure of the Great Smokies_, 1927

Roderick Peattie, ed., _The Great Smokies and the Blue Ridge_, 1943

Laura Thornborough, _The Great Smoky Mountains_, 1937

Cherokee history:

James Adair, _The History of the American Indians_, 1775

William Bartram, _Travels_, 1792

John P. Brown, _Old Frontiers_, 1938

William H. Gilbert, _The Eastern Cherokees_, 1943

Henry T. Malone, _Cherokees of the Old South_, 1956

James Mooney, _Myths of the Cherokees_, 1900

Charles C. Royce, _The Cherokee Nation of Indians_, 1887

William L. Smith, _The Story of the Cherokees_, 1927

Henry Timberlake, _Memoirs_, 1765

Grace Steele Woodward, _The Cherokees_, 1963

Other historical works:

W. C. Allen, _The Annals of Haywood County_, 1935

John Preston Arthur, _Western North Carolina_, 1914

John C. Campbell, _The Southern Highlander and His Homeland_, 1921

Wilma Dykeman, _The French Broad_, 1955

Allen H. Eaton, _Handicrafts of the Southern Highlands_, 1937

Paul Fink, “Early Explorers in the Great Smokies,” _East Tennessee Historical Society Bulletin_, 1933

Joseph S. Hall, _Smoky Mountain Folks and Their Lore_, 1960

Joseph S. Hall, _Yarns and Tales from the Great Smokies_, 1978

Archibald Henderson, _The Conquest of the Old Southwest_, 1920

Charles Lanman, _Letters from the Alleghany Mountains_, 1849

Ruth W. O’Dell, _Over the Misty Blue Hills: The Story of Cocke County, Tennessee_, 1950

John Parris, articles in _The Asheville Citizen-Times_

Randolph Shields, “Cades Cove,” _Tennessee Historical Quarterly_, 1965

Randolph Shields, _The Cades Cove Story_, 1977

Foster A. Sondley, _A History of Buncombe County_, 1930

Wilbur Zeigler and Ben Grosscup, _The Heart of the Alleghanies_, 1883

Robert Woody, “Life on Little Cataloochee,” _South Atlantic Quarterly_, 1950

Index

_Numbers in italics refer to photographs, illustrations, or maps._

=Abbott, Rhodie=, _11_, _94-95_

=Adair, James=, 39

=American Revolution=, 45, 47

=Animals=, 18, 91-92, 98

=Appalachian National Park Association=, 114

=Appalachian Trail=, 122

=Arrowmont School of Arts and Crafts=, 130, 131, 156

=Arthur, John Preston=, 83, 84, 86

=Attakullakulla=, 42, _44_

=Ayunini= (Swimmer), _40-41_, _46_

=Bartram, William=, 42, 75

=Beck, John=, 49, 56, 57

=Bell, Hazel=, _78_

=Big Greenbrier Cove=, 50, 86

=Blount, John Gray=, 19

=Bohanan, Dave=, _135_

=Boone, Daniel=, 45, 58

=Boudinot, Elias=, 63, 65, _66_, 67, 68

=Bradley family=, 49

=Brainerd Mission=, 63

=Bryson City=, 109

=Buckley, S. B.=, 75

=Burns, John=, _134_

=Burrell, Elsie=, _144_

=Cable Mill=, _152_, 153

=Cades Cove=, 51, 52, 56, 137, _138_, _141_, 148, 152-53

=Caldwell family, George H.=, _22-23_

=Caldwell family, Levi=, 20, 21

=Caldwell family, Lush=, 21

=Caldwell home=, _155_

=Cameron, Alexander=, 45

=Cammerer, Arno B.=, 116-17, _118_

=Campbell, Aunt Sophie=, _58_

=Cardwell, Columbus “Clum”=, _123_

=Carver, Aden=, _6_, _140_

=Cataloochee=, 17, 18-29, 155

=Champion Coated Paper (Fibre) Company=, 98, 119

=Chapman, David C.=, 114, 116, 117, _118_

=Charlie’s Bunion=, 105

=Cherokee Indians=:
alphabet, 63-64;
Civil War, _74_, 79;
community and homelife, _40-41_, 43, 63, 150;
Eastern Band (Qualla Reservation), 71, 127-30, 156;
government, 37, 39, 65;
photos, _34_, _38_, _44_, _46_, _63,
4_, _65_, _66_, _67_, _69_, _71_, _128_;
removal, 65-70;
rituals and religion, 39, 42, 43, 57, 63, 127-29;
settlement, 17, 19, 35-37, 49-52, _70_;
treaties, 45, 47, 68

