Chapter XII: Bahaism in America 263 (8)

Besides the Bahai Publishing Society, another agency is the Orient-Occident Unity,--first organized in 1909 as the Persian American Educational Society. It has a commercial side, but its main object is to promote Bahaism by assisting or opening schools and hospitals in Persia and other Oriental countries. It has started mission work in Teheran, Tabriz, Meshed and other points in Persia and in Burmah. They seek to strengthen Bahaism in Persia where it is small and weak in comparison with other sects. The work of the American Bahais there is of little importance. "But the presence of American Bahais in Persia or the value of an American newspaper is not their direct influence, but the impression they give that America has largely accepted Bahaism."[617] In the United States this Unity poses as philanthropical, not revealing in its constitution, circulars and appeals for funds its Bahai connection. This concealment is inexcusable and cannot be too strongly condemned. Christians and Jews should not be asked to contribute to any cause under false pretenses, nor should prominent statesmen, educators and philanthropists be thus led to give their quasi endorsement to the Society.[618]

In 1912 Abdul Baha Abbas, after a sojourn in France and England, visited America, arriving April 12 and departing December 5. America has not lacked its own prophetic product, as witness Joseph Smith, Mary Eddy, John Dowie, Crowdy and Indian medicine men. But Abdul Baha, except for Hindu Swamis, was the first Asiatic revelator America has received. Its hospitality showed up well. The public and press neither stoned the "prophet" nor caricatured him but looked with kindly eye upon the grave old man, in flowing oriental robes and white turban, with waving hoary hair and long white beard.[619] His visit was noticed, as has been the case with many distinguished foreigners, but did not create any special sensation. His own press agents were active and aggressive, furnishing many articles for newspapers and magazines. The reporters took the exaggerated statements of the Bahais without sifting. He performed his part fairly well and allowed himself to be interviewed and photographed with the patience of an actress. He posed for the "movies" man and spoke for the phonograph records. He sat for an oil painting and approved of his bust in marble.[620]

Abdul Baha's tour comprised a number of the chief cities of the northeast, followed by a rest at Green Acre Conference, Eliot, Maine, and then a trip to Canada and California. His meetings and addresses were of two kinds: for the public and for the Bahais. He spoke to the churches, liberal and evangelical,[621] Socialists, Theosophists, etc.; to Woman's Clubs, Suffragists, Colleges, Historical Societies, Peace Societies and at the Conference on International Arbitration, at Lake Mohonk.

Abdul Baha's principle in his public addresses was "to talk about things upon which we agree and say nothing about things upon which we differ."[622] Thus he spoke much of the Fatherhood of God, but failed to mention that he regarded Baha Ullah as "the Manifestation of the Father." He spoke of brotherly love extensively yet never about the violent quarrels that abound in Bahai annals. He said much of religious unity[623] but did not state how the movement had increased the number of sects in Persia and in America. He spoke much on "Universal peace," though Babi history, which they boast of, has some of the cruelest and bloodiest conflicts of arms recorded in history. He dwelt much on the principle of arbitration, though he had refused to arbitrate his dispute with Mohammed Ali. Even while he was in America, a grandson of Baha Ullah, who lives near Chicago, sent a request for an interview to lead to a reconciliation. Abdul Baha ignored the request. He discoursed at length on woman's rights and equality, but omitted to inform the public that Baha Ullah had three wives and carefully concealed his women in an oriental haram. Besides all these, he erroneously attributed to Baha Ullah the origination of teachings which have been the age-long possession of Christendom.

The meetings with the believers were of a different character. To them his message was: "Teach Bahaism; work for the cause; spread the faith; build the Temple." With them he celebrated the Unity Feast. This has some of the features of the _agape_ of the ancient Church and some of the Lord's Supper. Often a variety of food is partaken, Persian pilau being a favourite. When all were seated Abdul passed through the rooms, speaking:[624] "Abdul Baha is now walking among you commemorating Baha Ullah. Blessed are ye who are the servants of Baha Ullah. In the utmost of love I greet each and all of you. This is like the Lord's Supper. Material food is prepared for you. The manna from heaven is present for you. May your hearts be exhilarated in the kingdom of Abha. The labours of Baha Ullah have not been in vain." After the Feast, he raised his hands and pronounced his blessing upon them. This is called the 19th day Unity Feast and is celebrated at the beginning of every Bahai month. When Abdul Baha is not present the Tablets are read and praises to Baha, as to God, are chanted.

One incident was the establishment of the Day of Thornton Chase as a memorial anniversary. Chase is the first American Bahai to be canonized. Abdul Baha visited his grave at Los Angeles, and ordained a saint's day in the Bahai calendar, October 19th. He said:[625] "This revered personage was the first Bahai believer in America. He served the cause faithfully and his services will be ever remembered throughout ages and cycles."[626] "He was of the blessed souls.... He witnessed the light of the kingdom of Abha and wrote proofs and evidences of the Manifestation." Thornton Chase certainly had a surprising faith in Abdul Baha.

A special event was the dedication of the grounds of the Bahai Temple, the Mashrak-ul-Azkar (the Dawning-place of Praises). This took place in the midst of the Rizwan Feast, on May 1, 1912, in the presence of the Bahai Temple Unity composed of delegates from all the "spiritual assemblies" in America, convened in its fourth annual convention. A site of five acres has been purchased in the village of Willmette, a suburb of Chicago. Abdul Baha, using a golden trowel, broke ground and others of the different races, who were present, used picks and shovels and prepared a place into which Abdul Baha put a stone. He said: "The mystery of this building is great. It cannot be unveiled yet, but its erection is the most important undertaking of this day. This Temple of God in Chicago will be to the spiritual body of the world what the inrush of the spirit is to the physical body of man, quickening it to its utmost parts and infusing a new light and power.... Its results and fruits are endless." Of the structure he said: "The Mashrak-ul-Azkar will be like a beautiful bouquet. The central lofty edifice will have nine sides, surrounded by nine avenues interlacing nine gardens where nine fountains will play. There will be nine gateways and columns, with nine arches and nine arched windows and nine caissons nine feet in diameter. Nine will also be carried out in the galleries and dome. Further, its meetings are to be held on the ninth of each month."[627] Thus the Bahai sacred number will be exhibited everywhere. "Behold!" exclaims the Bahai reporter. "What a priceless piece of ground is this site, dedicated by the hands of the Orb of the Covenant and blessed by his holy feet."[628] But in another place Abdul Baha urges them to hasten the completion of the building, complaining[629] "America has not been working enough for it." "Money comes slowly," says the treasurer; "pledges were tremendous--as big as our eyes saw at the time and afterwards we could collect[630] only a small proportion." After six years of strenuous pleading and effort, they have paid for the ground. The ladies evidently preferred to spend their money in jaunts to Acca, with Paris and Cairo en route, rather than to put up an extravagant temple in Chicago for 200 people who are scattered in that city--a temple in which the believers in New York and Los Angeles may never worship. The cause for haste is "to fulfill a great prophecy, that in the day of the Branch shall the temple of the Lord be built" (Zech. vi. 12). And Abdul Baha is already more than seventy. When finished, "It will have an effect on the whole world." "It will be dedicated to the worship of Baha Ullah and his words only are to be read in it."[631]

