Chapter XI (2)

I believe that I have now enumerated all the chief points to which the education of a civil engineer should be directed. Whilst he continues in an engineer’s office, whatever business is brought before him, he should always endeavour to thoroughly understand the reasons for which such and such a work is proposed to be made, and the principles upon which it is to be constructed; and if he finds, according to his previous education, difficulties either in the principle or construction, he should modestly state his doubts to his superior; if no explanation is given, he has simply to do as he is ordered, making notes of his doubts, and when the work is carried into effect he will then be able to ascertain how far he was right or wrong. If the work turns out to be a failure, his previous calculations will show him that he was right; but if the work succeeds, his calculations were wrong, and he should carefully go over them again to ascertain his error. He should follow the same process when he has to design and carry into effect any work upon his own responsibility, and if he is in doubt as to any point, let him consult some one of his professional brethren in whom he has confidence. When he is consulted on similar occasions by another engineer, let him give his advice and opinion to the best of his power; by this means he will gain the respect of his colleagues, and every one will be ready to help him when required.

Let him be particularly careful about his estimates; and after he has estimated _fully_ the probable cost of a work, let him add an allowance of quite 15 per cent. for contingencies, which in all engineering works are so numerous and varied that it is almost impossible to foresee them.

We should always recollect that the great object of all engineering works is to produce a fair return for the capital expended upon them, or, in other words, that they should pay. If, after due calculation, it is found there is no chance of that, they should not be undertaken; for although it may be very gratifying to the professional reputation of an engineer to have executed a great work, it is but a poor consolation to his subscribers to find that their money has been comparatively thrown away without any adequate return.

Upon these grounds, therefore, I think it is better that the engineer should confine himself strictly to his business, that is, of designing and estimating any proposed work in the best possible manner to ensure the object intended. Let those who are most competent ascertain whether there is a sufficient prospect of traffic to pay a good return for the required capital; and so long as the engineer executes the work for his estimate, he cannot be blamed if the work does not pay a sufficient return. In fact, the whole commercial value of a work depends upon its cost, and therefore it is so important that the estimate should be adhered to as closely as possible, for if this be much exceeded the commercial calculation falls to the ground, and then the subscribers have just reason to complain. Against this I have heard it argued that if correct estimates were always made, and the ultimate cost of many works was known beforehand, they would never have been carried out, although notwithstanding the increased cost they have finally proved to be very valuable. This is certainly to some extent true; many inventions and discoveries have ruined the original promoters, yet have ultimately conferred the greatest benefits upon mankind; and many enterprises that have ruined the original undertakers have greatly enriched their successors. Still there can be no excuse for an engineer knowingly underestimating the cost of a work; he is undoubtedly bound to make a fair, honest estimate of every work committed to his charge, so far as his judgment goes; having done that his duty is discharged; nothing further can be expected of him than to see that the work entrusted to his care is strictly carried into effect according to that estimate.

* * * * *

Since the summer of 1866 I have done scarcely anything. The great crisis and subsequent panic that occurred at that time paralysed the commercial world. I considered my advancing years (I was then seventy-two), and the great hazard and uncertainty of carrying on business, and thought it most prudent to retire. After the harassing and anxious life that I had led for so many years, I felt my health so shaken as to require complete repose. But I hope, if God spares me, to be still useful to the profession and my country, by completing a work on the drainage of the fens and lowlands of Great Britain, and hydraulics generally. I also design to write a history of engineering, enlarged from my Address to the Institution of Civil Engineers, and a life of my revered father. All these I have already sketched out, and I hope to complete them, if it please God to spare my life a few years longer.

My apology for the present work is this: I think it is the duty of everyone who has led an active professional life faithfully to record the various works in which he has been engaged, the failures as well as the successes, detailing the causes of both; for we frequently learn more from the former than from the latter. I believe I have in this book faithfully done this. From unavoidable circumstances I have been obliged to trust entirely to memory while writing these pages, having been totally precluded from consulting notes or memoranda of any kind; I hope, therefore, that any inaccuracies that may be detected by the reader will be pardoned, though I believe that in the main my statements will be found correct.

