Chapter II: Part 2

A Cosmic Ray
Beta- and Gamma-Ray Analysis
Calculating the Angle of Deflection for Beta-Ray Under Normal
Atmospheric Conditions in Magnetic Fields of Differing
Intensities
Effects of Absorption and Geometry on Beta Count Rate
Detection and Recording of Cosmic Radiation
A Study of Alpha Particles by Means of the Continuous Cloud Chamber
Visual Detection of Alpha Particles
Detection of Subatomic Particles
A Survey of Background Radiation Made with a Geiger Counter
⁵¹Ne as a Radiation Detector
Detection of Atomic Radiation
Methods of Measuring Radioactivity
Preliminary Study of the Effect of Radiation from some Common
Radioactive Materials on Photographic Film
Carnotite and Radioactivity
Study and Analysis of a Sample of Radioactive Sand from the Atomic
Explosion at Alamogordo
The Use of Ion Exchangers in the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
Radiation Effects on Fruit Flies
Effects of Radiation on _Drosophila melanogaster_
Investigating Radioactive Minerals with Thick-Emulsion Photography
Actions of Gamma Radiation on the Offspring of Irradiated Female
Guppies
Influence of Beta-Particle Bombardment upon the Embryonic Development
of the Chick
Autoradiographs of Brain Tumors
A Radiation Detector
A Study of Cosmic Rays
Effects of Atomic Radiation on Rats
Atomic Radiation and the Geiger Counter
Atomic Radishes
Effects of X-Ray Radiation on Plants and Animals
Radiation Demonstration
Nuclear Radiations
Radiation Sterilization
X-Ray, Light’s Cousin
Effects of Ionizing Radiations on Plants and Animals
Roentgen Rays and the Construction of an X-Ray Machine
Visual and Aural Detection of Cosmic and Atomic Radiation
Radioautography
Experimentation with Ionizing Radiation
Radiation Hazard?
Phosphorus Uptake by Autoradiography
Demonstration of Rutherford’s Method of Separating Alpha, Beta, and
Gamma Radiation
Radiation—Effects and Possible Protection
Tired Blood—Production of Anemia by Radioactivity
Techniques of Autoradiography
Cosmic Radiation and Life
Radiation in Plant Breeding
Experiments with Induced-Radioactivity Apparatus
Effects of Radiation on the Blood in White Rats
Radioautographic Study of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Rat
The Effects of Beta Rays from ³²P on the Tissues on White Rabbits
Radioactivity Around Us
Effects of Radiation on Mice
Experiment, Design, and Application of Solid Propellant Rockets to
Radiation Studies of the Upper Atmosphere
Comparative Study of Radiation
Alpha and Beta Rays (Photographs)
A Laboratory-Scale Neutron Irradiator
Colchicine vs. Radiation
Mutations in German Millet Induced by Gamma Radiation
Cosmic Radiation
Cloud Chamber Study of Alpha and Beta Radiation
Effects of Radiation on Chick Embryos
The Protection of Cystamine and AET on X-Irradiated Mice
The Effects of X Ray on the Blood of Guinea Pigs
Measurement of Radioactivity in Milk
Chemical Modification of Radiation Effects
The Absorption of Alpha Particles in Air and Other Cases
Mass Absorption of Beta Radiation
The Danger of Radioactive Contamination of Kelp
Carnotite Radiation on Reproduction and Mortality Rates of _Daphnia
magna_
Mutations Produced by the Irradiation of German Millet Seeds
Spectrometer Analysis of Beta Emitters
The Effects of Total-Body X-ray Radiation on the Hematopoietic System
of the Guinea Pig
Energies of Nuclear Radiations
An Analysis of Tracks Formed by Atomic Particles in a Diffusion Cloud
Chamber
Effects of X-Ray Radiation on the Bacteria _Serratia marcescens_
Effects of Prenatal Radiation on Postnatal Learning Behavior of Mice
Color Changes in Gemstones by Radiation and Heat Induction
Studies in Effects of the Protection from Ionizing Radiations
Temperature Variation and Effects of Radiation on Reproduction and
Mortality
Effects of Irradiated Neoplasmic Extracts on Carcinoma in Cottontail
Rabbits
Determining Locus of Irradiated Mutant Drosophila “b1-pt-rd”
Effects of Radiation on Bacteria
Effects of Total-Body Irradiation on Longevity of Tissue Homografts in
Rabbits
Radiation—Why Be Concerned?
Radiation Effects on Drosophila
Effect of X rays on Drosophila
Effect of Irradiation on Black Shank Fungus
Comparative Determination of Radioactivity in Rowan County Soils
Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of Radiation on Penicillium
The Teratogenetic Effects of X ray on Hamsters
Protection from Total-Body Irradiation
Effects of Ionizing Radiation from a ⁶⁰Co Source on Ascorbic-Acid
Concentration in _Raphanus sativus_
Drugs vs. Radiation
Radiation Effects on Selected Botanical Specimens
Energy Loss of Beta Particles in Lead and Aluminum
Radioactive Uptake of ³²P in Animals and Subsequent-Recovery Period
Effects of X rays on Living Cells
Radiation Effect on Chick Embryos
Dietary Defense Against Radiation
Irradiation Effects on Gene Mutations in Drosophila
A Study in Radioactivity
Bacteria Protection from Radiation
Damaging Effects of Radiation
Effect of X-irradiation on Titration of Influenza Virus
Effect of Vitamin-K1 Analogue on Coagulation Time of
Cobalt-60-irradiated Mice
Effect of Gamma Radiation on Regeneration Rate of Planaria
Spirogyra and Cobalt-60
Effects of Blood Serum from Irradiated Guinea Pigs on Tissue Cultures
Chemical Protection from Radiation in Planaria
Induced Mutations in Drosophila
Effects of Gamma Rays on Yeast and Aspergillus
Radiation-Protective Effects of RNA
Radiation, Hematology, and Biochemical Study of Molt-Control Hormones
of Crayfish, and Possible Importance to Man
Radiation and Mutations
Aromatics Possibly Help Determine Plant Radiosensitivity
Bone Marrow Transplantation and Recovery
Mutation in Tomato Plants Produced by Gamma-Ray Radiation
Dietary Control of Ionizing Radiation
Effects of Cooling on Radiation Damage to Living Cells
Rate of Regeneration of Eyespots in Planaria
Effects of Radiation on Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Irradiation of Amino Acids