After a sojourn of about eight months, Abdul Baha returned to England, whence he telegraphed: "Thanks to Baha Ullah, I arrived safely." As a souvenir of the visit, the American Bahais presented a silver vase to the shrine of Abdul Baha Ullah at Acca, "the Holy City." Of this Mr. Remey writes:

"The Holy Tomb in which this vase is to repose (we ardently hope) for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years already contains precious offerings, vases and many wonderful things placed there by people from all over the world. Among this ever-growing collection at the Threshold of the remains of the Earthly Tabernacle of Him who manifested forth to a dying world the very Fatherhood of the Eternal of Him, who for us is the Sublime King of Kings, must stand this silent token, as a measure of the response from the hearts made glad by this ineffable sacrifice of Him who, giving up all thoughts of self, came to us (_i. e._, to U. S. A.) in our need, The Centre of the Covenant, His Holiness Abdul Baha."

The visit of Abdul Baha did not leave any great impression. His personality had no deep influence. He appeared conspicuous neither for intellectuality nor spirituality. Many a distinguished traveller has got hold of the public ear and heart to a greater extent. I was in Baltimore when he was there. He caused scarcely a ripple on the surface. His addresses were tame and full of platitudes. It was told me that his visit led to doubt and coldness on the part of some adherents. He was, as Canon Wilberforce said, "not an orator, nor even a preacher," practiced in public address. One of the distinguished clergymen whose pulpit he occupied said to me, "The man has no special message. He is a faker." Another liberal thinker, who has given publicity to this doctrine, after an interview, pronounced him a fraud. Some of the American disciples, especially the ladies, idolized him, even to the extent of bringing down upon them the reprobation of some English disciples. One of the latter wrote:[632] "There seems to be a tendency in America and elsewhere to focus too great attention on Abdul Baha rather than upon the Manifistation."

What of the progress of Bahaism in America? It is making no marked progress. In some sections it seems to have gone forward, as on the Pacific coast and around New York and Washington. It has decreased in the South and in the headquarters of the movement, Chicago. The organization at Atlanta has disappeared from the list. The South will not take kindly to the advocacy by Abdul Baha of the miscegenation of the races. He recommends that efforts be made towards the intermarriage of the coloured and white races as the ideal panacea for the present estrangement.[633]

I understand that a Washington negro has married an English Bahai woman, the courtship having occurred when both were pilgrims, and under the encouragement of Abdul Baha. Of the condition of the cause in Chicago I can speak from personal investigation. I attended the regular Sunday service in St. John's room, eighteenth floor of the Masonic Hall. It was a pleasant May day. About sixty were present--twenty men and forty women. I questioned the men and found that six of them were Bahais and fourteen, like me, were visitors. The man next to me on the right was a member of an ethical culture society that meets on the twelfth floor. I asked the man on my left to what organization he belonged. He replied, "To the kingdom of God." I inquired what was his opinion of Abbas Effendi. He pulled from his pocket a much used New Testament and pointed to the verse in Revelation which refers to the beast and said, "That is he." I conversed with several of the Bahai ladies, two of whom acted as instructors of the meeting. The Sunday-school held at an earlier hour, I learned, was a class in Esperanto. To my question as to the number of Bahais in Chicago, she replied "that Baha Ullah has told us that there must be a falling away before the triumph," from which I inferred that conditions were not prosperous. The next man, a Bahai, told me the number was about one hundred and fifty. The leader, Mrs. C. True, told me about three hundred. One of the opposing sect told me there are only sixty, while his sect has lost all organization and numbers only forty in the whole country. But if we take the number at the highest estimate given, the number is less than fifteen years ago.

I go into particulars regarding this point, because there is a false impression abroad, in Europe and Asia, an impression that is carefully fostered. Take this incident. In Persia a Bahai affirmed before the crowd that one-half of Chicago was Bahai. A Bible colporteur disputed the statement and proposed to telegraph to the Mayor of Chicago and inquire, and whichever side was wrong should pay for the telegram. The Bahai declined. In distant India a similar impression is created for effect. Mr. Getsinger wrote in the _Jam-i-Jamseed_ of Bombay:[634] "The Bahai faith has spread in America by leaps and bounds, _the number being beyond computation_." Strange exaggeration, if you give it no worse name! Some such a one was no doubt interviewed by the "wayfarer" of the Continent and told him that there were one million in the United States.[635] But that well-informed reporter put the number at 3,000. _The Star of the West_ (Feb. 7, 1912) says: "There are several thousand Bahais in the United States." My own conclusion is that there are 2,000 in twenty-seven organizations. In 1906 they reported to the Census 1,280 members in twenty-four organizations. Most of the members are women. (See Chap. VII.)

That the Bahai propaganda has nothing special to boast of in the United States is evident when we compare its results with those of other religious fads. The Dowieites of Zion City (followers of John Dowie who claimed to be the prophet Elijah) report seventeen organizations in ten states with 5,865 members; the Crowdyites (Crowdy was a negro cook who in 1906 claimed to be a prophet) report forty-eight organizations and 1,823 members; Theosophists eighty-five and 2,336 members; Vedantists (Swamiists) four and 340 members; Spiritualists 455 with 35,056 members; Christian Scientists 638 and 85,000 members. Well may the Egyptian _Gazette_ say: "If Bahaism has found favour in the United States, it cannot be forgotten that countless other 'religions' have become popular there which would not have been taken seriously in any other country in the world." Yet, aside from the Mormons, how few they number altogether.

Is it not marvellous that clergy of various Protestant churches, even of the Church of England, have given the use of their edifices for its anti-Christian proselytism? Roman Catholic churches have not been open to it. And this happened not only when Abdul Baha was a guest among our people but is continued since. Surely such latitudinarianism must grieve the heart of Christ even as it shocks His faithful followers and gives boldness to those who would hurl Him from His mediatorial throne. It is unnecessary now to catalogue the various Protestant pulpits and platforms in Great Britain, and in America where, with readings from the Bahai "revelations" and flattering introductions, place was given to the "false Christ." But the disloyalty still continues. Lately a missionary was a speaker at a Woman's Foreign Missions Society and was preceded by a lady advocating Bahaism. In a late number of the _Star of the West_ (April 9, 1914) is a picture of the St. Mark's-in-the-Bowerie Episcopal Church, New York, with a notice that an audience room had been granted in the parish house for Bahai meetings every Sunday. This was followed by a letter from Abdul Baha rejoicing in this opportunity "to promulgate the principles of Baha Ullah," and by a request for the prayers of all Bahais that "through this opened door many hearts may be turned to the 'Branch,'" _i. e._, Abdul Baha. Another issue contains an announcement[636] of the marriage at Montreal of the editor, Doctor Bagdadi, to Zeenat Khanum, both Persian Bahais of Mohammedan antecedents. The narrative declares: "The minister who officiated astonished all [even the Bahais] by reading from the Bahai writings!"