Like others, I have had to contend with professional jealousy; but I believe I have on all occasions done justice to my rivals, and I have never wilfully attempted to injure anyone. Naturally of a very sanguine temperament, I am but too apt to view things in a favourable light, and to judge well of those with whom I come in contact; as a consequence of this I have often been deceived by those in whom I have placed the greatest confidence. This sanguine disposition has been the cause of many disappointments; but it has also enabled me to bear up successfully against failure, and still to look forward with hope to the future. Whenever a misfortune has occurred I have endeavoured to forget it as soon as possible; I always called to mind the words of the great Duke of Wellington, who said, _There is no use in looking back and brooding over the past; forget it, and apply your energies to the future, and do better next time_. This many people either cannot or will not do; hence they succumb. Doubtless everyone has his trials, and some are much better able to get through them than others; nevertheless, a very little reflection will show that what is past cannot be helped, and that by brooding over misfortune we do no good, but only waste our energies and invite failure in everything else.

The motto of life should be, Forward! We must expect to be checked, thwarted, and baffled in our endeavours to attain success; but these obstacles, instead of totally arresting our progress, should serve only to increase our energy. Like a river, impeded in its course, in silence waits till its accumulated strength sweeps the obstruction from its path, and it flows on majestically as before--so should we make every difficulty we encounter add to our strength, instead of increasing our weakness. Nevertheless, since “’tis not in mortals to command success,” we may sometimes struggle in vain; and fortune ever against us, we may be overcome at the last; but even then we have this satisfaction--we have fought a good fight; we have done the best we could; we have done our duty to the best of our ability, and that is all that can be required of us. To do my duty has been my endeavour through life; and probably if I had adhered to it more strictly I might have done a great deal better. Nevertheless, little as I have done, I should not have accomplished half so much had I not kept that one object in view, as far as my physical and mental powers would permit; and this is no small consolation. The old motto, “_Nil desperandum_,” should be constantly on our lips, and should act like the spur on a jaded steed. Affairs are never so bad but they might have been worse, and they may generally be mended by energy and perseverance, and a determination to make the best of everything. We may not be able to accomplish all we aspire to achieve; nevertheless by refusing to yield to misfortune we shall escape the reproach of cowardice and faintheartedness. When we suffer a defeat, let us calmly consider the cause of it, and nine times out of ten we shall find that it is through our own fault; these lessons of experience should be carefully laid to heart, and serve for our future guidance.

I have never deemed wealth desirable for mere personal gratification, but only in so far as it would have enabled me to help others, to promote the advancement of science and the well-being of my fellow creatures; this would have conferred the greatest happiness upon me, but it has been denied by the Almighty Disposer of events, and most probably with justice, that it might be done better by other hands. I therefore humbly bow to the Almighty’s decision; and if I have done the best I could in His sight, I am amply rewarded. I, however, most deeply regret that I have not done more. I return my most fervent thanks to the Almighty that He, out of His great mercy, has allowed me to do the little I have done; and I most devoutly hope that He through His Son Jesus Christ will pardon my shortcomings; and I say with all reverence, Bless the Lord for all His mercies!

DAWLISH, _December 9, 1867_.

INDEX.

Aberdeen, 10, 15.

Acts of Parliament, 7, 159, 199, 200, 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 223,
238, 399, 405.

Adventures in Greece, 102.

Adventures in Portugal, 352.

Adventures in Spain, 266, 269, 273.

Ægina, 78.

Africa an island, 141.

Aga, a Turkish, 118, 120, 131.

Aiasolok, 114.

Albion flour mills, 286.

Alderson, Baron, 238.

Alexandria, 131.

Alpheus, river, 98.

Ancholme level, 224.

Ancona, 44, 46.

Antiparos, 107.

Antwerp, 29.

Apollo, temple of, 119.

Approaches, London Bridge, 183-188, 197.

Aqueducts, 325, 369.

Arches, 6, 22, 25, 32, 150, 173, 178-180, 189, 275.

Ardres, 27.

Argos, 82.

Assouan, 144.

Astonishing the natives, 66.

Athenæum Club, 250.

Athens, 73, 104.

