Chapter III (1)

The Greifswald Council appoints me the City's Secretary--Delicate Mission to Stralsund--Burgomaster Christopher Lorbeer and his Sons--Journey to Bergen--I settle at Stralsund

The Greifswald magistrates, who had the opportunity of seeing me daily at work, gradually arrived at the conclusion that I could not be altogether devoid of merit, considering that highly placed personages and even the prince himself entrusted me with important affairs. Schoenefeld, being no longer up to the standard required, they offered me his charge on the condition of my completely relinquishing my practice as procurator. In consequence of this, on December 29, 1554, I was appointed secretary to the city of Greifswald.

The first burgomaster of Stralsund, Christopher Lorbeer, had two sons, who spent their time in the chase, in the taverns, and at the brilliant receptions of the nobility and of the opulent burgher class. They took it for granted that they might do anything they liked, and operated with dogs and nets on Greifswald territory. It so happened, though, that several young nobles and rich burghers of the latter town had excellent packs of hounds, and were, in consequence, often invited by the prince. As a matter of course, they objected to this poaching on the part of the Lorbeers. One day the two parties came face to face, and the attitude of the Greifswald people caused the others to face about and to abandon their nets. As a balm to their wounded pride, the Lorbeers, lying in ambush at the inn at Testenhagen, assailed pistol in hand a carter from Greifswald, maltreated him, and finally carried off his best horse. The Greifswald council wrote to Stralsund in the most measured terms, as ought to be done among neighbours. The reply was supercilious, and couched in most intemperate terms. I was, therefore, instructed to draw up an appeal to the duke. The moment was unquestionably exceedingly well chosen, considering the behaviour of Stralsund in the matter of the bow-nets. And although the reports of that lawsuit were as yet not published, I was familiar with them, and had no difficulty in conceiving the irritation of the prince against the Lorbeers. I nevertheless disadvised having recourse to his intervention; I deemed it more prudent to go to Stralsund and discuss the matter.

The moment I had presented my credentials the Stralsund council met in solemn assembly. One of them received me most graciously, and introduced me. Burgomaster Lorbeer's polite anxiety to make room for me on the bench of the council showed to me his secret hope of seeing me betray the interests of my clients, and of metaphorically falling at his feet. After the usual civilities, I pointed out to the meeting the seriousness of the case, going fully into the facts in a firm and perhaps somewhat plain language, reminding them of the Imperial "orders" with regard to the preservation of the public peace. Nor did I scruple to represent, as a good neighbour ought to have done, the danger of obstinacy, above all with a prince who was already more or less displeased.

I could read the exoneration for this bold speech on many a countenance, but Christopher Lorbeer and his staunch adherents, who were not accustomed to hear the truth to their faces, turned colour; their hitherto affable looks changed into scowls, and the burgomaster, beside himself with anger, rose and said: "Thou art too eager to break thy first lance. I beg to submit that this man be strictly watched." "And clapped into gaol if necessary," I retorted. Thereupon Lorbeer walked out, and I was dismissed without being reconducted as I had been introduced. In a little while, word was sent that the affair requiring further examination, the answer would be communicated later on. A couple of hours afterwards Dr. Gentzkow, the syndic, sent for me to come to the St. Nicholas' Church. "I am obliged to admit," he said, "that your language was justified in law as in fact, but Master Christopher has taken mortal offence at it, inasmuch as he is not accustomed to have people adopt this tone with him, or to hear himself and his sons taxed with disturbing the public peace. He can do you a great deal of good or a great deal of harm. His influence, both in the city and in the country, is immense. In short, if the council have rightly interpreted your message, the Greifswald folk desire to terminate this affair in a friendly manner; very well, let us appoint a day at Reinberg to arrange matters as good neighbours should. I am asking you for your best endeavours to bring this about."

The Stralsund people made their preparations for the day in question by slaughtering a great many birds and game, by roasting and boiling the same, and by broaching casks upon casks of beer and wine. Besides the principal burghers of the city related to them by blood and in thorough sympathy, the Lorbeers invited their friends from the neighbourhood, and their young boon companions, who appeared armed with pistols, arquebuses and spikes, so that the gathering looked more like a call to arms than like a friendly meeting. Consequently, some of the councillors and citizens of Stralsund secretly warned the people of Greifswald to send no one to the spot, and my father was particularly cautioned not to let me go, for that I should surely be killed. The Greifswald magistrates remained coy, and did not reply a word to the invitation; then, at the very hour of the invasion of Reinberg by the Lorbeer band, they wrote that if the horse were returned to them in three days they would return the nets sequestrated in just reprisal. If this were not done, the prince would be requested to dispense justice. At the news of Greifswald's abstention from the quasi-festivities the Lorbeer camp broke into an avalanche of imprecations and threats. Wound up with drink, they swore that they would murder everybody. Nevertheless, before the three days had expired, a stable-man brought back the horse, receiving in return the nets; and so there was an end of that disagreement.

There was a time when "milord" burgomaster Christopher Lorbeer did pretty well as he liked with everybody without meeting with any resistance, and as a matter of course, his wife and children followed suit. Odd to relate, my mission was coincident with the heyday of his fortune, and it was really owing to a few simple words from my lips that his star suddenly waned. He did not mind being treated as ungodly, and as a soul likely to incur eternal punishment, and when I say this I am speaking on the authority of his eldest son, but he objected to being accused of endangering the public peace, or, in other words, to forfeiting his honour; it is that which put him beside himself. His annoyance at having failed in his contemplated revenge against Greifswald and against me seriously undermined his health. A most painful illness confined him to his bed for six months, during which no one was allowed to see him. It seemed a terrible retribution which profoundly moved both the city and the country. The burgomaster's victims raised their voices, and the exactions by which he had hitherto kept up his grand style of living were at an end. When his wife attempted to revictual the establishment as of old, she met with refusals. A grain dealer to whom she had sent her pigs to fatten brought them back to her, pretending "hard times." She was beginning to "ride the high horse" with him, but he pointed to the room of the burgomaster, saying: "Don't forget that 'I command you' is lying there." After a protracted agony, which practically reduced him to the condition of a mere animal, Christopher Lorbeer died on October 16, 1555, and was buried in the choir of the St. Nicholas' Church, by the side of my mother and my two sisters, and under the same flagstone where my father subsequently lay. The council, greatly affected by his death, let three weeks pass before naming a successor to the deceased; after which the syndic, N. Gentzkow, and the first secretary, Anthony Lickow, were solemnly and joyously elected to the dignity.

