Chapter II (7)

Reader, if you are one who, like me, have studied Nature with a desire to improve your mental faculties, and contemplate the wonderful phenomena that present themselves to the view at every step we take in her wide domain, you would have been struck, had you witnessed the actions of this little fish, as I was, with admiration of the Being who gave such instincts to so humble an object. I gazed in amazement at the little creature, and wondered that Nature had endowed it with such feelings and powers. The irrepressible desire of acquiring knowledge prompted me to continue the experiment; but with whatever dexterity I could in those days hook a fish, all my efforts proved abortive, not with this individual only, but with many others which I subjected to the same trials.

Satisfied that at this period the Sunfish was more than a match for me, I rolled up my line, and with the rod gave a rap on the water as nearly over the fish as I could.

The Sunny darted off to a distance of several yards, poised itself steadily, and as soon as my rod was raised from the water, returned to its station. The effect of the blow on the water was now apparent, for I perceived that the fish was busily employed in smoothing the bed; but here ended my experiments on the Sunfish.

MY STYLE OF DRAWING BIRDS[61]

When, as a little lad, I first began my attempts at representing birds on paper, I was far from possessing much knowledge of their nature, and, like hundreds of others, when I had laid the effort aside, I was under the impression that it was a finished picture of a bird because it possessed some sort of a head and tail, and two sticks in lieu of legs; I never troubled myself with the thought that abutments were requisite to prevent it from falling either backward or forward, and oh! what bills and claws I did draw, to say nothing of a perfectly straight line for a back, and a tail stuck in anyhow, like an unshipped rudder.

Many persons besides my father saw my miserable attempts, and so many praised them to the skies that perhaps no one was ever nearer being completely wrecked than I by these mistaken, though affectionate words. My father, however, spoke very differently to me; he constantly impressed upon me that nothing in the world possessing life and animation was easy to imitate, and that as I grew older he hoped I would become more and more alive to this. He was so kind to me, and so deeply interested in my improvement that to have listened carelessly to his serious words would have been highly ungrateful. I listened less to others, more to him, and his words became my law.

The first collection of drawings I made were from European specimens, procured by my father or myself, and I still have them in my possession.[62] They were all represented _strictly ornithologically_, which means neither more nor less than in stiff, unmeaning profiles, such as are found in most works published to the present day. My next set was begun in America, and there, without my honored mentor, I betook myself to the drawing of specimens hung by a string tied to one foot, having a desire to show every portion, as the wings lay loosely spread, as well as the tail. In this manner I made some pretty fair signs for poulterers.

One day, while watching the habits of a pair of Pewees at Mill Grove, I looked so intently at their graceful attitudes that a thought struck my mind like a flash of light, that nothing, after all, could ever answer my enthusiastic desires to represent nature, except to copy her in her own way, alive and moving! Then I began again. On I went, forming, literally, hundreds of outlines of my favorites, the Pewees; how good or bad I cannot tell, but I fancied I had mounted a step on the high pinnacle before me. I continued for months together, simply outlining birds as I observed them, either alighted or on the wing, but could finish none of my sketches. I procured many individuals of different species, and laying them on the table or on the ground, tried to place them in such attitudes as I had sketched. But, alas! they were _dead_, to all intents and purposes, and neither wing, leg, nor tail could I place according to my wishes. A second thought came to my assistance; by means of threads I raised or lowered a head, wing, or tail, and by fastening the threads securely, I had something like life before me; yet much was wanting. When I saw the living birds, I felt the blood rush to my temples, and almost in despair spent about a month without drawing, but in deep thought, and daily in the company of the feathered inhabitants of dear Mill Grove.

I had drawn from the "manikin" whilst under David, and had obtained tolerable figures of our species through this means, so I cogitated how far a manikin of a bird would answer. I labored with wood, cork, and wires, and formed a grotesque figure, which I cannot describe in any other words than by saying that when set up it was a tolerable-looking Dodo. A friend roused my ire by laughing at it immoderately, and assuring me that if I wished to represent a tame gander it might do. I gave it a kick, broke it to atoms, walked off, and thought again.

Young as I was, my impatience to obtain my desire filled my brains with many plans. I not infrequently dreamed that I had made a new discovery; and long before day, one morning, I leaped out of bed fully persuaded that I had obtained my object. I ordered a horse to be saddled, mounted, and went off at a gallop towards the little village of Norristown, distant about five miles. When I arrived there not a door was open, for it was not yet daylight. Therefore I went to the river, took a bath, and, returning to the town, entered the first opened shop, inquired for wire of different sizes, bought some, leaped on my steed, and was soon again at Mill Grove. The wife of my tenant, I really believe, thought that I was mad, as, on offering me breakfast, I told her I only wanted my gun. I was off to the creek, and shot the first Kingfisher I met. I picked the bird up, carried it home by the bill, sent for the miller, and bade him bring me a piece of board of soft wood. When he returned he found me filing sharp points to some pieces of wire, and I proceeded to show him what I meant to do. I pierced the body of the fishing bird, and fixed it on the board; another wire passed above his upper mandible held the head in a pretty fair attitude, smaller ones fixed the feet according to my notions, and even common pins came to my assistance. The last wire proved a delightful elevator to the bird's tail, and at last--there stood before me the _real_ Kingfisher.

Think not that my lack of breakfast was at all in my way. No, indeed! I outlined the bird, aided by compasses and my eyes, colored it, finished it, without a thought of hunger. My honest miller stood by the while, and was delighted to see me pleased. This was what I shall call my first drawing actually from nature, for even the eye of the Kingfisher was as if full of life whenever I pressed the lids aside with my finger.

In those happy days of my youth I was extremely fond of reading what I still call the delightful fables of La Fontaine. I had frequently perused the one entitled "_L'hirondelle et les petits oiseaux_," and thought much of the meaning imparted in the first line, which, if I now recollect rightly, goes on to say that "_Quiconque a beaucoup vu, peut avoir beaucoup retenu_." To me this meant that to study Nature was to ramble through her domains late and early, and if I observed all as I should, that the memory of what I saw would at least be of service to me.

"Early to bed, and early to rise," was another adage which I thought, and still think, of much value; 'tis a pity that instead of being merely an adage it has not become a general law; I have followed it ever since I was a child, and am ever grateful for the hint it conveyed.

As I wandered, mostly bent on the study of birds, and with a wish to represent all those found in our woods, to the best of my powers, I gradually became acquainted with their forms and habits, and the use of my wires was improved by constant practice. Whenever I produced a better representation of any species the preceding one was destroyed, and after a time I laid down what I was pleased to call a constitution of my manner of drawing birds, formed upon natural principles, which I will try to put briefly before you.

The gradual knowledge of the forms and habits of the birds of our country impressed me with the idea that each part of a family must possess a certain degree of affinity, distinguishable at sight in any one of them. The Pewees, which I knew by experience were positively Flycatchers, led me to the discovery that every bird truly of that genus, when standing, was usually in a passive attitude; that they sat uprightly, now and then glancing their eyes upwards or sideways, to watch the approach of their insect prey; that if in pursuit of this prey their movements through the air were, in each and all of that tribe, the same, etc., etc.

Gallinaceous birds I saw were possessed of movements and positions peculiar to them. Amongst the water-birds also I found characteristic manners. I observed that the Herons walked with elegance and stateliness, that, in fact, every family had some mark by which it could be known; and, after having collected many ideas and much material of this kind, I fairly began, in greater earnest than ever, the very collection of Birds of America, which is now being published.

The better I understood my subjects, the better I became able to represent them in what I hoped were natural positions. The bird once fixed with wires on squares, I studied as a lay figure before me, its nature, previously known to me as far as habits went, and its general form having been frequently observed. Now I could examine more thoroughly the bill, nostrils, eyes, legs, and claws, as well as the structure of the wings and tail; the very tongue was of importance to me, and I thought the more I understood all these particulars, the better representations I made of the originals.

My drawings at first were made altogether in water-colors, but they wanted softness and a great deal of finish. For a long time I was much dispirited at this, particularly when vainly endeavoring to imitate birds of soft and downy plumage, such as that of most Owls, Pigeons, Hawks, and Herons. How this could be remedied required a new train of thought, or some so-called accident, and the latter came to my aid.