Athens, Maid of, 105.

Atmospheric railway, 421.

Atreus, hall of, 81.

Austria, 279.

Baden, 282.

Bairam, the, 124.

Baird, Mr., 254.

Balloon, 190.

Bangor Suspension Bridge, 244.

Banks, Sir Joseph, 248.

Bar at Portsmouth Harbour, 411.

Barcelona, 274.

Barrier banks, 216.

Barrow, Sir John, 249.

Bedford, Duke of, 199, 202, 205.

Bedford level, the, 158.

Belem, 324, 326.

Belgium, 26.

Benching, 167.

Bentinck, Lord George, 208.

Bentinck, Lord William, 207, 208.

Berne, 37.

Bessemer, 233.

Beveland, St., 317, 321.

Bey of Tunis, 373.

Bitter lakes, 139.

Blackett, 234.

Black Sluice Commissioners, 221.

Blackwall Railway, 293.

Blast-pipe, 243, note.

Blenkinsop, 233.

Boats, bridge of, 129.

Boiler, multitubular, 242.

Boston Corporation, 219.

Boswell, Captain, 33.

Boulton, 233, 413.

Bouyukderé, 126.

Bradley, Dr., 5, 31.

Bradshaw, Mr., 237.

Braga, 364.

Bramley fall, 177.

Breakwaters, 165, 397, 410.

Breakwaters, natural, 427.

Bridges, 6, 7, 22, 27, 30, 37, 40, 129, 150, 180, 275.

Bridges, suspension, 244.

Bridgewater Canal, 236, 237.

Brigands, 54, 55, 69, 92, 267.

Brindisi, 57.

Brindley, 237.

Bristol and Chepstow Railway, 299.

‘British and Foreign Harbours,’ 20, 75, 78, 198, 367, 415.

Brooke, Sir Arthur de Capel, 248.

Bronsted, Chevalier, 61.

Broussa, 121.

Brown, Mr. James, 290.

Bruges, 29.

Brunel, 239.

Brussels, 28.

Buckenshaw, 241.

Bull fight, 329.

Burge, Mr., 301, 310, 344.

Burney, Dr., 3.

Business, introduction to, 4.

Byron, Lord, 87.

Cadiz, 264.

Cairo, 132.

Calamata, 87, 96.

Canals, 39, 132, 138, 237, 244, 261, 284, 308.

Canova, 48.

Cannock Chase Railway, 296.

Cardiff docks, 367.

Carlists, 264, 269, 271, 273, 275.

Carrara, 151.

Carthage, 369.

Cartwright, General, 123.

Cast-iron dock gates, 165.

Cast-iron rails, 228, 240.

Catchwater drains, 52, 219, 226, 240.

Central Kent Railway, 300.

Chæronæa, lion of, 101.

Chapman, William, 243.

Charles XV. of Sweden, 308.

Chatham dry dock, 22, 165, 410.

Chatmoss, 238.

Cholera, 270, 278.

‘Chronicles of Old London Bridge,’ 193.

Church, General, 54.

Civil Engineers, Institute of, 428.

Civita Vecchia, 46.

Clarence Yard, Portsmouth, 46.

Cleopatra’s needle, 133, 145.

Coal tax, 184, 196.

Cobden, Mr., 299.

Cofferdams, 175, 409.

Cog-wheels, 231, 233.

Coimbra, 347.

Commissioners, Eau Brink, 158.

Conduits, 127.

Conolly, 252.

Conservators of the Thames, 7.

Consort, the late Prince, 208, 358.

Constantinople, 122, 126.

Continent, tours on the, 26-30, 36-154, 252-283, 304-399.

Convents, 68, 77, 82, 99, 104, 274, 275, 330, 364.

Conway Suspension Bridge, 244.

Copeland Islands, 18, 19.

Copenhagen, 314.

Copais, lake, 101.

Coquet river, 291.

Corfu, 57.

Corinth, 71.

Cornish high-pressure engines, 413.

Corporation of London, 7, 173, 174, 182.

Coronation in Lisbon, 341.

Cort, Mr., 233.

Crampton and Morris, 301.

