Chapter VI: The Winning of Independence (3)

"It is all over!" cried Lord North when Germaine told him of the surrender of Cornwallis. The loss of 7000 men was not in itself an irremediable disaster; but the effort of the king and the "King's Friends" to establish the personal rule of the monarch had alienated the nation, while their attempt to subjugate the colonies had embroiled England with all Europe. In armed conflict with France, Spain, and Holland, opposed by the "armed neutrality" of Russia, Sweden, Denmark, the Empire, Portugal, the Two Sicilies, and the Ottoman Empire, never had the isolation of the little island kingdom been more splendid, or British prestige so diminished. The demand of the nation for peace could no longer be resisted, and the Whig party came into power over the king's will, and entered into negotiation with the enemies he had made. The American ambassadors were instructed by Congress and bound in honor not to make a treaty without the knowledge and consent of France. But in spite of Franklin's protest, Jay and Adams, who suspected, not without some show of reason but contrary to the fact, that Vergennes would oppose the extension of the United States beyond the Alleghanies, broke their instructions as readily as Jay broke his pipe, and without consulting their faithful ally arranged the terms of peace with England.

Independence was acknowledged as the indispensable preliminary to negotiation. John Adams declared that he "had no notion of cheating anybody," and it was agreed that British creditors should "meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery of all ... _bona fide_ debts heretofore contracted" in the colonies. The skill of Franklin and the resolute persistence of Jay and Adams, together with the desire of the English Government to make a peace without delay, enabled the Americans to gain, in every other disputed point, all they could hope for and more than they had any reason to expect. It was conceded that they should enjoy the customary right of fishing in Northern waters. The best effort of England to secure a restoration of property and of the rights of citizens to the Loyalists was unavailing, and the compensation of that unhappy class fell to the Government whose losing cause it had supported. But of all the provisions of this Peace of Paris, the most important, next to the acknowledgment of independence, was the one which gave to the new State that incomparably rich woodland and prairie country extending from the thirty-first, degree of north latitude to the Great Lakes, and as far west as the Mississippi River. With these as its main provisions, the definitive treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified by Congress January 14, 1784.

Before the treaty of peace was signed, the cessation of hostilities had been formally declared and announced to Washington's army on the 19th of April, eight years to a day after the battle of Lexington. British troops occupied New York until November 29, when the evacuation of the city was finally completed, and the United States of America entered the company of independent nations, the exhausted and half-ruined champion of those principles of liberty and equality which were soon to transform the European world. With the British troops there sailed away, never to return, a great company of Loyalist exiles; part of the thousands who renounced their heritage and their country in defense of political and social ideals that belonged to the past. America thus lost the service of many men of ability, of high integrity, and of genuine culture; clergymen and scholars, landowners and merchants of substantial estate, men learned in the law, high officials of proved experience in politics and administration. The great achievements of history have their price; and American independence was won only by the sacrifice of much that was best in colonial society. Something fine and amiable in manners, something charming in customs, much that was most excellent in the traditions of politics and public morality disappeared with the ruin of those who thought themselves, and who often were in fact, of "the better sort."

Happily for America not all of the "better sort" deserted their country. On the 4th of December, five days after the last British ship cleared New York Harbor, a little company of officers was gathered in the Long Room of Fraunce's Tavern. They were waiting to bid farewell to General Washington. No sign of rejoicing greeted the entrance of the familiar figure; and this masterful man of proved courage and inflexible will, this self-contained soul who endured calumny in silence, who accepted victory in even temper and defeat with high fortitude, was now strangely moved as he looked upon his beloved companions. Lifting a glass of wine he said simply: "With a heart full of love and gratitude I now take leave of you, most devoutly wishing that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable." When all had taken the general's hand and received his embrace, they walked together through the narrow street to Whitehall Ferry, where a barge lay waiting. As the oars struck the water Washington stood and lifted his hat; and his comrades, returning the salute in silence, watched the majestic figure until it disappeared from sight. Less than two years before, in the spring of 1782, the army would have made Washington king. He was now on his way to Annapolis, to present himself before Congress in order to resign the high office which eight years before he had accepted with so much diffidence, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of his country. This, as it happened, came to pass on the 23d of December. On the day following he rode away to his home at Mount Vernon, a private citizen of the Republic which he had done so much to establish; a citizen of the Republic, and of the world's heroes one of the most illustrious.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

A good brief account of the Revolution is in Smith's _The Wars Between England, and America_ (1914), chaps, I-VI; a fuller and better account in Channing's _History of the United States_, III, chaps. I-XII; all things considered the ablest summary is Lecky's _The American Revolution_. An able and suggestive work is Fisher's _The Struggle for American Independence_, 2 vols. 1908. Sir George Otto Trevelyan, with wide information, strong Whig sympathies, and great charm of style, has written the most fascinating work on the subject. _The American Revolution_, 4 vols. 1905. The best study of British measures which precipitated the struggle is Beer's _British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765_. 1907. For bibliography and summary of contemporary literature, Tyler's _Literary History of the American Revolution._ Selections from newspapers and contemporary documents are in Moore's _Diary of the American Revolution_, 2 vols. 1860. For the Loyalists, see Tyler, in _American Historical Review_, I; Van Tyne, _The Loyalists in the American Revolution_. 1902. For the attitude of the clergy, and the influence of religious and sectarian forces, see Van Tyne, in _American Historical Review_, XIX; Cross, _The Anglican Episcopate_. 1902. Thornton (_The Pulpit of the American Revolution._ Boston, 1860) reprints a number of contemporary sermons by New England clergy. For the Western settlements see Roosevelt, _Winning of the West_, 4 vols.; Alden, _New Governments West of the Alleghanies_, in _Wisconsin Historical Bulletin_, II; Turner, in _American Historical Review_, I; Thwaites, _How George Rogers Clark Won the North West_. 1903. The opposition between the interior and the coast regions, and the bearing of this on the formation of radical and conservative parties in the Revolution, are well brought out in Lincoln's _The Revolutionary Movement in Pennsylvania_ (University of Pennsylvania Studies. 1901); and Henry's _Patrick Henry_, 3 vols. 1891. The letters, journals, and papers of leading Americans in the Revolution have been very fully printed. The ablest of the radicals was John Adams (_Works of John Adams_, 10 vols. 1856); Franklin became increasingly radical with the progress of events (_Writings of Benjamin Franklin_, 10 vols. 1903-07); Dickinson was the ablest of the conservatives who joined the Revolution, but with great reluctance (_Writings of John Dickinson_, 3 vols. 1895); the extreme conservative and Loyalist view is best represented by Hutchinson (_Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson_, 2 vols. 1884). For the period of the war perhaps the most illuminating writings of all are the letters of Washington (_The Writings of George Washington_, 14 vols. 1889-93).

FOOTNOTES:

[2] Professor C.H. Van Tyne, of the University of Michigan, has recently found new material in the Paris Archives, notably a Vergennes memoir of 1782 and memoirs presented by the ministers at the time of forming the treaty, which to his mind proves conclusively that the Government would never have formed the alliance with America had it not been convinced that otherwise the colonies were prepared to join England in the conquest of the French West Indies.

