Chapter XV: The Emperor Augustus, His Character and Aims, His Work and Friends (3)

[155] Confiscation of property and the forbidding of “fire and water” followed as a matter of course. One of the assassins—P. Servilius Casca—was tribune, and as such could not legally be condemned, but he vacated his tribuneship by flying from Rome and was condemned with the rest.

[156] The Senate had nothing to do with this _quæstio_, which was established by a _lex_, but its attitude to Octavian amounted to a condonation if not an active approval.

[157] According to Appian (b. c. iii. 97), Pollio for some time declined to join Antony and Lepidus. He seems to have done so when their outlawry was removed.

[158] Decimus Brutus first tried to reach Ravenna, hoping to sail to Macedonia and join M. Brutus. Headed back by Cæsar’s advance, he recrossed the Alps (being gradually deserted by his men) and trusted himself to a Gaul, who had received favours from him of old. But his host communicated with Antony, and by his orders put him to death. There were other versions of his death. Perhaps neither Antony nor Cæsar cared to ask questions so long as he was dead. (App., b. c. iii. 97-98; Dio, 46, 53; Velleius Pat., ii. 64; Livy, _Ep._ 120.)

[159] Plancus did not accompany Antony into Italy; he stayed in Gaul, busying himself with the foundation of Lugdunum, and apparently suppressing some movements in the Eastern Alps, for at the end of the year coming home to enter on his consulship, he celebrated a triumph _ex Rhætis_ [Inscrip. Neap., 4089; Fast. Capitol. 29 Dec. A. V. 711.] Pollio, who had presently to assent to the proscription of his father-in-law, L. Quintius, was left in charge of Transpadane Gaul, to arrange for lands for the veterans. It was in this business that he came across Vergil and his farm.

[160] Daughter of Fulvia by her first husband, P. Clodius.

[161] Plut., _Ant._ 19; App., b. c. iv. 6; Dio, 46, 44.

[162] The usual interval (_tres nundinæ_) for _promulgatio_ was dispensed with.

[163] Appian, b. c. iv. 5; Livy, _Ep._ 120. Of the 69 names given by Appian, he records the escape of 31. This tallies roughly with the discrepancy between his and Livy’s reckoning.

[164] Appian, b. c. iv. 36.

[165] Suet., _Aug._ 27.

[166] Dio, 47, 14.

[167] _Id._ 47, 16-17.

[168] App., b. c. 4, 34.

[169] _Lassam crudelitatem_, Sen. _de Clem._ 1, 9, 2. The other opinions referred to are Velleius, ii. 66; App., b. c. iv. 42, 45; Plut., _Ant._ 21; Dio, 47, 7; Sueton., _Aug._ 27. For Toranius, see Nic. Dam. 2.

[170] Sueton., _Aug._ 61; Dio, 47, 17; [Tacit.] _de orat._ 29.

[171] Cicero, _13 Phil._ §§ 8-12, 50; Velleius, ii. 73. The decree was passed on the 20th of March, B.C. 43.

[172] Dio, 48, 17 _sq._; Livy, _Ep._ 123.

[173] App., b. c. iv. 85; Dio, 47, 36; Livy, _Ep._ 123.

[174] Dio, 51, 2; Suet., _Aug._ 13.

[175] At any rate the head never reached Rome, but was lost at sea. App., b. c. iv. 135; Dio, 47, 49; Plut., _Ant._, 22; _Brut._ 53; Sueton., _Aug._ 13.

[176] Ulpian (dig. 48, 24) quotes this lost autobiography; see _Mon. Ancyr._ § 3.

[177] The first meeting of Antony and Cleopatra, when the queen was rowed up the Cydnus in her barge, dressed as Venus with attendant cupids, seems to have been in the autumn of B.C. 42 (Plut., _Anton._ 25-6.). He had seen her once before in B.C. 56 when he accompanied Gabinius to restore her father. But she must have been a mere child then.

[178] These legions had behaved badly at Placentia, demanding a sum of money from the inhabitants. Calenus and Ventidius may have justified their action on this score (Dio, 48, 10).

[179] From _caliga_, “a soldier’s boot.”

[180] Dio, 48, 12.

[181] Appian, b. c. 4, 30; Dio, 48, 31. Livy, however (_Ep._ 121), says _M. Lepido fuso_, as though he had resisted and had been beaten.

[182] Livy, _Ep._ 126; Velleius, ii. 74; App., b. c. v. 48-49; Dio, 48, 14; Seneca, _de Clem._ 1, 11, 1. The uncertainty of historical testimony is illustrated by the fact that both Dio and Appian name C. Canutius (Tr. Pl. B.C. 44) among the victims at Perusia, while Velleius (ii. 64) says that he was the first to suffer under the proscription in B.C. 43.

[183] C. I. L., i. 697.

[184] This was to safeguard Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. There is some doubt, however, as to his having been an assassin. Cocceius denied it (App., b. c. v. 62). Suetonius (Nero 3) does the same. But Cicero (_2 Phil._ §§ 27, 30) says that he was; and Appian himself does the same (b. c. v. 59). Dio thrice speaks of him as a σφαγεύς (48, 7, 29, 54). At any rate he was condemned by the _lex Pedia_, as though he had been an assassin. He may have been one of those who joined the assassins on the Capitol _after_ the murder.

[185] Appian, b. c. v. 65. It has been doubted whether this or the meeting of B.C. 37 was the one to which Horace accompanied his patron Mæcenas. In favour of this one is the mention of Cocceius Nerva by Horace (_Sat._ 1 v. 28, 50), against it is the way in which he is mentioned with Mæcenas as aversos _soliti_ componere amicos, as if he had been so engaged before. But though in the second meeting he is not mentioned by Appian, he may have been there. Something has been made of the mention of the croaking frogs (l. 14), as this meeting could hardly have been earlier than July, when the Italian frogs are said to be silent. For the Ovations see C. I. L., i. p. 461.

[186] This was one of the chief grievances. Hor., _Ep._ ix. 9, _minatus urbi vincla, que detraxerat servis amicus perfidis_.

[187] Hor., _Od._ ii. 1, 15-16; Dio, 48, 41; C. I. L., i. p. 461. Pollio after this withdrew from active political life and devoted himself to literature. He seems to have taken no part in the subsequent quarrels between Antony and Augustus.

[188] Dio, 48, 19, 48; Hor., _Epod._ 9, 17.

[189] The first period ended on the last day of B.C. 38; but neither Antony nor Cæsar had laid down their imperium of office. They now assumed that it went on from the first day of B.C. 37, the want of legal sanction during the intervening months being ignored. There is no certain trace of this second triumvirate having been confirmed by a _lex_; yet one would think that they would have taken care to have that formality observed. See p. 143.

[190] Cicero, _ad Fam._ xi. 9; Cicero himself calls him _levissimus_, _ad Brut._ 1, 15, § 9.

[191] In B.C. 52 Cicero had wished to give his daughter Tullia in marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero (Cic., _Att._ 6, 6.).

[192] He was quæstor in B.C. 48, and therefore was not born later than B.C. 78. Livia was born B.C. 58.

[193] Even Suetonius, not much inclined to speak good of Augustus, admits that he _dilexit et probavit unice ac perseveranter_.

[194] Suetonius (c. 22) says that he had two ovations—after Philippi and after the bellum Siculum. But if an ovation was decreed after Philippi, it was not celebrated till B.C. 40, upon the reconciliation with Antony. The second was this. Another had been voted in B.C. 43 after Mutina, but not celebrated (C. I. L. i. p. 461). See also p. 100.