Croker, John Wilson, 156, 158, 195, 250.

Cronstadt, 257.

Cross Keys bridge, 204.

Dagenham lake, 403.

Danube, 377.

Daunemora, 305.

Davy, Sir H., 31, 48, 248, 250.

Death of Mr. Rennie, Sen., 155.

Demetrius, 64, 144.

Denver Sluice, 198, 199.

Deptford Dockyard, 21, 22.

Diving bell, 162, 286, 409.

Docks, 257, 403, 442-445.

Dog, anecdote of, 39, note.

Donaghadee, 19, 198, 415.

Donaldson, Professor, 113.

Downie, Colonel, 271.

Drainage, 51, 199, 421, 422, 438.

Durham, Earl of, 292.

Dutch system of embanking, 217, 318.

Duty on stone, 34.

Eastern Counties Railway, 293.

Eau Brink Commissioners, 158, 199, 212.

Eau Brink drainage, 198, 309.

Edfou, temple of, 136.

Edge rails, 240.

Education for Civil Engineer, 433-455.

Egypt, 133.

Elvas, 351.

Embankments, 132, 140, 214-218, 446.

Embankment, Thames, 192, 196.

Engineering works, 407-426.

Engineers, 294, 428, 431, 433.

Engineers, Dutch, 323.

Engineer to the Admiralty, 158.

Engines (_see_ Locomotives, Steam engines).

Engines, condensing, 171.

Engines, high-pressure, 171, 230.

Ephesus, ruins of, 114.

Epidauros, 79.

Estimating, 454.

Estremoz, 350.

Evaporation, 142.

Everest, Sir George, 3.

Evidence before Parliamentary committee, 185.

Exeter, Marquis of, 298.

Exhibition, International, 381.

Fens, drainage of the, 199.

Ferguson, Mr. James, 16.

Fernando, Dom, 325.

Field of the Cloth of Gold, 27.

Fischa Dagnitz, 383.

Fish Street Hill, 183.

Fishmongers’ Hall, 186.

Fleet, Russian, 252.

Florence, 150.

Foley, Mr., 86.

Fontes, M., 325, 335, 339, 349.

Foulkes, Sir William, 207, 211.

Fox, Williams, and Co., 168.

Francis, Emperor of Austria, 281.

Freibourg, 37.

Frere, Mr., 122.

Fruit vessels of St. Michael’s, 392.

Gallery of Illustration, 195.

Gantry crane, 287, 289.

Gauges, railway, 239, 418.

Gell, Sir W., 48, 78.

Geneva, 36.

Genoa, 152.

Geographical Society, Royal, 248.

Geology, 445.

George III., 20.

George IV., 34, 146, 195.

Gibraltar, 264.

Giles, Mr. Francis, 5, 17, 20, 21, 220, 285, 297.

‘Gipsey Queen,’ the, 302.

Gonsalvi, 50.

Gotha Canal, 308.

Gothenburg, 305.

Government workshops, 289.

Granada, 265.

Grand Sluice, 221.

Granite, 10, 15, 144, 177, 335.

Great Northern Railway, 224, 297.

Greece, adventures in, 102.

Greenlaw, Dr., 1.

Grey, Earl, 189, 291.

Groves, Dr., 145.

Guildford, Lord, 58.

Guimaraens, 363.

Gwilt, Mr. Joseph, 26.

Gwynne, Nell, 287.

Hackworth’s engine, 242.

Harbours, 54, 152, 198, 274, 290, 333, 336, 386, 399, 415, 437.

Hartlepool, 291.

Hartley, Sir Charles, 338.

Hellespont, 129.

Hetton Colliery railways, 235.

High-pressure engines, 171, 230.

Holland, 316-324.

Hollingsworth, Mr. James, 5.

Hollow walls, 164, 408.

Holyhead road, 244.

Hospitality, Portuguese, 353.

Humber, 224.

Huskisson, Mr., killed, 246.

Imperial Elisabeth Railway, 377.

Inventions, new, 232.

Ionian Islands, 54, 56.

Ireland, drainage in, 422.

Iron mines, 305, 310, 315.