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

A BRIEF LIST OF BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF COLONIAL HISTORY

1. Adams, J. _Familiar Letters of John Adams and His
Wife Abigail Adams._ Boston, 1875.

2. Andrews, C.M. _The Colonial Period._ New York,
1912.

3. Beer, G.L. _The Origins of the British Colonial System,
1578-1660._ New York, 1908.
_The Old Colonial System, 1660-1754._ Part
I. The Establishment of the System,
1660-1688. 2 vols. New York, 1912.
_British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765._
New York, 1907.

4. Bruce, P.A. _The Economic History of Virginia._ 2
vols. New York, 1896.

5. Channing, E. _History of the United States._ Vols. I-III.
New York, 1905-1912.

6. Eggleston, E. _The Beginners of America._ Philadelphia,
1897.
_The Transit of Civilization._ Philadelphia, 1901.

7. Ellis, G.E. _The Puritan Age and Rule in the Colony of
Massachusetts Bay, 1629-1685._ Boston, 1888.

8. Fisher, S.G. _The Struggle for American Independence._
2 vols. Philadelphia, 1908.

9. Fiske, J. _The Discovery of America._ 2 vols. Boston,
1893.
_The Beginnings of New England._ Boston,
1892.
_Old Virginia and Her Neighbours._ 2 vols.
Boston, 1897.
_The Dutch and Quaker Colonies._ 2 vols. Boston, 1900.
_New France and New England._ Boston, 1902.

10. Ford, P.L. _The True George Washington._ Philadelphia,
1897.

11. Franklin, B. _The Life of Benjamin Franklin Written by
Himself._ 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1881.

12. Hart, A.B. _American History Told by Contemporaries._
4 vols. New York, 1887.

13. Hart, A.B. _The American Nation._ 27 vols. New
York, 1904-1907 (first nine volumes).

14. Henry, W.W. _Patrick Henry; Life, Correspondence,
and Speeches._ 3 vols. New York, 1891.

15. Hutchinson, P.O. _Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson._
2 vols. Boston, 1884.

16. Jameson, J.F. _Original Narratives of Early American
History._ 15 vols. New York, 1906-1914. (Especially
valuable are the following: Bourne, E.G. _The Northmen,
Columbus, and Cabot_; Hosmer, J.K. _Winthrop's
Journal._ 2 vols.; Davis, W.T. _Bradford's History of
Plymouth Plantation_, Burr, G.L. _Narratives of the
Witchcraft Cases._)

17. Lecky, W.E.H. _The American Revolution._ New
York, 1912.

18. MacDonald, W. _Select Charters and Other Documents._
New York, 1906.

19. Osgood, H.L. _The American Colonies in the 17th Century._
3 vols. New York, 1904-1907.

20. Parkman, F. _Frontenac and New France._ Boston. 1877.
_Half Century of Conflict._ 2 vols. Boston. 1892.
_Montcalm and Wolfe._ 2 vols. Boston, 1891.

21. Trevelyan, G.O. _The American Revolution._ 4 vols.
New York, 1905-07.

22. Tyler, M.C. _The Literary History of the American
Revolution._ 2 vols. New York, 1897.

23. Walker, W. _History of Congregationalism in America._
New York, 1899.

24. Weeden, W.B. _The Economic and Social History of
New England._ 2 vols. Boston, 1890.

25. Wells, W.V. _The Life and Public Services of Samuel
Adams._ 2 vols. Boston, 1865.

26. Wendell, B. _Cotton Mather._ New York. 1891.

INDEX

Abraham, Plains of, 159.

_Account of the Province of Pennsylvania_, William Penn's, 134.

Acts of Trade. _See_ Navigation Acts.

Adams, John, social rank, 166;
influenced by English writers, 171;
religious ideas, 197;
demands a "more equal liberty," 202, 240;
on the Stamp Act, 221, 225;
defends officers concerned in the "Massacre," 230;
complains of desertion by the people, 231;
dines with the Sons of Liberty, 238;
opposition to the Hutchinsons and Olivers, 243;
in the First Continental Congress, 246;
urges a declaration of independence, 251;
negotiator of Treaty of 1783, 271.

Adams, Samuel, opposes Sugar Act, 218;
and the Stamp Act, 220;
deserted by his friends, 231;
promotes patriotic meetings, 238;
in the First Continental Congress, 245;
one of earliest to desire independence, 248.

Aden, 15.

Admiralty courts, established, 145, 146;
fall under control of assemblies, 151;
jurisdiction extended, 208.

Africa, 17, 18, 168.

_Aggawam, Cobler of_, 65.

Albany, Congress of. _See_ Congress.

Albemarle Sound, 129.

Albuquerque, 27.

Alexandria, 5.

Allyon, 32.

Almon, John, 231.

Alva, Duke of, 37.

Amboina, 27.

America, Hakluyt's account of, 47.

American Whig Society at Princeton, 194.

Amherst, Jeffrey, 210.

Amsterdam, 37.

Amusements in Massachusetts, laws against, 116.

Anabaptists, 108.

Andros, Sir Edmund, 132, 145.

Androscoggin, 175.

Anglican Church, established in Massachusetts, 122;
frontier communities opposed to, 183;
disestablished in Virginia, 241.

Anglican episcopate, fear of, 190, 196.

Annapolis, 273.

Anti-ministerial spirit in Massachusetts, 119.

Antioch, 5.

Antwerp, 6, 36, 37.

Arabia, 13.

Arianism in New England, 189.

Aristocracy, in Virginia, 72;
and colonial politics, 165;
in Massachusetts, 168;
frontier communities opposed to, 182;
the Revolution a movement in opposition to, 240.

Aristotle, 23.

Armada, defeat of the, 43.

"Armed neutrality," 270.

Arminianism in New England, 189.

Army, the Revolutionary, character of, 254, 255, 259;
supplied from Virginia, 262;
causes of weakness of, 263;
attitude toward Congress, 263, 264;
frontier troops in, 265, 268;
French troops coöperate with, 269;
willing to make Washington king, 273.

Arnold, Benedict, 268, 269.

"Art of Virtue." Franklin's idea of religion as the, 198.

Articles of Confederation, 252, 264.

Asia, relation between Europe and, 1, 7, 10-12, 16.

Assembly. _See_ Government.

_Assiento_, the, 150.

Assistants, Board of. _See_ Government, Massachusetts.

Associated Loyalists, 268.

Association of the First Continental Congress, 247;
creates the Loyalist party, 247, 248;
why conservatives voted for, 250.
_See_ Non-importation agreements.

Atlantis, 23.

Augsburg, 6.

Austin, Anne, 108.

Austrian Succession, War of the, 203.

Azores, 168.

Back country. _See_ Frontier.

Backwoodsmen. _See_ Frontier.

Bacon, Francis, 38, 197.

Bacon, Nathaniel, 76, 79, 80.

Bacon, Roger, 23.

Bagdad, 5.

Bahamas, the, 128.

Balance of trade. _See_ Trade.

Balboa, 28.

Baltimore, Lord, 64-66, 146.

Banda, 27.

Barbados, 108, 128, 129, 138.

Barcelona, 6.

Barrowe, Henry, 88.

Basle, 6.

Beckford, William, 149.

Bellamy, Rev. Mr., 185.

Bellomont, Earl of, 141, 148.

Berkeley, George, 171.

Berkeley, John, Lord, 132, 133.

Berkeley, Sir William, 30, 76, 79.

Berkshires, 179.

Bernard, Gov. Francis, 203;
advises remodeling colonial governments, 206;
opposes Grenville's measures, 208, 218;
on the Virginia Resolutions, 241.