The Bahais still continue to proselyte through Ethical Culture and Theosophic Societies and on the platform of peace congresses. Is it not full time that Christian people and churches should cease to give countenance to this system which is an enemy of the cross of Christ, and which has already deceived several thousands of our fellow Christians?

FOOTNOTES:

[604] "Parliament of Religions," p. 640; I. G. Kheiralla, "Beha Ullah," p. ix.

[605] "Bab-ed-Din," by I. G. Kheiralla, pp. 9, 13, 18.

[606] _American Journal of Theology_, 1902.

[607] "Bahai Movement," p. 101; _S. W._, p. 38, 1914.

[608] An open letter to the Abbab in America, by Doctor Pease.

[609] "The Three Questions," p. 23.

[610] "Third Call to Behais," p. 3.

[611] Letter to M. Badi Ullah.

[612] "Before Abraham was I am," p. 1.

[613] _S. W._, Sept. 8, 1913, p. 174.

[614] _S. W._, Sept. 8, 1913, p. 127.

[615] _S. W._, May 17, 1914, pp. 51-52.

[616] "Tablets," Vol. I, p. ii.

[617] J. D. Frame, M. D., _Moslem World_, 1912, p. 243.

[618] Sec.'s Report, June, 1911; October Bulletin, 1911; _S. W._, May 17, 1911, July 13, 1913, Nov. 4, 1913, March and June, 1914.

[619] The "Kitab-ul-Akdas" commands that the hair should not be allowed to grow below the level of the ear: why does not Abdul Baha keep this law?

[620] Myron Phelps states (p. 97) that Abbas Effendi wishes no photographs of himself taken. This is certainly a mistake as years ago they were circulated in Persia and purchasable in the bazaar. The account of his posing for the motion pictures is amusing. When requested to pass before the camera, he at once replied, "Khaili khob" (very good). The Bahais present were very much upset and protested that his picture would be scattered all over the country in the movies. He replied, "Busiar khob" (still better). Later, in June, an extended motion picture was taken. The scenes were somewhat spoiled by Abdul Baha not remaining in focus and disarranging the scenario. These films, with words, are being used in the Sunday services of the Bahais and are to be used in the Orient in connection with the voice record on the Edison talking machine.

[621] Mr. Remey said to him: "We expected an attitude of hostility towards you from the clergy and theologians. We did not expect the churches and religious societies would open their doors" (_S. W._, March 21, 1913, p. 18). Doctor Cadman of Brooklyn explained his inviting Abdul Baha to preach in his pulpit by saying, "Christian people can afford to be absolutely free and catholic in their extension of liberty and courtesy to other people." Yet most Christians were grieved and consider it disloyalty to Christ.

[622] _S. W._, March, 1913, p. 18.

[623] The striking lack of unity among the Bahais is evident from a Tablet of Abdul Baha written shortly before his visit to America (_S. W._, May 17, 1811). "In view of the differences among the friends and the lack of unity among the maid servants of the Merciful, how can Abdul Baha hasten to those parts? Is it possible? No, by God!" "Your worthless imaginations, backbiting, and faultfinding enable the Nakhazeen to spread a noose for you." The Americans could reply, "Physician, heal thyself," for the worst anger and discord have been between the brothers at Acca. And he himself continues to cry out, "Hold aloof from the violators."

[624] _S. W._, Oct. 16, 1913, p. 203.

[625] _S. W._, Sept. 27, 1913, p. 187.

[626] Similar phrases addressed to his living disciples sound like flattery and appeals to their vanity, such as, "Your names will go down through the ages." "Kings and Queens will never be talked of as you will be" (_S. W._, Dec. 13, 1913, p. 274, etc.).

[627] _S. W._, June 5, 1914.

[628] _S. W._, Dec. 31, 1913, p. 272.

[629] _S. W._, Aug. 1, 1913, p. 136-138.

[630] "The Oriental Rose," p. 11, says that $5,000 have been sent from the Orient for the Temple.

[631] "Daily Lessons," p. 17.

[632] _S. W._, Dec. 11, 1911.

[633] L. G. Gregory, "The Heavenly Vista," pp. 13, 15, 25, 31.

[634] _S. W._, April 28, 1914.

[635] The _S. W._ of March 2, 1912, reported one organization in Montreal, one in Hawaii, one in England, two in Germany, viz., Stuttgart and Zuffenhausen, and one in Cape Town.

[636] _Star_, May 17, 1914, p. 57.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

_Consulted by the Author_

(_1_) _Non-Bahai Writers_

E. G. Browne: "The Babis of Persia," _Jour. Roy. As. Soc._, July, Oct., 1889.

"Babi Manuscripts," _Jour. Roy. As. Soc._, April, July, Oct., 1892.

Art. "Babism" in "Encyclo. Brit.," "Enc. of Religion and Ethics," and "Enc. of Islam."

Introductions and Appendices to translations of Babi-Bahai books.

"A Year Among the Persians."

"Literary History of Persia."

A. L. M. Nicolas: "Sayyid Ali Mohammed dit le Bab" (Biography).

R. E. Speer in "Missions and Modern History," Vol. I, Chap. III, pp. 121-182, "The Religion of the Bab."

"Haifa or Modern Life in Palestine," by Oliphant.

Canon Sell "Babism" (Tract 1895), "Bahaism" (Tract 1912).

Critical Magazine Articles.

_American Journal of Theology_, Jan., 1902, "Mohammedan Gnosticism in America," S. K. Vatralsky.

_North Amer. Rev._, June, 1912, J. T. Bixby; April, 1901, Prof. E. D. Ross.

_Outlook_, June, 1901, Dr. H. H. Jessup.

_Open Court_, June and July, 1910 and 1904, Dr. P. Carus.

_Moslem World_, July, 1912, Dr. J. D. Frame.

_Mission. Rev. of World_, Oct., 1911, Dr. W. A. Shedd.

_Oxford Magazine_, May, 1892.

(_2_) _Babi or Bahai Writers_

By the Bab:

"Beyan Persan" (Fr.), 4 Vols, trans. by A. Nicolas.

By Baha Ullah:

"Akdas," MS. Trans., by I. G. Kheiralla.

"Ikan," "The Seven Valleys," "The Hidden Words," "Surat-ul-Hykl," "Words of Paradise," "Glad Tidings," Tablets--of the World, of Ishrakat, Tarazat, Tajallayat (Chicago).

By Abdul Baha:

"The Episode of the Bab or the Traveller's Narrative" (trans. by Browne).

"Tablets of Abdul Baha," Vol. I; Addresses in Paris, London and America; "Some Answered Questions," recorded by L. C. Barney; Letter to the Friends in Persia, etc.; The Covenant or Will of Baha Ullah.

By Persian believers:

"Kitab-ul-Nuktatul Kaf," by Mirza Jani, with Introductions by Browne.

"New Hist. of the Bab," trans. by Browne.

"The Sacred Mysteries," Asadullah.

"School of the Prophets," Asadullah.