[195] Appian (b. c. v. 132) says that they elected him perpetual tribune (αὐτὸν ... εἕλοντο δήμαρχον ἐς ἀεί). Dio (49, 15) only says that they gave him the personal sacredness of the tribunes and the right of sitting on their bench. Orosius (6, 18, 34) says that the Senate voted _ut in perpetuum tribuniciæ potestatis esset_. We shall have to discuss this later on, but it must be said at once that Augustus was never tribune, and that it seems doubtful whether the _tribunicia potestas_ was given in its full sense at this time.

[196] Dio, 49, 14; Strabo, x. 4, 9.

[197] Dio, 49, 34.

[198] App., b. c. v. 132; Suet., _Aug._ 32.

[199] Or, as they were also called Vetus, and Nova Africa. The former was the old province formed of the territory of Carthage, the latter the new province formed after the battle of Thapsus (B.C. 46) of which the first governor was the historian Sallust. See pp. 23-4.

[200] Appian, _Illyr._ 17; Dio, 49, 34, 38.

[201] Appian, _Illyr._ 18-21; Dio, 49, 37. The Iapydes (a wild tribe) had first been attacked in B.C. 129 by C. Sempronius and subdued after some disasters. (Livy, _Ep._ 59.)

[202] Pliny, _N. H._ 36 § 121.

[203] The Porticus Octaviæ, of which an arch remains, was a rectangular cloister enclosing the temples of Jupiter Stator and Iuno Regina.

[204] Dio, 49, 15; Sueton., _Aug._ 72.

[205] Horace, _Epod._ ix. ii.; _cp._ Ov., _Met._ 15, 826.

[206] An anecdote has been preserved illustrating the policy of “sitting on the hedge,” which must have prevailed among many while the contest between the two leaders was still undecided. After Actium, when Cæsar landed (the time and place are charmingly vague), a man offered a _cornix_ which had been taught to say, “Ave, Cæsar, imperator et victor.” He bought the bird at a large price, whereat the man’s partner, being jealous, urged that he should be forced to bring another bird, which when brought repeated as it had been taught, “_Ave, Antoni, imperator et victor_.”

[207] Dio, 50, 5; but Suetonius, _Aug._ 17, says that he was declared a _hostis_.

[208] Dio, 50, 5. Thus Horace, on hearing the rumours of Antony’s defeat, exclaims (somewhat prematurely), _Epod._ ix. 27:

“_Terra marique victus hostis punico,_
_lugubre mutavit sagum._”

[209] Bocchus of Mauretania, Tarchondemus of Cilicia Aspera, Archilaus of Cappadocia, Amyntas of Lycaonia and Galatia, Philadelphus of Paphlagonia, Malchus of Arabia, Herod of Judæa, Sadalas of Thrace, Polemon of Pontus. (Plut., _Ant._ 61.)

[210] Dio, 50, 14-23.

[211] Dio, 50-31, says, ὑετός τε ἐν τούτῳ λαβρὸς καὶ ζάλη πολλή. But Plutarch, _Ant._ 65, says that after four days of stormy weather on the day of battle νηνεμίας καὶ γαλὴνης γενομένης συνῄεσαν.

[212] Suet., _Aug._ 17.

[213] The earlier writers, Horace (_Od._ i. 37, 27) and Velleius (2, 87), seem to have no doubt about the snake story. Livy (as we have him) says nothing either way except that she died by suicide (_Ep._ 133). It is the later writers who express the doubt, Suet., _Aug._ 17; Plut., _Ant._ 86; Dio, 51, 14.

[214] This word—one of the financial terms borrowed from Sicily (lit. “a basket”)—was perhaps not commonly used in the restricted sense in the time of Augustus, though the thing existed. Into the emperor’s _fisc_ went the revenues of the imperial provinces; but the balance in the case of most was not large. Cicero indeed (_pro lege Manil_, § 14) says that none of the provinces except Asia did much more than pay its expenses. This was probably an exaggeration, but not a very great one.

[215] This, it should be remembered, was exclusive of the legions regularly raised for certain provinces and stationed in them.

[216] _Mon. Ancyr._ 3, 16.

[217] Traces of the work of Augustus in provincial towns may still be seen, as at Nismes and other towns in South-eastern France.

[218] Horace, _Odes_ iii. 3.

[219] In the _Mon. Ancyr._ 20, he says that he repaired 82 temples in B.C. 28, and the Flaminian road with all but two of its bridges in B.C. 27.

[220] The foundations of the triple arch at Rome were discovered in 1888 between the temple of Cæsar and that of the Castores. For the inscription see C. I. L. vii. 872. _SENATUS . POPULUSQUE . ROMANUS . IMP . CÆSARI . DIVI . IULI . F . COS . QUINCT . COS . DESIG . SEXT . IMP . SEPT . REPUBLICA . CONSERVATA._ The date here indicated is B.C. 29. See Lanciani, _Ruins of Ancient Rome_, p. 270. Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, vol. i. p. 284. There does not appear to be any record of the arch at Brundisium.

[221] Vergil, _Georg._ iv. 560, _Cæsar dum magnus ad altum fulminat Euphratem bello._ Horace, _Od._ 1, 12, 53:

_Ille seu Parthos Latio imminentes_
_Egerit iusto domitos triumpho,_
_Sive subjectos Orientis oræ Seras et Indos._

Similar exaggerations will be found scattered throughout the poems of Propertius (ii. 7, 3; iii. 1, 13; iii. 23, 5; iv. 3, 4; iv. 4, 48; iv. 11, 3). Still more exaggerated language was used afterwards on the restoration of the standards (B.C. 20).

[222] A good deal of confusion in our authorities has arisen by a failure to distinguish between a _censoria potestas_ granted like the _tribunicia_ by special vote and the _censoria potestas_ inherent in the consulship, from which it had been devolved in B.C. 444. In the _Monumentum_, ch. 8, Augustus himself says nothing about the _censoria potestas_, but in the Venusian fasti (C. I. L. ix. 422) we find _imp. Cæsar vi. M. Agrippa II. Cos. idem censoria potestate lustrum fecerunt_. Suetonius (c. 27) knew that he was not Censor, but supposed him to have acted under a decree granting him _morum legumque regimen perpetuum_, an office, however, which Augustus expressly says that he declined (_Mon._, ch. 6). Dio (52, 42) describes him as τιμητεύσας σὺν τῷ Ἀγρίππᾳ, a direct confusion between the censorial power possessed by a Consul and that bestowed independently. He, however, apparently did receive _censoria potestas_ (never the censorship) in B.C. 19 for five years.

[223] _Rex sacrorum_, the greater _flamens_, the Salii had still to be patricians. An _interrex_ also must be a patrician, but that office was now practically at an end. The last case of an _interrex_ was in B.C. 52.

[224] A jest that was reproduced in London when country peers came up to vote against the Home Rule Bill and were said by gossips to be obliged to ask their way to the House of Lords. A popular ballad also was sung about the streets—

“Cæsar leads the Gauls in triumph and guides them to the Senate house;
Gauls have doffed their native brogues and donned the Senate’s
laticlave!”

Sueton., _Cæs._ 72, 80. See also Cicero, 9 _Phil._ § 12; 13 _Phil._ § 27; _ad Fam._ vi. 18; _Bell. Afr._ 28; Dio, 42, 51; 43, 27. Compare the career of P. Ventidius Bassus, brought a prisoner from Asculum to adorn the triumph of Pompey after the Social war, then a mule contractor to Cæsar, and afterwards going through all the offices to the consulship in B.C. 43.

[225] On the analogy of slaves enfranchised by will. Suet., _Aug._ 35; Plutarch, _Ant._ 15.

[226] Cicero calls such a man a _voluntarius Senator_, 13 _Phil._ § 28.

[227] Dio, 48, 34.