Bible Commonwealth, ideal of a, 112 _ff._ _See_ Massachusetts Bay.

Bienville, Céloron de, 154, 156.

Bills of credit. _See_ Currency.

Blair, Rev. Samuel, 189.

Bland, Richard, 228.

Blathwayt, William, 77.

Blue Ridge Mountains, 176, 179.

Board of Trade, created, 145;
system for colonial control, 146;
advises recall of charters, 146;
decline of influence, 148;
and the establishment of a civil list, 164;
prepares scheme for colonial defense, 212.

"Body of Liberties," 99.

Bokhara, 5.

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, 126, 171.

Boonesboro, 265.

Bordentown, 256.

Borderers. _See_ Frontier.

Boston, 95, 109, 120, 168.

Boston Church, 102, 119, 122.

Boston "Massacre," 226, 230.

Boston Port Bill, 234.

"Boston Seat," 234.

Boston "Tea Party," 233.

Boundaries, established by the Treaty of 1783, 271.

_Bourgeois_, the, 81 _ff._

"Brace of Adamses," 243.

Braddock expedition, 157.

Bradford, William, 65, 90, 113.

Bradstreet, Governor of Massachusetts Bay, 121.

Brandywine, battle of, 257.

Brewster, William, 88.

Bristol, 223.

Browne, Robert, 87, 88, 101.

Brownists, 87 _ff._

Bruges, 6.

Buccaneers, 41, 140.

Bullion. _See_ Precious metals.

Burgesses, the Virginia House of, 75 _ff._

Burgoyne's expedition, 256, 257.

Burnaby, Richard, 161, 162.

Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, 206.

Byllinge, Edward, 133.

Byrd, the first William, 73, 76, 175;
the second William, 167;
the third William, 170, 176, 185.

Cabot, 39.

Cadamosto, 21.

Cadiz, 44, 150.

Cahokia, 153, 266.

Cairo, 5.

Calicut, 5.

Cam, Diego, 21.

Cambulac, 8.

Camden, settlement of, 153.

Camden, Lord, 223.

Canada. _See_ France in America.

Cape Fear, 128.

Cape Non, 18.

Cape of Good Hope, 22.

Carolinas, founding of the, 128 _ff._
_See_ North Carolina; South Carolina.

Carpenter's Hall, 245.

Carpini, 9.

Cartagena, 43.

Carteret, Sir George, 132, 133.

Cartier, Jacques, 39.

Cathay, 10.

Cavalier migration, 72.

Cavendish, 45.

Ceuta, 20.

Ceylon, 8.

Chalons, 6.

Champlain, 45.

Charlemagne, 2.

Charles I, 63, 86, 90, 91.

Charles II, 125, 127.

Charles V, 28, 34.

Charles River, 128.

Charleston, 152, 166, 232, 262.

Charlestown, 95.

Charlottesburg, 153.

Charter, of Connecticut, 106;
of Massachusetts Bay, 91, 96, 106;
of Virginia, 55, 58.

Chartres, Fort, 153.

Chateaubriand, epigram on the Revolution, 202.

Chatham. _See_ Pitt, William.

Cherokees. _See_ Trade, Indian.

Cherry Valley, 179.

China, 5, 16.

Chocktaws. _See_ Trade, Indian.

Christmas festivals in Massachusetts, 116.

Church, the Reformation and the Catholic, 80 _ff._

Church covenant, 96, 112, 114.

City of God, Puritan ideal of the, 84.

Civic virtue, religion identified with, 194;
Revolutionary philosophy influenced by classic ideal of, 239.

Clarendon, Earl of, 128.

Clark, George Rogers, 265-67.

Class conflict in the Revolution, 240.

Classes. _See_ Social conditions.

Clergy. _See_ Massachusetts Bay.

Clinton, Sir Henry, succeeds Howe, policy of raids, 261;
expedition to South Carolina, 262;
driven out of North Carolina, 268;
orders Cornwallis to fortify Yorktown, 269.

Cliosophic Society at Princeton, 194.

Coddington, William, 103.

Coercive Acts, 233, 234.

Colden, Cadwallader, 208, 217, 221.

Coligny's colony destroyed, 39.

Colleton, Sir John, 128.

Colonial control, English system of, established, 134, 145, 146;
in the eighteenth century, 147;
attitude of Walpole and Newcastle toward, 151;
effect of Austrian war on, 152;
frontier defense and, 154;
Seven Years' War proves inadequacy of, 157;
new policy of, 203;
effect of Seven Years' War on, 214;
opposition to Grenville's policy of, 215 _ff._;
effect of tea episode on policy of, 233.
_See_ Defense.

Colonial government. _See_ Government.

Colonial governors. _See_ Governors.

Colonial Manufactures Act, 151.

Colonial rights, Franklin on, 202;
Bernard contrasts English and American ideas of, 203;
Stamp Act raises question of, 214;
the Townshend Acts and, 227;
apparent settlement of dispute over, 231;
revived by the Coercive Acts, 234;
fundamental reasons for dispute over, 234;
breach widened by every discussion of, 237;
influence of classic ideals on patriot ideas of, 239;
religious spirit characterizes patriot conception of, 240;
class struggle in America accentuated by dispute over, 240;
unfranchised classes active in the defense of, 244;
effect of the Revolutionary war on the question of, 267.

Colonies, begin to be valuable, 127;
important for English trade, 137;
special value of the plantation type of, 138.

Colonization of America, motives leading to the, 46, 66-68, 70, 86, 89-94,
113, 118, 128, 130-34, 177;
revival of interest in the, 126;
effect of civil war on, 127;
decline of interest in, 147.

Columbus, Bartholomew, 27.

Columbus, Christopher, 1, 2, 22-26.

Commerce. _See_ Trade.

Commercial code. _See_ Colonial control.

Commission merchants, employed by Southern planters, 167.

Commissioners, Board of, 226.

Commissioners of peace, 261.

Committees of the Association, 247.

Committees of Trade and Plantations, 140.

Communication. _See_ Intercourse.

Company of Massachusetts Bay. _See_ Massachusetts Bay.

Conciliation, conservatives hope for, 249;
North's Resolutions of, 250;
patriots renounce hope of, 251;
renewed offer of, 261.

Concord, 175.

Congress, Albany, 156-58, 204, 212;
First Continental, 234, 245, 250;
Second Continental, influenced by reports from England, 250;
issues paper money, 259, 260;
moves to Baltimore, 255;
influence declines, 262;
relations with army and State Governments, 264;
adopts Articles of Confederation, 264;
ratifies treaty of peace, 272;
receives resignation of Washington, 273.

Congress, Stamp Act, 218.

Connecticut, founded, 104;
New Haven united to, 106;
takes initiative in forming New England Confederation, 106, 107;
frontier, settlements in, 174;
"consociation" in, 190, 195.

Conquistadores, 31.

Conservative party. _See_ Party.

"Consociation" in Connecticut, 190, 195.

Constantinople, 1, 5.

Constitution. _See_ Articles of Confederation; State Governments.

Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 127.

Cornwallis, Charles, defeated by Washington, 256;
in North Carolina, 269;
surrenders at Yorktown, 270.

Coronado, 33.

Cortez, Hernando, 32.

Corvino, John de, 9.

Cotton, John, 90, 93, 102, 115, 120.

Council. _See_ Government.

Council of Trent, 35.