One day, after having finished a miniature portrait of the one dearest to me in all the world, a portion of the face was injured by a drop of water, which dried where it fell; and although I labored a great deal to repair the damage, the blur still remained. Recollecting that, when a pupil of David, I had drawn heads and figures in different colored chalks, I resorted to a piece of that material of the tint required for the part, applied the pigment, rubbed the place with a cork stump, and at once produced the desired effect.

My drawings of Owls and other birds of similar plumage were much improved by such applications; indeed, after a few years of patience, some of my attempts began almost to please me, and I have continued the same style ever since, and that now is for more than thirty years.

Whilst travelling in Europe as well as America, many persons have evinced the desire to draw birds in my manner, and I have always felt much pleasure in showing it to any one by whom I hoped ornithological delineations or portraitures would be improved.

FOOTNOTES:

[47] This was in 1810 or 1811.

[48] This was written in 1835.

[49] Vincent Nolte, in "Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres," gives an account of his meeting on this occasion with Audubon, part of which is as follows: "About ten o'clock I arrived at a small inn, close by the falls of the Juniata River. The landlady showed me into a room and said I perhaps would not mind taking my meal with a strange gentleman, who was already there. This personage struck me as an odd fish. He was sitting at a table before the fire, with a Madras handkerchief wound around his head, exactly in the style of the French mariners of a seaport town.... He showed himself to be an original throughout, but admitted he was a Frenchman by birth, and a native of La Rochelle. However, he had come in his early youth to Louisiana, had grown up in the sea-service, and had gradually become a thorough American. This man, who afterwards won for himself so great a name in natural history, particularly in ornithology, was Audubon." It is needless to say that the personal history of Audubon as here given is entirely erroneous; but as the meeting was in 1811, and the book written _from memory_ in 1854, Mr. Nolte must be pardoned for his misstatements, which were doubtless unintentional.

[50] This was on the journey made by Audubon and his partner, Ferdinand Rozier, from Louisville to St. Genevieve, then in Upper Louisiana. They left Louisville in the autumn of 1810, and Audubon returned in the spring of 1811.

[51] This incident occurred during Audubon's return trip to St. Geneviève in the early spring of 1812.

[52] _Sylvia parus_, Hemlock Warbler; Ornith. Biog. vol. ii. page 205.

[53] Audubon and Mr. Irish met many times afterwards, the last being, I believe, in Philadelphia, on the eve of Audubon's departure for his Missouri River trip.

[54] Then Philadelphia.

[55] The name given by the wreckers and smugglers to the "Marion."

[56] Plate cclxxxi., ed. 1827-1839; plate ccclxviii., ed. 1843.

[57] The "Moose Hunt" was communicated to me by my young friend, Thomas Lincoln, of Dennysville in Maine.

[58] The last Episode in vol. ii. of the "Ornithological Biographies."

[59] "On the 16th [June, 1778], before sunrise, I departed in the most secret manner, and arrived at Boonesborough on the 20th, after a journey of 160 miles, during which I had but one meal." (Letter of Daniel Boone, who was then forty-three.)

[60] This bird [the White Ibis], to procure the Cray-fish, walks with remarkable care to the mounds of mud which the latter throws up while forming its hole, and breaks up the upper part of the fabric, dropping the fragments into the deep cavity that has been made by the animal. Then the Ibis retires a single step, and patiently waits the result. The Cray-fish, incommoded by the load of earth, instantly sets to work anew, and at last reaches the entrance of its burrow; but the moment it comes in sight the Ibis seizes it with his bill. (The White Ibis, _Ibis Alba_, Plate CCXXII., Ornith. Biog., vol. iii., p. 176).

[61] Audubon's drawings have been criticised for their _flatness_. Of this, Cuvier says: "It is difficult to give a true picture of a bird with the same effect of perspective as a landscape, and the lack of this is no defect in a work on Natural History. Naturalists prefer the real color of objects to those accidental tints which are the result of the varied reflections of light necessary to complete picturesque representations, but foreign and even injurious to scientific truth."

[62] This was in 1838; they have since been destroyed by fire, or, at least, the greater number.

INDEX

Abert, Col. John, i. 70.

Abingdon, ii. 218.

Abyssinian, i. 199.

Académie des Sciences, i. 308, 312, 317.

Academy of Arts, Edinburgh, i. 177.

Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, i. 55, 56, 90, 525.

Academy of Sciences, New York. _See_ New York Academy of Sciences.

Acer saccharinum, ii. 508.

Actitis macularia, i. 365.

Adams, Bernard, ii. 97.

Adams, John Quincy, i. 275.

Adamson, John, i. 230, 233, 235, 262-264, 437.

Ægialitis semipalmatus, i. 386.

Africa, i. 217.

Alabama, i. 329; ii. 445.

Alauda alpestris, i. 384, 419, 420, 424.
_See also_ Lark, Shore.

---- spragueii, ii. 41.

Albagash River, ii. 392.

Alca torda, i. 364-366, 369, 383, 384, 391, 428.

Alexis, i. 529, 530, 536; ii. 4, 7, 9, 16, 20, 23, 25, 36, 38, 39,
41, 42, 71.

Algiers, ii. 232.

Allan, William, i. 171, 189.

Alleghanies, Mountains, i. 62, 454, 459; ii. 437, 454.

Alligator, i. 87, 187, 205; ii. 251, 255, 258, 267, 309, 337, 354,
355.

Aln River, i. 228.

Alnwick, i. 228, 263.

Alnwick Castle, i. 262.

America, i. 66, 69, 91, 94, 228, 232, 235, 237, 245, 253-255, 270,
276, 277, 281, 289, 295-297, 301, 310, 313, 315, 329, 330, 331,
333, 339, 342; ii. 210, 231, 527.

American Fur Company, i. 72, 525; ii. 6, 47, 188.

American Harbor, i. 365, 380, 383, 384.

American Ornithological Union, i. 77.

Amherst Island, i. 354, 355.

Amiens, i. 305.

Ammodramus bairdi, ii. 117.

---- [Colurniculus] lecontei, i. 510.

Amsterdam, i. 301.

Anas fusca, i. 418.

---- glacialis, i. 414.
_See also_ Duck, Velvet.

---- obscura, i. 366.

Anatomical School, Oxford, i. 292.

Andes, i. 271.

"Andromache, The" (brig), i. 88.

Angel Inn, i. 275.

Anhingas, ii. 337.

Anser albifrons gambeli, i. 459.

---- canadensis, i. 370.
_See also_ Goose, Wild.

Antelope, i. 496, 499, 504, 505, 507-512, 525; ii. 9, 19, 36, 42-50,
56, 58, 60-65, 87, 90, 95, 102, 104-106, 108, 113, 114, 117,
118, 121, 122, 126, 128, 130-133, 138, 140, 154, 155, 166, 167,
169.

Anthus pennsylvanicus, i. 384.

---- spinoletta, i. 384, 391, 399.
_See also_ Lark, Brown.

---- [Neocorys] spraguei, ii. 41.

Anticosti Island, i. 363.

Antilocapra americana, ii. 42.

Antiquarian Society, Edinburgh, i. 169, 181, 205, 211.

Apple Creek, ii. 5, 158.

Apple White, i. 505.

Aquila chrysaëtus, i. 415.

Archibald, George, i. 438.

Arctomys [cynomys] ludovicianus, i. 458, 522.
_See also_ Dog, Prairie.

---- monax, i. 461.

Ardea herodias, i. 27, 354.

---- occidentalis, ii. 370.

Arickaras, i. 532; ii. 3.

Arkansas River, i. 161, 291; ii. 215, 437.

Arkwright, Sir Thomas, i. 137, 138.

Armadillo, ii. 36.

Arrow Rock, ii. 174.

Arthur's Seat, i. 213, 266.

Artemisia, ii. 26, 39.

Artois, i. 305.

Arvicola pennsylvanica, i. 530; ii. 165.

---- riparius, i. 530.

Ashley, General, ii. 3.

Asia, i. 217.