Though as yet my emoluments were not fixed, the Greifswald council had already given me several proofs of its high confidence. At Stralsund, on the other hand, I was the constant butt of the violent enmity of the most notable citizens, who would have rent me to pieces if they had got hold of me. Stralsund being thus closed to me, no place was more suitable as a residence than Greifswald, where I was born and had many of my kindred. But the owner of the house I rented made me very uncomfortable with his mania for transforming the dwelling into a storehouse for the most lumbering material, such as wood, stone, mortar, sand, etc.; he also used the place for the weddings of his servants, without the least regard for my wife, whether she was sick or in childbed. All our objections were met with the same answer: "If you do not like it you had better move." Hence, I finally made the acquisition of a house in the Fischhandler Strasse (Fishmonger Street), belonging to Johannes Velschow, the father-in-law of Brand Hartmann. Its price was three hundred and fifty florins, payable in four quarterly instalments. Brand Hartmann was the son of that George Hartmann with whom my father had had such grave differences. He felt very wroth at seeing the house his father had built for his use pass into my possession, but the sale was effected in due legal form. I had given the deposit (God's pfenning) and put down the first hundred florins in the presence of several councillors and notable burghers.

Masons and carpenters were set to work at once. The front door had to be widened, the heavy roof to be strengthened, the rooms, stables, cellar and yard to be overhauled. My father had had a great deal of building done in his days and gained much experience. He came to superintend matters. Now and again he somewhat bullied the workmen, and even dismissed them, replacing them by others. Looking back on all this, I cannot help wondering at my audacity, for my purse was practically empty, and the workmen had to be paid on Saturdays. With God's help my practice provided the necessary money every week. My profession took me away from home a great deal; hence, there was some delay in the building operations, but for every florin I lost in that way, I earned ten and more elsewhere.

On September 25, 1555, Duke Philip, with a numerous suite stopped at Stralsund for the night and was entertained by the council. He was going to Bergen, in the island of Ruegen, where he stayed until October 11, and at his return he lay once more at Stralsund, equally at the expense of the city. The aim of the journey was to check the encroachments of the Jasmund nobility, which, not content with cutting down the forest of Stubenitz for its own benefit, conceded the same rights to others--for a consideration. The prince took me with him as secretary. The aristocracy having proposed a friendly settlement, there was much parleying, during which the duke was at a loss to kill time. He was lodged in the apartments of the prior at the monastery of Bergen, and which looked out upon the courtyard, and spent hours in watching from his windows the pages and valets and their constant bickerings, quarrels and fights. He could even hear their opinions of him. One day, when standing in his usual coign of vantage while four Polish violins performed several pieces of music in the room itself, he heard a valet below saying to his fellow, "The people of Stralsund have much better musicians than their prince. What he has got is simply ridiculous. Duke Bogislaw keeps four trumpeters and a kettledrum player; they, at any rate, produce some effect. But this prince up there, with his caterwauling things, is absurd." The duke sent Prior Gottschalck to ascertain who was talking in that strain, but Gottschalck, having noticed a relative of his in the group, made them a sign to be off, and went upstairs, saying that they had been too quick for him, and that he had failed to recognize any one. The prince promptly repeated to his familiars word for word what he had heard on the art of keeping up his rank, and long afterwards he was fond of reminding them of the incident.

Another anecdote: A lot of boys were noisily playing in the courtyard, and one of the most turbulent was the illegitimate son of the bailiff (his real father having sent him to school, though he bore the name of his putative parent, Arndts, the tailor of Bergen). His Highness having given order to drive the yelling beggars away and to box their ears if necessary, the footmen executed his orders to the letter, right and left. The prince noticed, though, that they spared Arndts, and he shouted that he more than any of the others deserved correction, but the servant to whom the recommendation was addressed simply smiled and shrugged his shoulders. "Do you hear me?" cried the duke; "rub it into the little devil." "Oh, no," replied the flunkey. "Oh, yes, lay it on thickly." "Nay, nay; heaven preserve me from doing such a thing." "And why, what's to prevent you?" "What? to trounce the son of a bailiff! I should repent it afterwards." At these words the duke burst out laughing. He told the story to every one, even in the bailiff's presence. On one occasion the boy was sent for and placed by the side of his father. His eyes, his nose, his head and his legs were compared with those of his sire. The governor of Cammin, after having made the lad march up and down the room, said to the bailiff, "That's your son, right enough; he is shaped like you."

The attempt at conciliation having failed, the parties met at the monastery in a large room provided with chairs, seats and two tables, one for his Highness, the other for the _pares curiae_. I took place at the latter in my capacity of _notarius judicii_. The chancellor, in his master's name, gave a summary of the facts, after which, the prince, rising from his seat, came to the second table, and there, facing me, he made a long speech, not at all badly composed. I only give its conclusion: "In your presence, Master Notary, I maintain having been animated by most friendly intentions towards my subjects, but they rejected all attempts at settling matters. In consequence of this, and as a guarantee of my rights, I command you to state everything that has happened, including the present declaration, and to draw up a duly attested act which you shall remit to me in consideration of your lawful remuneration." The matter did not go farther that day, but the duke instructed me to pursue the inquiry jointly with the Governor of Cammin, which took us several days.

The "instrument" gave me a great deal of trouble, filling, as it did, seven of the largest skins of parchment, constituting fourteen sheets. It contained more matter than a quire of paper. There was no room to affix my signature and the _signum notariatus_ at the end of the deed, according to custom, so I made an impression in wax of my seal engraved on lead, and suspended it from the string holding the sheets together. His Highness, without asking, gave me a fee of thirty crowns.

_Magister_ Joachim Moritz, _professor juris_ at Greifswald and ducal counsellor, had never been to Stralsund, and knew nobody there. At my return from Bergen he asked me to "put him up" at my father's, which I was very glad to do. Having risen early to see the city, he went shortly after seven into St. Nicholas' to hear the sermon. Zabel Lorbeer, who caught sight of him, mistook him for his former boon companion, George Steinkeller. The likeness between these two seems to have been so striking as to have deceived people generally. Many a gentleman upon beholding Moritz on the bench at Wolgast, said to his neighbour, "And where the devil did Steinkeller get his knowledge of the law from, to constitute him a judge?" Lorbeer, then, coming from behind, takes Moritz by the ears and shakes him for full a minute, the professor, altogether nonplussed, asking himself all the while who it could be giving him such an energetic welcome. He made sure it was me. Finally, he managed to turn round, and Lorbeer, perceiving his mistake, was most profuse with apologies. Moritz was fond of relating the adventure, especially in the hearing of the Stralsunders, and no one enjoyed the story more than the duke.

The Stralsund council took the opportunity of my visit (which happened during the very week of Burgomaster Lorbeer's funeral), to offer me the position of secretary. My surprise may easily be imagined. I considered myself so compromised in the eyes of the Stralsunders that, without the company of the governor of Cammin and the commission I held of the prince, I should not have deemed myself safe in the city. Those overtures, though, caused me as much pleasure as they did to my kindred; nevertheless, I felt bound not to give a definite answer until I was relieved of my engagement at Greifswald, although I had not taken the oath. Being anxious to hasten my return, the Stralsund council sent me a messenger to Greifswald with a saddle-horse.