"Bahai Proofs," Abul Fazl.

"The Brilliant Proof," Abul Fazl.

"Martyrdoms in Persia in 1903," Haider Ali.

"Epistle to the Bahai World," Badi Ullah.

By Western believers:

"The Universal Religion," M. H. Dreyfus.

"The Bahai Revelation," Thornton Chase.

"Before Abraham was, I am," Thornton Chase.

"The Bahai Movement," C. M. Remey.

"Universal Principles of the Bahai Movement," and "Peace," and "The Covenant," C. M. Remey.

"Observations of a Bahai Traveller," C. M. Remey.

"A Year Among the Bahais of India and Burmah," and "Story of the Bahai Movement," Sydney Sprague.

"Dawn of Knowledge and the Most Great Peace," P. K. Dealy.

"The Revelation of Baha Ullah," Mrs. S. D. Brittingham.

"God's Heroes," Barney-Dreyfus.

"Abbas Effendi; His Life and Teaching," M. Phelps.

"The Oriental Rose," M. H. Ford.

"The Modern Social Religion," Horace Holley.

"Bahaism, the Religion of Brotherhood," F. K. Skrine.

"The Reconciliation of Races and Religions," T. K. Cheyne.

"Bahaism in Its Social-Economic Aspects," H. Campbell.

"Prayers and Communes," and "Songs of Prayer and Praise."

Narratives of Pilgrims to Acca:

"In Galilee," T. Chase.

"Unity Through Love," H. MacNutt.

"The Heavenly Vista," L. G. Gregory.

"Ten Days in the Light of Acca," Mrs. Grundy.

"Daily Lessons Received at Acca," Mrs. Cooper.

"My Visit to Abbas Effendi," Mrs. Peeke.

"Table Talks With Abdul Baha," G. T. Winterburn.

"My Visit to Acca," Mrs. Lucas.

"Flowers from the Rose Garden of Acca," Mrs. Finch.

"Notes at Acca," Mrs. True.

Periodicals:

_The Bahai News_, and _The Star of the West_, from 1910 to 1915

Reports and Bulletins of the Persian-American Educational Society.

By Behaists:

"Beha Ullah," 2 Vols, I. G. Kheiralla.

"Bab-ed-Din," "The Three Questions," and "Facts for Behaists," I. G. Kheiralla.

"Life of Baha Ullah," MS., Mohammed Javad Kasvini.

By Azalis:

"Call to Behaists" (Nos. I, II and III), Stenstrand.

INDEX

Abbas Effendi (see Abdul Baha)

Abdul Baha, 48, 68, 76, 86, 87, 98, 138, 147, 175, 191, 204, 239;
history of, 24, 66, 127, 128, 161, 164, 194-196 and note 3, 250-259;
blesses charms, 110;
charities criticized, 255;
censorship, 117, 146;
education, 25, 163;
imprisonment, 195, 197, 258;
intercedes for assassins, 231, 232;
justifies Mohammed, 86, 147 note 1;
marriage, 156-157, 164;
position, 39, 40, 51, 62, 69, 88, 93, 117, 250;
titles, 40, 93, 250, 251, 260, 261;
photographs, 275;
quarrel with brothers, 24, 39, 93, 187-188, 197, 248-262;
receives pilgrims, 124, 125 (see Pilgrims);
characterized, 245, 249, 254, 255, 264, 270;
dogmatic, 77;
suppresses facts, 184 and note 7;
changes documents, 186, 188, 252;
perverts facts, 192, 194;
acts double part, 197;
unjust to brothers, 194 note 2, 255;
instructs in pretense, 200;
uses boycott, 253;
accused of sedition, 257;
threatened with death, 262;
covets martyrdom, 258;
asks government for guard, 256;
honoured as Christ, 92, 94, 96, 114, 260;
as God, 95, 124, 251, 260, 282;
vacant seat left for, 119;
teachings, 24, 31, 32, 33, 41, 45, 56, 66, 71, 73, 77, 85, 88, 105,
118, 151;
advocates peace, 70;
allows war, 74;
favours Mohammed Ali Shah, 138-140;
refuses arbitration, 256, 277;
visits Egypt, 27;
reception in London, 11, 12, 13, 163;
contributor to _Christian Commonwealth_, 12;
in Europe and America, 24, 64, 70, 114, 139, 142, 151, 153;
reception in U. S. A., 274;
addresses, 275-278;
canonizes Chase, 278;
dedicates temple, 278-279;
memorial vase, 280;
impression made, 280;
aided by Christians, 285;
writings, 24, 42, 115, 116, 178, 213, 273, 288

Abdul Karim, 26, 36, 40;
visits America, 269, 270

Ablutions, 110, 120, 122

Abraham, 34, 41, 88, 90

Abul Fazl, 26, 35, 37, 45, 47, 49, 54, 69, 89, 101, 102, 106, 152, 155,
160, 180, 197, 204, 211, 216, 221, 222, 225, 233, 244, 255, 256, 271;
tried, 136;
repudiates Babism, 136, 193;
abuses mullahs, 211;
visits America, 271;
writings, 288

Acca (Acre), 22, 23, 27, 39, 43, 71, 94, 97 and note 4, 106, 118, 122,
123, 125, 127, 140, 145, 146, 154, 159, 161, 165, 173, 182, 183, 187,
195, 196, 200, 205, 229, 233, 241, 250-259

Adam, 41, 114

Adrianople, 22, 197, 222, 223, 229

Ahmad Ahsai, Sheikh, 20, 21, 236

Ahmad Qadiani (see Gulam Ahmad)

Ahmad Zohrab, 47

Akdas (see Kitab-ul-Akdas)

Alcohol, prohibited to Babis and Bahais, 214;
used, 215

Ali Allahis, 20, 40 note 3, 67, 88, 91 note, 173

Ali Kuli Khan, 45, 202

Ali Mohammed (see Bab)

American Bahais (see Bahais)

American prophets, 274, 284

Annihilation, 112

Arbitration, 70, 71, 74-75

Armenians, 28, 67, 68

Asad Ullah, 39, 249;
delegate to America, 271;
writings, 271, 288

Assassins, Sect of, 19, 91 note

Assassinations, practiced in Islam, 243-244

Assassinations, by Bahais, 43, 159, 172, 197, 228-235, 241 note 1, 244,
245 and note 1, 246, 270;
were for the faith, 232, 233;
so justified, 242, 243

Azal (see Subh-i-Azal)

Azalis, 23, 43, 69 note, 159, 167, 197, 214, 216, 227, 230, 231, 245,
268, 270

Bab, the title, 20

Bab, The, 18, 35, 38, 47, 71, 73, 90, 91, 99, 126, 133-135, 181, 260;
his history, 21, 41, 104, 123, 135, 186, 189-190, 198, 210, 211, 236,
237;
tomb, 123, 125;
proof in verses, 44, 46;
taught war, 135;
not forerunner of Baha, 178;
expected his dispensation to be long, 178;
books (see Bayan);
concealed by Bahais, 182, 183;
tampered with, 185