Assiniboin, ii. 23, 25, 26, 38, 48, 51, 77, 78, 97, 107-109, 112,
121, 124, 126, 127, 133, 140, 145, 154, 156.

"Assiniboin" (steamer), ii. 7, 42.

_Astoria_, Irving's, i. 456, 486.

Athenæum, Liverpool, i. 270.

Athenæum, London, i. 253.

Athens, British, ii. 208.

Atherton, Mr., i. 271.

Atkinson, Mr., i. 243.

Atlantic Ocean, i. 91, 354, 440.

Auckland, Lord, i. 282.

Audubon, Georgiana, ii. 175.

----, Admiral Jean, i. 5, 9, 42.

----, John Woodhouse, i. 6, 32, 38, 47, 51, 60, 62, 66, 67, 69, 70,
73-76, 81, 120, 230, 232, 259, 291;
companion in Labrador, 345-445; 476; ii. 168, 176.

----, Mrs. Lucy, i. 18, 21, 26, 34, 35, 39-41, 48, 51, 52, 60, 63,
64, 66, 68, 70, 81, 449; ii. 158.

----, Lucy, infant, i. 37.

----, Rosa, i. 24, 35, 37.

----, Mrs. V. G. _See_ Audubon, Georgiana.

----, Victor Gifford, i. 10, 29, 30, 38, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 60,
62, 66-71, 73, 75, 76, 230, 291, 300, 302, 345, 453, 520; ii.
117, 168; 274, 277.

Audubon and Bakewell, i. 29.

Audubonian period, i. 64.

Audubon Park, i. 71.

Audubon's Bluff, ii. 107.

Audubon's Isle, ii. 338.

Auk, Great, ii. 131.

----, Razor-billed, i. 364.

Aux Cayes, i. 7, 8.

Avocet, i. 517.

Ayowah River, ii. 169.

Ayre River, i. 245, 246.

Ayres, W. O., ii. 41.

Baamchenunsgamook, Lake, ii. 392.

Bachman, John, D.D., i. 40, 56, 66-68, 70, 72, 76, 426, 441, 449,
467, 476, 510, 529; ii. 29, 97, 173, 378.

----, Maria R., i. 70.

Backhouse, John, i. 285.

Bad River, i. 526.

Badger, ii. 35, 36, 146, 147, 166, 168, 170, 173.

Baird, Spencer F., ii. 12, 117;
_Birds of North America_, ii. 117.

Bakewell, i. 135, 138.

----, Benjamin, i. 22, 26, 28.

----, Lucy. _See_ Audubon, Mrs. Lucy.

----, Thomas W., i. 20, 29, 32, 33, 35, 46.

----, William, i. 17, 18, 24, 28, 39.

----, William Gifford, i. 174, 454, 526.

Balacouda, i. 83; ii. 303, 305.

Balize, i. 87; ii. 301.

_Ball in Newfoundland_, i. 433.

Baltimore, i. 310, 449, 453, 477; ii. 219, 221.

Bamborough Castle, i. 225.

Bangor, ii. 390, 392, 393.

Bantams, i. 303.

Baptiste. _See_ Moncrévier, Jean Baptiste.

Barbier, Antoine Alexandre, i. 314.

Barclay, Mr., i. 101, 102, 260, 261.

Barro, ii. 218, 221.

Barry's Hotel, i. 190, 194.

Basil, ii. 93, 98-101.

Basil River, i. 503; ii. 168.

Bat, i. 482, 500, 502; ii. 162.

Baton Rouge, ii. 251, 252.

Bay Verte, i. 440.

Bayfield, i. 376, 388, 392, 406, 407; ii. 415.

Bayonne, i. 11.

Bayou Lafourche, ii. 252.

---- Sara, i. 49, 52, 58, 62, 81, 130, 231, 259, 307; ii. 251, 274.

Beal Family, ii. 200.

Bear, i. 175, 365, 375, 408, 412, 458; ii. 136-138, 154-156, 158,
212, 222, 227, 228, 245, 261-263, 267, 269, 270, 272, 294, 319,
320, 324, 374, 382, 383, 390, 424, 439, 440, 441, 452, 457,
478-480, 482, 496.

----, Black, i. 378, 489, 490, 492; ii. 133, 173, 174, 481, 482,
484, 485.

----, Grizzly, i. 526; ii. 14, 25, 41, 51, 54, 60, 64-66, 72, 75,
86, 117, 121-123, 139, 146, 147.

---- story, ii. 136.

---- trap, i. 371.

Beaumont, Mr., ii. 172.

Beaver, i. 300, 378, 484, 501, 520, 531; ii. 4, 54, 70, 76, 93, 95,
99, 100, 102, 122, 136, 158, 160, 161, 176.

---- Creek, ii. 159.

Bedford, ii. 221.

"Bee" (steamer), ii. 50.

---- tree, ii. 481.

Beech woods, i. 52, 53, 231.

Beetle, Diamond, i. 129.

_Beggar's Opera_, i. 184, 185.

_Behind the Veil_, i. 29.

Belford, i. 225.

Belgrade, ii. 276.

Bell, John G., i. 73;
companion on Missouri River trip, i. 453-532; ii. 4-176, 352

Belle Isle, ii. 416.

---- Vue, i. 477, 517; ii. 172, 416.

_Belles Fleurs_, Redouté's, i. 326.

Bengal, i. 307.

Bennett, Edward T., i. 294.

Bentley, Robert, i. 139-141, 246-248, 250-254, 259, 264, 274,
279-282, 341.

Berlin, i. 127.

Berry, Duchesse de, i. 337.

Berthoud, Nicholas Augustus, i. 34, 47, 54, 69, 88, 441, 454;
ii. 29, 175, 200, 215, 221, 247, 250, 453.

---- family, i. 29.

Bertrand, Dr., i. 324.

Berwick, i. 225.

Best, Robert, i. 36, 37, 48.

Bewick, Robert, i. 231, 232.

----, Thomas, i. 108, 229-233, 237, 238, 260, 263, 303; ii. 198.

Big Bend Creek, i. 513.

---- Sioux River, i. 489, 501; ii. 169, 170.

Bighorns, ii. 24, 49, 56, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 88, 101, 111,
114, 121-123, 128, 131, 132, 139, 140, 142, 147-152, 154.

Bijou's Hill, ii. 167.

Billings, Capt., i. 365, 371, 372, 413.

_Biography of Birds_, ii. 97.

Bird of Washington, i. 266, 271.

---- Rocks, i. 359.

_Birds of America_, i. 27, 28, 40, 59, 69, 70, 75, 91, 153, 160,
237, 277, 342, 345, 402, 427, 457, 459, 470; ii. 117, 198, 212,
526.

_Birds of Colorado Valley_, ii. 117.

_Birds of North America_, Baird's, ii. 117.

_Birds of the North West_, Coues, i. 402.

Birmingham, i. 119.

Bismarck, ii. 5, 9.

Bittern, American, i. 434.

Black Bull Hotel, i. 144.

---- Cock, i. 144, 206, 209, 210, 299.

---- Harris, ii. 35, 173.

---- Heath, i. 304.

---- Hills, ii. 20, 136, 152.

---- Mts. ii. 5, 20.

---- Snake Hills, i. 471, 472, 475; ii. 173.

---- Warrior, i. 57.

Blackbird, i. 106, 134, 226, 236, 278, 297, 338, 339, 340, 447, 477;
Brewer's, i. 474.

---- (chief), i. 485.

---- Hill, i. 485.

Blackfoot Fort, ii. 42, 50.

Blackfoot Indians, i. 501; ii. 33, 47, 48, 53, 77, 78, 87, 89, 108,
112, 137, 144, 154, 178, 188, 189.

---- River, ii. 114.

Black-poll Warbler, i. 178.

Blackwall, i. 385.

"Blackwood's Magazine," i. 160, 161, 172, 180, 200, 240, 266.

Blair, Mr., i. 217.

Blanc Sablons, i. 416.

Blanchard, Mr., i. 437.

Blind asylum, Liverpool, i. 106, 272.

Blood Indians, ii. 180, 188.

"Blow me down," Cape, i. 444.