I pointed out to my friends and to the magistrates at Greifswald that, although I had to a certain extent begun my functions, there had as yet been no positive agreement; not a syllable had been uttered, for instance, about salary. Why then should I decline the important Stralsund appointment? My uncle and godfather, Burgomaster Bertram Smiterlow, summoned the council to the chancellerie, and a fixed salary of eighty florins was allotted to me. Never had a secretary been so well paid. I asked to let the matter stand over till the next morning, so that I might consult with my family. My wife's relatives implored me to accept; my father-in-law, a centenarian, promised me, with tears in his eyes, a hundred florins if I stayed. At the instance of all these, I declared myself ready to receive the luck-penny (the earnest-money) commensurate with the dignity of the office and of the council, it being, furthermore, understood that I should be allowed to remain at the chancellerie and not be elected to the council. The _camerarii_ counted me out eight crowns as earnest-money, and my predecessor, Johannes Schoenefeld, sent me word to engross my own act of appointment. More than one precedent justified me in expecting about a year's salary as earnest-money, but after some hesitation I took the eight crowns.

My father-in-law was anxiously waiting for the result of the interview. I flung the money on the table. "Just look, father," I exclaimed, "did I not sell myself at my worth? You had better get your hundred florins ready." But he had apparently recovered from his first depression, and seemed not at all touched by my obvious sacrifice, for he said tetchily, "If it suits you to go, very well, go; but you'll not have one florin as far as I am concerned." I felt hurt, although I fully intended to refuse the hundred florins, lest my brother-in-law should look askance at me.

I put the Stralsund horse up in Burgomaster Smiterlow's stable, my own not being ready. My first impulse was to send it back the same day. Then I began to reflect that it would be better to draw up my "act of appointment"; after that, the letter to the Stralsund council would not take long. In drawing up the act, I could, however, not help noticing that neither the period nor the place of payment was stated, and next morning I went to ask Schoenefeld about all this. He told me that I should receive two florins one day from this person, and half a florin the next from another, so that at the end of the year the eighty florins would be complete. I certainly did congratulate myself for having kept a back door open, for the misunderstanding was very serious, casual instalments and fixed appointments being by no means the same thing. After leaving Schoenefeld, I ran against Burgomaster Smiterlow and the _camerarii_ in the market-place, and told them that if Schoenefeld's version was true, I preferred returning the wretched earnest-money. "Your conduct will surprise them," they replied. "To summon the council at such a short notice is no more possible than to take back the earnest-money without its leave." I, on the other hand, maintained that it was yet time to arrange affairs. "Should I be deserving of the magistrates' confidence if I were so incapable of conducting my own affairs? I am going to the burgomaster at once to deposit the earnest-money on his daughter's table. She'll know right enough to whom to hand it. After which I shall get into the saddle and take the road to Stralsund." Thereupon the council was summoned.

I went to tell my wife, her brother, and my sister whom he had married. My wife, not satisfied with shedding tears, declared categorically that she should not leave Greifswald. She would take a room somewhere and earn her living knitting. My sister and her husband were also much excited. "What shall you do with your nice house?" said my sister. "Why vex our parents? Stop here out of consideration for them; here where there are so many opportunities of being useful to them." An old aunt, a sensible, upright and honest matron whom my wife had called to her aid was the only one to express a contrary opinion. "Dear nephew," she said, "though I should be too pleased to keep you near me, for after God you are the prop of my old age, I'm bound to admit that there is no comparison between the post of Greifswald and that of Stralsund. If I placed an obstacle to your stroke of good fortune, my conscience would reproach me afterwards, so take my advice and carry out your plan. Do you remember how your wife mourned her mother? Does she still cry at the mention of her name? Well, she'll get just as used to living at Stralsund." My wife's tears flowed all the faster at these words.

The messenger from Stralsund went to saddle my horse. Booted and spurred I joined him almost immediately, and had the animal brought round to Burgomaster Smiterlow's door where, somewhat impatiently, I awaited on the steps his return from the Town Hall. He told me that no secretary in the past had received the appointments allotted to me, and that no secretary in the future was likely to receive them, and yet I had still found better; hence the council felt most reluctant to hamper my career and sent their best wishes for my welfare. I immediately got into the saddle and left the town, avoiding our house, on the threshold of which I could see my wife standing surrounded by her kindred. It was on November 29, 1555. My residence at Greifswald dated from January 1, 1551. During that period my earnings amounted to five thousand three hundred florins, exclusive of presents in kind, which often exceeded the strictly necessary. Here ends the third part of the story of my life.

THE END

INDEX

Aarschot, 273

Acquapendente, xx. 5, 151, 171

Aepinus, Johannes, 39, 249

Affenstein, Ritter Wolf von, 246

Agricola, Johannes, 246

Aix-la-Chapelle, 19, 254, 255

Albrecht, Duke of Mecklenburg, 63, 64, 72, 80, 107, 231

Alexander III., 96

Algau, 192, 221

Alpinus, Johannes, 12

Alsace, 223

Alsen, Island of, 63

Altenkirchen, 40

Altenkuke, Heinrich, 187

Altingk, Johannes, 45, 46
Werner, 45

Alva, Duke of, 216, 218

Amandus, Dr. Johannes, xv., 20

Ammeister, 264

Amsterdam, 3

Anclam, 1

Ancona, xx. 146, 147

Anelam, 46

Anglus, Dr. Antonius, 95

Anhault, xii. 48

_Annales Pomeraniae_, 79, 82, 89

Antwerp, xxiii. 4, 85, 268, 270

_Appeal to the Christian Nobility_, xi.

Arndts, 331, 332

Arnsburg, 97

Arras, Bishop of, 222, 224, 249, 277, 291, 292

Ascagne, Count St. Florian, 150

Artopaeus, Herr Petrus, 263

Augsburg, xiii., xxii., 111, 176, 177, 195, 212, 215-230, 239,
244-249, 252, 253, 257, 263, 264, 292
Bishop of, 246

Augustus, Duke, 228

Babylonish captivity, The, xi.

Baden, 195, 255
Margrave of, xix. 263, 278

Badenweiler, 120

Balhorn, 103

Bamberg, 208, 209

Barbarossa, 245

Baremann, Nicholas, 69

Barns, xx.

Barnes, 95, 96, 103

Barth, 4

Basle, xxiii., 223, 263

Bavaria, Duke Albert of, 228, 233, 246
Duchess of, 229

Becker, Peter, 263

Belbuck, 11, 13

Benter, 196

Ber, 308

Berckmann, Johannes, 28, 54, 79, 82, 83, 85, 89, 278, 320

Bergen, 330, 333

Berkentin, 50

Berlin, 190, 199

Bensancon, 224

Besserer, George, 246

Beuter, 203

Biberach, 227

_Bilder aus der Deutschen Kulturgeschichte_, 228

Bischof, 43

Bitterfeld, 201, 202

Blumenow, Johannes, 82, 84, 85, 88

Bole, Victor, 34

Bogislaw X., Duke, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18
Duke Barnim, 16, 17, 30, 190, 205, 213, 214, 216, 265, 273,
281, 290, 293, 331
Duke George, 16, 17, 28, 30, 48

Boineburg, Ritter Conrad von, 241

Bois le Duc, 267

Boldewan, Abbot, 11, 13

Bologna, 160, 165, 166, 171, 173, 179, 291

Bolte, Nicholas, 75

Bonus, Herrman, 39

Bonnus, 40

Botzen, 176, 177

Brabant, 255

Brandenburg, xxiii., 9, 196, 205, 226, 306
Culmbach, 231
Elector of, 189, 197, 228, 246, 247
Wachim of, xiii., xxiii.