Radioisotopes Topics

Use of Radioactive Salts in Plant and Animal Nutrition Studies
The Radioactive Isotopes: Its Uses in Medical Research and Treatment
Chemical Activity of Deuterium as Compared with Hydrogen
Radioisotopes in Medicine
Pinpointing the Past with Carbon-14
Algae Uptake of ³²P
Radioiodine and Construction of a Geiger-Mueller Counter
Radioiodine in Guppies
Uses of Radioisotopes
Radioisotopes
Chelation of a Radioactive Isotope in Rats
The Role for Radioactive Testosterone on Hematopoieses
Phosphorus-32 Tracer Studies Conducted with the Coleus Plant
Tracing the Organ Uptake of Radioisotopes in Animal Tissue
Carbon-14 in Photosynthesis
Transfer of Radioactive Elements on Succeeding Generations
Corrosion and Adsorption Studies Using Radiochemical Techniques
The Radioactive Elements—Separation, Detection, and Properties
Experiments with Radioisotopes
Translocation of Radioactive Phosphorus
Assimilation of Radioactive Isotopes in Fish
Use of ³²P by Plants
Comparative Studies of Isotope Utilization in Tomato Plants
Detection of Strontium-90 in Backbones of Fish from Areas of the
United States
The Circulation of Iodine (¹³¹I) in the Parabiotic Rat
Radioactive Zinc and Zinc-Chelates in the Hormone Metabolism of
Plant-Tissue Culture
Effect of Dietary Calcium on Deposition of Calcium-45 and Strontium-90
Autoradiographical Evidences of Cytological-Radioisotope Deposition
Tracing the Development of a Chick Embryo with ³²P
Radioactive Isotopes as Tracers
Beware! Strontium-90 Everywhere
Plant Research with Radioactive Phosphorus
The Kettleman Hills Formation (Carbon-14 Dating)
Radiobiologic Investigations of Contractile Activity and ATP-induced
Pinocytosis _in vitro_
Determination of the Half-life of ⁶⁵Zn
Atomic Farming
Nutrient Passage Through Plant Grafts as Tested with Radioisotopes
Study of the Period of DNS Synthesis Using Tritiated Thymidine
Absorption of Radioactive Iodine by Molds and Bacteria
Radioisotopes as Tracers
Translocation of ³²P in Plants