Babis, character, 180;
wars, 21, 71, 73;
persecuted, 21, 136;
martyrs, 192, 193;
deny faith, 198;
attempt to assassinate Shah, 21, 191, 230;
executed, 21, 191;
at Bagdad, 22, 221-222;
murderous spirit, 236, 237, 238;
sects of, 68

Babism, History of, 44, 87, 133, 135, 193, 236;
abrogated Islam, 87, 172, 178;
laws, 53, 55, 58, 215;
make marriage obligatory, 155;
practiced polygamy, 157, 159;
gave some liberty to women, 169;
accused of communism, 171;
fast, 121;
shrine, 123;
records, 18;
relation to Sheikhism, 20-21, 170;
relation to Christians, 135;
a political movement, 135;
disloyal, 133, 134, 190 and note 5;
intolerant, 135, 146;
sectarian, 52-53;
dogmatic, 78;
superseded, 15, 87

Badasht, 87, 171

Badi, 136, 191, 240

Badi Ullah, 162, 187, 188, 250, 253, 261, 262, 271

Bagdad, 22, 87, 161, 171, 221, 234, 250

Baha Ullah, 11, 12, 18, 31, 36, 38, 39, 52, 68, 72, 78, 88, 92, 122,
135, 142;
history of, 22, 23, 42, 45, 70, 73, 76, 87, 102, 127, 159, 162-163,
181, 187 and note 1, 190, 221, 225, 226, 230, 255;
family, 162, 250;
haram, 24, 150;
polygamy, 126, 159-165, 250;
wealth, 253, 255;
prison, 195;
palace, 125, 195 and note 4;
picture of, 126 and note 2;
quarrels with Azal, 220-228;
supplants him, 42, 181, 185, 204;
deceitfulness regarding, 205, 208;
alleged attempts to kill, 225, 227;
exults over death of enemy, 211;
complacency about murder, 231;
trial and bribe-giving, 231;
death, 24, 93, 104, 195, 250;
will of, 250, 251, 256;
tomb, 123, 280;
will be assailed, 14, 83;
exhorts to love, 209;
writings: 37, 115;
their character, 44, 186, 189;
rapidity in composition, 45;
quantity, 45, 46, 105, 253; style of, 46, 47, 150 (see Epistle to the
Kings, Ikan, Kitab-ul-Akdas, Seven Valleys, Glad Tidings, Ishrak,
Epistle to Shah);
Professor Browne on, 48;
Abdul Baha on, 48, 68, 242;
his beatitudes, 119;
teachings:
on inspiration, 33;
on peace, 70-72;
influenced by Peace Movement, 76;
on fulfillment of prophecies, 97-98;
on "Return," 95;
enjoined loyalty, 137;
commends suicide, 239-240;
on civil government, 56 (see House of Justice);
name used as charm, 110;
claims: to be God, 36, 40, 42, 62, 90, 91, 122, 215, 267;
superior to Christ, 105;
a world teacher, 50, 85, 106;
all the prophets, 90;
infallible, 242;
Prince of Peace, 71, 73, 92, 97, 238;
is worshipped, 122;
claim for, 179;
character, 42, 43, 204, 220, 221, 227, 228, 246, 265

_Bahai News_ (see _Star of the West_)

Bahais in Acca (see Acca), 229, 230, 233;
in Adrianople (see Adrianople);
in Persia (see Persia), 23, 26, 28, 36, 50, 162, 175, 259;
familiar with Bible, 115;
persecutions, 137 and note 5;
martyrs few, 192, 240;
tolerated, 137, 140;
pretend to be Christians, 199, 200, 201;
converted to Christianity, 241;
intolerant, 240, 241, 255, 259;
not patriotic, 139;
not supporters of constitution, 73, 133, 138-141;
characterized by love of each other, 74;
hatred of others, 69 note;
lack of candour, 154, 202, 203;
boasting, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 79, 179, 216, 285;
foul play, 246;
crimes against Azalis (see Assassinations), 223-235, 239, 245;
suicides of, 239, 240;
favour education, 144, 154;
to be judged by deeds, 244;
quarrel over succession in Acca, 251-259;
in Persia, 252, 259-260;
in America, 269-273, 276;
numbers of, 13, 26, 27, 28, 65, 103, 268, 271;
census, 273, 282-283

Bahais, American, 12, 13, 24, 26, 77, 84, 93, 96, 98, 119, 122, 153,
154, 168, 173, 200;
American pilgrims, 40, 94, 118, 123-126 and note 1, 174, 268, 269;
narrative of, 289

Bahaism, History of, 21-24, 152;
literature of, 14, 24, 115, 273, 289;
a patchwork, 53;
changed, 15;
relation to Babism, 19, 52, 53, 55, 58, 135, 136, 178, 192, 193;
relation to Mohammedanism, 32, 35, 51, 52, 55, 86, 209-213, 222;
borrowed from Shiahism, 49;
from former religions, 52;
relation to Christianity, 31, 32, 34, 51, 54, 56, 65, 82-132, 209 note 2;
classes interested in, 11-13;
conditions of discipleship, 38, 39, 113, 114;
doctrines: of God, 35-41, 49, 78, 88;
of the Manifestation, 36, 41, 58, 92, 178, 241;
its trinity, 40 and note 3, 260;
eternity of matter, 77, 111;
pantheistic, 88;
of metempsychosis (see "Return");
its moral system, 34;
denied miracles, 103;
resurrection, 104;
laws: 38, 48, 54, 55, 214;
civil, 58, 143;
criminal, 144, 146;
unalterable for 1,000 years;
about woman (see Woman);
equality of races, 168;
its science, 48, 56, 58, 77, 104 note 6, 111;
cycles, 41;
era, 128;
calendar, 48, 55, 127, 273;
new alphabet, 58;
advocates universal language, 59;
favours education (see Education);
its institutions, 116-119;
its ceremonies, 118, 120-126;
substitute for baptism, 118;
for Lord's Supper (see Feasts; see also Fast, Pilgrimage, Prayer,
Shrines, Charms, Funerals, Rosary);
claims:
that a new religion is needed, 31;
to be a new dispensation, 33;
to supersede all religions, 32;
and Christianity, 86, 87;
to be universal, 29, 50;
contrary shown, 54-59;
claims superiority in personality, 40-44;
in writings, 44-47;
in substance of revelation, 48-50;
disproved, 48-50, 54-59;
to unify mankind, 63-67;
means prescribed for, 67-70;
to promote peace, 67, 70;
fallacy of claim, 72-76;
echo of Christianity, 72;
to be undogmatic, 77;
to be consistent with Christianity, 83;
to be Christ's second coming, 92, 93;
refuted, 85-132;
to be the state religion, 117, 143, 145-147;
to set forth a new government, 141-147;
to regulate politics, 117, 132;
professed loyalty, 136;
pleads for toleration, 136;
is intolerant, 132, 147, 191;
wishes political power, 132, 135, 141;
claim as to morals, 179-180, 209;
like Persians, 214;
testimony as to morals, 216 note 3;
pervert history, 136, 181-185, 183 note 2, 184 note 2, 189-197, 220;
falsify sacred writings, 185 and note 2, 185-189;
forgery, 189;
religious dissimulation (see Tagiya);
addiction to alcohol, 214-215;
opium, 215-216 and note 3;
claim to love, 209, 221;
refuted:
animosity to Shiahs, 211;
abuse of, 211-213;
enmity to Azalis, 222, 235;
murdering of (see Assassinations and Bahais--quarrels);
sects in, 68;
sects forbidden, 69;
private interpretation forbidden, 69;
methods of interpretation, 100, 101 note;
exclusive, 52;
a delusion, 62