Brandenburg-the-Old, 202

Brassanus, Matthias, 40, 42

Bremen, Christopher, Bishop of, 80

Brenner, xx.

Brettheim, 125

Brixen, 176, 177

Broecker, Jacob, 97

Bruchsall, 122

Brunswick, Duke Henry of, 137, 138, 210, 228
Duke Philip of, 161

Brunswick-Luneberg, xii.

Bruser, Hermann, 49, 51, 53, 54, 103

Bruser, Leveling, 94

Bruser, Mrs. xviii., xix.

Brussels, xxiii., 227, 230, 255, 267, 270, 273

Buchow, Bartholomaei, 19

Buchow, Heindrich, 268

Bugenhagen, Johannes, 11

Bukow, 51

Bunsaw, Gaspard, 35, 285, 298

Bunsow, Dame, 288

Bunsow, Johannes, 287, 288

Burgrave of Mesnia, 182

Burenius Arnoldus, xvii., 96

Burn, Count Maximilian, 269

Burnet, Bishop, x.

Burtenbach, Captain Schaerthin von, 176

Burwitz, Joachim, 54

Buss, Valentine, 56

Butzbach, 131, 132, 260

Calvin, 249, 265

Camerarius, 169

Cammin, 261, 291, 333, 334, 246
Bishop of, 226, 266, 293, 294

Cannstadt, 178

Capito Daniel, 263

Carin, 319

Carlowitz, Christopher, 195, 196, 230, 235, 248, 252

Carmelites, 250

Cassel, 132

Cassules, 93

Castle of St. Angelo, 159

Cellini, Benvenuto, xx.

Charlemagne, 254, 255

Charles V., xii., xiii., xxii., 9, 161, 177, 197, 220, 235, 267,
146, 97

Citzewitz, Jacob, 187, 188, 189, 200, 215, 225, 227, 236, 257,
262, 279, 281, 283, 293, 299, 314, 319, 321

Citzewitz, James, xxii.

Classen, Bernard, 7, 8

Clerike, Jacob, 299

Cleves, Anne of, 96

Cleves, Duchy of, 263,
Duke of, 113, 228

Coburg, 206, 209

Colburg, 99, 226

Cologne, 225, 270, 271
Elector of, 246

Compestella, 19

Constance, 234

Copenhagen, 39, 80

_Cosmographie_, Munster's, 262, 264

Damitz, Captain Moritz, 191, 193, 236, 237, 238

Danquart, 98

Dantzig, 7, 22, 257

_De Anima_, xvii.

Dechow, Captain, 318, 319

Denmark, King of, 228

Deux Fonts, Prince, 195

Devonne, 208

Dialectica Caesarii, 99

Dick, Dr. Leopold, 107

Dueren, 113

Dinnies, Laurence, 187

Domitz, Maurice, 128

Donat, 31

Donauwerth, 216, 217

Dorpat, Bishop of, 98

Drache, Anthony, 313

Droege, Gerard, 19, 89

Duitz, Gaspard, 268, 269, 270

Eck, Dr., 17, 246

Eger, 191

Eichstedt, Valentin, 78, 314
Bishop of, 228

Einfriedlaw, 19

Eisleben, 166, 246

Elbe, 200, 217

Eldenow, 306

_Emek Habakha_, 143

Engelhardt, Dr. Simeon, 51, 108, 111, 117, 120, 121, 127, 250,
260, 261

Engeln, 48

_Epitome Annalium Pomerania_, 79

Erasmus, Desiderius, 264

Erckhorst, Cyriacus, 49, 55

Erfurt, 103

Ernest, Margrave, 120, 123, 125, 282

Esslingen, 122

Faber, 169

Fachs, Dr., 246

Falck, Chancellor, 273

Falcke, Dr., 190

Falsterbo, 70, 99

Farnese, Peter Aloys, 160

_Fasti_, Ovid's, 99

Ferrara, 173, 174

Ferdinand, King, 119, 177, 180, 182, 191, 196, 204

Florence, 172

Franconia, 206

Frankfurt, 130, 138, 178, 247, 254, 259, 262, 286

Frederick, III., Duke, xxii., 210, 211, 212

Frederick, King of Denmark, 61, 207

Freder, Johannes, 277

_Freedom of a Christian Man_, xi.

Frese, Widow, 15

Friesland, 133

Fribourg, 131, 208, 260

Friedrich, Johannes, 193, 197

Frobose, Peter, 5, 7, 281

Frock, Otto, 12

Froment, 16

Frubose, Matthew, 285

Furstenburg, Count Wilhelm, 239, 240
Frederick von, 240, 315

Gadebusch, 100

Gantzkendorf, 319, 320

Garpenhagen, 100

Gatzkow, Abraham, 198

Gelhaar, Joachim, 43, 59, 102

Geneva, 16, 265

Gentzkow, Dr. Nicholas, 86, 300, 302, 303, 313, 326, 329
Burgomaster Nicholas, 54

Ghent, 267
Charles of, 220

Goeslin, Margaret, 237

Gotha, 104

Gottschalk, Heinrich, 299
Johannes, 41, 187, 188, 287, 296
Prior, 331

_Grammatica Bonni_, 40

Granvelle, Cardinal, xxiii.
Nicholas, Perremot de, 224, 227, 249, 253, 277

Greiffenberg, 266

Greifswald, xi. xvii., xix., xxiv., 2, 5-7, 20-31, 33, 35, 39,
46, 48, 93, 98, 99, 110, 197, 235, 281, 282, 285, 287, 288,
297, 302, 306, 310, 313-317, 324-338

Grellen, Barber, 83

Gribou, 2

Grosse, Alexis, 278

Gruwel, Peter, 288, 298

Gruyere, Count Michael de, 207

Grynaeus, Simon, 168, 169

Guelderland, 113

Gutzkow, Count, 65, 93

Hahn, Werner, 201, 202

Halle, xxii., 201, 206

Hamburg, 3, 26, 65

Hannemann, 99

Hartmann, Brand, 329
George, 24, 25, 26, 29, 329

Hase, Dr. Heinrich, 195, 246

Hausen, Erasmus, 187, 188

Hawthorne, xx.

Heidelberg, 114, 169, 260
Elector of, 272

Heidelsheim, 122

Heimsdorff, 195

Heindrich, Duke, 80, 207

Heinrichmann, Dr., 246

Helfmann, Johannes, 261

Henry II. of France, xiv.

Henry VIII., 95

Hentzer, 264

Heine Vogel, 270

Hertogenbosch, 267

Herwig, Christian, 86

Hesiod, 53

Hesse, Philip of, xii.