Nuclear-Change Topics

Demonstration of Chain Reaction
A Study of Chain Reactions
The Theory and Construction of an Inexpensive Neutron Source of
Moderate Strength
A Study of the Reaction ₅B¹⁰(n,a)₃Li⁷ with the Aid of Nuclear Research
Plates
How Fission and Fusion Take Place
Uranium Fission and Isotope Production
From Uranium to Energy
Atomic Transmutation
Atomic Disintegration
Conversion of Atomic Power to Electric Power
Interactions Between Subatomic Particles
A General Study of Atomic Energy: Its Fundamentals and Its Uses
Atomic Power Plant
Construction of an Atomic Reactor
Atomic Power for Space Travel
Atomic Weapons
Model of Atomic Power Plant
Bikini Bomb-Explosion Model
Destruction by the Atom Bomb
Demonstrated Principles of Nuclear Physics
The Sun—Our Chief Source of Energy
Uranium—Radioactivity and Fission
Atomic Power—The Servant of Man
Power from the Sun
The Process of Nuclear Fission
Fusion—Source of Solar Energy
Electricity from Atomic Power
Effects of Thermal Neutrons on Mammalian Systems
Fusion
Nuclear-Powered Electric Generator
Particle Characteristics and Reactions
Fusion Theory of the Universe
Project Fusion
The Magnetic-Mirror Machine
Plasmatron
The Heating and Confinement of a Thermodynamically Stable Plasma
Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction
The Stability of Radioactive Equilibria
Determination of the Half-life of ⁶⁰Zn
Subatomic Particle Research
Nuclear Disintegration and Density
The Theory of the Plasma Torch

APPENDIX II
NUCLEAR ENERGY-RELATED INVESTIGATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

Listed below are a number of areas in which nuclear knowledge or atomic energy products may be used to achieve investigative, developmental, or engineering data and results which would have been unattainable a few years ago. Science fair exhibits may be based on projects in which these nuclear “tools” are employed to help solve problems of a non-nuclear nature. Such exhibits receive consideration for AEC Special Awards at the National Science Fair-International.

Biology

Biosynthesis of Compounds; Plant Genetics; Plant Metabolism; Plant Nutrition; Effects of Soil Density and Water Content; Disease Control; Pollination Agents; Crop Improvement; Photosynthesis; Ecological Cycles; Pest Control; Action of Pesticides; Ecology of Wildlife; Dispersion of Pesticides; Nutrition of Domestic Animals; Milk Production; Mammalian Aging; Animal Physiology; Genetic Chemistry.

Medicine

Blood and Water Volume Studies; Cardiac Output; Blood Flow; Measurement of Physiological Functions; Location of Appetite Control Centers; Formation of Blood Cells; Metabolic Processes; Cancer Study; Leukemia Study; Antibody Therapy; Study of the Central Nervous System; Vitamin Studies; Behavior of Viruses.

Chemistry

Reaction Mechanisms; Catalysis; Exchange; Kinetics; Corrosion; Dilution; Diffusion; Mineral Flotation; Detergent Action; Mirror Formation; Metal Plating; Analysis.

Physics

Standard Length Measurements; Film Thickness; Nuclear Structure; Vapor Pressures; Elementary Particles.

Geology

Sedimentation; Ocean Currents; Underground-Water Resources and Movement; Geological Dating.

Industry

Thickness Gauging; Process Control; Inspections for Defects; Volume Gauging; Leak Detection; Sterilization; Electron Printing; Flow-rate Gauging; Tool-wear Gauging; Dye-migration Measurement; Oil-well Acidizing Control; Lubricant Studies; Cleansing Efficiencies; Measurement of Oxygen in Metals; Food Preservation; Power Sources; Self-luminous Light Sources.

APPENDIX III
SUGGESTED REFERENCES

The following is a partial listing of publications on science projects, science fairs, and atomic energy. Many of these publications also contain bibliographies which readers may use to multiply their source of knowledge.

Science and Science Projects

_Science Projects Handbook_, Shirley Moore (Ed.), Ballantine Books,
Inc., New York, 1960, 254 pp., $0.50.

_Ideas for Science Projects_, V. Showalter and I. Slesnick, National
Science Teachers Association, Washington, D. C., 1962, 53 pp.,
$1.00.

_Wonderful World of Science_, Shirley Moore and Judy Viorst, Science
Service, 1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., 1961, 246 pp.,
$0.50.