Blue Boar, i. 285.

---- Jay, i. 353.

Blue-bird, i. 476, 477, 496; ii. 7, 55, 163.

----, Arctic, ii. 50, 55, 67, 79.

Boar, Wild, ii. 482.

Bobolink, ii. 86.

Bodley, A. P., ii. 254.

Bohn, Henry George, i. 127, 128, 135.

Bolton, i. 142.

----, Fox, Livingston, and Co., i. 511.

Bombarde, Alexis. _See_ Alexis.

Bonaparte, Charles Lucien, i. 55, 56, 81, 118, 177, 185, 186, 194,
200, 244, 256, 257, 270, 292, 298, 301, 314, 324, 366, 368,
385, 403, 412, 416, 422.

----, Charles Lucien, _Ornithology_, i. 55.

----, Joseph, i. 169, 185.

----, Napoleon, i. 11, 15, 24, 40, 185, 186, 217, 238, 273, 317,
322, 324; ii. 35, 203.

Bonasa umbellus, i. 401.

Bonaventure, ii. 42, 51, 58-61, 64.

Bonhomme Island, ii. 168.

Bonita, ii. 302.

Bonne Espérance, i. 413, 425.

Bonnet Carré, ii. 253.

Bonneville, Capt., ii. 4.

Boobies, ii. 347.

Booby, Island, ii. 347.

Boone, Daniel, i. 459; ii. 241, 245, 455, 460, 461, 506.

Boone family, ii. 207.

Boone's Lick, i. 459.

----Salt works, i. 459.

Boonesborough, ii. 506.

Booneville, i. 559; ii. 174.

Booth family, ii. 200.

Boston, i. 67, 68, 73, 88, 345, 351, 411, 422, 441, 442, 445;
ii. 382, 393, 401.

Botanical gardens, i. 103.

Boucherville, ii. 78, 86, 131-133, 138.

Boulcar, Lady, i. 196, 197.

Boulogne, i. 339.

Bourgeat, Alexandre, i. 81, 162, 211.

Bowie, Mr., i. 528; ii. 5.

Bowen, Lieut., i. 391, 392, 407.

----, J. T., i. 453.

Brackenridge, i. 486.

Bradbury, i. 486.

Brae House, i. 218.

Bragdon, Samuel L., i. 94.

Branard, Mr., i. 51.

Brand family, i. 52.

Brandywine, i. 280.

Birmingham, i. 251.

Branta canadensis, i. 457.

---- hutchinsi, ii. 174.

Bras d'Or, i. 410-413, 421, 428; ii. 362, 416, 418.

_Breaking of the ice_, i. 31.

Brent, i. 357, 359, 378.

Brewer, Thomas M., i. 73, 526; ii. 48.

Brewster, Sir David, i. 164, 179-183, 189, 190, 209.

Bridges, David, i. 157-159, 161, 169, 172, 174, 178, 183, 188,
202, 204.

_British Birds_, MacGillivray's, i. 65.

British Museum, i. 258, 284, 301, 342.

Brookes, Joshua, i. 117, 118, 123, 124, 280-282.

Brouillerie, Baron de, i. 315, 321, 334-336, 338.

Brown, Andrew, i. 184.

----, George A., i. 287.

----, Dr. John, i. 172.

Bruce, Thomas, i. 169.

Brussels, i. 111, 127, 301.

Bryon, Isle de, i. 362.

Buckland, William, i. 293.

Buffalo, i. 481, 490, 491, 493, 494, 496, 497, 500, 502-513, 517,
519, 522-524, 526-530, 532; ii. 4-16, 21-28, 31, 33-37, 43, 49,
52, 55-62, 66, 69, 71, 73, 75, 78, 85-94, 102, 104, 105,
107-114, 118-124, 127-132, 139-146, 150, 151, 154-161, 164-167,
169, 174, 175, 181, 206, 227, 245, 294, 456, 457.

---- berries, ii. 160.

---- Bluffs, ii. 154.

---- Lick, ii. 278.

Buford County, ii. 27.

Bulow, John, ii. 333, 352.

Bunting, i. 357, 387; ii. 408.

----, Arctic Towhee, ii. 7, 8.

----, Baird's, ii. 116.

----, Bay-winged, ii. 21.

----, Black-breasted Lark, ii. 105, 107.

----, Clay-colored, i. 477, 518.

----, Cow, i. 216, 546.

----, Henslow's, i. 477, 496; ii. 4.

----, Indigo, i. 245.

----, Lark, i. 486.

----, Rice, ii. 306.

----, Shattuck's, i. 518.
_See also_ Emberiza shattuckii.

----, Snow, i. 352.

----, Towhee, i. 372, 471.

----, White-crowned, i. 387, 391, 398, 399, 405.

Burgwin, Capt. J. H. K., i. 478-480; ii. 172.

Burnt Hills, ii. 167.

Burton, i. 142.

----, Dr. and Mrs. Edward, i. 293.

Bustard, Great, ii. 466.

Butte Quarré, ii. 157.

Buxton, i. 139.

Buzzard, i. 509; ii. 106, 107.

----, Turkey, i. 176, 180, 183, 187, 458, 471, 483; ii. 7, 75, 168.
_See also_ Cathartes aura.

Cabané Bluff, ii. 171.

Cabris, ii. 96, 113.

---- Creek, i. 525.

Cainard, M., i. 320.

Calais, i. 304, 305, 340.

Calcarius ornatus, ii. 51.

"Caledonia" (steamer), i. 351.

California, i. 75.

Calvert, Mr., i. 260.

Calton, Thomas, i. 287.

Cam River, i. 286.

Cambridge, Eng., i. 216, 285, 286, 290, 292, 295.

Camden, N.J., i. 61; ii. 310.

Camel, ii. 400.

Cameron, i. 159, 173.

Campbell, Sir Archibald, ii. 387.

----, Ellen, i. 201.

---- (steamer), i. 70.

Camptolæmus labradorius, i. 418.

Canachites canadensis, i. 352.

Canada, i. 71, 356, 492; ii. 416.

Canadians, French, i. 375, 401, 408.

Canfield, C. A., ii. 42.

Canis latrans, i. 483.

---- lupus, i. 483.

---- nubilus, i. 483.

Cannon Ball River, ii. 5, 158, 159.

Canoe Creek, ii. 238.

Canseau Cape, i. 351-353.

----, Strait of, i. 435.

Canso. _See_ Canseau.

Canterbury, i. 304.

Cape Breton Island, i. 353, 354.

---- Florida Songster, i. 88.

Caprimulgus, ii. 163.

Cariacus macrotis, i. 484.

Caribou, i. 378, 389, 403, 407-409, 432, 433; ii. 394, 399, 400,
412, 418.

---- flies, i. 411; ii. 404.

Carleton, Lieut. James Henry, ii. 172, 173.

Carlisle, Eng., i. 141-144.

----, Penn., ii. 117.

Carolinas, ii. 445.

Carré, Charles, i. 52; ii. 249, 251, 253.

Carrier, Gen. Jean B., i. 10.

Carrière, Michel, ii. 136, 137.

Carroll Co., Mo., i. 462.

Cash Creek, i. 31; ii. 274.

Cat-bird, i. 219, 245, 470; ii. 7, 253.

Catchfly, i. 399.

Catfish, i. 282; ii. 213.

Cathartes aura, i. 458.
_See also_ Buzzard, Turkey.

Catlin, George, i. 497, 498; ii. 10, 15, 24, 27, 49, 96, 108, 180.

"Cavalier," ii. 305.

Cavendish Square, i. 69.

Cedar birds, i. 475.

---- Island, i. 505, 508; ii. 166, 167.

Centrocircus urophasianus, ii. 126.

Ceritronyx bairdii, ii. 117.

Cerré, M., i. 493, 494, 498.

Cervus macrotis, i. 484.

---- virginianus, ii. 473.

Chaffinch, i. 226.

Chamois, ii. 56, 153.

Champ de Mars, i. 326.

Chapel En-La-Frith, i. 136.

Charadrius, i. 423.

---- semipalmatus, i. 386, 398, 412.