=Chickamauga Indians=, 47

=Chota=, 37, 47

=Churches=, 25, 56-57, 63, 86-87, _126_, _152_-53, _154_, 155

=Civil War=, 77-79, 82-83

=Civilian Conservation Corps=, _114_, 121-22, 123, 140

=Clark, Dick=, 27

=Clingman, Thomas Lanier=, 76

=Clingmans Dome=, 18, 76, 103, 105

=Collins family=, 49

=Community life=, 25, 27, 29

=Conner family=, 49

=Cove Creek Gap=, _118_

=Crestmont=, 98, 102

=Crockett, Davy=, 67

=Cuming, Alexander=, 44

=Davis, John=, 150

=Davis, Willis P.=, 114, 116, _118_

=Deep Creek=, 49-50

=DeSoto, Hernando=, 36

=Dowdle family, Alfred=, _126_

=Dragging Canoe=, 47

=Duckett, Kate=, 79, _81_

=Dwight Mission=, _65_

=Eakin, J. Ross=, _106_, 121, 122

=Economy=, 77, 98-99

=Education=, 65, 84-87, _85_, 130-31, 140-41, 145, _155_. _See also_
Little Greenbrier School House

=Elkmont=, 17, 98, 99

=Enloe family, Abraham=, 49, 56, 57

=Enloe, Mrs. Clem=, _83_

=Environmental Education Center=, 140-41, 145

=Farming=, 52, 54, 151

=Fences=, 29, _30-33_, 91

=Floyd family=, 49

=Folk Art Center=, 156

=Folk culture=, 57. _See also_ Homelife

=Fontana=, 98

=Forge, iron=, 51-52

=Forney Creek=, 49, 105

=Foute, David=, 51

=French and Indian War=, 44-45

=Gatlin, Radford=, 78-79

=Gatlinburg=, 50, 78, 123, 130, 148

=Geology=, 17-18

=Gibson, Wiley=, _60_, _61_

=Ginatiyun tihi= (Stephen Tehee), _69_

=Gold=, 66

=Granny’s College=, 86

=Great Smoky Mountain Conservation Area=, 116

=Great Smoky Mountains National Park=:
accommodations, 149;
founding, 18, 29, 114, 116-17, 119, 123, 126;
map, _14-15_;
nearby sites, 156;
officials, _106_, 107, _118_, 119;
safety and health, 149;
site, 148;
size, 17;
visitor centers, 148, 149

=Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association=, 155

=Greenbrier=, 17

=Gregg-Cable house=, _152_, 153

=Gregory, Russell=, 52

=Gregory Bald=, 52

=Guyot, Arnold=, 76-77

=Guyot, Mount=, 102, 105

=Handicrafts=, _94-95_, 131-35, _156_

=Hearon, Tom and Jerry=, _134-35_

=Higinbotham, Phyllis=, 131

=Hill, Martha=, 130

=Homelife=, 52, _53-55_, _78_, 79, _80-81_, 83-84, 87, _88-89_, _90_,
_94-95_, 150-51

=Housing=, _4-5_, _12-13_, _16_, _21_, _40-41_, 91, _136_, _150_,
_152_, 153, 154-55

=Huff, Andy=, 97, 105

=Hughes family, Ralph=, 49, 56

=Huskey, Claude=, _134_

=Jackson, Andrew=, 66-67

=Jefferson, Thomas=, 65

=Job Corps=, 140

=Jones, John=, _134_

=Kephart, Horace=, 107-110, 112, 114, 119, 138;
photo, _108_

=Kituwah=, 36, 37

=Lamon, George=, _51_

=Language=, 92-93, 126

=Lanman, Charles=, 75

=Little Greenbrier Cove=, 123, 125

=Little Greenbrier School House=, 84, _85_, _144_, 148, _154_

=Little River Lumber Company=, 97, 99, 117, 140

=Love, Robert=, 20

=Lumber industry=, 29, 97-105, 117, 119;
photos, _96_, _100-101_, _103_, _105_.
_See also_ Little River Lumber Company