Counter-Reformation, 35.

Country gentry, 82.

Courts, effect of Stamp Act on, 221, 222.

Covenant, the Church, 96, 112, 114;
Half-Way, 188, 195.

"Cowpens," 176.

Cowpens, battle of, 269.

Coxe, Daniel, 218.

Cozumel, 32.

Creeks. _See_ Trade, Indian.

Cromwell, and the colonies, 107, 127.

Crown Point, 159.

Crowns of St. Louis, the gold, 13.

Cruger, John, 167.

Crusades, the, 4.

Cuba, 25, 52.

Currency, use of paper, 208;
English Government restricts paper, 209;
opposition to Currency Act, 215-18;
specie diminished by Sugar Act, 216;
Grenville's measures increase demand for specie, 217;
New York permitted to issue Bills of Credit, 230;
French loans finance the war, 259;
Continental Congress issues paper, 259.

Cushing, Charles, 197.

Customs, 144, 205, 207, 208, 222.

Cuzaco, 34.

D'Abreu, 27.

D'Ailly, Pierre, 23.

Dale, Sir Thomas, 60, 68.

"Dale's Laws," 60.

Damascus, 5.

Dancing, forbidden in Massachusetts, 116.

Dartmouth, Lord, approves Galloway's plan, 246.

Davenport, John, 93, 105.

Davies, Rev. Samuel, 185-87.

Davis, John, 45.

Debtor class. _See_ Social conditions.

Declaration of Independence. _See_ Independence.

Declaratory Act, 224, 225.

Defense, system of, 145, 152, 155;
colonial troops raised for, 159;
apathy of assemblies in matter of, 164;
French wars and, 204, 205;
Grenville's policy of, 209, 213;
Board of Trade's scheme for, 212;
conquest of Canada removes need for, 214, 215. _See_ Colonial control.

De Grasse, Count, 269, 270.

De la War, Lord, 60.

Demarcation Line, 26, 28.

Democracy. _See_ Frontier; Colonial rights.

Deputies. _See_ Government.

De Soto, 33.

Detroit, 153, 265, 266.

Diaz, Bartholomew, 22.

Diaz, Denis, 21.

Dickinson, John, 219, 220, 227, 228, 242.

Dinwiddie, Robert, 157.

_Discourse of a North West Passage_, 30.

_Discourse on Western Plantinge_, 46.

Discovery of America, 25 _ff._

Distilling, 168, 216.

Dongan, Thomas, 132, 144, 154.

Dorchester, 95, 104.

Doria, Tedisio, 18.

Drake, Sir Francis, 42-14.

"Drowned lands" of the Wabash, 266.

Ducats, first appearance of, 13.

Dudley, Thomas, 93, 120.

"Duke's Laws," 131.

Dulaney, Daniel, 217, 220, 223.

Duquesne, Fort, 157, 159.

Durham Palatinate, 64.

Durham, Town of, 175.

Dutch, the, 36;
India companies of, 44, 45;
threaten Connecticut, 106;
driven from New Netherland, 130, 131;
English rivalry with, 136.

Dyre, William, 144.

Eannes, Gil, 21.

East India Company, English, 45, 53;
influence in Parliament, 149;
exports tea to America, 231-33;
Parliament demands compensation for, 234.

East Indies, English interest in the, 136.

Eaton, Theophilus, 105.

_Ecclesiastical Polity_,61.

Economic changes, thirteenth to sixteenth century, 48.

Eden, Richard, 45.

Edict of Restitution, 86.

Edwards, Jonathan, 85, 123, 187.

Effingham, Sir Thomas Howard of, 44.

Elizabeth, 39, 90.

Ellsworth, Oliver, 194.

Emanuel, King of Portugal, 26.

Endicott, John, 91.

English Government, attitude toward the colonies, 127, 134 _ff._,148 _ff._,
163, 169;
frontier policy of, 178;
new colonial policy, 203, 204;
new measures for defense, 209;
effect of tea episode on, 233-34;
offers conciliation, 250;
effect of the French alliance on, 260 _ff._ _See_ Colonial control.

Engrossers of land, 176, 179

Entail, abolished in Virginia, 241.

Enumerated commodities, 139, 140.

Eratosthenes, 17.

Escheator in Virginia, office of, 77.

Escobar, 21.

"External" taxes, 227.

"Fall Line," 176.

_Farmer's Letters_, 227.

Fenwick, John, 133.

Ferguson, General, 268.

Feudal régime, 3.

Fisher, Mary, 108.

Fisheries, 39, 122, 137, 168, 216, 271.

Five Nations. _See_ Indians, Iroquois.

Flags of truce, used by illicit traders, 205.

Flint, Rev. Mr., 120.

Florida, 32, 33.

Florin, first appearance of, 13.

Forestallers of land, 176, 179.

Fort Chartres, 153.

Fort Duquesne, 157, 159.

Fort Frontenac, 142.

Fort Moore, 152, 153.

Fort Necessity, 157.

Fort St. Louis, 143.

Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, 211.

Fort Washington, 255.

Fox, Charles James, 237.

Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_, 88.

France in America, Coligny and Cartier, 39;
Champlain, 45;
exploration of the Great Lakes, 141;
of the Mississippi, 143;
occupation of the interior waterways, 152;
contest for the Ohio Valley, 154;
loss of Canada, 159.

Francis I, 38, 39.

Franklin, Benjamin, 161;
influenced by English writers, 170, 171;
religious ideas of, 198;
on colonial rights, 202;
drafts Albany Plan of Union, 204;
defends paper money, 208;
favors Board of Trade's plan for defense, 212;
opposes Stamp Act, 213;
examination in House of Commons, 224, 227;
becomes more radical, 228;
residence in England strengthens his patriotism, 235;
thinks England will yield, 249;
in France, 258;
protests against separate negotiations with England, 271.

Fraunce's Tavern, 273.

Freemen, 99, 132, 173.

French alliance, resolution of Congress in favor of, 252;
negotiated, 258, 259;
importance of, 259 _ff._

French and Indian War. _See_ Seven Years' War.

French West Indies, 151, 259.

Friends. _See_ Quakers.

Frontenac, Count, 141.

Frontenac, Fort, 142.

Frontier, in Virginia, 78, 79;
in Massachusetts, 115, 116, 155;
in Carolina, 129;
west of the Alleghanies, 153;
importance of, in the eighteenth century, 174, 182, 184;
foreigners settle on the, 177;
Grenville's policy for the defense of the, 209, 210, 215, 217;
radicalism of the, 241;
Revolution supported by the, 265, 268;
Treaty of 1783 and the, 271.

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, 129.

Fur trade. _See_ Trade, Indian.

Galloway, Joseph, 217, 245, 246.

Gama, Vasco da, 1, 26.

Gates, General Horatio, 257.

Gates, Sir Thomas, 56, 59.

General writs, 207.

Geneva, 119.

Genoa, 6, 9.

"Gentle folk" in the eighteenth century, 173.

Gentlemen Adventurers, 46.

George III, 225, 270.

Georgia, occupied by the British, 262.

Germans, 153, 177, 242.

Germantown, founded, 178;
battle of, 257.

Gibraltar, 6.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 30, 54.

Gilds, 82, 83, 87.

Gist, Christopher, 154, 181.

Glasgow, 223.

Godolphin, Sidney, 126.

Gold. _See_ Precious metals.

Gold Coast, 20.