Hildebrand, Nicholas, 86

Hirnheim, Johannes Walther von, 237

Hochberg, 120

Hochel, Dr. Johannes, 106

Holde, Dr. Conrad, 247

Holme, Johannes, 66

Holste, 315, 316

Holstein, Duke Christian, 62, 66, 79

Homedes, Jean de, 130

Horns, the family of, 1, 2

Hose, Dr. Christopher, 116, 117, 119

Hovisch, Michael, 318, 319

Hoyer, Dr. Gaspard, 149, 150, 155, 164, 165, 176, 186

Hundfruck, 260

Hutten, Ulrich, von, 24

Ingoldstadt, 224

Innspruck, 177

_Itinerarium Germanicae_, 264

Juliers, Duke of, 111, 270

Kalen, George von, 316

Kalen, J. von, 314

Kalte, Johannes, 267

Kantzow, Thomas, 78

Kasskow, Master, 68

Kempe, George, 12

Kempten, 141, 142, 221, 175

Ketelhot, Christian, xvi., 11, 12, 13, 20, 23

_King Arthur_, 21

Kirchschwarz, 24

Kismann, 99

Klatteville, Peter, 81, 82

Kloche, Johannes, 49, 69

Krugge, Nicholas, 86, 303

Knipstrow, Dr. xxii., 22, 23, 34,48, 187, 302

Koenigstein, 132

Krahow, Valerius, 235

Krossen, Johannes, 81

Krou, Frau, 38

Kruse, 23, 65

Kurcke, Johannes, 11

Kussow, Michael, 93

Labbun, Christopher, 187

Lagebusch, Johannes, 100, 101, 102

Lanckin, Christopher von der, 321, 322

Landau, 250, 261

Landshut, 178

Lasky, Stanislas, 228, 245

Leipzig, 17, 45, 107, 192, 248, 252, 258, 321

Lepper, Hermann, 100, 101, 102

Lepusculus, 235, 264, 265

Lertmeritz, 191, 192, 193

Leveling, 49, 55, 56
Marie, 56

Lezen, Johannes von, 246

Lickow, 329

Liegnitz, xxii.
Duke Frederick von, 207, 208, 212, 214

Lievetzow, 309

Lingensis, Heinrich, 96, 97, 98

Livonia, 13

Lloytz, The, of Stettin, 261

Loewe, Nicholas, 87

Loewenstein, Christopher von, 130, 133, 135, 138

Loewenhagen, Joachim, 99

Lorbeer, Christopher, 12, 19, 20, 41, 50, 55, 67, 71-74, 79, 85,
88, 93, 324, 326-328, 334
Olaff, 84, 321
Zabel, 57, 333, 334

Loretto, xx., 149

Lorraine, Dowager of, 228

Louvain, 267, 270

Lubeck, xvii., xix., 3, 4, 26, 39, 40, 48, 50-52, 61-63, 66, 71,
72, 77, 80, 95, 100, 103, 128, 165, 297, 303

Lubbeke, 48

Ludwig, Duke Ernest, 89

Lake, Constance, 227

Luehe Von der, 313

Luther, Martin, xi.-xvii., 9, 14, 17, 18, 78, 94, 96, 103, 135,
152, 166, 200, 228, 250, 278

Madrid, 224

Madrutz, Gandenz von, 246, 271

Maestricht, 254

Magdeburg, xiii., 192

Malines, 270

Manlius, 169

Mantel, Jacob, 244

Mantua, 173, 174, 175
Duke of, 180

Marburg, xii., 133

Marforio, 227

Marie, Fraeulein, of Saxony, 78

Maries, The three, 57, 58

Marquardt, Johannes, 195, 222, 224, 226

Marschmann, 86

Mattzan, Berendt, 320, 321
Joachim, 2, 99, 300-302
Lutke, 319

Maurice, Duke, 195, 200, 231, 235

Mauritz, 177

Maximilian, Archduke, 119, 204, 231

Mayence, 128, 130, 132, 139, 141, 254, 260, 271
Bishop of, 246
Elector of, 246

Mecklenburg, 51, 71, 79, 95, 96, 100, 115, 299

Meisisch, Leonard, 40

Meiseburg, 246

Memmingen, 221

Melanchthon, Philip, xvi., xvii., 104, 106, 248, 298

Mesnia, 258

Mense, 267

Mey, Bernard, 261

Meyer, Christopher, 6, 7

Meyer, Gerard, 81

Meyer, Hermann, 12, 19

Meyer, Marx, 62-67, 81

Middleburgh, C. 304, 305

Milan, 149, 175, 176

Moller, Rolof, xv., 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 31, 61, 85, 87, 91

Moller, George, 85

Monkwitz, Von, 216

Montefiascone, 171

Montfort, Count Hugo von, 246

Moritz, Joachim, 298, 299, 306, 313, 333, 334

Mount Scarperia, 173

Muggenwald, 302

Muhlberg, xxii., 188, 193, 194, 195

Muleg Hassan, King of Tunis, 245

Munich, 252

Munster, Sebastian, 262, 263, 264, 265

Musculus, 235

Muthrin, 257

Nares, 195

Naumberg, 206
Bishop of, 246

Naumberg, Duke of, 228

Naves, Seigneur Jean, 116

Negendanck, 309, 310

Nering, Nicholas, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85

Nerung, 299

New Camp, 225

Neuenkirchen, 25

Nicholas, 165, 175, 176, 177

Niederweisel, 130, 131, 132, 260

Niemann, Johannes, 277, 278

Nordgau, 227

Nordhauser, 183

Normann, George, 33, 235, 253, 254, 256
Heinrich, 191, 238

Nuremburg, 9, 14, 18, 155, 181, 209, 211, 223

Octavius, Duke, 160, 168

_Offices_, Cicero's, 97

Offing, 108

Oppenheim, 130, 254, 260

Ornans, 224

Oseborn, Zabel, 10, 321

Osnaburgh, 39

Osten, 2, 299

Ostiglia, 174

Ovid, 99

Palatine, Count, 195
Elector of, 246

Pappenheim, Marshal von, 229

Parow, Christian, 82, 83

Pasewalk, 315

Pasquin, 227

Paul III., Pope, 150, 175

Petrus, 147, 148, 165, 169, 175

Pflug, Gaspard, 191, 192
Johannes, 246
Julius, 192, 228

Pforzheim, xix., 120, 122, 126, 127, 140
Ernest von, 279

Philip, Duke, 78, 99, 190, 195, 260, 290, 298, 301, 318, 322, 330

Philip I., 17, 272

Philip V. of Spain, 233

Picht, Dr., 306

Place Moland, 16

Plate Simon, 235-238

Plawe, 181

Po, 173, 174

Poland, King of, 228

Pomerania, xii., xv., 3, 17, 28, 122, 145, 146, 151, 189, 200,
226, 238, 260
Duke of, 224

