Chapter I: Introduction

A BOOK of this kind scarcely needs a sponsor. It carries the impression of its authenticity on every page. A few words, however, may be said about the circumstances of its publication. In the expectation that I should find in them materials for an interesting work, the papers from which these volumes have been compiled were given to me, some years ago, by the family into whose hands they passed on Miss Knight’s death. On examining them, I found that they consisted of a considerable number of journal-books, the dates of which covered more than half a century, and an unfinished autobiographical memoir, written principally on loose sheets of paper. The latter had obviously been commenced at a very late period of life, and had been interrupted by death. The Journals, however, supplied all that was needed to complete the Memoir to the very end of the writer’s life. Indeed, the continuous Memoir had been written from the Diaries, with only occasional additions supplied by the recollection of the writer, and was, in many places, little more than a transcript of them.

As I had no doubt that the Autobiography had been written with a view to publication, after, if not before, the author’s death, I felt that in giving it to the world I should only be carrying out the intentions which, had she lived, Miss Knight would herself have fulfilled. And, on consideration, I could see nothing to be deprecated in the fulfilment of those intentions. It is true that a very considerable portion of the manuscript related to the private concerns of the Royal Family of England. But, even if the publications of Madame D’Arblay, Lady Charlotte Campbell, Lord Malmesbury, the Duke of Buckingham, and others, had not rendered all scruples on this score almost an over-refinement of delicacy, it was to be considered that nearly half a century had passed since the principal events recorded by Miss Knight had occurred, and that really those events, however private and domestic in their origin, had grown into legitimate history, and might properly be so treated. Indeed, it might fairly be questioned whether they could ever be considered as anything else. For, although I cannot subscribe to the doctrine that there is one Family in England which has no private history (such being the penalty exacted for its greatness), it is sometimes in the very nature of things that privacy is impossible, and that the affairs of royalty, whatsoever may be their delicacy, become public history before they are a day old. And it is so notorious that this was especially the case during the years of the Regency and the early part of the reign of George IV., that if it were not that the literary tendencies of the age are towards premature revelations, indicating a total disregard of the sanctity of domestic life, and that any kind of protest against it may do some good, I should have thought it altogether a work of supererogation to say a word in defence of the publication of such a Memoir as this.

Moreover, these volumes, though not the least interesting, are perhaps the most harmless of their class. Miss Knight was no retailer of prurient scandal or frivolous gossip; she had too good a heart to delight in the one, and too good a head to indulge in the other. Some, therefore, may think that she neglected her opportunities, and that her Memoirs are wanting in piquancy of revelation and vivacity of style. But it appears to me that the very simplicity of the narrative greatly increases its value. There is such an entire absence of everything like effort to produce effect, that the reader is irresistibly impressed with the conviction that he has before him the inornate truth, and that he may confide in every statement of the narrator.

Whilst, therefore, I had no scruples on the score of publication, I had, on the other hand, a very strong impression that by publishing these papers, and thus contributing an important addition to existing materials of history illustrative of the reign of George III. and the Regency, I should render a service to Literature and to Truth. But my time was engrossed by other occupations, and I know not when these volumes might have been prepared for the press if it had not been for assistance very cordially rendered by my friend, Mr. James Hutton, of whose intimate acquaintance with the social history of England in the Georgian era no better proof could be afforded than that which speaks out from his interesting volume on English Life “A Hundred Years Ago.” To him, indeed, is to be assigned any praise that may be due for the editing of these volumes, for his, in a much higher degree than mine, have been the intelligence, the industry, and the care bestowed upon them.

The story of Miss Knight’s life is soon told. The daughter of Admiral Sir Joseph Knight, an officer of well-deserved reputation, she was born about the year 1757. Her childish years appear to have been spent in London, where she received an excellent education, and made the acquaintance, as a girl, of Johnson, Goldsmith, Burke, Reynolds, and other celebrities of the age. In 1775, Sir Joseph Knight died; and shortly afterwards, Lady Knight, being in straitened circumstances, and having failed to obtain a pension from the Crown, turned her back upon England, and, taking Cornelia with her, travelled through France, and finally fixed her residence in Italy.

During a space of some twenty years after their departure from England, they appear to have oscillated between Rome and Naples, mixing in the best society of those cities, and seeing much both of the political and prelatical sides of Italian life. That in spite of these environments, Cornelia Knight remained both a good Protestant and a loyal Englishwoman we have the best possible proof in her Memoirs and Journals. Living in a revolutionary period, she had a hatred of revolutions, and was a Tory and a Bourbonite in every pulse of her heart.