Irrigation, 137.

Ismaila, lake, 139.

Ivens, Mr. Thomas, 386.

Jackson, Colonel, 249.

Jackson, Sir John, 26.

Jeffreys, Mr., 191.

Jessop, Jonas, 167, 243, 285.

Jessop, William, 241.

John, King, 205.

Jolliffe and Banks, 8, 34, 160, 192, 200, 222, 226, 409.

Jones, Mr., 6.

Jones, Mr. R. L., 173, 178, 183, 185.

Kalavatha, 85, 101.

Kennet and Avon Canal, 20.

Kurds, adventure with, 116, 120.

Lagoons of Venice, 41.

Lakes, 37, 101, 138, 139, 403.

Land, reclaiming from the sea, 214, 216, 318, 322.

Leghorn, 151.

Leicester, Earl of, 211.

Leonardi da Vinci, 39.

Lerna, 183.

Lesseps, M., 140.

Levelling, 445.

Lisbon, 324.

Litigation, 212, 296.

Livadia, 100.

Liverpool, Lord, 182.

Locomotives, 230-234, 240, 302.

London and Birmingham Railway, 243, 247.

London and Brighton Railway, 245.

London Bridge, 172-192, 263, 407.

London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, 286, 301.

London streets, 194.

Lonsdale, Earl of, 236.

Lowther, Lord, 243.

Lynn, 199, 212.

Lynn Corporation, 210.

Lunzi, Count, 61.

Machinery, 286, 287, 412.

Madrid, 271.

Magnesia, 115, 121.

Mahmoud, Sultan, 123.

Maid of Athens, 75.

Maina, 88.

Maitland, Sir Thomas, 54, 58.

Malaga, 265.

Malta, 145.

Mamelukes, 134.

Manchester and Liverpool Railway, 246.

Man, Isle of, 290.

Mantinea, 85.

Manzanilla wine, 269.

Marathon, 102.

Marathonesi, 90.

Marble, Parian, 106.

Marcet, Dr., 37.

Marine engines, 414.

Marriage, Oriental, 123.

Marsh fever, 320.

Marshland drainage, 199.

Martin, Sir T. B., 414.

Mayo, Dr. H., 3.

Mediterranean, 140.

Mehemet Ali, 133.

Melville, Lord, 17, 22, 158, 164.

Menai Straits bridge, 180.

Merthyr Tydvil, 231.

Messenia, 97.

Meston, Mr., 8.

Metropolitan Railway, 303.

Metternich, Prince, 280.

Mezzofanti, 44.

Middle Level Corporation, 206, 210.

Milan, 39.

Miletus, ruins of, 119.

Milman, Dr., 3.

Mint, 30, 286.

Mitylene, 109.

Mola di Gaeta, 149.

Moles, hollow, 46.

Montague, Mr., 85.

Monte Serrata, 275.

Moore, 50.

Morat and Bienne lakes, 37.

Morgan, Lady, 50.

Morea, tour through, 77.

Moscow, 261.

Mosques, Turkish, 125.

Murchison, Sir Roderick, 250.

Mycene, 81.

Napier, Sir Charles, 59.

Naples, 53, 147.

Napoleon, Louis, 308.

Napoli di Romania, 79.

Nash, 194.

Natur Geforsches, 280.

Negropont, 101.

Nene outfall, 199, 205.

Newcomen, 228.

Newry ship canal, 423.

Nicholas, Emperor, 253, 259.

Nile, 131, 134, 137, 138, 141, 143.

Norfolk Estuary, 208, 218.

Northfleet, 21.

Nyanza, lake, 138.

Oçana, 351.

Odessa, surveys at, 377, 378.

Old London Bridge, 172, 174, 181, 192.

Olympus, Mount, 121.

O’Neil, Mr., 349.

Oporto, 325, 331.

Orchomenus, 101.

Order of knighthood, 308.

Oscar, King of Sweden, 307.

Oscillating engines, 413.

Ostend, 30.

Ottoman troops, 125.

Ouse, 158, 206, 212.

Ovar, 342.

Owen, Colonel, 332.

Pæstum, 147.