_Pomeranus_, 11

Portius, Dr. Johannes, 261

_Praecepta Grammaticae_, 40

Prestor, John, 220

Prien, V., 299

Prussia, Duke of, 278

Pritze, Joachim, 69

Puddegla, 315

Putkammer, Dr., 190

Putten, 44

Quilow, Johannes Osten von, 2

Ranke, 196

Rantzau, Count Johannes, 63, 64

Rantzin, 1, 3

Rantzow, Joachim 69, 74

Ratisbon, 178, 180, 233, 247
Diet of, 280

Rau, Balthazar, 298

Ravenna, 147

Reiffstock, Dr. Frederick, 106, 107, 108, 109

Reinburg, 327

Rheinfeld, 228

Rheinhausen, 122

Rhodes, 130, 131

Ribbenitz, 97, 102

Richter, 232

Rhode, Nicholas, 19, 49, 51, 52, 55

Roetteln, 120

Roevershagen, 36

Rode, Nicholas, 73, 74

Rome, 28, 147, 175, 178, 222, 269

Rostock, xvii., 19, 36, 37, 50, 61, 71, 85, 95, 96, 97, 100, 128,
300, 301, 303, 313

Rosse, Martin van, 113

Rotterdam, 264

Rubricken, Bock, xxiv., 10

Rugen, 33, 34, 93, 321, 330
Prince of, 93

Runge, 23, 302

Rust, Joachim, 187, 188

Sachsen, 197

St. Angelo, Governor of, 160

St. Brigitta, 16, 27, 164

St. Flore, Cardinal, Count de, 150, 164, 186

St. Simon, Duke, 233

St. Alrich, 218

Saluces, Marquis de, 196, 245

Salzburg, 247

Sandow, 23

Sansenberg, 120

Sarow, 319

Sastrow, Amnistia, 299
Anna, 5
Barbara, 7, 8
Bartholomew, ix., x., xv., xvi., xix., xx.-xxiv., 103, 106,
110, 196, 197, 235
Catherine, 6, 8, 299
Christian, 7
Gertrude, 7
Jeremy, 4
John, xx., 1, 2, 7, 39, 53, 93, 108, 122, 128, 149, 134, 298
Magdalen, 7

Sastrow, Nicholas, xvi., xvii., xviii., 94, 116

Saxony, Duke of, 78
Elector of, 114, 189, 191, 196, 205, 208, 222, 245, 247, 249
John of, xii., xiii.
Maurice of, xiii., xv., 195

Schaerlini, 223

Schenck, Dr. Jacob, 106

Schermer, Frau, 14

Schladenteuffel, Nicholas, 303

Schlackenwerth, 191

Schlemm, 307, 308

Schlieben, Eustacius, 246

Schmalkalden, League of, 182, 188, 190, 197, 234, 269

Schwallenberg, 290, 292

Schoenfeld, Johannes, 319, 322, 324, 335, 336

Schorsow, 299

Schwede, Bailiff, 10, 15

Schwabe, Bartholomew, 226, 266

Schwallenberger, Dr., 267, 279, 280, 281, 283

Schwarte, Matthew, 288
Peter, 288

Schwartz, Arndt, 149
Christian, 21, 33, 36, 81

Schwartzenberg, 310, 312

Schwartz, Dr. Peter, 297

Schwendi, Lazarus von, 223

Schwendi, Lazarus, 242, 243, 245

Schwenkfeld, Gaspard von, 108

Schwerin, Marshal Ulrich, 293, 314

Seld, Dr. George Sigismund, 195, 222, 224, 246

Selneccerus, 169

Senckestack, Johannes, 69

Sickermann, Heindrich, 12

Siena, Virgo, 172

Sievershausen, 196, 232

Silesia, 108, 191, 207

Sitten, Nanz von, 128

Sixtus IV., Pope, 156, 157

Skramon, Admiral Peter, 64

Sleidan, 188, 196, 203, 219, 234, 239, 240, 241

Smalkald, xxi., xxii.

Smeker, H., 309, 310, 311, 312

Smiterlow, Anna, xvi.
Bartholamaei, 4
Bertrand, 28, 34, 36, 37, 334-337
Christian, 14, 258, 302

Smiterlow, George, 40, 43, 89,91
Johannes, 40
Nicholas, xvi., xviii., 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 26, 29, 31,
35, 41, 49, 50, 61, 66-74, 79, 83, 87, 89, 91, 311

Solms, Count Reinhard, 241

Sonnenberg, Nicholas, 56, 84, 101
Heinrich, 100

Speckin, Martin, 297

Spires, xii., xix., xxiii., 9, 52, 103, 105, 106, 108, 111, 114,
116, 120, 125-129, 140, 178, 230, 250, 251, 254, 260, 262, 266,
271, 273, 279, 282, 301, 307, 310, 312

Stargurdt, 214

Stainbruck, 64

Steinkiller, 333

Steinwer, Canon Hippolytus, 12, 30

Sterzing, 177

Stettin, 16, 17, 35, 103, 190, 253, 257, 266, 267, 273, 279, 282,
289, 290, 314

Stiten, Franz von, 98, 138

Storentin, Frau, 99

Stochkolm, 54

Stolpe, 13, 265, 273, 281, 290

Stralsund, xv., xvi.-xix., xxiv., 3, 5, 7, 9, 11-28, 40, 43, 45,
50, 52, 54, 61, 66, 71, 72, 77, 82, 87, 96, 100, 102, 110, 190,
197, 214, 235, 268, 277, 286, 287, 295, 302, 303, 314, 322,
328, 330, 333-337

Stranck, Anna, 58, 59

Strasburg, 108, 123, 223, 233, 246, 263
Bishop of, 129

Stroientin, Dr. Valentin, 24-26

Stubenitz, Forest of, 330

Sturm, Jacob, 233, 234, 235, 246

Suave, Peter, 11

Suavenius, Petrus, 228

Svendsburg, 64

Swabia, 108, 120, 178, 192, 221

Tauber, Dr., 292, 293

Telchow, Simon, 306, 307

Terence, xvii.

Testenhagen, 325

Thomas, Wolf, 244

Thun, Peter, 307, 308

Tollenstein, 65

Torgau, 193, 197, 217
Castle of, 78

Torrentius, 31

Trent, xx., 175, 176, 177, 245, 268, 271
Cardinal of, 228
Council of, 173

Trepstow, 11, 266

Treuenbrietzen, 200

Treves, Elector of, 19

Truchess, Prelate Otto, 116

Tulliver, sen., Mr., x.

Tunis, King of, 245

Ulm, 108, 111, 178, 246, 253

Ulrich, Duke, 143

Upsal, Archbishop of, 22

Ukermuende, Geo. von, 11, 12, 128, 236, 289, 290

Valentine, 188, 213

_Valley of Tears_, 143

Venice, 175, 269

Verona, 175, 176

Virgil, 174

Vischer, L., 15, 19

Viterbo, 168

Vogelsberg, Sebastian, 223, 239-245

Vogt, Johannes, 100

Voss, Jacob, 320

Walde, Dr. B. von, 299, 314, 321

Wallenstein, xii.

Walter, Anthony, 99

Wardenburg, Zutfeld, 12, 26

Wedel, George von, 205, 207, 210, 222

Weingarten, Abbe von, 228, 246

Weinleben, Chancellor, 198

Welch, 241

Welfius, Heinrich, xvii.