Charbonneau River, ii. 93, 98, 101.

Charbonnière River, ii. 175.

Chardon, Mr., i. 524, 526, 528, 529; ii. 11-16, 22, 24, 38, 40-44,
47, 50, 71.

Charing Cross, i. 303.

Chariton River, i. 462; ii. 174.

"Charity, Mr.," i. 510, 511.

Charles I., i. 235, 236.

Charleston, S.C., i. 66-72; ii. 97, 347.

Charrette, F. A. de, i. 273.

Charwell River, i. 292.

Chastelleux, Marquis de, i. 270.

Chat, Yellow-breasted, i. 470, 504; ii. 7.

Chenopòduum album, ii. 14.

Chester, Eng., i. 249.

Chevalier, M., i. 410, 413.

Cheyenne River, i. 529; ii. 133, 136.

Chicha River, i. 527.

Chickadee, i. 400.

Chickasaw, ii. 260.

Children, John George, i. 252, 254, 257, 258, 264, 276, 277, 294,
301, 342.

Chillicothe, ii. 218.

Chippeway Indian, ii. 126, 127.

Chittenden, Capt. Hiram M., i. 479, 492.

Choctaw Indians, ii. 260.

Chorley, Henry, i. 269.

----, John, i. 248, 249, 264, 269, 273, 276.

Chouans, i. 10.

Chouteau, Auguste, ii. 33.

----, Pierre, i. 452, 454, 463, 468, 499; ii. 33, 35.

----, Madam Pierre, i. 468; ii. 173.

Chouteau's River, i. 503.

Chuckmill's Widow, i. 132.

Cincinnati, i. 36, 37, 48-50, 454; ii. 175, 250, 454.

Clancarty, Lord, i. 171, 183.

Clapham, i. 254.

Clarence, Duchess of, i. 259.

Claridge, Mr., ii. 436.

Clark, David, i. 46.

----, Jonathan, i. 31.

----, Lady Mary, i. 187.

----, William, i. 31.

Clay, Henry, i. 126, 157, 272.

Clayton, John, i. 263.

Clementi, Muzio, i. 115.

Clifton, Lord, i. 257.

Clinton, De Witt, i. 120, 167, 192.

Clyde River, i. 266.

Cocks of the plain, ii. 126.

Cod, i. 357; ii. 419, 422-425.

Colaptes aurato-mexicanus, ii. 41.

---- ayresii, ii. 53.

---- cafer, ii. 53.
_See also_ Woodpecker, Red-shafted.

---- hybridus, ii. 41.

Cold Water River, ii. 260, 261.

Colinus virginianus, i. 457.

Collins, John, ii. 53, 57, 68, 70, 72, 76, 82, 86, 102, 124.

Colmesnil, Louis, i. 19.

"Columbia" (ship), i. 60, 342; ii. 56.

---- College, i. 77.

---- Fur Co., i. 499.

---- River, i. 302.

Colymbus glacialis, i. 389, 392.

---- septentrionalis, i. 390.
_See also_ Diver, Red-throated.

Combe, Andrew, i. 191, 207.

----, George, i. 157, 160, 164, 166, 168, 188, 191, 204, 225.

Condolleot, M., i. 309, 316.

Connecticut, ii. 262.

Constant, M., i. 327.

Contopus richardsonii, i. 405, 406.

---- virens, i. 406.

Coolidge, Capt., i. 350; ii. 432.

----, Joseph, i. 67, 68;
companion in Labrador, 345-420, 428, 436, 439.

Cooper, J. F., ii. 207.

---- Co., Mo., i. 459.

Coot, i. 472, 532; ii. 7, 337.

----, White-winged, i. 418.

Cormorant, i. 157, 370, 384-386, 393-395, 459; ii. 337, 353, 360,
361, 404, 433.

----, Double-crested, i. 398, 400.

----, Florida, i. 459.

_Corn-shucking_, ii. 463.

Cornwall, Eng., i. 142.

Corpus Christi, i. 288.

Couëron, i. 11.

Coues, Dr. Elliott, i. 29, 64, 402.

Cougar, i. 74; ii. 260-269, 374, 441, 478.

Council Bluffs, i. 475, 477, 478, 482.

Covent Garden Theatre, i. 253, 291, 315.

Cowbirds, i. 477, 481.

Craighlockhart, i. 164.

Crane, Sand-hill, i. 475; ii. 9, 95, 171, 174.

----, Whooping, i. 87.

Cree Indians, ii. 109, 123, 132.

Creeper, Black-and-White, i. 471.

----, Chestnut-sided, i. 471.

----, Yellow-back, i. 471.

Crisp, Major, i. 516.

Croghan, Major, i. 30.

---- family, ii. 200, 207.

Cross, Mr., i. 279-281.

Crossbills, i. 396, 400, 416, 433.

----, White-winged, i. 385, 412, 415, 431, 434.

Crow, i. 379, 385, 434, 471, 475, 476; ii. 36, 212, 323, 353, 503.

---- Blackbird, i. 477, 480, 481.

----, Carrion, i. 181, 183, 190, 352; ii. 249, 252.

----, Fish, ii. 170, 365.

---- Fort, ii. 50, 65, 178.

---- Indians, ii. 10, 33, 48, 54, 178, 180.

"Crow-feather" (boat), i. 499.

Cruden, Alexander, i. 212.

Cruikshank, George, ii. 236.

Cuba, i. 88; ii. 306, 309.

Cuckoo, i. 180, 245.

Cuckoo, Black-billed, ii. 8.

Culbertson, Alexander, 1843, i. 528; ii. 29, 177; 182, 188.

----, Mrs. Alexander, ii. 81, 85, 88, 89, 111, 112, 121, 154,
157, 163.

Cumberland, i. 454.

---- Isle, ii. 277.

---- River, ii. 277.

Cummings, Capt. Samuel, i. 48, 49; ii. 175.

Curlew, i. 96, 176, 419, 423, 427, 428; ii. 63, 310, 350, 426.

----, Esquimaux, i. 420, 422.
_See also_ Numenius borealis.

----, Labrador, i. 425.

----, Long-billed, i. 489.

----, Rose-colored, ii. 364.

Curlew-berry, i. 423.

Currie, W. W., i. 269, 270.

Cushat, i. 338.

Cutting, Mr., i. 520, 521, 524; ii. 37, 168.

Cuvier, Baron, i. 235, 294, 306-308, 312, 315-326, 331, 333, 334,
338, 339, 519, 522.

----, Baroness, i. 39, 319, 325.

----, Mlle., i. 309, 316-319, 324.

Cymochorea leucorrhoa, i. 396.

Da Costa, i. 19, 21-24, 26, 27, 39.

Dakota River, i. 501.

Dalmahoy Castle, i. 186, 192, 195.

Damelaphus hemionus, i. 484.

Darlington, i. 238.

Dauphine St., New Orleans, i. 49.

David, Jacques Louis, i. 24, 36, 39, 313, 324; ii. 524, 527.

Davy, Messrs., i. 246.

Day, Capt. Robert, ii. 346, 371.

Dearman, Mr., i. 129.

Decatur, i. 485.

Deer, i. 182, 375, 378, 389, 407, 461, 473, 481, 482, 490, 493-496,
501, 502, 504, 507, 512, 516, 517, 527; ii. 8, 20, 23, 26,
35-42, 49-57, 65, 74, 75, 80, 92, 117, 126, 139, 154, 155,
158, 165-168, 174, 175, 205, 206, 222, 245, 261, 262, 266,
269, 270, 273, 300, 319, 324, 347, 350, 382, 383, 390, 396,
399, 400, 439, 441, 452, 457, 461, 468-472, 481, 482.

----, Black-tailed, i. 516; ii. 57, 72, 74, 147, 165, 484.

----, Long White-tailed, ii. 65, 74, 75, 127, 176.

----, Mule, i. 484; ii. 167.

----, Virginia, i. 485; ii. 473.

Deer-hunting, ii. 466, 473.

De Tabelay, Lord, i. 113.

Delano, Captain, i. 342.

"Delos" (ship), i. 81, 82, 85, 88; ii. 301, 306.