Bahaism, American, 15, 16, 41, 94, 201, 264-283;
census of, 268, 271, 273, 282, 283;
condition of, 282-284;
delegates from Acca, 271;
literature of, 273;
meetings, 272, 277, 282-283;
propaganda, 267, 273-274;
mission to Persia, 84, 154, 155, 202, 203, 273-274;
quarrel and schism, 269-273, 276;
visit of Abdul Baha (see Abdul Baha);
press agents, 272

Bahai proofs (see Abul Fazl)

Bahai Temple (see Temple)

Bahiah Khanum, 156, 164, 174, 191, 195, 221, 225, 227, 232, 257

Batinis, 20

Bayan, 18, 21, 23, 35, 38, 47, 56, 73, 115, 134, 155, 166, 178, 181,
183, 246

Beatitudes of Baha, 119

Behais, Behaists, 69, 188 notes, 268, 270, 289;
number in America, 271, 272 (see Mirza Mohammed Ali)

Beha Ullah, so spelt by Behais, 267, 289

Beirut press, 25, 101, 167

Bibliography, 287-289

Bixley, J. T., 66, 83 note

Boycott, 253, 259

Brahma Samaj, 13

Brittingham, Mrs., 94, 289

Browne, Prof. E. G., 18, 20, 30, 35, 48, 50, 53, 56, 68 note 1, 78, 134,
135, 139, 152, 155, 160, 165, 169, 171-172, 178, 190, 210, 216, 220,
226, 239, 243, 248;
writings of, 14, 37, 245, 265, 287-288;
in Persia, 27, 215-216, 223 note, 229, 235;
in Acca, 43, 71, 182, 183, 184 note 5;
in Cyprus, 43, 225

Buddha, 31, 90, 92

Buddhist, 64, 67, 85, 86, 200

Burial (see Funerals)

Burmah, 13, 64, 83, 274

Campbell, R. J., 12, 84

Carmel, Mt., 127, 195, 257

Celibacy disapproved, 155

Changing documents, 57, 185-189

Charms, 110, 123

Chase, Thornton, 31, 37, 94, 104, 209, 217, 249, 269, 271;
canonized, 278

Cheyne, T. K., 13

Chicago, 98, 116, 119, 154, 265, 267, 269, 270, 271, 279

Christ, Jesus, His teaching superior, 50;
on peace, 72;
Bahais concerning Him, 31, 32, 33, 35, 41, 46, 52, 71, 82-84, 86, 87,
88, 93-107, 104 note 3, 113, 114, 122, 127, 128

Christians, attitude of to Bahaism, 52, 65, 67, 68;
in Persia, 28;
in Egypt, 27;
in India, 84;
in Occident, 12-13, 83-84, 274-275, 285-286

Christianity exclusive, 86;
triumphant, 33, 50, 65, 103

_Christian Commonwealth_, 12, 84

Claims of Bahaism (see Baha Ullah and Bahaism)

Constantinople, 159, 161, 170, 235

Constitutional Movement, 133, 138-140, 170, 175, 187

Cyprus, 22, 43, 159, 167, 205, 225, 229, 235

Daniel, 88, 98, 99

Dealy, P. K., 71 note 2, 97

Divorce (see Woman)

Dowie, Alexander, 43, 99, 102, 284

Dreyfus, M. H., 26, 50, 53, 58, 64, 70, 77, 139, 143, 160, 203, 209, 288

Easton, P. Z., 18

Education to be compulsory, 144, 154;
of girls, 154, 155;
Bahai schools, 154, 202, 203;
Educational Society (see Persian-American)

Egypt, Bahaism in, 27, 267;
Abdul Baha in, 24, 197

_Egyptian Gazette_ on Bahaism, 11, 27, 284

Elijah, 96, 97

Emanations, 41, 89

Episode of the Bab (see Traveller's Narrative)

Epistle to Kings, 106, 115, 143 and note 5, 186-187

Epistle to Shah, 89, 136, 189, 191, 240;
tampered with, 186

Epistle to the Bahai World, 188 note 2, 261, 271, 288

Era--Bahai, 56

Esperanto, 59, 283

Family (see Woman)

Fast, 120, 121, 197

Fatima, Book of, 189

Feasts, 55, 56, 121, 127;
Unity Feast or Lord's Supper, 55, 118, 119, 276 (see Rizwan)

Ford, M. H., 137, 140, 237

Frame, J. D., 26, 140, 213, 216 243

Funerals, 122-123

Germany, Emperor of, addressed, 38

Getsinger, E. C., 94, 203, 253, 267, 268, 269, 283

Glad Tidings, 56, 57, 72, 115, 141, 152, 187

Gobineau, Count, 183 and note 2, 190, 191, 235

Goodall, Mrs., 94, 110

Gregory, L. G., 125, 168, 289

Grundy, Mrs., 40, 96, 112, 124, 125, 253, 261

Gulam, Ahmad, 19, 92 note, 102

Hadad, Anton, 73, 94, 253, 268

Haidar, Ali, 27, 94, 213

Haifa, 124, 127, 156, 195, 196, 256, 257

Hasht Behesht, 160, 224, 226, 227, 229, 245

Hawkes, J. W., 28

Hidden Words, 37, 115, 116, 119, 152, 188

Hindus, 51, 64, 65

Holley, Horace, 110, 124, 132, 221, 248

Holmes, G. W., 28, 78, 82, 101 note, 133

Houris, 123

House of Justice, 57, 58, 70-72, 117, 123, 141-147;
supreme, 142;
infallible, 145;
inspired, 142;
has political power, 143, 175;
financial, 143, 146

House of Spirituality, 146

Ikan, 37, 45, 86, 90, 114, 115, 152, 163, 211, 222

Imams, 20, 88, 92, 133, 189, 236, 243

Immortality, 30, 112

Incarnations, 22, 88 note, 90 note 7

India, Bahaism in, 13, 27, 68, 83 note, 84, 85, 169, 203, 283

Inheritance, Law of, 166

Intolerance of Shiahs, 21, 136 (see Martyrs);
of Babis, 135;
of Bahais, 132 (see Tolerance)

Isaiah, 88, 97

Ishrak-Ishrakat ("Effulgences"), 59, 152, 154, 241

Islam (see Mohammedanism)