_How To Do an Experiment_, Philip Goldstein, Harcourt, Brace and World,
Inc., New York, 1957, 260 pp., $2.60.

_Science News Letter_, published every week by Science Service, 1719 N
Street N. W., Washington, D. C., single copies, $0.15; $5.50 per
year.

_Scientific American_, published every month by Scientific American,
Inc., 415 Madison Avenue, New York, single copies $0.60; $7.00 per
year.

Science Projects and Science Fairs

_Project Ideas for Young Scientists_, John Taylor, Phoebe Knipling, and
Falconer Smith, Joint Board on Science Education, Washington, D.
C., 1962, 173 pp., $1.25.

_Ideas for Science Fair Projects_, Ronald Benrey and other winners of
the National Science Fair-International, Fawcett Publications,
Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut, 1962, 144 pp., $0.75.

_Science Fair Projects_, Science and Mechanics Publishing Company,
Chicago, Illinois, 1962, 162 pp., $0.75.

_Your Science Fair_, Arden Welte, James Diamond, and Alfred Friedl,
Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1959, 103 pp.,
$2.75.

_Scientific Exhibits_, Thomas Hull and Tom Jones, Charles C. Thomas,
Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 1961, 126 pp., $6.50.

Atomic Energy and Nuclear Science Experiments and Projects

_Sourcebook on Atomic Energy_, Samuel Glasstone, D. Van Nostrand
Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1958, 641 pp., $4.40.

_Annual Report to Congress of the Atomic Energy Commission_, available
from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C. (January 1964), 512 pp., $1.75.

_Fundamental Nuclear Energy Research_ (annual report), available from
the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. (December 1963), 412 pp., $2.50.

_Atomic Energy_ (including experiments), Irene Jaworski and Alexander
Joseph, Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York, 1961, 218 pp.,
$4.95.

_Laboratory Experiments with Radioisotopes for High School Science
Demonstrations_, Samuel Schenberg, available from the
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C., 1958, 59 pp., $0.35.

_Teaching with Radioisotopes_, U. S. Government Printing Office, out of
print but possibly available in school libraries or science
departments.

_Experiments with Radioactivity_, National Science Teachers Association,
Washington, D. C., 1957, 20 pp., $0.50.

_Atomic Energy_, Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, available
from Official Boy Scout Distributors (at local retail stores) or
from Boy Scouts of America, National Supply Service, New
Brunswick, New Jersey 08903.

_Scientific Instruments You Can Make_, Helen M. Davis, Science Service,
1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., 1959, 253 pp., $2.00.

_Experiments with Atomics_, Nelson Beeler and Franklin Branley, Thomas
Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1954, 160 pp., $2.50.

_Atomic Experiments for Boys_, Raymond F. Yates, Harper and Row
Publishers, Inc., New York, 1952, 132 pp., $2.50.

_Atomic Energy and Civil Defense_ (Price List 84) a listing of related
publications available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., free.

Preparation of Scientific and Technical Reports

_How to Write Scientific and Technical Papers_, Sam F. Trelease,
Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 1958, 185 pp.,
$3.25.

_Writing Useful Reports_, Robert E. Tuttle and C. A. Brown,
Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., New York, 1956, 635 pp., $4.75.

_Technical Reporting_, Joseph N. Ulman, Jr., and J. R. Gould, Holt,
Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York, 1959, 289 pp., regular edition
$6.75; textbook edition $5.00.

_Report Writers’ Handbook_, Charles E. Van Hagan, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961, 276 pp., regular edition
$9.35; textbook edition $7.00.

APPENDIX IV
WORKING WITH RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

No scientist worth his title ever exposes himself needlessly to any potential hazards which confront him in his investigations. Thoughtful student scientists also will avoid any unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly since bad habits acquired while doing student projects may be difficult to overcome later.

Before undertaking experiments with radioactivity, consult your science teacher or project counselor. Any materials to be irradiated should be processed with professional equipment by persons trained and authorized to operate it. Use of radioisotopes, even in quantities exempt from license requirements, usually involves special laboratory facilities, techniques, and instruments, as well as the isotope itself. Make certain that all these will be available to you before you embark on your project.

If possible, conduct all work with radioisotopes under the supervision of a trained, experienced isotope technician. At the very least, familiarize yourself with the specialized handling techniques required (see _Experiments with Radioactivity_ or _Laboratory Experiments with Radioisotopes for High School Science Demonstrations_, listed in Appendix III). Then follow them to the letter!