Denig, Edwin F., ii. 56, 72, 73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 133, 136, 137,
178, 180-183.

Dennysville, Me., i. 67, 345, 389, 401; ii. 384, 400.

Derby, i. 111, 129.

----, Earl of, i. 103, 105, 108-110, 116, 282, 296.

Derbyshire, i. 122, 139.

Derwent River, i. 137, 138.

D'Essling, Prince, i. 312, 313.

Detaillé, François, ii. 147.

Devonshire, Duke of, i. 137.

Dexter's Lake, ii. 338.

Dickie, Mrs., i. 63, 145, 156, 167, 174, 188, 201.

Didelphis virginiana, ii. 501.

D'Issy, i. 336.

Diver, ii. 403.

----, Black-necked, i. 387.

----, Great Northern, i. 389.

----, Red-necked, i. 371, 387, 389, 398, 400, 432.

----, Red-throated, i. 390, 391, 393.

Dockray, Mr., i. 135, 136, 138.

Dodo, ii. 524.

_Dog and Pheasants_, i. 341.

Dog, Esquimaux, i. 408, 411; ii. 412.

----, Prairie, i. 531.
_See also_ Arctomys ludovicianus.

Dolphin, i. 82-85, 88, 90, 91, 94; ii. 302-307.

Don, David, i. 277.

Donkin, John, i. 236, 237, 262.

Dood, Major, i. 191.

D'Or, Cape, i. 444.

D'Orbigny, Charles, i. 39, 333.

Dorion. _See_ Durion.

Douglass, Lady Isabella, i. 116, 171.

Dove, i. 88, 148, 247, 297, 532; ii. 44, 64, 162, 163, 166, 253,
360.

Dover, i. 303, 304.

---- Castle, i. 304.

Drake, Dr., i. 36, 48.

Dripps, Major Andrew, i. 499.

Drury Lane Theatre, i. 315.

Dublin, i. 216.

Duck, i. 86, 89, 359, 367, 394, 396, 419, 452, 454, 462, 476, 487,
494, 497, 502, 504; ii. 21, 39, 86, 95, 154, 155, 159, 167, 170,
171, 174, 175, 252, 347, 353, 410, 434, 447.

----, Black, ii. 160.

----, Canvas-back, i. 452; ii. 505.

----, Dusky, i. 366.

----, Eider, i. 366, 371-373, 376, 379, 387, 393, 394, 406; ii. 431.

----, Gadwall, i. 531; ii. 7, 107, 155.

----, Golden-eyed, i. 431.

----, Harlequin, i. 414.

----, King, i. 418.

----, Labrador, i. 418.

----, Long-tailed, i. 414.

----, Mallard, i. 476, 485; ii. 7, 112, 155, 171.

----, Pied, i. 418.

----, Scoter, i. 366, 370, 371, 390.

----, Spoon-billed, ii. 4.

----, Summer, ii. 496.

----, Surf, i. 366.

----, Velvet, i. 359, 364, 414, 418.

----, Wild, i. 277; ii. 28, 350.

----, Wood, i. 472, 485; ii. 278.

Duddingston, i. 213.

Dumesnil, C., i. 315.

Dunbar, i. 225.

Duncan, Andrew, i. 146, 148, 151.

Dupuy Gaudeau, Gabriel, i. 14, 24.

Durack, John, i. 528.

Durham, Eng., i. 328.

Durion, i. 525.

Eagle, i. 113, 169, 182, 271, 352, 388, 415, 436, 458; ii. 156,
181, 353, 391, 441.

----, Andean, i. 271.

----, Bald, i. 415, 458.

----, Golden, ii. 107, 157, 431.

----, White-headed, i. 281, 282, 295, 297, 471, 476; ii. 8, 10,
131, 166, 176, 203, 215, 247.

_Eagle and Lamb_, i. 299, 341.

Eastham, i. 250.

Eastport, Me., i. 345, 349, 353, 355, 365, 366, 435, 444; ii. 401,
419, 432, 437.

Ebbett's Island, ii. 165.

École Militaire, i. 326.

Edinburgh, i. 63, 69, 71, 111, 143-150, 152, 155, 160, 179-181,
195, 196, 200, 201, 210, 214, 216, 219, 221, 223, 225, 230-233,
243, 249, 253-256, 260, 264-266, 271, 287, 295.

Edinburgh Academy of Arts. _See_ Academy of Arts, Edinburgh.

Edinburgh Antiquarian Society. _See_ Antiquarian Society, Edinburgh.

Edinburgh Review, i. 200, 201.

Edward, Prince, i. 442.

Edwardsville, i. 451, 454.

Eel, i. 389.

Eel River, ii. 389, 393.

Egan, Pilot, ii. 312, 379.

Eggers, i. 405, 410.

Egleston, Thomas, i. 77.

Egret, Peale's, ii. 361.

Elgin, Earl of, i. 169, 170, 171.

Elk, i. 481, 484, 485, 490, 492, 494, 504, 507, 522, 527, 532;
ii. 8, 12, 19-27, 30, 36, 65, 123, 131, 132, 147, 154-157,
160-163, 206, 319.

Elk-horns, i. 524, 526, 527, 529; ii. 170, 173.

Elk Point, ii. 169.

Elliot, Daniel G., i. 64, 77.

Emanuel Creek, i. 503.

Emberiza bairdii ii. 116.

---- Le Conteii, i. 510.

---- orizivora, ii. 86.

---- pallida, i. 496, 498, 517, 518; ii. 21.

---- shattuckii, i. 68, 517, 518.

Emery, Capt., i. 67, 345.

"Emily Christian" (steamboat), i. 457.

Empetrum nigrum, i. 423.

England, i. 58-60, 63, 67, 69, 70, 81, 91, 97, 113, 114, 128, 216,
228, 232, 240, 241, 245, 250, 251, 260, 261, 266, 270, 300,
304, 305, 309, 313, 317, 402, 430, 437; ii. 109, 301.

Entrée Bay, i. 354.

Epsom, i. 254.

Ereunetes pusillus, i. 425.

Esquimaux, ii. 402.

Europe, i. 94, 338; ii. 207, 527.

Evans, Roland, i. 41, 42.

Ewart, Miss, i. 148.

Exeter Exchange, i. 280.

_Expedition of Lewis and Clark_, i. 457, 478, 482, 484, 488, 494;
ii. 3, 10, 27, 47, 58.

Falco, i. 302.

---- auduboni, i. 385.

---- columbarius, i. 385, 399, 401.
_See also_ Hawk, Pigeon.

---- gyrfalco obsoletus, i. 427.

---- harlani, i. 57.

---- islandicus, i. 427.

---- labradoria, i. 427.

---- leucocephalus, i. 381.

---- temerarius, i. 385.

Falcon, i. 297, 302.

----, Labrador, i. 427.

----, Peregrine, i. 390, 391, 398, 399, 410, 428, 458, 471;
ii. 156, 176, 306.

False River, ii. 260.

"Fancy, The" (boat), ii. 435, 436.

Fatland Ford, i. 17, 19, 20, 26, 28, 32, 42, 43, 226.

_Fauna Americana_, i. 460; ii. 473.

Featherstonehaugh, Mr., i. 257.

Felton, i. 228.

Fénelon, François, Abbé, ii. 249.

Ferguson, Dr., ii. 200.

Fetter Lane, i. 285.

Fiesque, i. 308.

_Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres_, Nolte's, ii. 220.

Finch, i. 286, 357, 382, 420, 485; ii. 256, 306.

----, Arctic Ground, ii. 31.

----, Ground, i. 496; ii. 16.

----, Harris, i. 472, 475, 476, 481, 495, 496, 499, 500.

----, Lark, i. 509.

----, Lazuli, ii. 4, 31, 35, 37, 51, 56, 67, 79.

----, Lincoln's, i. 410, 470, 486, 498.
_See also_ Fringilla lincolnii.

----, Mountain, i. 338.

----, Red-collared, ii. 51.

----, Savannah, i. 352, 353, 384, 385, 392, 414, 477.

----, White-crowned, i. 470, 499.

----, White-throated, i. 499.

Fish River, ii. 5.

