Chapter XV: Appendix

The following is a chronological statement of the most important events in the life of Barbarossa:

1123 Birth.
1147 Married Adelaide; succeeded his father as Duke of Swabia;
accompanied the second Crusade.
1152 Received the Crown of Germany.
1153 Divorced Adelaide.
1154 First Italian Campaign.
1155 Crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
1156 Restored the Duchy of Bavaria to Henry the Lion;
married Beatrice, daughter of the Count of Burgundy.
1157 Secured allegiance of Poland and Hungary.
1158 Second Italian Campaign.
1160 Excommunicated by Pope Alexander III.
1164-1174 Italian Campaigns.
1176 Defeated at Legnano.
1177 Made truce for six years with the Italian cities.
1183 Treaty of Constance.
1183 Led the third Crusade with Richard the Lion-Hearted of
England and Philip Augustus of France.
1190 Death in Asia Minor by drowning.

Footnotes

[1]The first Crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land from the
infidels, as they were called, was led by Godfrey of Bouillon
(1096-1099), and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem. The second
(1147-1149), advocated by Saint Bernard, was unsuccessful. The third
(1189-1192), in which Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard the
Lion-hearted of England, and Phillip Augustus of France were
associated, failed in the reconquest of Jerusalem, which the
Musssulmans had retaken in 1187. The fourth (1202-1204) resulted in
the establishment of a Latin Empire at Constantinople, under Count
Baldwin of Flanders. The fifth, under Frederick II (1228-1229), the
sixth (1248-1250) and the seventh (1270-1271), under St. Louis of
France, were unsuccessful.

[2]Godfrey of Bouillon was born in Brabant in 1061, and died in
Jerusalem in 1100. He was made Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Germany, in
1088, and joined the Crusade in 1096. He was the leader in the
capture of Jerusalem and was made its King, but preferred to be known
as Protector of the Holy Sepulchre. He completed the conquest of the
Holy Land by defeating the Sultan at Ascalon, 1099.

[3]Saint Bernard, a French ecclesiastic, was born in Burgundy in 1091,
and died at Clairvaux in 1153. He became abbot of Clairvaux in 1115,
and held that position until his death. He had great influence in
ecclesiastical politics, and preached the second Crusade in 1146.

[4]The succession about this period was as follows: The Saxon dynasty
(Henry I, Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III) reigned from 919 to 1002. At
the death of Otto III, no representative of that dynasty was left. He
was succeeded by Henry II, who reigned from 1002 to 1024. After his
death the Franconian dynasty (Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and
Henry V) occupied the throne from 1024 to 1125, the dynasty ending
with the death of Henry V. The latter was succeeded by Lothair, Duke
of Saxony, who reigned from 1125 to 1137. At his death, Conrad III of
the Hohenstaufen dynasty was elected. He reigned from 1137 to 1152,
and was succeeded by Frederick Barbarossa, his nephew, and son of
Frederick, Duke of Swabia, who reigned from 1152 to 1190.

[5]Henry the Lion was the son of Henry the Proud. He was of such haughty
disposition and so ambitious that he was generally disliked, but
Frederick succeeded in making him Duke of Bavaria and Saxony. He did
much for these duchies by building new towns and colonizing them, and
by founding bishoprics.

[6]The Guelphs, or Welfs, as they were called in Germany, were the papal
party in Italy in the Middle Ages. They were the founders of the
house of Brunswick and Hanover to which the present English royal
family belongs. The Ghibellines were the imperial and aristocratic
party in Italy who derived their name from Waiblingen, an estate in
Franconia. The conflict between the two parties was begun in Germany
and transferred to Italy, where it raged until the end of the
fifteenth century.

[7]Conrad’s election had been called hasty and irregular.

[8]Frederick’s appellation, “Barbarossa” in Italian, “Rothbart” in
German, came from his red beard.

[9]This refers to Henry I (919-936) who subdued the Magyars and the
Slavs (including the Bohemians), recovered German territory from
Denmark, and rid Germany of all its enemies.

[10]Tortoria, in the province of Alessandria, Italy, was a conspicuous
sufferer in many wars. It was destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa in
1155, again by the Ghibellines in 1163, and was several times
captured in the War of the Spanish Succession.

[11]Lodi, in the province of Milan, was founded by Barbarossa in place
of the Lodi destroyed in 1158. It is the locality of the great
victory won by the French under Napoleon over the Austrians under
Beaulieu, May 10, 1796. It is now principally famous for its Parmesan
cheese and Majolica ware.

[12]Frederick’s army was composed of 100,000 foot and 15,000 horse.

[13]Crema is in the Province of Cremona and about twenty-four miles from
Milan.

[14]Frederick set out for Germany attended by thirty horsemen, and at
Susa only saved himself by escaping on foot at night with two
followers.

[15]Frederick’s first wife was Adelaide, whom he married in 1147 and
divorced in 1153, upon the pretext of kinship. In 1156 he married
Beatrice, mentioned above, daughter of the Count of Burgundy.

[16]Saladin, the Egyptian Sultan, was born at Tekrit in 1137, and died
at Damascus in 1193. He was made Sultan in 1173, and conquered
Damascus and Syria. He defeated the Christians at Tiberias in 1187,
and also captured Acre, Jerusalem, and Ascalon. The fall of Jerusalem
led to the third Crusade, in which Frederick Barbarossa, Richard the
Lion-hearted of England, and Philip II of France took part. In 1192
Richard forced Saladin to make a three years’ truce. Saladin died
before its expiration.