APPENDIX V
SUPPLIERS OF RADIOISOTOPES

Your science teacher or project counselor may know of a nearby laboratory from which you can obtain the radioisotopes required for your investigation. If you wish to write direct to a commercial source, some of the suppliers of application-exempt quantities are:

Atomic Corporation of America
14725 Arminta Street
Panorama City, California

Abbott Laboratories
Box 1008
Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Bio-Rad Laboratories
32nd & Griffin Avenue
Richmond, California

Nuclear Consultants Corporation
9842 Manchester Road
St. Louis 19, Missouri

U. S. Nuclear Corporation
801 N. Lake Street
Box 2022
Burbank, California

Nuclear-Chicago Corporation
333 East Howard Avenue at Nuclear Drive
Des Plaines, Illinois

New England Nuclear Corporation
575 Albany Street
Boston, Massachusetts

Union Carbide Nuclear Company
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Isotope Sales Department
P. O. Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee

ChemTrac Corporation
130 Alewife Brook Pkwy.
Cambridge 40, Massachusetts

Nuclear Consultants, Inc.
33-61 Crescent Street
Long Island City 6, New York

APPENDIX VI
INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE FAIR RULES

_Finalists who enter the ISF must follow these rules without
exception._

The following code refers to the ISF rules listed below:

S—School Fairs (recommended)
R—Regional Fairs (recommended)
I—ISF (required)

S-R-I

Categories established for grouping and judging science projects at the ISF are:

Botany
Zoology
Medicine and Health
Biochemistry
Chemistry
Pure Physics
Applied Physics and Engineering
Mathematics and Computers
Earth and Space Sciences

Entries in any of these categories, if nuclear-related, will be
considered for AEC Special Awards at the International Science Fair.

S-R-I

Project exhibit size is limited to 30 inches deep (front to back), 48 inches wide (side to side), and 12 feet high (floor to top). Any project exceeding these dimensions is oversize and does not qualify for entrance in the ISF.

R-I

Each exhibitor must assemble his or her exhibit without major outside help, except for transportation and unpacking.

S-R-I

A typed abstract of the project, using not more than 250 words, is required and must be displayed with the project.

S-R-I

Anything which could be hazardous to public display is prohibited. This includes:

Live poisonous animals may not be displayed.

No dangerous chemical substances such as caustics, acids, highly combustible solids, fluids or gases may be displayed. If such materials are required, inert substitutes should be used.

No open flames are permitted.

Any project producing temperatures exceeding 100°C must be adequately insulated from its surroundings.

Highly flammable display materials are prohibited.

Tanks which have contained combustible gases must be purged with carbon dioxide. No combustible fuel may be displayed.

High voltage equipment such as large vacuum tubes or dangerous ray-generating devices must be shielded and safety checked by a qualified inspector. Students should be cautioned in advance about the dangers of experimenting with such equipment and their work carefully supervised.

S-R-I

No live, warm-blooded animals may be displayed at the ISF. Projects involving the use of such animals may display photographs, drawings, charts or graphs to illustrate the conditions, developments, and results of the investigations. This eliminates the needless shipping, housing, care, harm, discomfort or loss of animals.

S-R-I

During judging the exhibit area is closed to all except judges and authorized personnel. Exhibitors may be present only at a specified time during which they are to remain at their exhibits.

S-R-I

All exhibitors must be interviewed at their projects by at least one judge. The purpose of all interviews is to determine the exhibitors’ familiarity with the project, the science involved, and to give the student an opportunity to meet the judges, react to questions and to discuss their work with a recognized leader. Care must be taken to allow a reasonable interview time within the time limits allotted for judging.

I

Not more than two students, male or female, may be certified as finalists to the ISF from an affiliated science fair. They must be students in 10th, 11th or 12th year classes in a public, private or parochial school.

I

A student who will have reached age 21 on or before May 1, preceding the ISF is not eligible to participate as a finalist in the ISF.

I

A student may enter only one project and it must be his own work. Group projects involving two or more students give experience to beginners and are acceptable in S or R fairs but may not be entered in the ISF.

I

The identical repetition of previous year’s project is not permitted. However, a student may again exhibit work on a continuing problem provided the work demonstrates considerable progress when compared with the previous year.