Welsers, 216

Wessels, Franz, 12, 19, 27

Westphalia, xiii., 256

Wetteran, 131

Wetzlar, 12

Weitmulen, Sebastian von, 191

Wezer, Martin, 226, 253, 261, 267, 290-293

Willemberg, Castle of, 200

Willershagen, 101

Wismar, 51, 61, 71, 72, 303

Wissemberg, 223, 227, 240, 242

Wittenberg, xvi., 6, 11, 14, 17, 18, 40, 95, 103, 188, 193, 194,
197, 202, 222, 224, 245, 248, 292

Wolde, Canon von, 293

Wolder, Simon, 266, 281

Wolfenbuttel, 65

Wolff, Frau, 39

Wolgang, 228

Wolgast, xxii., 17, 40, 47, 86, 187, 190, 199, 205, 256, 257,
289, 290, 292, 300, 306, 314, 317, 319, 333

Worms, 9, 116, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 139, 228, 230,
250, 251, 260

Wulflam, Wulf, 56

Wullenweber, George, xvii., 5, 61-66, 71, 79, 80, 190, 192

Wurzburg, Bishop of, 106, 246

Wustenfeld, 309, 311

Wustenhausen, 316

Zell, 122, 254

Ziegesar, 39

Ziegler, 267

Zigler, Dr. Louis, 254

Zittau, 191

Zober, 54

Zwingli, xii.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: At the beginning of the sixteenth century the monetary unit in Pomerania was the golden florin, which within a fraction was equivalent to the Rhenish florin and represented eight francs, sixty-five centimes, regard being had to the fact that the value of silver compared to that of gold was a third more than to-day. The golden florin was divided into forty-eight schellings (not shillings), sixteen of which constituted a mark; the schelling again was divided into twelve pfenning. The schelling of Hamburg and of Lubeck were worth double that of Stralsund.--Translator.]

[Footnote 2: House property was classified in three categories: dwelling houses (_Haeuser_), shops (_Buden_), which were very light constructions set apart for trade or for accommodating strangers, and cellars (_Keller_), or places below the level of the ground floor. The scale of house-tax was for booths, stalls or shops half, for cellars a quarter of that due for dwelling-houses. A census of 1554 gives for Stralsund 559 houses, 1,133 booths or shops, and 535 cellars; of which numbers 30 dwelling houses, 39 booths and 38 cellars are not tenanted. To these figures must be added for the faubourgs or beyond the gates 239 tenements of lesser importance.

On the site of the house in Huns' Street stands or stood a few years ago the Hotel Jarmer. An inscription on its frontage recalls the birth of Jeremy Sastrow. According to a competent etymological authority, the name of the Hunnenstrasse in Greifswald has not the faintest connexion with the Huns, but is simply a Low German corruption of Hundestrasse, _Platea Canum_, like in Lubeck and in Barth. In the latter town the thoroughfare thus designated was the locale of the Prince's pack of hounds.--Translator.]

[Footnote 3: Nicholas Smiterlow, who was councillor in 1507 and burgomaster in 1516, enacted an important part at Stralsund at a period when the political influence of that city spread far beyond its walls. Events pleaded loudly in favour of the resolute and prudent burgomaster against his adventurous adversary, George Wullenweber. In spite of his dislike to popular agitation, Smiterlow was "one of the first and best upholders of the Reformation," if we are to believe the evidence of a chronicler of the sixteenth century. He died in July, 1539. Hailing originally from Greifswald, he had got married at Stralsund in 1498. The Smiterlows, Schmiterlows, or Smiterloews interpreted their name in the sense of "Smiters of Lions." Their arms represented a man wielding a club and a lion by his side. It was said that during the Crusades their ancestor had laid low one of those animals with the blow of a club.--Translator.]

[Footnote 4: It was the custom to give a present to a relative or to a friend as a contribution to the furnishing of his house.--Translator.]

[Footnote 5: When Sastrow became secretary of Stralsund he took care to collect, under the title of "Rubrikenbuch" all the documents relating to the privileges and property of the city; a collection which proved useful to the magistrates in office and which is of interest to-day as a contribution to the local history.--Translator.]

[Footnote 6: The ancient monastery of Belbuck, near Treptow on the Rega, became, under Abbot Boldewan, a nursery of learning. From thence came George von Ukermuende, who was the first to preach the reformed doctrine at Stralsund; the impassioned preacher Kurcke or Kureke; Ketelhot, born in 1492, died in 1546, whom the chronicler Berckmann calls the "Apostle of Stralsund and the founder of the holy doctrine"; Peter Suave, the pioneer of the Reformation in Denmark and Holstein; and finally, Johannes Bugenhagen, famous under the name of _Pomeranus_, born in 1485, died in 1558, pastor at Wittemberg since 1523, the author of the first historical work on Pomerania, the translator of the Bible into Low-German, and the veritable organizer of Protestantism into those northern regions. Duke Bogislaw X, displeased with the spirit that prevailed at Belbuck, suppressed that institution in 1523; the dispersion of the monks only resulted in the prompter diffusion of the new doctrines.

The chronology of the history of the Reformation at Stralsund remained uncertain up to 1859, in which year the archives of the Imperial Chamber, forgotten at Wetzlar, brought to light the documents in connexion with the lawsuit brought by Canon Hippolytus Steinwer against Stralsund, in order to despoil the city of certain revenues and privileges. The principal dates may be fixed as follows: 1522.--First conflict of the city with the Catholic clergy who refuse to be taxed; Zutfeld Wardenburg, administrator of the diocese, flies to Rome. 1523 or end of 1522.--Arrival of the first reformed monks and preachers, George Kempe, Heindrich Sichermann, George von Ukermuende. 1524.--First preachings of Ketelhot (at Easter), and of Kurcke on St. Michael's Day. 1525.--The Monday after Palm Sunday (April 10), the churches and convents are invaded; suppression of Catholic worship. 1525.--The Sunday after All Saints' (November 5), official recognition of the Reformation through the promulgation of the ecclesiastical and scholastic ordinances of Johannes Alpinus.

With regard to political events the confusion was the same. Otho Frock, the recent historian of Pomerania, made it his business to apply the remedy, and the following are the results arrived at. 1524, from May to June.--Installation of the Forty-Eight; voluntary exile of Smiterlow. 1525, January.--Frustrated attempt of Smiterlow to return to Stralsund with the support of the Hanseatic towns. 1525 (probably April 15).--Riotous election of Rolof Moller and Christopher Lorbeer as burgomasters, of Franz Wessel, Hermann Meyer and six other partisans of the Reformation as councillors. 1525 (at St. John).--Entry into Stralsund of Dukes George and Barnim; the rendering of homage and confirmation of privileges. 1527 (July 24?).--Rolof Moller leaves Stralsund, and on August 1 or 5 Smiterlow returns. 1529.--Return and death of Rolof Moller.--Translator.]

[Footnote 7: There are various versions of the origin of this famous tumult. According to some documents the servant's mistress was a widow named Frese, who lived in the old market.--Translator.]