[228] Suet., _Aug._ 35; Dio, 52, 42. In the _Monumentum_ (c. 25) he reckons the number of Senators who had served under him as “more than 700.” To them must be added those who had not taken active service and those who were with Antony.

[229] Dio, 52, 42. The regulation had always existed because every Senator was bound to attend if called upon, and therefore must be within reach, unless he was one of those _qui reipublicæ causa abessent_. (Livy, 43, 11.) Thus Cicero, defending the Senators who crossed over to join Pompey in Epirus, says to Atticus (viii. 15) that there was hardly one who had not a legal right to cross, either as having imperium, or being legatus to an imperator. The usual means of evading this was to obtain a _libera legatio_ for a fixed time. Occasionally a man got himself named an ordinary legatus to a provincial governor, but was allowed to go elsewhere with some colourable commission. But this was an abuse. See Cicero, _ad Fam._ xii. 21; _ad Q. Frat._ ii. 9; _ad Att._ xv. 11. Sicily and Gallia Narbonensis were excepted as being practically Italy, or, as Cicero says, “suburban provinces.”

[230] Sueton., _Aug._ 36; Dio, 3, 19; Tacitus, _Ann._ 5, 4.

[231] ὅρον τὴν ἕκτην ὑπάτειαν αὑτοῦ προσθείς. Dio, 53, 2. See Tacitus, _Ann._ iii. 28.

[232] The doubt was an old one. Appian in one place affirms and in another denies that there was a _lex_ for the second period of the triumvirs (_Illyr._ 28; b. c. v. 95). No other authority mentions one, and it certainly was not passed in the early months of B.C. 37, that is, till after the triumvirs had already continued their office without legal confirmation for some time. Willems (_le Sénat_, ii. 761) holds that there was a plebiscitum; Mommsen that there was not.

[233] _Mon. Ancyr._ ch. 34.

[234] In B.C. 28 he took care to transfer the consular fasces to his colleague Agrippa in alternative months, and when with soldiers to give the watchword jointly with him. (Dio, 53, 1.)

[235] I do not myself see any good reason to doubt that Dio has given at any rate the substance of these documents. It is not perhaps natural to us to suppose two men like Mæcenas and Agrippa solemnly reading speeches to the Emperor; but it was no unusual thing at Rome. Augustus himself is said to have done it, even to his wife, Livia, and frequently with others (Sueton., _Aug._ 84). Tacitus says it was the fashion of the time (_Ann._ 4, 37), as it seems to have been still earlier, for Cicero complains that his nephew, Quintus, had written an elaborate diatribe against him which he meant to deliver to Iulius Cæsar in Alexandria. (_Ad Att._ xi. 10.) For similar documents see Dio, 52, 1-40; 53, 3; 55, 15-21.

[236] Dio, 52, 15.

[237] The IMPERIAL provinces were: Hispania Tarraconensis, and Lusitania, the Galliæ (beyond the Alps), including the districts afterwards called Germania, superior and inferior, Cœle-Syria, Phœnicia, Cilicia, Cyprus, Ægypt.

The SENATORIAL were: Sicilia, Hispania Bætica, Sardinia, Africa, Numidia, Dalmatia, Greece and Epirus, Macedonia, Asia, Crete and Cyrene, Bithynia and Pontus.

Cisalpine Gaul ceased to be a province, and was included in Italy.

Subsequent changes were:

B.C. 24. Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis were transferred to the
Senate.

B.C. 21. Dalmatia was transferred to the Emperor.

B.C. 6. Sardinia was transferred to the Emperor for nine years.

The provinces added during the lifetime of Augustus: Galatia, Lycaonia, Mœsia, and the minor Alpine provinces were imperial.

All provinces added afterwards were imperial.

[238] Ovid (F. 1, 587-616) says the Ides of January; the Calendarium Prænestinum gives the 16th. Possibly the one is the date of the SCtum, the other of the plebiscitum.

[239] Augustus himself uses it in the _Monumentum_ (chs. 30, 32), “me principe,” “ante me principem.” Horace (_Od._ 1, 21, 13; 2, 30; _Ep._ 2, 1, 256), Propertius (v. 6, 46), both employ it when speaking of Augustus. It occurs in inscriptions referring to Tiberius, and is the common term used by Tacitus. If, therefore, it was not formally bestowed (as seems probable), it soon grew into use as a title in ordinary language. Nor was it altogether a new idea; Cicero had used it as a possible title of honour, with which Pompey or Cæsar, had they been moderate, might have been content. (Cic., _ad Fam._ vi. 6). Again, though it is not a mere extension of _princeps senatus_, yet it is clearly connected with it. As the Senatus is the first _ordo_ in the state, the _princeps senatus_ is also _princeps civitatis_. The two titles were soon confounded. Thus Pliny (_N.H._ xxxvi. § 116) speaks of M. Æmilius Scaurus as _totius princeps civitatis_, when he means that he had been several times entered by the Censors on the roll as _princeps senatus_. But a new connotation became attached to the word from the political powers of the _princeps_.

[240] Horace, _Epode_, vii. 7; _Odes_, i. 21, 15; iii. 5, 2; Propert., iii. 23, 5.

[241] Vergil, _Georg._ iii. 25; Horace, _Odes_ iii. 4, 33.

[242] Strabo, ii. 5, 8; iv. 6, 4.

[243] Strabo, _l. c._ In the _Monument_. (ch. 32) Augustus records the visit of two British princes, Dumnobellaunus and another, of whose name only the letters _Tinn_ remain (perhaps “Tincommius,” a king of what is now Sussex).

[244] The triumph of M. Crassus is dated by the Tab. Triumph. C. I. L. 1, 416; but the defeat of the “Dacian Cotiso” is classed with the Cantabrian war by Horace (_Od._ 3, 8, 18-24), and Livy, _Ep._ 135, mentions a second war of M. Crassus “against the Thracians,” as contemporary with the Spanish war.

[245] The Salassi, who had for the last 100 years given much trouble, had twice in recent years been in arms: in B.C. 35 they defeated C. Antistius Vetus, and, in B.C. 34, had, with great difficulty, been partly subdued by Valerius Messalla. Their command of the principal Alpine pass made it important that they should be kept in check.

[246] Hor., _Od._ 2, 6, 2, _Cantabrum indoctum iuga ferre nostra_.

[247] _Odes_ iii. 8, 21, _servit Hispanæ vetus hostis oræ Cantaber sera domitus catena_; iii. 14, 3, _Cæsar Hispana repetit Penates Victor ab ora_.

[248] Perhaps that of which remains exist at Aosta, and cannot now be dated. That at Turbia was built B.C. 6 (Pliny, _N. H._ 3 § 136). That at Susa in B.C. 8 [C. I. L. v. 7,231]. Horace may refer to it among the _Nova Augusti tropæa_ (_Od._ 2, 9, 19).

[249] Horace, _Odes_ i. 29, 1; ii. 12, 24; iii. 24, 1; i. 35, 32-40.

[250] Propert., 3, 1, 11.

[251] Middleton (_Remains of Ancient Rome_, vol. ii. pp. 126-128) seems to have given good reasons against its connection with the Thermæ of Agrippa. Lanciani (_Ruins and Excavations_, pp. 476-488) asserts that the structure as it now stands is of the age of Hadrian (about A.D. 129), and doubts Agrippa’s original building being of the same shape. Even the portico with its inscription—M. AGRIPPA L. F. COS. TERT. FECIT—he thinks was taken to pieces and put up again by Hadrian. The history of the building, however, cannot be regarded as thoroughly ascertained. Agrippa’s third consulship was in B.C. 27, whereas Dio places the completion of the Pantheon under B.C. 25 (53, 27). It may well have been that the external building was finished and dedicated in B.C. 27, and that the inside occupied two more years.