At Naples, Lady Knight and her daughter became the familiar friends of Sir William and Lady Hamilton; and when, after the victory of the Nile, Nelson sailed into the Bay and delivered the Royal Family from the dangers which beset them, it was only consistent with the general kindliness of the hero’s nature that he should have taken a deep personal interest in the welfare of the widow and daughter of a brother officer. In return, Miss Knight celebrated his victories in patriotic verse, and was called by the naval officers of the time “Nelson’s poet laureate.”

In 1799, Lady Knight died, at Palermo, and Cornelia, in fulfilment of her mother’s dying injunctions, placed herself under the protection of the Hamiltons. In the following year she accompanied them and Lord Nelson to England—being then about forty-two years of age.

In England she found many friends, with whom she had first become acquainted on the Continent, and the circle was soon widened, including in it some of the most distinguished persons of the age. In this society she did not move merely on sufferance. Miss Knight enjoyed at this time considerable reputation as a lady of extensive learning and manifold accomplishments. She had written some books, which, being in the stately classical style, hit the taste of the age;[1] and she was celebrated for her extensive acquaintance with ancient and modern languages. Being a person of high principle, of a blameless life, and altogether a gentlewoman, it was not strange that, possessing also those intellectual gifts, and having numerous influential friends, she should have recommended herself, or been recommended by others, to the favourable notice of the Royal Family of England. Among her friends was Mr. Pitt, whose opinion it was that the education of the young Princess Charlotte of Wales could be entrusted to no fitter person.

Other arrangements were made for the early instruction of the Princess; but Miss Knight had been marked out for a Court life, and in 1806 she became one of the attachées of Queen Charlotte, and took up her residence at Windsor.

There she remained during a period of about seven years, at the end of which, having been included in some new arrangements which were being made for the household of the Princess Charlotte, then growing into womanhood, she left the Court of the Queen (who never forgave her for the desertion) and settled at Warwick House, which was then the domicile of the young Princess, adjoining the residence of her father.

Here Miss Knight sojourned, in attendance upon the Princess, until the eventful July of 1814. The papers had called her, and she is still called in contemporary memoirs, the governess of the Princess Charlotte. But she repudiated this title, and claimed her right official nomenclature of “lady companion” to the Princess. That she had a difficult part to play at Warwick House is certain; that she did not pass the ordeal unscathed is not surprising. Her conduct in the trying circumstances in which she was thrown appears to have been straightforward and honourable; but the Prince Regent, not understanding it at the time, resented it, and Miss Knight was dismissed.

Throughout the year 1815 and the early part of 1816, Miss Knight resided principally in London. In the spring of the latter year she went abroad, and the record of the next twenty years is one of almost continuous wandering. In France, Italy, and Germany she spent the greater part of her remaining life. The restoration of the Bourbons made Paris a point of attraction to her, and there she appears to have been greatly esteemed by the Royal Family, especially by Charles X., who had a high opinion of her learning, and was wont to ask her, after any interval of absence from his capital, what new language she had learnt. In Germany she spent some time at the Court of Würtemberg, and also at that of the petty principality of Hesse-Homburg—both of which were connected by marriage with our own Royal Family. And so her wanderings were continued into the year 1837, in the December of which she died, after a short illness, at Paris, in the eighty-first year of her age.

In her later years she devoted herself more to Society than to Literature, and she gave nothing to the world beyond a few fugitive pieces. But she seems to have contemplated some more extended works, of which some fragments remain among her papers. These are principally chapters of Italian or German romances, suggested by the scenes of her travels. But it appears to me that the very qualities which impart so much value to her narration of facts incapacitated her for the achievement of success as a writer of fiction. She was, in truth, anything but an imaginative person. The works which she published have little in them to attract the present generation, but in that respect they do not differ much from the writings of most of her contemporaries. No one reads “Dinarbas” now-a-days; but is “Rasselas” a popular work with the rising generation?

But even by her own generation it is probable that Miss Knight herself was held in greater esteem than her works. Madame Piozzi called her the “far-famed Cornelia Knight.” Everybody, indeed, knew her. There was scarcely a city of any note in Southern Europe in which she was not well known—and to know was to esteem and admire her for all her fine qualities of head and heart. How many friends she had, and in how many parts of the world, these volumes pleasantly indicate; and, although they are remarkably free from every kind of egotism, it is impossible not to gather from them that Miss Ellis Cornelia Knight was an amiable and accomplished person, of high principles and a blameless way of life, worthy to be held in remembrance as a bright exemplar of that best of all womanhood, an English gentlewoman.