I

Finalists must be accompanied to the ISF by an official adult escort designated and/or sponsored by the regional fair. Responsibility and liability for entry in the ISF rests with the affiliated fair organization which finances the entry, provides transportation for the finalists and their projects, and living expenses during ISF.

I

Students planning to enter exhibits in the ISF which contain materials that may be regulated by a quarantine should first consult with a Federal or State plant pest control or animal health inspector, a county agricultural agent, or write to the Director, Plant Pest Control Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Federal Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782.

S-R-I Regulations for Experiments With Animals

_This guide was prepared and approved by the National Society for Medical Research, the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (National Research Council), and the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (1968)._

1. The basic aims of scientific studies involving animals are to achieve an understanding of life and to advance our knowledge of life processes. Such studies lead to respect for life.

2. Insects, other invertebrates and protozoa are materials of choice for many experiments. They offer opportunities for exploration of biological principles and extension of established ones. Their wide variety and the feasibility of using larger numbers than is usually possible with vertebrates makes them especially suitable for illustrating principles.

3. A qualified adult supervisor must assume primary responsibility for the purposes and conditions of any experiment that involves living animals.

4. No experiment should be undertaken that involves anesthetic drugs, surgical procedures, pathogenic organisms, toxicological products, carcinogens, or ionizing radiation unless a trained life scientist, physician, dentist or veterinarian directly supervises the experiment.

5. Any experiment must be performed with the animal under appropriate anesthesia if pain is involved.

6. The comfort of the animal used in any study shall be a prime concern of the student investigator. Gentle handling, proper feeding, and provision of appropriate sanitary quarters shall be strictly observed. Any experiment in nutritional deficiency may proceed only to the point where symptoms of the deficiency appear. Appropriate measures shall then be taken to correct the deficiency, if such action is feasible, the animal(s) shall be killed by a humane method.

This booklet is one of the “Understanding the Atom” Series. Comments are invited on this booklet and others in the series; please send them to the Division of Technical Information, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. 20545.

Published as part of the ABC’s educational assistance program, the series includes these titles:

_Accelerators_
_Animals in Atomic Research_
_Atomic Fuel_
_Atomic Power Safety_
_Atoms at the Science Fair_
_Atoms in Agriculture_
_Atoms, Nature, and Man_
_Books on Atomic Energy for Adults and Children_
_Careers in Atomic Energy_
_Computers_
_Controlled Nuclear Fusion_
_Cryogenics, The Uncommon Cold_
_Direct Conversion of Energy_
_Fallout From Nuclear Tests_
_Food Preservation by Irradiation_
_Genetic Effects of Radiation_
_Index to the UAS Series_
_Lasers_
_Microstructure of Matter_
_Neutron Activation Analysis_
_Nondestructive Testing_
_Nuclear Clocks_
_Nuclear Energy for Desalting_
_Nuclear Power and Merchant Shipping_
_Nuclear Power Plants_
_Nuclear Propulsion for Space_
_Nuclear Reactors_
_Nuclear Terms, A Brief Glossary_
_Our Atomic World_
_Plowshare_
_Plutonium_
_Power from Radioisotopes_
_Power Reactors in Small Packages_
_Radioactive Wastes_
_Radioisotopes and Life Processes_
_Radioisotopes in Industry_
_Radioisotopes in Medicine_
_Rare Earths_
_Research Reactors_
_SNAP, Nuclear Space Reactors_
_Sources of Nuclear Fuel_
_Space Radiation_
_Spectroscopy_
_Synthetic Transuranium Elements_
_The Atom and the Ocean_
_The Chemistry of the Noble Gases_
_The Elusive Neutrino_
_The First Reactor_
_The Natural Radiation Environment_
_Whole Body Counters_
_Your Body and Radiation_

A single copy of any one booklet, or of no more than three different booklets, may be obtained free by writing to:

USAEC, P. O. BOX 62, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE 37830

Complete sets of the series are available to school and public librarians, and to teachers who can make them available for reference or for use by groups. Requests should be made on school or library letterheads and indicate the proposed use.

Students and teachers who need other material on specific aspects of nuclear science, or references to other reading material, may also write to the Oak Ridge address. Requests should state the topic of interest exactly, and the use intended.

In all requests, include “Zip Code” in return address.

Printed in the United States of America
USAEC Division of Technical Information Extension, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Transcriber’s Notes

—Silently corrected a few typos.

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.