Golden Hind, 43.

Gomez, 32.

Good Hope, Cape of, 22.

Gorges, Fernando, 56, 57, 64.

Gorton, Samuel, 65.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, 55.

Government, colonial, in the eighteenth century, 163;
controlled by the "best people," 169;
unequal representation in assemblies, 183;
French wars strengthen assemblies, 205;
plans for remodeling, 206;
dispute with England opens way for democratization of, 227, 240,
247, 262;
effect of the war on, 267, 268. _See_ Massachusetts, Virginia, etc.

Governors, colonial, 147, 151, 152, 207.

Grand Khan, 10.

Graves, Admiral, 270.

Great Awakening, the, 181, 186, 193.

Great Barrington, 175.

Green Bay, 153.

Greene, Nathaniel, 269.

Greenwood, John, 88.

Grenville, George, colonial policy of, 203 _ff._;
opposition to the measures of, 215 _ff._;
opposes repeal of Stamp Act, 223;
epigram on loss of the colonies by, 235.

Grosseilliers, 141.

Guilford Court-House, battle of, 269.

Guinea, Gulf of, 20, 21.

Hakluyt, Richard, 30, 46, 56.

Half-Way Covenant, 188, 195.

Halifax, Earl of, 204.

Hall, William, 238.

Hamburg, 6.

Hamilton, Henry, 265, 266.

Hampden Court Conference, 86.

Hanbury, John, 154.

Hancock, John, 231, 243.

Hanover County, Virginia, 186.

Harley, Robert, 126.

Harrington, James, influence on Locke, 129.

Harris, Mary, at White Woman's Creek, 181.

Harrison, Nathaniel, 78.

Hartford, 104.

Harvard College, 120, 122, 123, 169.

Haversham, Lord, 125.

Hawkins, John, 41.

Haynes, John, 104.

Hayti, 25.

Head right, 68.

Hendrick, Iroquois chief, 156.

Henry, Patrick, born on frontier, 176;
influenced by Samuel Davies, 193;
opposes Stamp Act, 219, 220, 241;
in the First Continental Congress, 245;
eager for independence, 248;
Governor of Virginia, authorizes the Clark expedition, 266.

Henry the Navigator, Prince, 20, 21.

Hillsborough, town of, 153.

Hinsdale, town of, 175.

Hippon, Captain, 45.

Hispaniola, 32.

Hojeda, 26.

Home rule. _See_ Colonial rights.

Honduras, Bay of, explored, 26.

Hooker, Richard, _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 61.

Hooker, Thomas, founder of Connecticut, 93, 104, 105.

Hormos (modern Ormuz), 8, 15.

Housatonic settlements, 174, 175.

Howe, Sir William, 254-57, 260, 261.

Hudson, Henry, 45.

Hudson River settlements, 131.

Huguenots, 130, 132, 177.

Hunter, Robert, 178.

Hutchinson, Anne, 101, 108, 109, 116.

Hutchinson, Thomas, 170;
opposes Grenville's measures, 217;
but regards them as legal, 219;
property of, destroyed by mob, 221;
refuses clearance to the tea ships, 233;
letters published, 233;
effect of exile on, 235;
disliked by John Adams, 243, 244;
thinks Boston has gone mad, 245.

Ilkhans of Persia, 15, 16.

Illicit trade. _See_ Trade.

Immigration. _See_ Germans;
Scotch-Irish.

Imperial Defense. _See_ Defense.

Independence, predicted, 215;
desired by some in 1774, 245;
but not generally desired before 1776, 248, 249;
Lee and Adams lead the movement for, 251;
Lee introduces resolution for, 252;
significance of the Declaration of, 253;
acknowledged by England, 271.

India, 5, 8, 13-17, 236.

Indian presents, 155.

Indian trade. _See_ Trade, Indian.

Indians, influence on colonists, 79;
threaten New England, 106;
massacres inspired at Quebec, 145;
Iroquois, 144, 145, 155, 157, 211;
Pontiac's conspiracy, 211;
employed by British in Revolution, 265.

Indigo, 166.

Industry. _See_ Trade.

"Inner Light." _See_ Quakers.

Intellectual conditions, 161, 169, 170, 175, 180 _ff._, 184 _ff._

Intercourse, with England, 169;
intercolonial, 184, 190.

"Interests," political term, 166.

"Interlopers," East Indian, 140.

"Internal" taxes, 227.

Intolerable Acts, 233, 234.

_Introduction to Cosmography_, Waldseemüller's, 27.

Iron manufactures, 151.

Iroquois. _See_ Indians.

Isabella, 24.

Italian cities, 1, 5, 6, 18.

Jaffa, 5.

Jamaica, 127, 135, 138, 140, 149-50.

James I, 62, 86, 90.

James II, 145.

Jamestown, 58, 75.

Jarrett, Devereaux, 172.

Jay, John, 271.

Jefferson, Peter, 176.

Jefferson, Thomas, born on frontier, 176;
opposed to tide-water aristocracy, 182;
leader of radical party in Virginia, 241.

Jenghis Khan, 7.

Jenyns, Soame, 235, 240.

Jesuits, 35, 40, 142.

John of Good Memory, King of Portugal, 19.

Johnson, Samuel, 202, 239.

Johnson, Sir William, 157.

Johnstone, "Governor," 261.

Joint-stock company, rise of the, 53 _ff._

Joint-stock régime in Virginia, 58, 68.

Judges, control of, 164.

Kalm, Peter, 162, 165, 191, 215.

Kaskaskia, 153, 266.

Kentucky settlements, 267.

King George's War, 152.

"King's Friends," 270.

King's Mountain, battle of, 268.

Kublai Khan, 7, 8.

Lafayette, 269, 270.

Land, grants in Virginia, 70, 77, 167;
in Massachusetts, 95;
in the Carolinas, 129;
in New York, 131;
in the Ohio Valley, 154, 209;
in Pennsylvania, 178;
in Maryland, 179;
importance of free land in the eighteenth century, 174 _ff._;
Proclamation of 1763 restricts grants of, 211;
cession of Western, 265.

Landowners, influence legislation, 183.

Laodicea, 5.

La Salle, 143.

Laud, William, 64, 91, 106.

Laurens, of South Carolina, 166, 269.

Laurentian _Portolano_, 18.

Lawyers, and the Stamp Act, 221.

Lay religious societies, 83.

Lee, Richard Henry, influence by the classics, 239;
thinks England will yield, 249;
introduces resolutions of independence, 251, 252;
influence declines, 254.

Leeds, 223.

Legislation, character of eighteenth-century colonial, 164;
representation and, 228, 229.

Leisler Rebellion, 132.

Leon, Ponce de, 32.

Le Ronde Denys, 215.

Levant, 1, 6, 11, 15, 17, 150.

"Levelling spirit of New England," feared in the Middle colonies, 246;
strengthened by the Revolution, 244 _ff._

Leverett, Governor of Massachusetts, 121.

Lexington, battle of, 257.

Leyden, 89.

Liberalism in Massachusetts, 120, 122.

Liberty. _See_ Colonial rights.

Liberty Boys, 268.

Liberty Pole festivals, 238.

Lincoln, Benjamin, 262.

Locke, John, 129, 171, 172, 197.

Log College, 187, 189.

Logstown, 154.

London, 6, 37, 150, 223.

London Company, 56, 57.

Londonderry, 180.