=Lyttleton, William Henry=, 44

=Mabry mill=, _156_

=McCarter, Mack=, _132-33_, _134_

=McFalls, Neddy=, 27

=Marshall, John=, 67

=Maps=, _14-15_, _36_, _70_

=Matthews, Herman=, 84, _85_

=Medlin=, 108

=Meigs, Return Jonathan=, 65

=Messer family, E.J.=, 21

=Messer, Milas=, _90-91_, 150

=Messer, Will=, 27

=Mingus, Abraham=, 31

=Mingus family, John Jacob=, 49, 56

=Mingus mill=, 149, _154_-55

=Mitchell, Elisha=, 76

=Mitchell, Mount=, 36, 76

=Music=, 87, 91, 114

=Myers, Dan=, _26_

=Myers, Sherman=, _31_

=Newman, Grace=, _114_

=Oakley family, Wiley=, _111_

=Oakley, Becky=, _94_

=Oconaluftee=, 49, 56, 148, _150-51_

=Ogle family, Martha Huskey=, 50

=Ogle, Mollie McCarter=, _48_

=Ogle family=, 87, _88-89_

=Ogle home, Noah “Bud”=, _154_

=Oliver family, John and Lurena=, 33, 51, 52, _136_, 152-53

=Ownby, Celia=, 79, _80_

=Ownby, Giles and Lenard=, _19_

=Ownby, Humphry John=, 86

=Ownby, Lillie Whaley=, 86

=Ownby, Matt=, _60_

=Ownby, Mrs. Matt=, _132_

=Ownby family, Tilman=, _142-43_

=Palmer family, George=, 20, 21, 27, _28_

=Palmer, Lafayette=, 21, 27

=Palmer, Jesse=, 21

=Parson’s Bald=, 52

=Payne, John Howard=, 64, 68

=Plants=, 18, 75;
medicinal, 57-58, 84

=Proctor=, 98

=Proffitt, Jim=, _115_

=Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual=, 130

=Ravensford=, 98

=Reagan family, Richard=, 50, 78

=Ridge, John=, 63, 67

=Ridge, Major=, _67_, 68

=Rifle, long=, 58, _59-61_

=Roads=, 21, 25, 27, 56, 59, 79, 148

=Robertson, James=, 45

=Rockefeller, Jr., John D.=, 117

=Roosevelt, Franklin D.=, 119, 121

=Roosevelt, Theodore=, 97, 116

=Rose, Aquilla=, 110, 112, _113_

=Ross, John=, 65, _66_, 68

=Schermerhorn, J.D.=, 68

=Scott, Winfield=, 68, 71

=Sequoyah= (George Gist), 63-65;
portrait, _64_

=Settlers, white=, 42-52, 152

=Sherrill family, Samuel=, 49, 56

=Shields family, Robert=, 52

=Shults, George Washington=, _104_

=Siler’s Bald=, 105

=Smokemont=, 17, 98

=Swaniger, Aaron=, _72_

=Thomas, William=, 79

=Thomason, W.W.=, 110, 112

=Tipton, William=, 51

=Tremont=, 137-38

=Tryon, William=, 45

=Tsali=, 69, 71

=Tsiskwa-kaluya= (Bird Chopper), _71_

=Van Buren, Martin=, 68

=Vance, Zebulon B.=, 77

=Walker, William “Black Bill”=, 137-38, _139_

=Walker, John=, 79, _120_, 123

=Walker, Nancy=, 137, 138

=Walker sisters=, 79, 123-127;
photos, _81_, _124_

=Walini=, _62_

=Welsh, Samson=, _128_

=Whaley family=, 50

=Whitepath=, 66, 69

=Whisky=, 91, 110, 112-_14_

=Wiggins family, Abraham=, 50

=Worcester, Samuel Austin=, 63, 65, 67

=Work, Hubert=, 116

✩ GPO: 1984--421-611/10001

Handbook 125

The cover photograph was taken by Ed Cooper. The rest of the color photography, unless otherwise credited, was taken by William A. Bake of Boone, North Carolina. Nearly all of the black-and-white photographs come from the files of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. About half of them were taken in the 1930s for historic recording purposes by Edouard E. Exline and Charles S. Grossman on behalf of the National Park Service. Exline was a landscape architect with the Civilian Conservation Corps and a photographer by avocation. Grossman was a structural architect for the park who was in charge of the cultural preservation program. The other photographers who have been identified are Laura Thornborough, who resided in the Smokies and wrote the book _The Great Smoky Mountains_; Joseph S. Hall, who has studied and written about linguistics of the Smokies since the 1930s; Harry M. Jennison, a research botanist from the University of Tennessee who worked in the park from 1935 to 1940; H.C. Wilburn, a CCC history technician who collected and purchased artifacts of mountain life; Maurice Sullivan, a CCC wildlife technician who subsequently became a Park Service naturalist; Alden Stevens, a museum specialist for the Park Service; Jim Shelton, husband of one of the Walker sisters, Sarah Caroline; George Masa, who established the Asheville Photo Service shortly after World War I; Burton Wolcott; and National Park Service photographers George A. Grant, Alan Rinehart, Fred R. Bell, M. Woodbridge Williams, and Clair Burket.

Many of the logging photographs were donated to the park by the Little River Lumber Company. Most of the photographs of Cherokees come from the National Anthropological Archives at the Smithsonian Institution; many of them were taken by James Mooney in the Smokies area in 1888.

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interest of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration.

At Home
In the Smokies

ISBN 0--912627-22-0
]

* * * * *

Transcriber’s note

In the original captions for photographs/drawings were often on a separate page from its image. In these versions, they have been placed under the image.

Directional words for the phototgraphs, i.e., below, right, etc. have been changed in this version to point to the correct photographs.

Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice. Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized. Spelling has been retained as published.

Index entries that were out of alphabetical order has been corrected.

The name Jim Proffitt/Proffit was spelled once each way in the text. Both spellings have been retained.

The following Printer errors have been changed.

=CHANGED= =FROM= =TO=
Page 17: “particularly signifcant” “particularly significant”
Page 86: “Humphy John Ownby” “Humphry John Ownby”
Page 95: “fibers with a spining” “fibers with a spinning”
Page 158: “=Park Assocation=” “=Park Association=”