Fisher, Miers, i. 16, 17.

Fitzwilliam, Lord, i. 289.

Flamingo, ii. 360, 366.

Flat Lake, i. 162.

Flicker, ii. 41.

----, Red-shafted, ii. 42.

Flint, Mr., ii. 281, 282, 285, 286.

Florida, i. 66, 88, 92, 370, 397, 425; ii. 176, 253, 305, 306,
309, 332, 333, 345, 358, 364, 370, 371, 378, 380, 418, 508.

----, Cape, ii. 374.

----, East, i. 423; ii. 321, 327, 329-332, 352.

----, Keys, i. 90; ii. 313, 349, 358, 365.

----, South, ii. 365.

Florisson, i. 451.

Floyd, Serg. Charles, i. 488.

---- Memorial Association, i. 488.

Floyd's Bluff, i. 489.

---- Creek, i. 488.

---- Grave, ii. 170.

Flycatcher, i. 90, 434; ii. 526.

----, Arkansas, i. 506, 510, 529; ii. 56, 70, 86, 156.

----, Bluegray, i. 471, 476.

----, Bonaparte's, i. 244.

----, Green blackcapped, i. 405, 421.

----, Hooded, i. 471.

----, Pewee, ii. 51, 248.

----, Red-eyed, i. 471.

----, Say's, i. 504, 510, 517; ii. 16, 51, 52, 67, 166.

----, Small-crested, ii. 7.

----, White-crested, i. 471.

Flying fish, ii. 302-305.

Fontenelle, Lucien, i. 499.

Foote, Maria, i. 107, 203, 205.

Fort Alexander, ii. 69, 113.

---- Berthold, i. 526.

---- Calhoun, i. 482.

---- Clark, ii. 10, 42, 57, 132, 146, 147.

---- Croghan, i. 478; ii. 171, 172.

---- George, i. 519-521; ii. 165, 169.

---- Leavenworth, i. 468, 500; ii. 172, 173.

---- Massacre, ii. 276, 506.

---- McKenzie, ii. 127, 133, 178, 188, 189, 194, 195.

---- Mortimer, ii. 31, 53-55, 65, 68, 70, 72, 78, 86-88, 101,
111, 112, 123-128, 131, 147, 148.

---- Pierre, i. 499, 500, 502, 510, 513, 519, 520, 524, 528;
ii. 10, 11, 14, 96, 97, 147, 163, 167.

---- Recovery, i. 512.

---- Rice, ii. 5.

---- Union, ii. 19, 20, 23, 27, 29, 50, 54, 57, 93, 101, 106,
132, 137, 147, 154, 161, 165, 178, 180, 187, 191.

---- Vermilion, i. 510; ii. 168.

---- Yates, ii. 6.

Four Bears (chief), ii. 157.

Fox, i. 375, 378, 408; ii. 102, 105, 166, 173, 415, 497, 503.

----, Black, i. 356, 357, 408.

----, Cross, i. 411; ii. 12.

----, Gray, ii. 147.

----, Kit. _See_ Fox, Swift.

----, Prairie, ii. 12.

----, Red, i. 356, 357; ii. 76, 147.

----, Silver, i. 408.

----, Swift, ii. 11, 37, 58, 116, 130, 131, 521.

----, Dr. Charles, i. 155, 193.

---- Indians, i. 475.

---- River, ii. 102, 106.

Fox-hunter, ii. 495.

France, i. 23, 24, 27, 39, 40, 66, 111, 130, 239, 283, 305, 307,
309, 310, 315, 317, 325, 333; ii. 412, 415.

Franconi, i. 319.

Frankfort, Kentucky, ii. 274, 460.

Frankland, Captain, ii. 432, 433.

Frascati, i. 320.

Fraser, James B., i. 217.

Fratercula arctica, i. 383.

Frederick, ii. 218.

Fredericton, ii. 387, 389.

French Creek, ii. 291.

---- Revolution, i. 308.

Frigate-bird, ii. 309.

Fringilla, i. 391.

---- acanthis linaria, i. 396.

---- harrisii, i. 470, 472, 499; ii. 172, 415.

---- linaria, i. 414.

---- lincolnii, i. 68, 382, 385, 388, 470.
_See also_ Finch, Lincoln's.

---- leucophyrs, i. 398, 399.

---- nivalis, i. 352.

---- querula, i. 472.

---- savanna, i. 399.

Frith of Forth, i. 145, 149, 223, 266.

Fuligula americana, i. 366.
_See also_ Duck, Scoter.

---- glaciales, i. 418.

---- histrionica, i. 414, 418.

Fulmar, i. 352.

Fundy, Bay of, i. 350, 438, 440, 433; ii. 431, 434-437.

Fur and Fish Company, i. 373, 375, 380.

Fur Company, American. _See_ American Fur Company.

Gallatin, Albert, Mr. and Mrs., i. 253.

Gallinule, ii. 337, 365.

Galt, W. C., M.D., ii. 200.

Galveston, i. 70.

Gannet, i. 88, 157, 351, 352, 355, 358-363, 372, 377, 412, 413;
ii. 419.

----, Brown, ii. 372.

---- Rocks, i. 359.

Gar-fish, ii. 480.

Garnier, Mr., ii. 247-254.

Gasconade River, i. 457; ii. 175.

Gaspé, Cape, i. 407.

Gates, Major, ii. 358.

Gauché (chief), ii. 133.

Gavia imber, i. 379.

---- lumme, i. 379.

Geomys, bursarius, i. 455, 463.

George, Cape, i. 353.

---- Street, Edinburgh, i. 145, 155.

Georgia, i. 32; ii. 445.

Gérard, François, i. 324, 325, 330, 331.

German Ocean, i. 149, 264.

Gilpin's Mills, i. 280.

Glasgow, Missouri, ii. 174.

Glasgow, Scotland, i. 179, 195, 216, 266, 267, 324, 460.

---- Hotel, i. 451.

"Gleaner, The" (ship), i. 86-88.

Goat, ii. 154.

Goat-pen Creek, ii. 24.

Goddard, Rev. William, i. 102, 106, 341.

Godwit, ii. 176, 364, 365.

----, Tell-tale, i. 365, 371, 431, 433, 475.

Goldfinch, i. 475.

Goose, i. 359, 366, 370-373, 378, 411, 414, 452, 455, 457, 472,
475, 477, 484, 485, 487, 489, 494, 502, 506, 531, 532; ii. 7,
8, 21, 24, 28, 125, 159, 168, 170-175, 447.

----, Canada, i. 418, 434.

----, Hutchins', ii. 174.

----, Snow, i. 418.

----, White-fronted, i. 459.

----, Wild, i. 282, 353.

Gopher, i. 465, 470, 475; ii. 335.

----, Pocket, i. 455.

---- Hills, i. 471, 481.

Gordon, Alexander, i. 98, 106, 249.

Goshawk, i. 473.

Grackle. _See_ Grakle.

Graham, Robert, i. 162, 163.

Grakle, i. 297.

----, Boat-tailed, ii. 252.

----, Rusty, ii. 49.

Grand Banks, i. 92.

---- Falls, ii. 392.

---- Menan, i. 346, 350; ii. 431.

---- Prix, i. 332.

---- River, i. 462, 531; ii. 174.

"Grand Town," i. 506.

Grande Isle, ii. 190.

Grant, Mrs. Anne, i. 219.

Grasswrack, ii. 377.

Gray, John E., i. 301.

Great Bend, i. 468; ii. 165, 166.

---- Cedar Island, i. 512.

---- Egg Harbor, i. 61.

_Great Egg Harbor_, ii. 310.

Great Falls, ii. 189, 190.

---- Pine Swamp, i. 61, 453.

_Great Pine Swamp_, ii. 314.

Great Russell Street, London, i. 252, 275.

Grebe, i. 472, 532.

Green Bank, i. 107, 108, 111-116, 119, 120, 127-134, 160, 224-227,
238, 248, 269, 274, 293.

---- Lake, i. 440.

---- River, i. 53; ii. 242, 246, 277, 279, 461, 506, 507, 519.

Greenough, Horatio, i. 10.