[252] A. Licinius Muræna was called A. Terentius Varro Muræna from being adopted by Terentius Varro. See Dio, 54, 3; Suet., _Aug._ 19; Hor., _Odes_ 2, 10; Velleius Paterc. 2, 91. Of Fannius Cæpio nothing practically is known, he was prosecuted by Tiberius for _maiestas_ and condemned.

[253] In the _cenotaphia Pisana_ Gaius is described after his death as “iam _designatum_ iustissimum ac simillimum parentis sui virtutibus _principem_.” But this is probably not an official title.

[254] There seems little doubt that the character of Agrippa Postumus gave some ground for this measure; but Augustus seems to have regretted and at times to have contemplated recalling him. His murder immediately after the death of Augustus is called by Tacitus “the first crime of the new reign.” Whether Tiberius or Livia was responsible for it cannot be discussed here.

[255] So Dio (55, 5) says. Suetonius (_Tib._ 16) says five years. There may have been a renewal after five years.

[256] _Monum. Ancyr._ 27; C.I.L. vi. 701.

[257] This is what Augustus means by saying “that he extended the frontiers of all the provinces bordering on tribes that had not submitted” (_Mon. Anc._ 26).

[258] The exact position of Nabata is uncertain. It is described in the _Mon. Ancyr._ 26 as “close to Meroe.” Augustus takes the responsibility of both these campaigns as being _meo iussu et auspicio_.

[259] As, for instance, Agrippa. Hor., _Ep._ 1, 12, 1. The seven colonies mentioned are Syracuse, Tauromenium, Catana, Thermæ, Tyndaris, Lilybæum, Panormus.

[260] Dio, 54, 8; Horace, _Od._ 3, 5; this ode was written several years before the restoration of the standards, but the fact of the _milites Crassi_ having settled in Parthia was naturally known.

[261] Verg., _Æn._ vii. 604-606.

[262] Horace, _Ep._ i. 18, 56; _Odes_ iv. 15, 6.

[263] Propert., 3, 10, 13; 4; 4, 16; 4, 5, 48; 4, 12, 3; 5, 6, 79.

[264] Ovid, _F._ v. 567-594. According to Mommsen there were two temples of Mars Ultor, one on the Capitol (Dio, 54, 8), the other in the Forum Augustum, vowed at Philippi, but not dedicated till B.C. 2. The _signa_ seem to have been deposited first in the former and then transferred to the latter. Ovid evidently speaks of them as in the temple in the Forum Augustum.

[265] Such as the Brenni and Genauni of Hor., _Od._ iv. 14, 10; cp. iv. 4, 18.

[266] _Mon. Ancyr._, 13; Horace, _Epist._ 2, 1, 255; _Odes_, 4, 15, 9; Dio, 54, 25. For the inscription, see Clinton, _Fast. Hell._, B.C. 14. The tenth tribunician year is from June 27th, B.C. 14, to 26th June, B.C. 13. The _ara pacis_ was founded in this year (4th July), dedicated 30th January, B.C. 9.

[267] But he does not seem to have had any fighting this year, and in fact the Senate voted to close the Ianus Quirinus, though that was prevented by an inroad of the Daci into Pannonia, with which Tiberius was sent to deal. Dio, 54, 36.

[268] Especially in camps, in which there seem to have been a regular service of _tabellarii castrenses_. (Wilmann’s _Exempla_ 1357.)

[269] The armed provinces were those on the frontier. Towards the end of the life of Augustus, the preponderance of the military force on the Rhine and Danube is the noteworthy fact. The Gauls and “Germany” had eight legions, Spain three, Africa two, Egypt two, Syria four, Pannonia two, Mœsia two, Dalmatia two. But those on the Rhine were more concentrated. (Tac., _Ann._ 4, 5.)

[270] C.I.L. x. 8375; _Mon. Ancyr._ 11.

[271] Suet., _Aug._ 98: “As he chanced to be cruising in his yacht round the bay of Puteoli, the passengers and crew of an Alexandrine ship, which had just come to land, came with white robes, with garlands on their heads and burning censers in their hands, loudly blessing and praising him, and saying that they owed it to him that they were alive, that they sailed the sea, that they were enjoying their liberty and property.”

[272] Horace, _Odes_ iv. 5.

[273] See, among others, _Ep._ ii. 1-16; _Odes_ 3, 5, 2; 4, 5, 32.

[274] Suet., _Aug._ 52; Dio, 51, 20.

[275] The Latin inscriptions bearing on this point have been collected in a convenient form by Mr. Rushforth, _Latin Historical Inscriptions_, pp. 51-61. Other places in Italy thus shewn to have adopted the cult in some form or other during the lifetime of Augustus are Asisium, Beneventum, Fanum Fortunæ, Pisa, Tibur, Verona, possibly Ancona, and Forum Clodii, and some unnamed place in Latium.

[276] Plut., _Flamin._ 16; Cicero, _ad Q. Fr._ 1, 1, 9; _ad Att._ 5, 21; Tac., _Ann._ 4, 56. Polyb. 31, 15.

[277] Appian, b. c. 5, 132, “and the cities began placing his image side by side with those of their gods.”

[278] Information as to these is mostly to be found in Greek inscriptions, C.I.G. 3,524, 3,604, 3,831, 4,039. See also Dio, 51, 10; Strabo, 27, 1, 9; Joseph., _Antiq._ 15, 10, 3; Livy, _Ep._ 137; Pausan., iii. 25.

[279] Quintilian, vi. 377.

[280] For this and his statue in the temple of Quirinus, with legend of _Deo invicto_, the vote of the Senate giving him a temple, flamen, and other divine honours, see Dio, 43, 45; 44, 6; Cicero, _2 Phil._ § 110; ad _Att._ 13, 44; Sueton., _Cæs._ 76. It was worse than the case of Augustus, more insincere and less spontaneous. The Senate was filled with the protégés of Iulius at the time.

[281] Macrob., _Sat._ 2, 4, 18; Plut., _Cic._ 49; Suet., _Aug._ 28.

[282] See Horace, _Odes_ iii. 4, 22: vester, Camenæ, vester in arduos | tollor Sabinos, seu mihi frigidum | Præneste seu Tibur supinum | seu liquidæ pacuere Baiæ.

[283] Apragopolis. In Suetonius (c. 97) it is doubtful whether he means Capreæ or some other island. Perhaps it is _Nesis_, where M. Brutus had a villa which might have come into his hands as confiscated property (Cic., _ad Att._ xvi. 1-4.)

[284] An echo of his master’s feelings on this point is as usual found in Horace, _Od._ ii. 15.

[285] Another tragedy “Achilles” is mentioned by Suidas.

[286] Hor., _Od._ 3, 136. Suetonius (_Aug._ 85) mentions others, “An answer to Brutus about Cato,” evidently a youthful essay; “Exhortations to Philosophy,” no doubt youthful too; an hexameter poem called _Sicilia_. When he tried to read them in later life to a family audience they bored him so much that he handed the rolls over to Tiberius to finish. Lastly, a short volume of Epigrams which he used to compose in the bath.

[287] Hor., _Epist._ 2, 1.

[288] In B.C. 46, 42, 25, and 23. From that time, however, though generally delicate he seems not to have had any serious attack.

[289] The _lex Iulia et Titia_, enabling the provincial governor to assign guardians to such persons as were legally bound to have them, was passed between the 1st of May and 1st of October, B.C. 31, the period during which M. Titius was consul.

[290] Authorities will be found in Mommsen, _res gestæ_, p. 96.

[291] _Mon. Ancyr._, 25.