[Footnote 8: The fishmonger's bench or stall of Vischer reminds one of that of the reformer Froment, preaching on the Place Molard at Geneva, just as the departure of the nuns of St. Brigitta, at Stralsund, reminds one, though not quite so seriously, of the flitting from Geneva of the Sisters of Santa Clara.--Translator.]

[Footnote 9: In the ducal House of Pomerania the law of succession admitted all the sons indistinctly to the throne. They reigned in common, but if an understanding was impossible, the county was divided between them. In 1478 the whole of Pomerania was united under the sceptre of Bogislaw X. At the death of this able prince, which took place in 1523, Dukes George and Barnim wielded power conjointly, in spite of their utterly opposed sentiments. George remained faithful to the old belief; Barnim, on the other hand, proceeded to the university of Wittemberg, and in 1519 had accompanied Luther to Leipzig when he was disputing with Eck. The honour accrued to Barnim in his capacity of rector, a dignity seldom conferred upon a student.

George died in 1531, leaving an only son, Philippe. The division of Pomerania long desired by Barnim occurred the following year. Barnim's chance gave him Eastern Pomerania as far as the Swine, and with Stettin as a residence. To his nephew, Philip I, fell Western Pomerania, of which Wolgast became once more the capital. That agreement, concluded for ten years, was renewed in 1541, and its effects were prolonged until 1625, at which date there was a new reunion under Bogislaw XIV, of the Stettin branch, who died in 1637, the last of the House. The franchises of Stralsund, in fact, were so extensive as to reduce the authority of the princes to a mere nominal rule. The bond between them only consisted of a kind of perfunctory rendering of homage and the payment of a small tribute, the amount of which had been fixed once for all. The suzerain only entered the city after a notice of three months. In 1525, with the political and religious crisis at its height, the rendering of homage was preceded by protracted negotiations. No safe-conduct, though delivered by the prince, was valid at Stralsund unless it was countersigned by the council. The city exercised its jurisdiction not only within its walls, but in its exterior domains. Though exempt from military obligations as far as the reigning dukes were concerned, the city imposed compulsory service both by sea and by land on its citizens. It had the power to conclude treaties and was its sole arbiter with regard to peace or war. These privileges were preserved by Stralsund during the whole of the sixteenth century, in spite of the decline of the Hanseatic bond.--Translator.]

[Footnote 10: Franz Wessel, born at Stralsund, September 30, 1487, died May 19, 1570, was the son of a brewer of the Lange Strasse. At a very early age--when scarcely more than twelve--he embraced a commercial career and made long stays in foreign countries, besides pilgrimages to Treves, Aix-la-Chapelle, Einfriedlaw, and St. James of Compostella. In 1516 he was back at Stralsund, and was one of the most energetic and first promoters of the Reformation. Councillor in 1524, burgomaster in 1541, he played a scarcely less important political part. Wessel is the author of a curious piece of writing on divine worship at Stralsund at the period of papistry. The very year of his death, Gerard Droege, who had been brought up in his house, published his biography at Rostock.--Translator.]

[Footnote 11: Christopher Lorbeer, who was councillor in 1507, burgomaster in 1524, and who died in 1555, belonged to a much respected family of Stralsund and enjoyed great consideration there.--Translator.]

[Footnote 12: According to tradition King Arthur or Artus, chief of the Knights of the Round Table, lived in the sixth century. He and his companions had devoted themselves to the recovery of the Holy Grail. Arthur himself is supposed to have conquered Sweden and Norway. On the other hand, the historian Johannes Magnus, Archbishop of Upsal, who died in 1554, mentions a Swedish Arthur famed for his doughty deeds, and he adds: "Even in our days, there exist in certain towns along the Baltic, for instance at Dantzig and Stralsund, houses, _domus Arthi_, on which the term illustrious has been bestowed; it is there that the notables foregather for the relaxation of their minds, as if it were a kind of school of the highest courtesy and amenity." Hence in the trading cities of the north the magnificent structures set apart for public and private rejoicings, as well as for commercial transactions, were intimately bound up with the tradition of a legendary hero. If I am not mistaken, only one of those buildings still remains, namely, the _Artushof_ of Dantzig, which does duty as an exchange, and the ancient halls of which were the scene of the interview of the German Emperor and the Czar in September, 1881. The local chroniclers assert that the _Artushof_ of Stralsund was built with the ransom of Duke Eric of Saxony, taken prisoner by the city troops in 1316 The great fire of June 12, 1680, completely destroyed it. On its site stands the official residence of the military governor of the place.

When near his end Ketelhot expressed his regret at having, at that period of his scant resources, too eagerly accepted the burgher's hospitality. Johannes Knipstro (Knypstro or Knipstrow), born May 1, 1497, at Sandow in the March, was at first a Franciscan monk. He and Ketelhot are considered as the most active propagators of the Reformation at Stralsund. But for the earnings of his wife, it is said, he would have been compelled to beg his bread, his salary being too small to keep body and soul together. She was an erewhile nun, and provided for both with her needle. Knipstro became superintendent-general at Wolgast in 1535, and professor of theology at Greifswald. He died October 4, 1556.--Translator.]

[Footnote 13: Doctor and ducal councillor Valentin Stroientin was the friend of Ulrich von Hutten. Bugenhagen dedicated his _Pomerania_ to him. He died in 1539.]

[Footnote 14: Johannes Aepinus (in German Hoeck or Hoch, high), was born in 1499 at Ziegesar in the Urich, and died in 1553 superintendent at Hamburg, where he had discharged the ministry since 1529. Aepinus laboured hard at ecclesiastical and scholastic reform. Many writings, especially against the Interim, came from his pen.--Translator.]

[Footnote 15: Hermann Bonnus, born in 1504, near Osnaburgh; he preached the new doctrine at Greifswald, Stralsund and Copenhagen, and died on February 12, 1548, superintendent at Lubeck, a post which had been confided to him in 1531. Bonnus has written a chronicle of Lubeck.--Translator.]

[Footnote 16: Nicholas Gentzkow, doctor of law, born December 6, 1502, the son of a shoemaker, according to the annalist Berckmann, and deceased February 24, 1576, was elected burgomaster of Stralsund in 1555. He, nevertheless, remained syndic, that is, legal adviser to the city, just as, after his admission to the council, Sastrow continued his functions of protonotary, or first secretary. Sastrow, who had many disagreements with Gentzkow, as, in fact, with others, succeeded him in the dignity of burgomaster. Gentzkow left a diary of which Zober published extracts in 1870.--Translator.]

[Footnote 17: Wulf Wulflam, the head of the patricians of Stralsund, and illustrious in virtue of his warlike exploits, treated on a footing of equality with the crowned heads of the fourteenth century.--Translator.]

[Footnote 18: The same story is related of the Schwerin family at Lubeck.--Translator.]

[Footnote 19: A jocular allusion to the three Maries of Bethany, viz., the mother of James the Minor and sister of the Virgin; the mother of the Apostles James and John, and Mary of Magdala.--Translator.]

[Footnote 20: The dean of the Drapers had precedence of the deans of all the other corporations; in all the ceremonies he came immediately after the council.--Translator.]