Palmerston, Lord, 196.

Paris, 194.

Paris, cholera in, 279.

Parliamentary committees, 185, 295, 297.

Parliament, petition to, 191.

Paros, quarries at, 106.

Parthenon, the, 74, 75.

Patras, 64, 98.

Pedro, Dom, 339.

Peel, Sir Robert, 247.

Penn, Mr. John, 414.

Perceval, Mr., death of, 168.

Perkins, Mr., 172.

Peterhead, 11, 15, 17.

Petersburg, St., 253, 256.

Peter the Great, 257.

Peto, Betts, and Co., 211, 302, 340, 348.

Phigalian marbles, 96.

Picture galleries, 150.

Piers, curved, 53.

Piers, open, 147.

Piles for London Bridge, 175.

Pinto, Basto, and Co., 344.

Piræus, 72, 75.

Pitfour, 16.

Pitt, Mr., 17, 22, 163.

Pius VII., 51.

Platen, Count, 308.

Plymouth Breakwater, 165, 410.

Polyænus, 129.

Pompey’s Pillar, 133.

Ponta Delgada harbour, 385-398.

Pontine Marshes, 51.

Pont Sans Pareille, 27.

Porcelain manufactory, 344.

Port Patrick, 19, 20.

Port Said, 139.

Portsmouth Harbour, 410.

Portugal, 324, 352.

Portuguese bull fight, 329.

Portuguese railways, 339, 343, 345, 353.

Port wine district, 341.

Prevot, M., 67, 73.

Priene, 118.

Quarries, ancient Egyptian, 144.

Quarries, granite, 11.

Quarries, marble, 106, 151.

Rails, 240-242.

Railways, 132, 228, 243-248, 284, 292, 294, 299, 328, 339, 367,
415-418, 436.

Railway gauges, 239.

Railways in Sweden, 304, 307.

Railway mania, 294, 307.

Rainhill, competition of engines at, 240.

Raleigh Club, 250.

Ramadan, the, 127.

Ramsgate Harbour, 161, 399.

Reclaimed land, 421, 422.

Red Sea, 139.

Regent Street, 194.

Religious fanaticism in Turkey, 125.

Remington, Mr., 291, 404.

Rennie, Mr. George, 167, 244, 263, 287.

Rennie, Mr., Sen., 7, 20, 21, 31, 36, 145, 162, 163, 165, 168, 172,
180, 193, 198, 199, 205, 219, 286.

Reservoirs, 127.

Retaining walls, 451.

Rhone, 38.

Rigby, Messrs., 405.

Roads in Portugal, 344.

Robbers (_see_ Brigands).

‘Rocket,’ the, 240.

Rolling machinery at the Mint, 30.

Romans, the, 192.

Rome, 47.

Rosen, Count, 304, 309.

Roskilly, Dr., 148.

Royal Society, 248.

Royal William Yard, Stonehouse, 170, 410.

Rubens, 29.

Rummery Mill, 199.

Russia, 252.

Russian society, 256.

Rutland, Duchess of, 196.

Sadlier, John, M.P., 310.

Saldanha, Duke de, 325.

Salisbury, Marquis of, 182.

Salvatierra, 349.

Samuda, Messrs., 302.

Sandeman, Messrs., 333, 362.

Savery, 228.

Scalo, 99.

Scheldt, the, 316.

Schleswig, 312.

Schooldays, 2.

Scott, Mr., 121, 188.

Scotland, surveys in, 17.

Screw steamers, 288, 413.

Sea-walls, 448.

Sebastopol, 258, 287.

Serpent charmers, 136, 375.

Seville, 269.

Sewage, 425.

Sewers, 401.

Shaw, Waring, and Co., 341, 349.

Sheerness Dockyard, 22, 163, 408, 453.

Shelley, 2.

Ship canal, 284.

Sierra Morena, 270.

Simplon Pass, 37.

Smeaton, 162, 193, 228.

Smeatonian Society, 429.

Smirke, Sir Robert, 195, 197.

Smyrna, 110, 121.

Smyth, Admiral, 60, 66.

Society at Rome, 48.

Society in London, 263.