Ismielis, 20, 91 note

Jani, Mirza, 172, 180, 183 note 2;
his "History," 182, 189, 190

Jerusalem, 97, 98, 99, 100, 127

Jessup, H. H., 15, 25, 62, 101, 124, 167, 196 note 3, 197, 240, 261,
264, 265

Jewish Bahais, 26, 27, 51, 106, 201 and notes

Jews, 33, 51, 64, 67, 82, 84, 87, 92, 103;
in Hamadan, 201

John Baptist, 18, 35, 96, 178

Johnson, H., 63, 64, 65, 114

Jordan, S. M., 26, 200, 216

Judaism, 33, 35, 41, 85

Kazim, Haji, 21, 170

Khadim, Ullah (Mirza Aga Jan), 161, 188, 233, 254

Kheiralla, 14, 26, 37, 41, 89, 106, 140, 152, 159, 191, 241, 245 note;
history of, 167, 265, 271

Kirman, 27, 38

Kitab-ul-Akdas, 14, 37-39, 54, 59, 91, 115, 120, 121, 127, 141, 144,
152, 154, 155, 158, 165, 169, 231, 241, 248

Koran, 49, 72, 86, 87, 89, 112, 114, 121, 197, 198, 211

Krishna, 90, 92

Kurrat-ul Ayn, 150, 170-172, 174 192, 236, 237

Laws (see Babism and Bahaism)

"Letters," 171

Lucas, M. A., 25, 289

MacNutt, H., 25, 63

Mahdi, 19, 20, 21, 92, 189, 210

Mahdiism, 19

Maku, 21, 210, 236

Manifestation (see Baha Ullah--Claims; Bahaisms--Doctrines)

Marriage obligatory, 155 (see Woman)

Martyrs, 123 note 3, 137, 192, 193, 213, 258

Mashrak-ul-Askar (see Temple)

Maskin Kalam, 43, 167, 205, 223

Metempsychosis, 95

Millennium, 77, 98, 217

Missions, Christian, 26, 30, 85, 199, 200, 203; converts from Islam, 65, 222, 241

Mohammed, 31, 33, 34, 45, 50, 82, 83, 86, 88, 92, 99, 159, 162, 243

Mohammedans, 64, 67, 68, 84, 92, 123, 138, 146, 166, 169, 172-174, 197,
214, 243;
Sunnis indifferent to Bahaism, 27;
converted to Christianity, 65, 222, 241

Mohammedanism, 11, 48, 85, 113, 121, 123

Mohammed Ali, Mirza, son of Baha, 24, 69 note, 161, 187-188, 250, 252,
253-261, 277;
adherents of, 259, 270 (see Behais)

Mohammed Ali Shah, 138-140;
rewarded Bahais, 138

Mohammed Ali, Mullah, of Zenjan, 162

Mohammed Ali, Mullah, of Barfurush, 171, 237

Mohammed Javad Kasvini, 14, 222, 229, 232

Mohammed Shah, 105, 133, 210 (see Shah)

Mohammed Taki, Haji, 172, 236

Mohonk, Lake, Conference, 65, 70

Morals (see Bahaism--Claims), 179-216

Mormons, 43, 52

Moses, 31, 41, 86, 88, 92

Mullahs, 137, 138, 144 note 1, 190, 210-212, 213

Nabil, 22, 47, 240

Nakhazeen (violators), 39, 256, 261, 270, 273

Nasr-ud-Din Shah, 133, 134, 135, 189-191, 210 (see Shah);
attempt to assassinate, 21, 23, 238 (see Epistle to Shah)

Negro Bahais, 168, 282 (see Gregory)

Nestorians, 28, 67

New History, 37, 104, 113, 136, 160, 182, 184, 191, 211, 212, 245, 265

New Testament, 46, 47, 82, 86, 94, 106;
declared abrogated, 114

Nicolas, A. L. M., 14, 18, 178, 198, 220

Noruz, 121, 127, 187

Number of Bahais (see Bahais)

Numbers, Sacred, nineteen, 56, 59, 121, 127;
nine, 56, 117, 123, 127, 141, 175 note, 237, 258, 279

Nur-i-Din, Sheikh, 22

Nusairiyah (see Ali Allahi)

Oliphant, Laurence, 187 note 1, 194, 196 note, 231

Opium, use prohibited, 214;
used by Bahais, 215

Orient-Occident Educational Society (see Persian-American Educational
Society)

Pantheism (in Bahaism), 88, 89 note

Parsees (see Zoroastrians)

Peace, 67, 70-76, 135, 276 (see Baha Ullah--Claims, Peace)

Persia, Babism in, 18, 53, 135, 146, 171, 236 (see Constitutional
Movement);
customs of, 25, 79, 94, 147, 185 note 2;
religions of, 19, 66, 67, 88 note, 91, 107;
religious law of, 58;
mullahs, 212;
Baha Ullah in, 22, 70, 161, 185, 221;
Bahais in, 14, 23, 26, 58, 88 note, 93, 95, 103, 112, 118, 126 note 2,
135, 139, 140, 154, 161, 192, 213-216, 259-260, 273, 274, 283

Persian-American Educational Society, 154, 202, 273

Phelps, Myron, 26, 32, 33, 50, 88, 95, 112, 158, 160, 164, 174, 179,
195, 209, 213, 226, 244, 249, 260, 275;
"Life of Abbas Effendi," 153, 173, 289

Pilgrimage, 123-126 (see Shrines and Bahai-American-Pilgrims)

Polygamy (see Woman, Babism, Bahaism)

Pope, Epistle to, 36, 93, 185 note 2

Potter, J. L., 101 note

Prayer, 74, 110, 113, 121, 164

Primal Will, 41, 89

Prophecies, 97, 102, 105, 106, 118

Prophets, 31, 41, 88, 89, 90, 98

Quarrel over succession, 247-262

Religious Assassinations, 219-246 (see Assassinations)

Remey, C. M., 27, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 50, 51, 56, 63, 64, 71, 77, 78,
84, 85, 87, 96, 114, 118, 128, 138, 140, 143, 160, 174, 180, 203, 261,
276, 280, 288

"Return," _rijat_, 95, 96, 110

Rizwan, 87, 127, 279

Rosary, 123, 253

Rosen, Baron, 57, 186, 187

Russia, 57, 173, 187

Satan denied, 112

Schools (see Education)

Schuster, Morgan, 170

Sects, Moslem, 19, 20, 91 note, 208 (see Persia--Religions of);
Oriental in America, 264, 284

Seven Valleys, 37, 113, 115, 152

Shahs of Persia, 21, 73, 133, 134, 136, 137, 186, 192 (see under names)

Shedd, J. H., 28, 217

Shedd, W. A., 26, 30, 82, 197, 199, 200, 216

Sheikhis, 21, 67, 68, 170, 175, 213

Shiahs, 19, 20, 49, 51, 53, 67, 189, 191, 197, 210, 236, 239, 259
(see Sects)

Shrines, 123 and note 3, 125, 126, 213

Sprague, Sydney, 32, 40, 64, 84, 85, 90, 118, 160, 217, 249, 289

Speer, R. E., "Missions and Modern History," 18, 28, 78, 82, 101, 133,
150, 217, 220, 264