J. W. KAYE.

Norwood. Whitsuntide, 1861.

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CONTENTS TO VOL. I.

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CHAPTER I.

PAGE

Parentage of Miss Knight—Anecdotes of her 1
Father—Her early Days—Education—Society—Sir
Joshua Reynolds—Burke—Goldsmith—Baretti—Anecdote
of Dr. Johnson—Death of Admiral Knight

CHAPTER II.

Paris—Lalande and Boscovich—Toulouse—Archbishop de 23
Brienne—His Character and Conduct—The Emperor
Joseph II.—Floral Games—A Philosophical Knight
of Malta

CHAPTER III.

Montpellier—The Archbishop of Narbonne—Liberal 34
Views of Commercial Policy—Society at
Montpellier—Departure for Italy

CHAPTER IV.

Rome—Cardinal de Bernis—Roman Society—Roman 49
Morals—Anecdotes of Cardinal de Bernis, M. de
Choiseul, the Duc de Crillon, and others

CHAPTER V.

Residence at Rome—Ceremony at St. 61
Peter’s—Midsummer Madness—Anecdote of M.
Clermont—The Ambassador and the Actress—Pope
Ganganelli

CHAPTER VI.

Naples—The King and Queen—Nismes—Vienne—The 91
Embassy from Tippoo Sahib—Genoa—Rome—The
Revolution and the Papacy—Arrival of the French
Troops

CHAPTER VII.

Sir William Hamilton—Expected Arrival of a British 105
Squadron—State of Feeling at Naples—The King and
Queen—Arrival of Nelson—His Reception—Excitement
at Naples

CHAPTER VIII.

Palermo and the Sicilians—Events at Naples—Death 132
of Lady Knight—The Hamiltons and Lord
Nelson—Execution of Caraccioli—Arrival of Sir
Arthur Paget—Departure for Malta

CHAPTER IX.

Departure from Palermo—Leghorn—Journey 146
homewards—Alfieri—Haydn—Klopstock—Reception of
Nelson—England—Society there—Lord and Lady
Nelson

CHAPTER X.

Society in England—Elizabeth Carter—Arrangements 164
at Court—Miss Knight enters the Queen’s
Service—State of the King’s Health—Death of the
Princess Amelia

CHAPTER XI.

State of the Court—The Regency—Princess of 179
Wales—Princess Charlotte—Arrangements for the
Education of the Princess—Miss Knight becomes
Lady Companion

CHAPTER XII.

Life at Warwick House—A Royal 199
Dinner-party—Princess Charlotte’s
Companions—Dinner at the Duke of York’s—Ball at
Carlton House—Treatment of the Princess
Charlotte

CHAPTER XIII.

The Letter in the Morning Chronicle—The Prince and 216
Princess of Wales—Painful Position of the
Princess Charlotte—Father and Daughter—The
Princess in Retirement—The Delicate
Investigation—Behaviour of the Princess
Charlotte

CHAPTER XIV.

Life at Warwick House—The Princess Charlotte’s 231
Establishment—Her Wardrobe—The Duchess
d’Angoulême—A Dinner at Carlton House—The Duke
of Gloucester—The Duke of Devonshire

CHAPTER XV.

Festivities at Carlton House—Complaints and 244
Accusations—Letter to Lady Liverpool—Visit to
Sandhurst—Arrival of the Prince of Orange—A
Suitor for the Princess Charlotte—Royal
Match-Making—Letter to the Princess Charlotte

CHAPTER XVI.

Return to Warwick House—The Prince of 263
Orange—Manœuvring—The Princess Charlotte
Betrothed—Feelings of the Princess—The Great
Frost

CHAPTER XVII.

The Great Frost—Domestic Amusements of the 272
Princess Charlotte—Projected Marriage with the
Prince of Orange—The Question of
Residence—Anxieties of the Princess—Tortuous
Negotiations

CHAPTER XVIII.

The Allied Sovereigns—Rupture with the Prince of 295
Orange—Prince Leopold—Family Scenes—Letter of
the Princess Charlotte—Her Escape from Warwick
House—Scene at Carlton House—The Princess in
Durance

FOOTNOTES. 342

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APPENDIX.

PAGE
Dr. Johnson and Mrs. Williams 313
Lord Nelson’s Journey Home 319
The Princess Charlotte and her Mother 323
Opening of the Coffin of Charles I 333
The Orange Match 335

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AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MISS KNIGHT.

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