South Eastern Railway, 286, 300.

South Wales Railway, 299.

Southwark Bridge, 7, 17, 22-26, 30, 34.

Spain, 264.

Spanish peasantry, 268.

Sparta, 87.

Spezzia, 151.

‘Spry’ sloop of war, 133, 145, 154.

Stages, floating, 31.

Stationary engines on railways, 294.

Steam engines, 228-235, 287, 413.

Steam engine, Watt’s experiments with, 229.

Steam gun, the, 172.

Steam pumping, 161.

Steam vessels, 171, 258, 287, 302.

Stephenson, George, 235, 240, 247, 293.

Stephenson, Robert, 32, 132, 180, 206, 210, 247.

St. Michael’s, 385, 398.

Stockton and Darlington Railway, 20, 235.

Stroganoff, Count, 126.

Suez Canal, 138-143.

Sulina, 378.

Sun-and-planet wheel, 229.

Surveying, 445.

Sweden, 304.

Swedes, character of, 314.

Swedish iron, 316.

Swedish railways, 310.

Switzerland, 36.

Sword manufactory, Toledo, 272.

Tagus, 324, 327.

Taste, Committee of, 95.

Taygetus, Mount, 88, 92, 95.

Teddington Lock, 193.

Telford, Mr., 167, 180, 191, 198, 200, 221, 244, 247, 308.

Temples, 71, 74, 77, 82, 119, 136.

Terracina, 53.

Tertulia, Spanish, 271.

Thames, 193, 404, 422.

Thames frozen over, 6.

Thames Street, 183, 185.

Thames Tunnel shield, 412.

Thorwaldsen, 49.

Thurtle, Mr., 146.

Tide gauge, 401.

Tide level of Thames, 193.

Timsah, lake, 139.

Tiryns, 81.

Toledo, 272.

Trafalgar Square, 195.

Travellers Club, 248.

Travels, 26-30, 36-154, 252-283, 304-399.

Tredcroft, 2.

Trevithick, 230, 233.

Trench, Sir F., 196.

Trent, 224.

Trent Valley line, 247.

Tripolitza, 84.

Trophonius, cave of, 101.

Tunis, surveys in, 367.

Turks, 65, 71, 76, 79, 86, 99, 102, 112, 125, 126.

Tyne, 20.

Ubes, St., 360.

Utica, 371.

Valley of the Po, 39.

Vandyke, 29.

Vauxhall Bridge, 6.

Venice, 40.

Vent-pipes on conduits, 127.

Venus, temple of, 71.

Vermuyden, 324.

Verona, 40.

Viana, 337.

Vienna, 280.

Vienna, water supply of, 384.

Vignolles, Mr., 236, 246.

Vivian, 230, 233.

Vostizza, 99.

Walker, Mr. James, 209.

Wallace, Lord, 410.

Warehouses, 442.

Warsaw, 262.

Wash, the, 204, 207, 214.

Water-carriers in Portugal, 326.

Waterloo Bridge, 30-35, 50.

Waterloo, field of, 28.

Water supply, 127, 128, 369, 384, 401, 423.

Waterwheels, 193.

Waterworks, 441.

Watt, 171, 228, 413.

Welland, river, 207.

Wellington, Duke of, 182, 184, 188, 246, 282.

Wellington Street, Strand, 195.

Werry, Mr., 112.

Whidbey, Mr. Joseph, 166.

Whittlesea Mere, 205.

Wildmere Fens, 219.

William IV., 189.

Wilson, General, 253.

Wisbeach Corporation, 202.

Witham outfall, 207, 222, 224.

Wolves, 119.

Wooden rails, 228.

Woolwich Dockyard, 21, 22, 410.

Wright, Captain, 133.

Wrought-iron rails, 241.

Wyatt, Sir Philip, 196.

Xerxes, 129.

Yacht, Russian Emperor’s, 258-260.

Yagers, Tyrolese, 147.

Yarborough, Earl of, 227.

Yeats, Mr., 8.

York, Duke of, 177.

Young, Dr., 8.

Young, Mr. John, 204.

Zante, 57, 62.

Zoological Society, 251.

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.