Greenville, ii. 174.

Greenwood, Rev. Henry, i. 286.

Gregg, Helen, i. 135.

----, John, i. 158.

----, Robert H., i. 124.

----, Samuel, i. 118, 121, 123, 126, 140, 167, 169, 175, 188, 247,
264, 270.

----, Mrs. Samuel, i. 135, 283.

Greville, Robert Kaye, i. 192.

Griseo albus, i. 483.

Grosbeak, ii. 166, 400, 434.

----, Black-headed, i. 523; ii. 50.

----, Blue, i. 510.

----, Cardinal, i. 471; ii. 253.

----, Evening, i. 523.

----, Rose-breasted, i. 477.

----, Pine, i. 421, 431, 433.

Gros Ventres Indians, ii. 5, 16-18, 23-25, 48, 68, 132, 144, 156,
157, 164, 178, 188.

Ground-hog, i. 461, 471.

Grouse, i. 414, 451; ii. 66, 67, 88, 90, 95, 114, 125, 206, 320,
340, 375, 376, 379, 390-394, 398, 399, 403, 502.

----, Canada, i. 352, 405.

----, Rock, i. 405.

----, Ruffed, i. 401.

----, Sage, ii. 126.

----, Sharp-tailed, ii. 23, 26, 49, 54, 86, 87, 122, 163, 165,
166, 176.

----, Willow, i. 400, 405, 414, 433; ii. 408.

----, Wilson's, i. 376.

"Growler," ii. 510, 512.

Guillemot, i. 355, 361-363, 377, 384, 386, 393; ii. 404, 407-412,
431.

----, Black, i. 354, 355, 358.

----, Brindled, i. 372.

----, Foolish, i. 351, 354, 362-364, 383.

Gulf Stream, i. 86.

Gulf Weed, i. 89.

Gull, i. 361, 363, 396, 399, 402-405, 414, 420, 421, 427, 472;
ii. 166, 252, 364, 365, 403, 404, 410, 415, 427, 432, 433.

----, Black-headed, i. 477, 484, 493, 502, 504, 532.

----, Great Black-backed, i. 352, 393, 394.

----, Herring, i. 350, 368. _See also_ Larus argentatus.

----, Ring-billed, i. 398, 402.

----, Rose-breasted, ii. 309.

----, Silvery, i. 411.

"Gulnare" (ship), i. 376, 377, 379, 380-384, 386, 391-395, 407,
421, 425.

Gwathway's Hotel, i. 29.

Gyrfalcon, i. 427.

Haines, Reuben, i. 58.

Haliaëtus leucocephalus, i. 415, 458.

Halibut, ii. 419.

Halifax, i. 373, 413, 435, 439-442.

---- Bay, i. 442.

----, Bishop of, i. 359.

---- River, ii. 335, 374.

Hall, Basil, i. 175, 176, 179, 184, 187, 201-203, 206, 209, 212,
214, 221, 253, 300, 301.

----, Mrs. Basil, i. 187, 188, 207, 219.

----, Caroline, i. 73.

----, Ellen, i. 265.

----, James, Edinburgh, i. 146, 171, 173.

----, James, New York, i. 449, 526.

Hamilton, Major, i. 519, 521.

----, Sir William, i. 225.

Hampstead, i. 297.

Hardwick, i. 138.

Hardwicke, Lord, i. 282.

Hare, i. 116, 135, 137, 268, 356, 386, 401, 408, 432, 474, 494;
ii. 49, 51, 72, 76, 84, 111, 118, 121, 465, 502, 503.

----, Bachman's, i. 461.

----, Prairie, i. 474, 510.

----, Townsend's, i. 510, 529; ii. 22, 56, 60, 89, 118, 138.
_See also_ Lepus townsendii.

----, White, i. 529.

Harelda hiemalis, i. 414.

Harlan, Richard, i. 57, 65, 124, 247, 300; ii. 473, 501.

Harlem, ii. 175.

Harper's Ferry, ii. 218.

Harpy, i. 271.

Harris, Edward, i. 56, 57, 70, 73, 346, 441, 444, 451, 453, 455,
458, 461;
companion on Missouri trip, i. 470-531; ii. 7, 75.

Harrisburg. _See_ Harrisonburg.

Harrisonburg, ii. 218.

Hartford, Eng., i. 304.

Harvey, Primeau and Co., ii. 6.

Hatch, Capt. Joseph, i. 81, 85, 86; ii. 301, 307.

Havana, ii. 360.

Havell, Robert, i. 61, 257-260, 265, 275, 276, 278, 291, 294, 295,
299, 300, 316, 340-345, 427.

Haw Creek, ii. 334.

Hawick, i. 143.

Hawk, i. 96, 139, 156, 388, 399, 423, 427, 428; ii. 27, 44, 67,
117, 404, 527.

----, Cooper's, i. 517.

----, Fish, i. 431, 477; ii. 166, 247, 312, 337, 391.

----, Fork-tailed, i. 504.

----, Great-footed, i. 88.

----, Marsh, i. 444, 474, 496, 506.

Hawk, Pigeon, i. 365, 385, 396, 399, 431, 475; ii. 162.
_See also_ Falco columbarius.

----, Red-tailed, i. 394, 471; ii. 114.

----, Sparrow, i. 428; ii. 7, 24.

----, Swallow-tailed, i. 481.

----, White-rumped, ii. 86, 87.

_Hawk and Partridges_, i. 269.

Hawkins, Oriel College, i. 292, 293.

Hays, Drummond, i. 197, 198, 203, 207, 211, 215, 219, 221, 222,
283.

Head Harbor Bay, ii. 433.

Healy, George P. A., i. 58.

Heart River, ii. 9.

Heath, Charles, i. 233.

Heath, George, i. 287, 290.

Heights of Abraham, i. 138.

Hell Gate, i. 200.

Henderson, Ky., i. 7, 21, 30-38, 44, 46, 47, 162, 480; ii. 203,
206-213, 215, 218-221, 238, 278, 462, 498.

Henley Harbor, i. 402.

Henry, Alexander, i. 497.

----, Andrew, ii. 4.

----, Charles, M.D., i. 146, 156.

Henslow, John Stevens, i. 287, 290.

Herbe Sainte, ii. 39.

Hermandez, General, ii. 352.

Hermann Bros., i. 253.

Heron, i. 113, 157, 337; ii. 313, 323, 354, 360, 364-366, 370,
378, 384, 526, 527.

----, Blue, i. 344, 471, 477, 490, 493, 532; ii. 7.

----, Great Blue, i. 354.

----, Green, i. 87.

----, Night, ii. 364.

----, Yellow-crowned, i. 481.

Herring, i. 357; ii. 305, 419.

Hibbert, Dr., i. 181.

Highland Creek, ii. 238.

---- Lick, ii. 278.

---- Lick Creek, ii. 278.

Highwater Creek, i. 525.

Hirundo bicolor, i. 472.

Hobart, William, i. 94.

Hodgson, Adam, i. 104-106, 108-111, 249.

----, Mary, i. 133.

Holland, Dr. Henry, i. 135.

Holyrood, i. 149-152.

Honda, Bay of, ii. 349.

Hondekoeter, Melchior, i. 204.

Hopkinsville, ii. 53.

Horsfield, i. 255.

Hotel Robart, i. 304.

Houlton, Me., ii. 389, 390.

Howe, Gen. William, i. 43.

Hudson River, i. 77, 322, 353.

Hudson's Bay, i. 417.

---- Bay Co. i. 365, 378; ii. 109.

Hull, i. 430.

Hulme, Dr., i. 119, 123, 140.

Humboldt, Alexander von, i. 108, 111.

Humming-bird, i. 402, 436, 475; ii. 338.

Hunt, W. H., i. 105.

Hunter, Lady, i. 175, 179, 187, 195.

Ibis, i. 113, 273, 337, 338, 360, 364-367, 515.

---- alba, ii. 514, 515.

Ile à Vaches, i. 9.

Illingsworth, Mr., i. 520-524; ii. 165.

Illinois, i. 46, 451.

---- River, ii. 437.

Independence, i. 467.

---- Landing, ii. 173.