Long Island, early settlements on, 131;
battle of, 254.

Lords of Trade, Committee of the, 143, 145.

Louis XVI, 258, 259.

Louisburg, 155, 159.

Louisiana, 152.

Louisville, 266.

Low, Isaac, 245.

Loyalists. _See_ Party.

Lubec, 6.

Luther, Martin, 84, 110, 111.

Lutherans in America, 180 _ff._

Luxuries in the eighteenth century, 173.

Lyons, 6.

MacDougall, Alexander, 238.

Madeiras, 120.

Madison, James, 194.

Magalhaes. _See_ Magellan.

Magellan, 28.

Magistrates. _See_ Government.

_Magnalia_, Cotton Mather's, 123.

Maine, 57, 64, 174.

Malacca, Straits of, 5, 8, 27.

Manchester, 223.

Manufactures. _See_ Trade.

Marcos, Friar, 33.

Marion, Francis, partisan leader in South Carolina, 267.

Marlborough, Duke of, 126.

Marseilles, 6.

Martin Luther, 194.

Martyr, Peter, 34.

Maryland, proprietary grant of, 64;
and English trade, 138;
charter recalled and restored, 146;
quit-rents in, 164;
social conditions in, 166, 167;
forces cession of Western lands, 265.

Mason, John, 57.

Massachusetts Bay, grant of territory, 57;
charter of, 64;
settlement of, 90 _ff._;
government of, 96 _ff._;
dissensions in, 100 _ff._;
and the New England Confederation, 106;
relations with the Protectorate, 107;
hangs the Quakers, 108 _ff._;
ideals of the founders, 112 _ff._;
growth of material interests in, 120;
recall of the charter, 121 _ff._;
charter of 1691, 146;
repaid for conquest of Louisburg, 155;
troops raised in the Seven Years' War, 159;
rise of Puritan democracy in, 194 _ff._;
paper money retired, 208;
class conflict in, 242-44.

Massacre of 1622 in Virginia, 62.

Mather, Cotton, 120, 123.

Mather, Increase, 120, 123.

Mather, Richard, 93, 120.

Mayhew, Jonathan, 220.

Mediterranean. _See_ Levant.

Mendoza, Cardinal, 23.

Mendoza, Governor of New Spain, 33.

Mennonites, 180.

Mercantile theory, 48 _ff._

Merchant marine, 125, 137.

Merchants, growing influence in Boston, 120;
colonial system fashioned to suit the interests of English, 134 _ff._;
trade with France during war, 145;
colonial legislation influenced by, 183.
_See_ Trade.

Meuthen, Treaty of, 150.

Mexico, 32, 33.

Miami, English traders on the, 154.

Michilimackinac, 142, 144.

Middle colonies, population of, 162;
extension of frontier in, 175 _ff._;
North's resolutions of conciliation and the, 251;
"levelling spirit of New England" feared in the, 246;
opposed to declaration of independence in 1776, 253.

Middleton, New Jersey, 133.

Milan, 6.

Mississippi Forts, 265, 266.

Mississippi River, discovered, 33;
explored, 143;
boundary of the United States, 272.
_See_ France in America.

"Mohawks," 233.

Mohawk Valley settlements, 131, 153, 179.

Molasses Act, 139, 151, 207.

Moluccas, 5.

Monasteries, effect of destruction of the, 67.

_Mondo Novo_, 27, 29.

Money Bills, 164.

Mongols, 7, 15.

Monmouth, settled, 133;
battle of, 261.

Monopoly, non-importation and, 229.

Montcalm, Marquis de, 159.

Montesquieu, 215.

Montezuma, 32.

Montreal, 39, 45, 142.

Moodie, Lady Deborah, 116.

Moors, Prince Henry and the, 20.

Moravians, 180, 186.

Morgan, Daniel, 265.

Morris, Robert, 254.

Morristown Heights, 256.

Mount Vernon, 274.

Mutiny Act, extended to the colonies, 214;
reënacted, 224;
causes trouble in New York, 225, 226, 230.

Narvaez, 33.

National state, rise of centralized, 48 _ff._

Nationality, rise of sentiment of, 184 _ff._;
French wars develop, 191;
Franklin the embodiment of, 199.

Native-born New Englanders, first generation of, 117.

Natural rights, 172, 237.

Naval stores, 50.

Navigation Acts, establishment of system of, 139 _ff._;
Act of 1696, 145;
violation of, 140, 152;
how regarded on the frontier, 184;
Molasses Act, 151, 207;
Sugar Act, 207;
modified in 1766, 224;
petition for further modification, 225;
Board of Commissioners to enforce, 226.

Necessity, Fort, 157.

Netherlands. _See_ Dutch.

"Neulanders," 177.

New Brunswick, 191.

"New Castle trade," 137.

Newcastle, Duke of, 149, 151, 155.

New England, named, 56;
land grants in, 57;
and the English colonial system, 138;
united under Andros, 145;
conquers Louisburg, 155;
population of, 162;
social conditions in, 168 _ff._;
frontier in, 174;
not attractive to foreigners, 178;
religious division in, 189;
coast towns raided, 262.
_See_ Massachusetts Bay.

New England Confederation, 106.

New England Council, 57, 91.

New England theology, 190.

New Hampshire, 67, 174, 179.

New Haven, 105, 107.

New Jersey, 132, 145, 146.

"New Light," 188.

New Netherland, 45, 128, 131.

New Orleans, 152.

New Port, 103, 168.

"New Side," 188.

New Spain, 31, 150.

Newspapers, 191, 222.

Newton, Isaac, 126.

Newtown, 104.

New York, founded, 130;
annexed to New England, 132, 145;
control of judges in, 164;
social conditions in, 167;
paper money in, 208, 209;
avoided by foreign settlers, 178;
and the Restraining Act, 226;
riots in, 226;
non-importation agreement in, 229, 230;
permitted to issue bills of credit, 230;
and East India Company tea, 232, 233;
Howe occupies the city of, 255;
war conditions in, 268;
projected attack on the city of, 269;
evacuated by British and Loyalists, 272.

Niagara, 153, 159.

Nicolet, Jean, 141.

Nicolls, Col. Richard, 131.

Noel, Martin, 135 _ff._

Nombre de Dios, 43.

Nonconformists, 87, 88, 90.

Non-importation agreements, 221, 222, 229, 230, 246.

North, Lord, 230, 231, 250, 270.

Northampton, 188.

North Carolina, 175, 269.

Northwest, conquest of the, 265-67.

_Nova Britannia_, 67.

Nova Scotia, 122, 155.

Oderic, Friar Beatus, 9.

Ohio Valley. _See_ Frontier; Defense.

Old colonial system. _See_ Colonial control.

Oldham, John, 104.

"Old Light," 188.

"Old Side," 188.

Orient, importance of the relations of Europe and the, 1, 4-7, 13.

Oswego, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159.

Otis, James, 231, 237.

Overpopulation of England, colonization and the belief in, 67, 138.

Palatinate, 177.

Paper money. _See_ Currency.

Parliament. _See_ English Government.

Particularism, 262, 263.

Partridge, Lieutenant-Governor, 148.