[17]Guy de Lusignan succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem in 1186, on the
death of Baldwin V. After his capture by Saladin he was released on
renouncing his claims to the throne; but he disregarded his
agreement, and in 1192 transferred his claim to Richard I of England,
in exchange for Cyprus.

[18]Iconium is the ancient name of Konièh, a vilayet in Turkish Asia
Minor. It was captured by Barbarossa in 1190, and was incorporated
with the Turkish Empire at the close of the fourteenth century.

[19]Bela II succeeded Stephen II, and reigned from 1131 to 1141.

[20]Isaac Angelus was one of the early Grecian tyrants. His reign was so
oppressive that some of his subjects rose in revolt, and, uniting
with the Bulgarians, formed what is called the Bulgaro-Wallachian
Kingdom. It existed until the Turks established sovereignty in
Greece.

[21]The German name for Ratisbon, capital of the upper palatinate of
Bavaria.

[22]Capital of the County of Presburg, Hungary.

[23]Capital of the County of Gran, and famous for its fine Cathedral.

[24]Philippopolis is now the capital of Eastern Rumelia, which is a part
of Bulgaria. It was named after Philip II of Macedon.

[25]A town in Rumelia, a few miles south of Adrianople.

[26]Adrianople was founded by the Emperor Hadrian, A. D. 125, and has
been the scene of many assaults. It has been stormed and taken by
Bulgarians, Turks, Crusaders, and Russians.

[27]In ancient geography, Mysia was bounded on the north by the
Propontis, south by Lydia, east by Bithynia, and Phrygia, and west by
the Ægean; Caria, north by Lydia, south and west by the Ægean, east
by Phygia; Lycia, west by the Mediterranean, north, south, and east
by Caria, Phrygia, and Pamphylia; Paphlagonia, north by the Black
Sea, south by Galatia, east by Pontus, and west by Bithynia;
Bithynia, north by the Propontis, Bosphorus, and Euxine, south by
Phrygia and Galatia, east by Paphlagonia, and west by Mysia. Lydia,
on the west coast of Asia Minor, was the mightiest of all these
provinces. Its King, referred to above, was Crœsus, who was captured
by the Persians, under Cyrus, 546 B. C.

[28]Nicomedia was the capital of Bithynia. It was the residence of
Diocletian, Constantine, and other Roman emperors.

[29]“Giaour,” a Turkish word, meaning “infidel.” It has also an added
signification of contempt and hate, and was applied by the Turks to
designate adherents of other religions than Mohammedanism.

[30]The handjar, an obsolete weapon, was a sword with very broad blade,
and leaf-shaped. It was sometimes used as a projectile.

[31]“Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not
fall on the ground without your Father.” _Matthew_ x, 29.

[32]The Templars were a military order, taking their name from the
temple of Solomon, where they had their early headquarters in
Jerusalem. The order was founded in 1118, and its object was to
protect pilgrims on the way to the shrines in the Holy Land. They
spread rapidly and rose to great power; but after being charged with
heresy, immorality, and other offences, the order was suppressed by
the Council of Vienne in 1312.

The Knights of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem were organized
early in the twelfth century. The order was a religious and
charitable body, and was also semi-military in character.
Associations which trace their origin to this order are still in
existence, among them the “Johannites” in Germany, and the Knights of
St. John in England.

[33]This was the Teutonic Order, or Teutonic Knights of St. Mary’s
Hospital at Jerusalem. Its name is derived from a German hospital
founded at Jerusalem in 1128. It at one time played an important part
in the political history of northern Europe and it had much to do
with the spread of Christianity and German national life. About all
left of the order now is a semi-religious knighthood in Austria
presided over by an archduke, which was restored in 1840, after
Napoleon suppressed the whole order (1809).

LIFE STORIES FOR _YOUNG PEOPLE_

_BIOGRAPHICAL ROMANCES
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY_
GEORGE P. UPTON

_A new, interesting, and very useful series that will be found especially
suitable for school libraries and for supplementary reading_

The books in this series are translated from the German, because in that country a specialty is made of really desirable reading for the young. Eight titles are now ready and more will follow.

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For parents who feel disposed to give their children books that provide a mild element of historical information, as well as first-class entertainment, the little books will prove a veritable find.

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A FULL LIST OF THE TITLES IS GIVEN ON THE NEXT PAGE

The work of translation has been done by Mr. George P. Upton, whose “Memories” and Lives of Beethoven, Haydn, and Liszt, from the German of Max Mueller and Dr. Nohl, have been so successful.

_Each is a small square 16mo in uniform binding, with four
illustrations. Each 60 cents net._

_FULL LIST OF TITLES_

Barbarossa
William of Orange
Beethoven
Mozart
Johann Sebastian Bach
Maria Theresa
Gudrun
The Nibelungs
The Maid of Orleans
William Tell
Frederick the Great
The Little Dauphin

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A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO

LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

_Translated from the German by
GEORGE P. UPTON_

12 Vols. Ready

Beethoven
Mozart
Bach
Maid of Orleans
William Tell
The Little Dauphin
Frederick the Great
Maria Theresa
Barbarossa
William of Orange
Gudrun
The Nibelungs

_Illustrated, each 60 cents net_
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Transcriber’s Notes

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