[292] C. I. L. xi. 365; _Mon. Ancyr._ 20. “In my seventh consulship I remade the Flaminian road from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian and Minucian.”

[293] See Suet., _Aug._ 46. The regions are described by Pliny alone, _N.H._ iii. 46-128.

[294] The inscription on the road to Salonæ in Dalmatia is dated A.D. 19, but it must have been begun much earlier. For the other roads see Willmanns 832, 829, 830, 832; Clinton’s _Fasti_, anno B.C. 14; _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, xii. part i. p. 109 _sq._ C. I. L. iii. 6,974.

[295] Digest, 47, 11, 6. The penalties varied from a fine to exclusion from the corn trade, _relegatio_, and condemnation to public works.

[296] Cicero, pro Sest. § 103; _ad Att._ vi. 6; Livy, vi. 12; Appian, b. c. ii. 120; Dionys. H. xii. 24.

[297] Quoted by Sueton., _Aug._ 42.

[298] Dio, 53, 20, 33; Horace, _Odes_ 1, 2.

[299] The Sacred Colleges (1) were exempt from military service, imposts and public services of all kinds; (2) had a charge on the _ager publicus_ for sacrifices, feasts, &c.; (3) in most cases had estates besides; (4) received special grants from time to time for repairs of buildings.

[300] _Mon. Ancy._, 10; Livy, _Ep._ 117; Vell., ii. 63; App., b. c. v. 131; Dio, 44, 53. All these authorities speak of the irregularity of the election of Lepidus.

[301] _Ephemeris Epigraphica_, viii. 2; Lindsay’s _Latin Inscriptions_, p. 102.

[302] _Carmen Sæcul._ 13.

[303] Horace, _Odes_ iv. 5, 21; iv. 15, 9-12.

[304] We frequently hear in earlier times of the scandal caused by certain people abandoning the heavy and not very comfortable toga for lighter dress, Greek or Gallic. Those who care to trace the history of such a matter will find references to it in Cicero, _pro Rab. Post._ § 27; 2 _Phil._ § 76; Livy, 29, 19; Tac., _Ann._ ii. 59; Hor., _Ep._ 1, 7, 65. And if it is desired to see how futile such orders are against a prevailing fashion, the continued disuse of it may be traced in Juvenal 1, 119; 3, 172; Mart. 1, 49, 31; 12, 18, 17; Suet., _Aug._ 40; and as late as Hadrian we find that the order needed renewal, Spart. _Had._ 22. George III. insisting that Bishops should wear wigs is a case in point.

[305] Cicero (_in Pis._ § 67) speaks with scorn of the vulgar rich man who had five, or sometimes more, guests on each couch.

[306] Though in making regulations on these subjects Augustus acted on his censorial powers, when it came to enacting laws he would propose them to the tribes in virtue of his tribunician powers.

[307] _De adulteriis coercendis; de pudicitia; de maritandis ordinibus._

[308] Dio, 56, 2-10; Suet., _Aug._ 34.

[309] Martial, _Epigr._, xi. 20.

[310] Pliny, _N. H._ 7 § 149; Dio, 54, 9.

[311] In A.D. 11 the people of Narbonne founded an altar to him in gratitude for some reform in their constitution which he had either granted or initiated. (Wilmanns, 194.)

[312] Asia and Sicily originally did not pay a _stipendium_, but tithes on produce. This system was abolished by Iulius Cæsar.

[313] Suet., _August._ 76.

[314] Suet., _Tib._ 11.

[315] Dio, 56, 29. But there does not appear to have been one that year. There was a partial eclipse of the moon on the 4th of April and a total eclipse on the 27th of September.

[316] The Mausoleum was a huge mound of earth covered with shrubs, upon a substructure or dome cased with white marble and surrounded by walks and plantations, and surmounted by a bronze statue of Augustus. On the still-existing foundation there is now what is called the _Teatro Correa_. Besides this the spot on which his body was burnt was also enclosed and planted. Strab., iv. 53. Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, vol. ii. p. 288.

[317] It ought, however, to be said to his credit that he forbade the exhibition of gladiators _sine missione_, _i.e._, without the right of being allowed to depart safe from the arena when defeated if the people so willed it.

[318] See note on p. 147.

[319] Horace, _Od._ iii. 8.

[320] Seneca, _Epp._ 114; _Digest._ 24, 1, 64.

[321] 2, 17, 13; 3, 1, 13; 3, 23, 5; 4, 3; 4, 4, 48; 4, 11, 3; 5, 6, 79-84.

[322] For purposes of comparison of these sums with our money, 1,000 sesterces may be taken as equivalent to about £8 10s., and a denarius as about 10d.

[323] A pound of gold worth about £45.

[324] These names and some other words are obliterated in the inscription, both Latin and Greek.

INDEX

A

Abydos, 80

Achæan League, the, 27

Achaia, 27, 28;
colonies in, 133

Acilius, M., 23

Actium, 86, 123-24, 290;
colony at, 175

_Ad capita bubula_, 1

_Ad gallinas_, 205

Ægina separated from Athens, 176

Ælius Gallus, 155, 174

Æmilius Lepidus, M., as prætor (B.C. 49) holds election for dictator,
8;
appointed to Hispania Citerior, 23;
visits Sextus Pompeius, 42;
in Transalpine Gaul, 59;
joins Antony, 64;
becomes one of the triumvirate, 70, 71;
announces the close of the proscriptions, 74;
suspected of intriguing with Sextus Pompeius, 82, 87;
his inferior position, 88;
in Africa, 99;
comes to Sicily, 104;
claims to govern Sicily, 105;
deposed from the triumvirate, 106;
his office of Pontifex Maximus, 107, 112, 160;
his death, 160;
see also 202, 221, 222

Æmilius Lepidus, M. (son of the triumvir), his conspiracy, 123;
his brother, 258

Æmilius Paullus Lepidus, L., (brother of the triumvir), proscribed, 72

_Ærarium_, the, 148, 249, 296

Æthiopia, 174, 299

Afranius, 23

Africa, province of, 24-26, 99;
see also 9, 11, 65, 71, 171;
colonies in, 133;
New Africa, 25, 113

Agrippa, _see_ “Vipsanius”

Agrippa, Postumus, 167, 168, 277

Agrippina, 167

Ahenobarbus, _see_ “Domitius”

Aix, 134

Alaudæ, the, 47

Alba Fucensis, 49, 51, 53

Albis (R. Elbe), 184, 186, 187

Alexandria, 11, 116, 117, 120, 121, 125, 127, 198

Allienus, Aul., 23, 31, 80

Alps, provinces of the, 17, 172

Amanus, Mount, 30

Amatius (the pseudo-Marius), 13

Amisia (R. Ems), 184

Amnesty to the Assassins, 38

Amphipolis, 83

Amyntas, king of Galatia, 30, 173;
and of Pisidia, 102, 108

Ancyra, 171;
temple of Augustus and Rome at, 176, 198, 261

_Annonæ præfectus_, 216, 217

Antiochus, king of Commagene, 116

Antistius Vetus, C., 31, 113, 154, 202

Antonius Musa (physician), 158, 161

Antonius, C. (brother of Marcus), defeated in Illyricum, 22;
in Macedonia, 27, 48, 49;
prætor (B.C. 44), 38, 40

Antonius, Julius (son of Marcus), 239

Antonius, L. (brother of Marcus), 26;
Trib. Pl. (B.C. 44), 38, 41;
triumphs as consul (B.C. 41), 89;
his quarrel with Augustus, 91, 93-5;
besieged in Perusia, 95-6