Party: the Conservatives, attitude toward Stamp Act, 222;
and the Townshend Acts, 227, 229, 230;
and the tea episode, 232;
fear the growing influence of lower classes, 240 _ff._;
tend to become Loyalist, 244;
in the First Congress, 245 _ff._;
support Galloway's plan, 246;
disappearance of the, 248 _ff._;
influence in forming the new state constitutions, 263.
the Loyalists, oppose Grenville's measures, 217;
in the First Congress, 245;
the "Association" creates the party of, 247 _ff._;
growth of the, 249 _ff._;
New York the headquarters of, 255;
in Philadelphia, 259;
property confiscated, 259;
encouraged by the conquest of South Carolina, 262;
take part in the war, 267, 268;
ruined by the Treaty of 1783, 271;
America suffers loss by the exile of, 272.
the Radicals, oppose Stamp Act, 219 _ff._;
organize as Sons of Liberty, 222;
take advanced ground on the Townshend Acts, 227-30;
active opposition to the East India Company's tea monopoly, 232, 233;
aim to revolutionize colonial governments, 240 _ff._;
control First Congress, 245 _ff._;
establish revolutionary government, 217 _ff._;
not wholly satisfied with new State Governments, 263.

Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 178.

Patent for Rhode Island, 103.

Peace of Paris, of 1763, effect on colonial policy of England, 205;
of 1783, provisions of the, 270-72.

Pegalotti, 9.

Peking, 5, 8.

Penn, William, 133.

Pennsylvania, founded, 133;
charter annulled and restored, 146;
taxation of proprietary estates in, 164;
mecca of the Germans, 177;
and of the Scotch-Irish, 179;
Quaker government opposed by western counties of, 242;
Loyalist stronghold, 259.

Penry, John, 88.

Pepys, Samuel, 125.

Perestrello, Felipe Moñiz de, 22.

Periwigs, badge of "gentle folk," 173, 174.

Peru, conquest of, 84.

Philadelphia, growth of, 162;
Germans land at, 178;
First Congress meets in, 234;
taken by Howe, 257;
evacuated by Clinton, 261.

Philip II, 34-37.

Philippine Islands, 28.

Philip's War, 119.

Phillips, George, 98.

"Philosophers," America and the French, 199, 200.

Piedmont of Virginia, 179.

Pine Barrens, 179.

Pinzon, 26, 28.

Pioneers. _See_ Frontier.

Piquet, Père, 156.

Piracy, 40, 146.

Pitt, William, and the Seven Years' War, 158 _ff._;
opposes Stamp Act, 223;
admires papers of the First Congress, 247.

Pittsfield, 175.

Pizarro, Francisco, 34.

Pizarro, Hernando, 34.

Plan for a British-American Parliament, Galloway's, 246.

Plantation type of colony. _See_ Colonial control.

Plantation in Virginia, the, 70 _ff._, 74, 166.

Pliny, 13.

Plymouth colony, 57, 87, 107.

Plymouth Company, 56.

Pola, Marco, 8, 9.

Politics. _See_ Government: Party.

Pope, Alexander, 126, 170.

Population, of the colonies, 66, 161, 162;
of Virginia, 69, 71;
of Massachusetts Bay, 93;
of Carolina, 129, 130;
of New York, 132;
of Pennsylvania, 134;
of Louisiana, 152;
of New France, 157;
German and Scotch-Irish, 177.

Porto Rico, 32.

Portsmouth, 103.

Portugal, 19, 37, 150.

Post office established in the colonies, 191.

Potosi, mines of, 34.

Pownall, Governor of Massachusetts, 158.

Precious metals, European interest in Asia largely determined by the
desire for, 10-14;
America valuable to Spain because of, 31 _ff._;
important for the national state of the sixteenth century, 49 _ff._;
flow into England from Portugal and the West Indies, 150;
lack of specie in frontier communities, 183;
drain of specie leads to use of paper money, 208.

Presbyterians in America, 180 _ff._, 189, 190, 194.

Prices, 14, 149.

Prince, Thomas, 188.

Princeton College, 184, 190, 193 _ff._

Privateers, Elizabethan, 41 _ff._

Proclamation of 1763, 210, 215, 219.

Proprietary estates in Pennsylvania, taxation of, 164.

Proprietary feudal grant, as an instrument of colonization, 54, 55.

Protectorate, 127.

Protestant sects, in the sixteenth century, 111;
on the American frontier, 185 _ff._;
effect of the Great Awakening on, 188 _ff._

Protestantism;
European origin of, 80 _ff._;
in England, 86;
a Church-State incompatible with the principles of, 110 _ff._

Providence, founding of, 103.

Provincialism in the eighteenth century, 170, 174.

Ptolemaic theory, 17.

Puritanism, origin of, 80 _ff._;
conception of morals, 84;
in England, 86 _ff._;
in New England, 91 _ff._;
and the Massachusetts State Church, 110 _ff._;
decline of the rigid ideals of, 122, 125;
in the eighteenth century, 168, 194.

Purse, control of the, 164.

Quakers, in Massachusetts, 108 _ff._;
in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 133, 134;
indifferent to defense of the frontier, 157;
control Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century, 167 _ff._;
Revolution destroys political power of the, 242.

Quebec, 45, 159.

Quincy, Josiah, 230, 238, 239, 249, 250.

Quit-rents, 68, 77, 95, 164, 178.

Radicals. _See_ Party.

Radisson, 141.

Raids, Clinton's policy of, 261 _ff._

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 46, 54, 55.

Rail, Colonel, 256.

Randolph, Edward, 121.

Randolph, Peyton, 245.

Receiver-general of the customs in Virginia, 77.

Redstone, 179, 266.

Reed, Joseph, 245, 261.

Reformation. _See_ Protestantism.

Religion, transformation of, 168 _ff._;
on the frontier, 175, 180, 184;
politics influenced by, 193;
John Adams's ideal of, 197;
Franklin's idea of, 198.
_See_ Puritanism.

Renaissance, 31.

Representative government. _See_ Government.

Requisitions, 213.

Restraining Act, 226.

Revolution of 1688, 145, 147.

Rhode Island, 103, 107, 146, 168.

Rice, 130, 166.

Riders, assemblies make use of, 164.

Rights. _See_ Colonial rights.

Robinson, John, 88, 90.

Robinson, Rev. William, 186.

Rochelle, capture of, 86.

Rockingham Whigs, 223.

Rolfe, John, 69.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 196.

Roxbury, 104.

Rubruquis, William de, 9.

Rum, 168, 216.

Rutledge, John, 246.

Sagadahoc, 56.

St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, 84, 86.

St. Augustine, town of, 33.

St. Brandan, Isles of, 23.

St. John, Henry, Viscount Bolingbroke, 126, 171.

St. Louis, Fort, 143.

St. Lucar, 28.

Saint-Lusson, 141.

St. Paul, 84.

Salem, 93, 100, 101.

Sandwich, Earl of, 236.

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 59, 61, 65.

San Domingo, 32.

San Juan de Ulloa, 41, 42.

Santa Maria, 25.

Sanuto, Marino, 15.

Saratoga, battle of, 257, 260.

Sault Ste. Marie, 141.

Savannah, 262.

Saybrook Platform, 188.

Schiltberger, Johan, 9, 16.

Schnell, Rev. Mr., 186, 187.

Schuyler, Philip, 155.

Sciota, 154.

Scott, John Morin, 220.

Scotch-Irish, 153, 177, 180, 242.

Scrooby, 88.

Seabury, Samuel, 248.

Senegal, 20.

Separatists, 87 _ff._

"Servants," 71, 176.

Seven Cities, the, 23, 33.