_Star of the West_, 14, 51, 56, 93, 116, 128, 154, 202, 273, 284, 285

State, Bahaism and the, 131-149

Stenstrand, A. J., 185 note 2, 245 note 1, 268, 269

Subh-i-Azal, 15, 38, 160, 185, 233, 238, 246, 268;
history of, 22, 23, 43, 167, 197, 205, 221-228;
polygamy, 159;
attempt to poison, 224;
attempt to murder, 227;
witness to murder of Azalis, 229, 235;
successor to Bab, 22, 42, 181, 183, 184 and note 3, 204, 220;
writings, 74

Sufis, 68 note, 78, 175

Suicide, 112, 239, 240

Sultan of Turkey, 22, 38, 193-194, 257, 262

Surat-ul-Haykal, 37, 117, 152

Surat-ul-Muluk, 186, 191

Tabriz, 21, 44, 91 note, 105, 123, 155, 189, 198, 234, 259, 274

Tagiya (dissimulation), 23, 48, 51, 85, 193, 197-205, 208

Tajallayat, 91

Teheran, 21, 123, 140, 155, 161, 174, 198, 203, 274

Temples, Bahai, 98, 115, 116, 117, 278-280

Templeton, Mrs., 194, 255 note 2, 256

Tisdall, W. StC., 49

Toleration, 136, 137, 140;
lack of, 21, 132, 135, 147, 191, 240, 241, 255, 259 (see Intolerance)

Traveller's Narrative, 37, 42, 113, 136, 182, 184 note 2, 186, 189, 190,
204, 265;
its author Abdul Baha, 159, 178, 183, 226, 245

Trinities, 40 note 3, 260

True, C., 94, 124, 283, 289

Turkey, Bahais in, 27, 76, 135 (see Bagdad, Adrianople, Acca)

Universal language, 59, 70

Universal religion, 29, 50-59

Vatralsky, S. K., 133, 208, 220, 266, 267

Wars of Babis, 21, 71, 73, 135;
Baha starts to war, 73;
condemns war, 67, 70, 71;
Abdul Baha on war, 74

Wilberforce, Canon, 84, 197, 281

Woman, in Bahaism, 151-175;
education of, 154 (see Education);
equality with man taught, 151, 272;
not taught by Baha, 152;
position inferior under Bahaism, 153, 158, 163, 165, 166 note 1, 176;
woman Bahais in America, 153, 163, 175, 277;
civil rights of, 155-167;
inheritance unequal, 166;
marriage:
enjoined, 155;
with consent, 156;
child betrothals, 157;
bigamy allowed and practiced, 158, 164 note 3;
wives of Baha, 160-162;
Bahais favour plural marriage, 159, 164, 165;
intermarriage with negroes, 168;
divorce:
loose law, 165;
causes of, 166-167;
alimony small, 166;
desertion, 167;
social rights, 169;
continues veiled, 173;
not receive men visitors, 173, 174 and note 2;
no political equality, 175-176;
no women in government, 176;
movement to ameliorate among Moslems, 169-170, 173 and note 1
(see Kurrat-ul-Ayn)

Writing of, 288-289 (see Bab--Books, Bayan, Baha Ullah)

Wylie, A. L., 84

Yahya, Mirza (see Subh-i-Azal)

Yahya, Sayid, 44

Zoroaster, 31, 107

Zoroastrians, 26, 27, 55, 64, 67, 68, 85, 92, 106, 203

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Enterprise. 8vo, cloth, net $1.50.

"This is a magnificent presentation of the call of missions,
showing their great and sweeping influence on human life and
social progress. It is a logical and searching study of the
power of the Gospel as it goes into other lands and there meets
the facts and elements that make up the life of the people. Dr.
Dennis has had the personal experiences and knowledge which
enable him to speak with authority. An exceedingly valuable
contribution to the missionary literature of the day."--_Herald
and Presbyter._

_ARCHIBALD McLEAN_

EPOCH MAKERS OF MODERN MISSIONS
Illustrated, 12mo, cloth, net $1.00.

The author of "Where the Book Speaks," has given in these
"College of Missions Lectures" a series of sketches of modern
missionary leaders which for clearness, brevity, directness of
style and inspirational value, have rarely been surpassed. Each
characterization is truly "much in little," and the book is a
distinct and most acceptable addition to missionary biography.

_ROBERT E. SPEER The Cole Lectures for 1911._

SOME GREAT LEADERS IN THE WORLD MOVEMENT 12mo, cloth, net $1.25.

Mr. Speer in his characteristic inspiring way has presented the
key note of the lives of six of the World's greatest
missionaries: Raymond Lull, the crusading spirit in missions;
William Carey, the problems of the pioneer; Alexander Duff,
Missions and Education; George Bowen, the ascetic ideal in
missions; John Lawrence, politics and missions; and Charles G.
Gordon, modern missionary knight-errancy.

_S. M. ZWEMER, F.R.G.S., and Others_

ISLAM AND MISSIONS
12mo, cloth, net $1.50.

This volume presents the papers read at the Second Conference on
Missions to Moslems, recently held in Lucknow, India. The
contributors are all experts of large experience in such mission
effort.

_VAN SOMMER, ANNIE, and Others_

DAYLIGHT IN THE HAREM

A New Era for Moslem Women. _In Press._

Woman's work for Woman is nowhere more needed than on the part
of Christian women for their sisters of Islam. It is a most
difficult field of service, but this volume by authors long and
practically interested in this important Christian ministry,
demonstrates how effectually this work has opened and is being
carried forward with promising results.

_ROBERT A. HUME, D. D._

AN INTERPRETATION OF INDIA'S RELIGIOUS HISTORY
_Introduction by President King, LL.D. of Oberlin College_

12mo, cloth, net $1.25.

The author of this careful, though popular, study, is eminently
qualified to deal with the subject of his thoughtful volume.
Equipped for this purpose through long residence in India and
intimate study of India's religious history, what he says will
be accepted as the estimate and interpretation of an authority.

_MARGARET E. BURTON_

THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN CHINA
Illustrated, 12mo, cloth, net $1.25.

The author of this scholarly study of the Chinese woman and
education is the daughter of Prof. Ernest E. Burton, of the
University of Chicago.... The work is probably the most thorough
study of an important phase of the economic development of the
world's most populous country that has appeared.

_GEORGE F. HERRICK, D.D._

_Fifty Years Missionary of the American Board in Turkey_

CHRISTIAN AND MOHAMMEDAN

A Plea for Bridging the Chasm. Illustrated, net $1.25.

"Dr. Herrick has given his life to missionary work among the
Mohammedans. Opinions from leading missionaries to Mohammedans,
in all parts of the world have been brought together in the book
for the elucidation of essential points of the problem and form
an immensely practical feature of the discussion."--_Henry Otis
Dwight, LL.D._

_JAMES L. BARTON, D. D._

HUMAN PROGRESS THROUGH MISSIONS
12mo, cloth, net 50c.