Antony (M. Antonius), depreciates Augustus, 3;
as Tribune (B.C. 50) vetoes the recall of Iulius Cæsar, 7;
Consul (B.C. 44), 18;
his speech at Cæsar’s funeral, 36;
opposes the claims of Octavian, 38-9;
takes the money in the temple of Ops, 39-40;
his use of Cæsar’s papers and his intrigues with the veterans, 42;
accuses Octavian of plotting his assassination, 44-5;
suppresses a mutiny at Brundisium, 48;
his speech at Tibur, 49;
goes to Ariminum, 50;
commissioners sent to, 54;
his letter to Hirtius and Octavian, 55;
his approval of the murder of Trebonius, 29;
his siege of Mutina, 56;
defeated at Forum Gallorum, 57-8;
his great march to Vada, 59;
declared a _hostis_, 59-60;
agrees with Lepidus and Octavian to form the triumvirate, 68-70;
his hold on Pompey’s property, 82;
his campaign at Philippi, 82-6;
goes to the East, 87;
his infatuation for Cleopatra, 91, 116, 117;
joins Sextus Pompeius in invading Italy, 98;
makes terms with Augustus and marries Octavia, 99, 100;
his legate puts Sextus Pompeius to death, 108;
his failures in the East, 116;
his final quarrel with Augustus, 118-21;
divorces Octavia, 120;
his defeat at Actium, 122-25;
his final struggle in Egypt, 126;
his death at Alexandria, 127;
estimate of, 130;
his letter to Augustus, 231

Antyllus (son of Antony), 127, 129

Apamea (in Syria), 30, 31

Apollo, temple and libraries of, 115, 156, 204, 205

Apollonia (in Epirus), 15, 34, 278;
(in Cyrene), 32;
(in Pisidia), 261

Apragopolis, 206

Aqua Marcia, 212, 297

Aquæ Statiellæ, 59

Aquileia, 234

Aquitania, 20

Arabia, deserts of, 17, 30;
expeditions into, 155, 156, 174

Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, 173

Argentoratum (Strassburg), 185

Ariminum, 7, 48, 71

Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia, 80

Armenia, 118, 177;
king of, 116, 125, 167

Arminius, chief of the Cherusci, 187, 188

Army, unity of the, 191

Arsinoe (in Cyrene), 32

Artagera, 167

Artavasdes, 173, 174

Artaxes, 173, 174, 177

Arvales, 220

Asia, province of, 9, 28, 88;
_Asia recepta_, 174

Asinius Gallus, 258, 263

Asinius Pollio, C., in Bætica, 23;
joins Antony, 59, 69;
superintends assignment of lands, 90, 283;
awaits Antony after Perusia, 97;
assists at the treaty of Brundisium, 99;
triumphs over the Parthini, 102

Asprenas, L., 188

Astura, 256

Astures in Spain, the, 153, 154, 179

At the Oxheads, 1

Athenodorus of Tarsus, 15, 231

Athens, 27, 101;
not favoured by Augustus, 175

Atia, mother of Augustus, 2, 3, 15, 36, 37;
death of, 78

Atius Balbus, M., 2

_Augurium salutis_, 142

Augusta Emerita, 154

Augustus (Gaius Iulius Cæsar Octavianus) birth of (B.C. 63), 1-2;
his cognomen of Thurinus, 3;
in the household of his stepfather, 3, 9;
takes the _toga virilis_ and made a pontifex, 10;
not adopted in Cæsar’s lifetime, 11;
shares Cæsar’s triumph, 12;
in charge of a theatre, 12;
goes to Spain, 12;
and to Carthage, 13;
appointed _magister equitum_ and made a patrician, 14;
at Apollonia, 15;
his resolve to avenge Cæsar, 16, 34;
returns from Apollonia, 35-7;
adopted by Cæsar’s will, 37;
pays Cæsar’s legacies and celebrates his games, 38, 40;
his dealings with the Ciceronians, 41;
his alleged plot against Antony, 44, 45;
enrols veterans, 46;
tampers with Antony’s legions, 48;
joined by the legio Martia and Quarta and granted prætorian rank,
50-52;
his campaign at Mutina, 56-9;
slighted by the Senate, 60;
refuses to pursue Antony, 61;
demands and obtains the consulate, 64-8;
enters the triumvirate and is betrothed to Clodia, 70-71;
his share of responsibility for the proscriptions, 76;
in the campaign of Philippi, 83-6;
his assignment of lands to veterans and troubles with L. Antonius
and Fulvia, 90-92;
his campaign of Perusia, 94-7;
marries Scribonia, 98;
his quarrels and reconciliations with Antony, 99-102;
his dangers in the Sicilian war, 102-9;
deposes Lepidus, 106-7;
honours voted to after the defeat of Sextus Pompeius, 111, 112;
his campaigns in Illyricum, 114;
his house on the Palatine, 115;
his letters to and from Antony, 120;
proclaims war as Fetial against Cleopatra, 121;
at the battle of Actium, 124;
winters at Samos and Athens (B.C. 31-30), 125, 126;
his interviews with Cleopatra, 128, 129;
honours voted to after Actium, 135;
his constitutional reforms, 137-47;
shares the provinces with the Senate, 147-48;
the title Augustus, 149, 301;
goes to Gaul (B.C. 27), 151-53;
and to Spain, 154;
his benefactions, 296;
his illness of B.C. 23 and recovery, 157, 158;
adopts Gaius and Lucius, 166;
his adoption of Tiberius, 168-69;
his maxim as to the extension of the Empire, 171, 261;
his settlement of the East, 172-79;
favours Sparta rather than Athens, 176;
in Gaul, 180-82;
activity after the fall of Varus, 188;
his military discipline, 192;
his absences from Italy, 194;
the worship of, 195-201;
his tolerant character, 201-4;
his health, 208-9;
his residences, 204-6;
his way of life, 206-11;
his reforms and legislation, 212-32;
his connection with the sacred colleges, 220;
his legislation on marriage and divorce, 226-32;
saluted as _pater patriæ_, 236-37;
financial measures, 250;
last journey and death, 255-58;
his funeral, 252-60;
will and other documents left by him, 260-62;
summary of his career, 265-72;
physical appearance and habits, 272-74;
buildings and other public works, 156, 297-98

Aurelius, 20

Aurelius Cotta, M., 24

Autocracy, advantages and disadvantages of, 269-71

Avernus, Lake, 103

B

Bætica, 23, 215

Balbus, _see_ “Cornelius”

_Basilica Iulia_, 156

Bassus, Q. Cæcilius, 18, 30, 31, 80

Bassus, Ventidius, 57, 59, 61, 70, 97, 116, 139 _n._

Belgæ, the, 21

Belgica, province of, 20, 180

Benacus Lacus, 181

Beneventum, 71, 256, 257

Berenice, 32

Bessi, the, 2, 17, 180

Beyroot (Berutum), 134

Bithynia and Pontus, province of, 28, 31, 80

Bœotia, 27

Bononia, 56, 57, 58

Brigandage, 113, 213

Britain, 151-52, 300

Brundisium, 8, 35, 48, 57, 82;
treaty of, 99-100;
mutiny of veterans at, 125

Brutus, _see_ “Iunius”

C

Cadiz, 12

Cæcilius Caldus, C., 29

Cælius Metellus, L., 47

Cæcilius Metellus, L., Tr. Pl. (B.C.), 8

Cæcilius Metellus Creticus, Q., 32

Cæcilius Metellus, Q., father-in-law of Pompey, 4, 30

Cæcina of Volaterræ, 47

Cæsar, Gaius, 166, 167;
death of, 240-42;

Cæsar, Lucius, 166, 168;
death of, 241

Cæsar, _see_ “Iulius,” “Augustus”