Seven Years' War, 156, 165, 191, 204, 208, 214.

Severac, Jordanus de, 9.

Sewall, Jonathan, 243, 244.

Shaftesbury. _See_ Cooper.

Shenandoah Valley, 178, 180.

Shipbuilding, 168.

Shirley, William, 212, 242.

"Simple folk" in the eighteenth century, 173.

Six Nations. _See_ Indians, Iroquois.

Slave trade, 71, 150, 166.

Slavery, in Virginia, 71;
in Barbados and the Bahamas, 128;
in the West Indies, 138;
slave population, 162;
in Rhode Island, 168;
on the frontier, 176, 183.

Smith, John, 56, 58.

Smuggling. _See_ Trade, illicit.

Smyth, Sir Thomas, 59, 63, 65.

Social conditions, in England, 66, 67, 70; in Virginia, 70, 78; in New England, 95, 113, 116, 121; in the eighteenth century, 166 _ff._,172; on the frontier, 175, 180, 184.

Somers, Sir George, 56.

Sons of Liberty. _See_ Party.

"Soul Liberty," 103, 107.

South Carolina, founded, 128, 129; in the eighteenth century, 166, 175; occupied by the British, 262; laid waste by guerrilla war, 267.

Southampton, Earl of, 61.

South Sea, 30-32.

South Sea Company, 149, 150.

Spain, and England, 34-37, 40, 136.

Spanish exploration and settlement in America, 31 _ff._

Spanish Succession War, 178.

Specific appropriations, increase of assemblies' power through, 164.

Spotswood, Alexander, 164, 176.

"Squatters" in Pennsylvania, 178.

Stamp Act, passed, 213, 214;
opposition to the, 216, 218, 220;
legal and illegal methods of resisting, 220, 221;
repeal, 223;
effect of repeal, 224;
resolution of frontier counties of Pennsylvania on the, 241.

Staple Act. _See_ Navigation Acts.

State Governments, 241, 259, 262.

Strahan, William, 170.

Stuart Restoration, 112, 125, 128, 134.

Suffolk Resolutions, First Congress approves the, 246.

Suffrage, 75, 96, 99, 122, 132, 165.

Sugar Act, 208, 215-18, 224.

Sumptuary legislation in Massachusetts, 116.

Swedes, on the Delaware, 132.

Synod of 1679, 119.

Syria, 13.

Tabriz, 5, 8.

Talon Intendant, 142.

Tarleton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 267.

Taxation. _See_ Colonial rights.

Tea, 226, 231-33.

Tennant, Gilbert, 187.

Tennessee settlements, 267.

Theocracy. _See_ Massachusetts Bay.

Thomas, Major, 255.

Tobacco, and the founding of Virginia, 62;
influence on Virginia institutions, 69-71;
official corruption in connection with the sale of, 77;
yields revenue to English customs, 127;
not permitted to be raised in England, 130, 131;
Virginia staple in eighteenth century, 167.

Tordesillas, Treaty of, 26.

Toscanelli, 29.

Town meeting, 95, 99.

Townshend, Charles, 206, 225, 230.

Trade, colonial industry and, 120, 168, 130-34, 149, 166, 215;
English colonization and, 50 _ff._, 125, 127, 129, 136, 138, 139, 147,
150, 218, 221, 222, 229;
illicit, 130-32, 140, 144, 145, 160, 205;
Indian, 73, 76, 140, 144, 145, 150, 152-56, 207, 208-11;
Oriental, 4-6, 13-15, 19.

Trade regulation. _See_ Colonial control.

Travelers, thirteenth-century Oriental, 9-11.

Treasure. _See_ Precious metals.

Trebizond, 8.

Trent, William, 154.

Trenton, 255, 256.

Trinidad, 26.

Turgot, 215.

Turkestan, 5.

Turks, 15, 17.

Ulster, 177.

Union. _See_ Congress; Nationality.

United States, 271, 272.

Up-country. _See_ Frontier.

Utrecht, Peace of, 150.

Vaca, Cabeza de, 33.

Valley Forge, 259.

Vandalia Company, 211.

Vane, Sir Harry, 102.

Van Tyne, Claude Halsted, 259, note.

Vassalboro, 175.

Vaughan, George, 148.

Velasquez, 32.

Venice, 6.

Vera Cruz, 150.

Vergennes, 258, 259.

Vermont, 175.

Verrazano, 30, 38.

Vespucci, Americus, 27.

Villeroi, 255.

Vincennes, 265-67.

_Vindication of the Government of the New England Churches_, John
Wise's, 196.

Virginia, founded, 55;
royal province, 63;
growth of, 67 _ff._;
social and political conditions in, 73 _ff._, 166, 172;
sectional conflict in, 241;
instructs delegates for independence, 252;
raided by British troops, 262;
cedes Western lands, 265;
raided by Cornwallis, 269.

"Virtual" representation, 220.

Virtue. _See_ Civic virtue.

"Vital" religion, 186 _ff._

Vivaldi, the, 18.

Voltaire, Franklin and, 199.

Voyages, Hakluyt's, 46.

Wabash River, 266.

Waldseemüller, 27.

Walpole, Horace, Lord, 150.

Walpole, Horace, Earl of Orford, 214, 236, 262.

Walpole, Robert, Earl of Orford, 151.

War of Independence, 253 _ff._

Warren, Joseph, 239.

Warwick, Earl of, 63.

Washington, Augustine, 154.

Washington, George, builds Fort Necessity, 157;
and the Braddock expedition, 192;
appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, 254;
early campaigns of the war, 254-57;
thinks the "game nearly up," 255;
amazed at Howe's conduct, 257;
at Valley Forge, 259;
effort to bribe, 261;
criticism of, 264;
at West Point, 268;
at Yorktown, 269, 270;
bids farewell to his officers, 273;
army proposes to make him king, 273.

Washington, Lawrence, 154.

Watauga, 265.

Watertown, 98, 104.

Watling's Island, 25.

Wealth, colonial aristocracy based on, 166.

Wedderburne, Alexander, 225.

Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford, 91.

West. _See_ Frontier.

West Indies, trade of continental colonies with, 120, 150, 166;
importance for English colonial system, 138;
planters influential in Parliament, 149.

West Point, 268.

Western lands, ceded to the Federal Government, 265.

Westward movement, 104. _See_ Frontier.

Wethersfield, 104.

Whig oligarchy, attitude toward the colonies, 148 _ff._;
and the Seven Years' War, 158.

Whigs, 251, 271.

Whitefield, the evangelist, 186, 188, 199.

Whitehall Ferry, 273.

White Plains, battle of, 255.

White Woman's Creek, 181.

William III, 126, 145.

Williams, Roger, 100, 103, 116.

Wills Creek, 153.

Wilmington, 269.

Wilson, John, 93, 102, 120.

Windsor, 104.

Wingfield, Edward Maria, 56.

Winthrop, John, 90, 93, 98, 102-105, 112, 115, 120.

Wisconsin River, 141.

Wise, John, 195.

Witchcraft delusion, 195.

Witherspoon, John, 194.

Wolfe, James, 159.

Woolen manufactures, 151.

Writs of assistance, 207.

Yale College, 169, 189.

Yarkand, 5.

Yeardley, Governor of Virginia, 75.

York, James, Duke of, 131.

Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis at, 269, 270.

Yucatan, 32.

Zaiton, 8.