Cæsar-Augusta, 154

Cæsarion, 118, 120, 129, 173

Calabria, 35

Calpe (Gibraltar), 13

Calpurnius Piso, L., father-in-law of Cæsar, 44, 54

Calvisius Sabinus, C., 25, 103

Campania, 46

Candace, 174

Cantabri, war with, 153, 154, 179

Capreæ (Capri), 206, 256

Capua, 8, 48, 71, 112

Caracalla, 193

Carthage, colony at, 13, 133

Cassius, C., 19 _n._;
in Asia and Syria, 29-31;
has to quit Rome after Cæsar’s murder, 41;
offered the _cura annonæ_, 42;
nominated to Cyrene, 32, 43;
publishes edicts with Brutus against Antony, 44;
his nomination to Syria renewed by Senate, 55;
to be attacked by Antony, 71;
his war with the triumvirs, 79-83;
his death, 84

Cassius, Q., Tr. Pl. [B.C., 49], 7;
his failure in Spain, 23

Carrhæ, battle of, 30

Carthage, colony at, 25

Casinius, M., 24

Castra Vetera, 187, 188

Catiline, conspiracy of, 1, 3, 213

_Censoria potestas_, 137, 224, 294

Census, the, 137, 255

Chatti, the, 184, 186, 187

Chauci, the, 186

Cherusci, the, 187

Cicero (M. Tullius), 1, 2, 14, 24, 30;
meets Octavian, 37;
his view of Octavian and the situation, 39, 45-6, 50-1;
his epigram, 52, 60;
his correspondence with Octavian, 53;
his hostility to the party of Antony, 54, 56, 58-65;
his submission to Octavian, 67;
proscribed, 72;
Augustus’s opinion of, 201

Cilicia, province of, 25, 29, 30, 173

Cimber, L., 19

Cinna, L., 41

Citizenship, reluctance of Augustus to extend the, 251

Claterna, skirmish at, 55-6

Claudius, son of Drusus (afterwards emperor), 243

Claudius Marcellus, C. (Cos. B.C. 50), 45, 99

Claudius Marcellus, M. (Cos. B.C. 51), 6

Claudius Marcellus, M., son of Octavia, hopes to succeed Augustus,
157, 161;
Vergil’s lines on his death, 162-63

Claudius Nero, Tib. (husband of Livia), 97, 110, 111

Claudius Nero, Tib. (son of Livia, afterwards emperor), 97, 157, 163,
165;
forced to divorce Vipsania and marry Iulia, 165;
adopted by Augustus, 168, 186;
his character, 169;
crowns the king of Armenia, 177;
campaigns in the Eastern Alps, 181;
in Pannonia, 183;
succeeds Drusus on the Rhine, 185;
retires to Rhodes, 167, 185;
succeeds again to the command on the Rhine and thence goes to
Dalmatia, 186;
returns to the Rhine on the fall of Varus, 188;
letter of Augustus to, 202;
marries Iulia, 234;
divorces Iulia, 239;
Augustus’s feelings towards, 169-70, 253-55;
his successes, 263;
his speech at the funeral of Augustus, 259

Cleopatra, 30, 33;
prevented from sending aid to Antony against Brutus and Cassius, 80;
her meeting with Antony on the Cydnus, 91;
her influence on Antony, 118-21;
at Actium, 123-24;
her negotiations with Octavian and death, 126-29.
See also 172, 173, 176, 212, 231

Clodia, betrothed to Augustus, 71;
repudiated, 98

Clodius, P., 4

M. Cocceius Nerva, 99

Cœle-Syria, 30

_Collegia_, the, 215, 216

Colonies of Augustus in Italy, 133

Commagene, 116

Comum, colony of, 6

_Confarreatio_, 226

_Constitutio principis_, 159

_Consularia ornamenta_, 52

Corcyra, 21, 122

Cordova, 134

Corfinium, 8

Corinth, 27;
colony at, 133

Corn, supply and price of, 216, 217;
free distribution of, 217, 218, 296

Cornelius Balbus, L., 37;
theatre of, 156

Cornelius Dolabella, P., 18;
(Cos. B.C. 44) shares the money in the temple of Ops, 39;
receives a legion from Macedonia, 43;
puts Trebonius to death, 55;
his proceedings in Syria, 28, 29, 31;
kills himself at Laodicea, 80

Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P., 29, 80

Cornificius, Q., 25, 105

Cornutus, M. (Præt. B.C. 43), 67

Cosa, 103

Cotys of Thrace, 180

Crassus, _see_ “Licinius”

Crete, 32, 113, 172

Crispus, _see_ “Marcius”

Croatia, 114

Cumæ, 196

_Cura annonæ_, 42

Curio, C., 6, 7, 9

Cyme, 198

Cyprus, separated from Egypt, 172

Cyrene, province of, 32, 33, 118, 173

Cyzicus, deprived of liberty, 176

D

Daci, the, 14, 114

Dalmatia, roads in, 215

Dalmatians, the, 17, 21, 22, 179, 186

Danube, 14;
provinces of the, 17, 172, 186

Dentheletæ, the, 180

Dertona, 59, 61

Dictatorship refused by Augustus, 217, 294;
of Sulla, 266

Didius, Q., 126

_Diffareatio_, 226

Divorce, 226-228

Dolabella, _see_ “Cornelius”

Domitius Ahenobarbus, L., 8, 10, 20

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn., 80, 81, 84, 99, 100, 118

Druidical religion, the, 198

Drusus (son of Livia), 111, 165;
marries Antonia, 167;
his campaigns in the Eastern Alps, 181;
his German campaigns, 184;
his death, 185;
see also 167

Drusus (son of Tiberius), 167, 242;
speaks at the funeral of Augustus, 259

Dyrrachium, 21

E

East and West, separation of, 86-7, 101, 267

Egypt, 9, 17, 24, 31-2, 125, 131, 132, 174

Elephantine, 174

Empire, the state of, 17-32;
divisions of between the triumvirs, 1st, 71, 2nd, 86-7, 3rd, 99-101

Ephesus, 212

Epirus, 8, 9

Equites, review of, 160;
property of, 141

Eretria separated from Athens, 176

_Ergastula_, 213

Euphrates, the, 17, 30, 99

F

Fannius Cæpio, conspirator, 164

Fetials, the, 220

Finances of the Empire, 248

Fire brigades, 219, 220

_Fiscus_, the, 39, 132, 141, 218, 249

Flamen Dialis, 220;
flamen of Iulius, 199

Flevo Lake (Zuyder Zee), 184

Floods in Rome, 219

_Fortuna redux_, 194, 197, 295

Forum Augustum and forum Iulium, 156

Forum Cornelii, 56

Forum Gallorum, battles at, 53, 58, 61

Forum Iulii (Fréjus), 191

Fuficius Fango, C., 26

Fufius Calenus, Q., 27, 97

Fufius Geminus, 114

Fulvia (wife of Antony), 26, 75, 98

G

Gabinius, A. (Cos. B.C. 58), 3, 26, 30, 114

Galatia, province of, 171

Germania inferior and superior, 172, 185

Germanicus, son of Drusus, 167, 229, 242

Germans, the, 17, 181-82, 184-85, 186-89, 242

Gaul, 4, 8, 17;
the provinces of, 19-21;
Cisalpine Gaul, 43, 44, 71, 133;
Transalpine Gaul, 71;
Narbonensis, 20, 23, 215;
colonies in, 133;
Augustus in, 152-53

_Genius_ of a man, the, 196

Getæ, the, 14, 17, 18

Gracchus, C., 217

Greece, province of, 27;
declining state of, 175

Grenoble, 64

Gythium, 176

H

Hadrian, 3

Hercules, temple of, 205

Herod, 101, 173, 182, 203

Herophilus, 13

Hirtius, Aul. (Cos. B.C. 43), governor of Transalpine Gaul, 20, 21;
to go to Asia, 29;
in the campaign of Mutina, 55-58;
his death, 59

Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus) his view of Antony’s subservience to
Cleopatra, 117;
records Cæsar’s Cantabrian campaign, 154;
on the Arabian expedition, 155;
on the recovery of the standards, 178;
on the absence of Augustus, 195;
on the literary tastes of Augustus, 208;
his ode for the secular games, 222;
his connection with Augustus and his support of his popularity,
285-89

Hortensia, 76

Hortensius, Q., 27;
house of, 204

I

Iapydes, 114

Iberia (Georgia), 126

Idumæa, 107

Illyricum, 17;
province of, 21, 22, 26, 33, 114;
colonies in, 133

Imperator, 46

Imperium, 159, 160

Indian envoys, 179, 300

Isauria, 171

Issa, 21

Istria, 214

Italy, brigandage in, 113;
colonies of Augustus in, 133;
privileges of, 250

Ituræa, 173

Ianus, closing of, 142, 179, 182, 295

Iuba, 25, 171

Iulia, aunt of Iulius Cæsar, 14.
Sister of Iulius Cæsar, 2, 10.
Daughter of Iulius Cæsar, 6.
Mother of Antony, 6.
Daughter of Augustus, 99;
married to Marcellus, 161;
married to Agrippa, 164;
married to Tiberius, 231-36, 238-40.
Granddaughter of Augustus, 243

Iudæa, 116, 173

Iulius Cæsar, C. (the Dictator), 2-9, 11, 13, 18;
assassination of, 15, 34, 39;
his contemplated expedition against the Getæ and Parthians, 14, 18;
his enfranchisement of the Transpadani, 19;
in Cilicia, 29;
his funeral and will, 35, 36;
_heroum_ of at Alexandria, 129;
his settlements of veterans, 133;
apotheosis of, 199;
sumptuary laws of, 225

Iulius Cæsar, L. (relative of the Dictator), 7, 72;
Sextus Iulius, 30, 80

Iunius Brutus, Dec., 18, 19, 20;
in Cisalpine Gaul, 43, 48;
his edict, 51;
Antony proposes to succeed him, 54;
hard pressed for food in Mutina, 56;
delays the pursuit of Antony, 59;
his difficulties, 61, 62;
his last despairing letter to Cicero, 64;
his death, 69

Iunius Brutus, M., to be consul (B.C. 41), 18;
governor of Cisalpine Gaul, 19;
nominated to Crete, 32;
prætor (B.C. 44), 41-4;
in Macedonia, 28, 54-6, 79;
plan for recalling him to Rome, 62, 64;
to be attacked by Antony, 71;
his administration in Asia and campaign at Philippi, 79-81, 83-5;
his death, 85

Iupiter Tonans, 156

_Ius italicum_, 133;
_ius relationis_, _ius consulare_, 158;
_ius trium liberorum_, 229-30

L

Labienus, 116

Lance (_Sallanco_), 154

Land, assignations of, 91, 92, 112, 113, 132, 133

Laodicea, 30, 31, 80

_Lares compitales_, 196

_Latinitas_, 133

Latin games, the, 9, 10

_Legati pro prætore_, 147

Legio Martia, 35, 50, 57, 58, 60, 67;
Quarta, 35, 50, 66, 67;
reduction in number of legions, 132;
commanders of, 191;
numbers of in the provinces, 192 _n._

Lentulus, _see_ “Cornelius”

Lesbos, Agrippa in, 163

Leucopetra, 104

_Lex curiata_ for adoption, 37, 68;
_lex Papia Poppæa_, 226-29

Libya, 118

Licinius procurator at Lugdunum, 180, 181, 209, 210

Licinius Crassus, M., 6, 30

Licinius Muræna, A., his conspiracy, 164

Lilybæum, 11

Limyra, 167

Livia, daughter of Drusus, 167

Livia, wife of Augustus, 97, 110;
accused of making away with Marcellus, 163;
and of Lucius and Gaius, 201;
in Sparta, 176;
her facility as a wife, 231;
her connection with Iulia, 238;
farewell of Augustus to, 258;
becomes Iulia Augusta, 260;
her character, 275-78

Livy, historian, 283

Loans, state, 218, 219

Longobardi, the, 186

Lucca, 4

Lucrine Lake, 103

_Ludi sæculares_, 222, 223

Lugdunum, founding of, 20;
Augustus at, 180;
altar at, 198

Luperci, the, 220-21

Lupia (R. Lippe), 186

Lupiæ, 35

_Lustrum_, 137, 255, 294

Lycia, 80, 167

M

Macedonia, 2, 14, 17;
province of, 26, 27, 29, 43;
the legions in, 14, 34, 46;
colonies in, 133

Mæcenas (C. Cilnius) with Octavius at Apollonia, 15;
negotiates marriage with Scribonia, 98;
represents Augustus at Beneventum, 99, and at Tarentum, 103;
in charge of Rome (B.C. 31), 123;
his loss of favour, 164;
his character and services, 279-82

_Manus_, 227

Marcella, d. of Octavia and wife of Agrippa, 164

Marcellus, _see_ “Claudius”

Marcius Philippus, L. (stepfather of Augustus), 3, 4, 9, 36, 45, 54

Marcius Crispus, Q., 31, 79

Marcomanni, the, 186, 187

Marius, C., 13, 14

Marobudus, chief of the Marcomanni, 186, 188

Marriage, laws of, 226-30

Mars Ultor, 156, 197;
two temples of, 178

Marseilles, siege of, 9

Matius, C., 38

Mauretania, 171

Mausoleum of Augustus, 156, 261

Media, 173, 177

Merida, 133, 154

Mesopotamia, 14, 18

Metellus, _see_ “Cæcilius”

Menodorus, freedman of Sext. Pompeius, 100, 101

Miletus, 108

_Milliarium aureum_, 215

Milo, 4

Minucius, Q., 73

Misenum, treaty of, 24, 100

Mœsia, 17, 171;
temple in, 198

_Monumentum Ancyranum_, 261-62, 293-301

Morals, reform in, 223-32

Munatius Plancus, L. (Cos. B.C. 42), 18, 20, 62, 63, 76, 97, 120;
builds temple of Saturn, 156

Munda, 13, 23

Muræna, _see_ “Licinius”

Murcus, _see_ “Statius”

Mutina, campaign of, 25, 29, 52, 53-62

Mylæ, battles off, 104, 106

N

Nabata, 174

Naples, 37, 256, 257

Narbo, 152, 153;
temple at, 198

Narbonensis, _see_ “Gaul”

_Naumachia_, 291, 298

Neapolis (port of Philippi), 80

Nemausus (Nismes), 180

Nicolas of Damascus, 45

Nicomedia, 198

Nigidius, P., 2

Nile, the, 30

Nola, 2, 257, 262

Norbanus, C., 81, 83, 115

Noricum, 172, 181, 186

Nuceria, 71

Numidia, 25, 26, 87;
_see_ “Africa”

O

Octavia (sister of Augustus), 45, 75;
married to Antony, 100, 101;
reconciles Antony and Augustus, 103, 104;
her fidelity to Antony, 118;
divorced by Antony, 120;
her retirement from society, 162;
brings up Iulius Antonius, 239

_Octavia gens_, the, 1

Octavius, Octavian, _see_ “Augustus”

Octavius (father of Augustus), 1-3

Octavius, Rufus, C., 1, 2

Octavius, M., 22

Ops, money in the temple of, 39, 40, 54

_Orcini Senatores_, 139

Ovations of Augustus, 111

Ovid on the recovery of the standards, 178;
his banishment, 243-46;
his relations with Augustus, 291-93