Chapter X: Race Betterment Through Heredity (2)

Yet on the other hand one of the most disquieting facts that confronts us to-day is the large number of patients who are on parole from our hospitals for the insane, subject to recall. What shall we do with them? Shall we submit them to the tremendous hardship of still remaining under custodial care although to all intents and purposes sane, or shall we make their release contingent upon their submission to vasectomy or salpingectomy?

In a few cases such as Huntington's chorea (Figs. 26, 27, pp. 114, 115) we can proceed with a fair degree of assurance, for we know that this dreadful malady is transmitted as a positive trait and that in all probability half of the children of an afflicted individual will inherit the defect. Such patients, if they ever rally sufficiently temporarily to leave the hospital, or where encountered outside the hospital should certainly be restrained from procreation. It is questionable if even their children, though apparently normal, should be allowed to have offspring, for usually the disorder does not manifest itself until middle life and then it is too late to try to prevent its transmission since the affected individual has already probably married and had children. But Huntington's chorea is a comparatively rare form of insanity, and one of only a few about which our knowledge as regards its transmissibility is fairly satisfactory.

=In Feeble-Mindedness.--=When we come to institutions for the feeble-minded, however, there seems to be much more unanimity of opinion among physicians in charge of such institutions that sterilization would be an effective and satisfactory disposition to make of many cases, if we are to release the patients in question from custody. Unquestionably in cases of imbecility it is easier than in insanities to pass conclusive judgment on the inheritability of the condition in a large class of cases. Practically all are agreed that either permanent custodial care through the reproductive period or sterilization should be enforced. Some maintain that such individuals should remain permanently in institutions anyway and that therefore to sterilize them is needless, while others urge that if sterilized many capable of making their own living could be freed and allowed to do so.

According to Goddard the feeble-minded woman is about three times as likely to find a mate as a feeble-minded man, hence it would seem to be of much greater importance to sterilize the woman than the man.

Again it might be urged with much justification, that even though sterilized, the feeble-minded individual because of lack of self-control will transgress sexually and will thus certainly become a menace to society in the spread of venereal diseases. If Mr. Hart's estimate is anywhere near correct, that there are 60,000 feeble-minded women in the United States of child-bearing age, and that 13,000 are already in custody, then the task of getting all women of this class into custody is not so insurmountable as would at first appear.

=In Cases of Epilepsy.--=As to epilepsy, I find a very decided difference of opinion among physicians. Some consider it, on account of its apparently strong inheritability, together with the shocking crimes perpetrated by epileptic criminal types, one of the most serious menaces, while others point out that we know nothing of the real cause of epilepsy, that there are all degrees and shades, that it is probably referable to different causes in different cases and that no one is able to say what the offspring of any given epileptic will be.

As to criminal types, here again we face the difficulty of deciding any particular case. Let us suppose that twenty-five per cent. of criminals are mental defectives, how shall we sift them out from the seventy-five per cent. who are supposed to be eugenically normal? Doubtless in many of the twenty-five per cent. class, the indications of defective mentality are sufficiently evident to prevent mistakes, but a considerable number of uncertain status must also remain near the border-line.

=Sterilization Laws.--=Although twelve of our states already have sterilization laws, only two, Indiana and California, seem to have made any active attempt to enforce them. The situation is too new yet in Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania for these states to have shown what they intend to do. Although the Indiana law says, "it shall be compulsory for each and every institution" to maintain the practise, it has fallen into disuse since 1911, presumably because the governor believed the law unconstitutional. It is of interest to see the motive underlying the law in various states. In the majority it is purely eugenic. In Connecticut it is mainly eugenic though partly therapeutic. In California it is apparently in part therapeutic, since it is stated as being for the physical, mental or moral benefit of inmates of various state institutions, and in part punitive and eugenic, since individuals twice committed for sexual offenses or three times for other crimes are subject to the operation.

In Washington and Nevada the object is purely punitive, the persons specified being habitual criminals and persons adjudged guilty of carnal abuse of female persons under ten years of age, or of rape. In these states also the court orders the operation instead of leaving it to the decision of a board of medical experts.

=Social Dangers in Vasectomy.--=It has been urged against vasectomy that it will work untold harm because it relieves of the responsibility of a probable parentage. This argument does not appeal to one as very weighty as far as the imbecile or other degenerate is concerned, because one of the very traits characteristic of such individuals is lack of any sense of responsibility. By this same token, however, we have a very good argument for sequestration as against sterilization, for the degenerate, even though sterilized, will not be restrained sexually and will be likely to disseminate venereal diseases or commit rape. Furthermore, there will be the temptation to sterilize and liberate certain types that would otherwise have been kept permanently in custody.

=Our Present Knowledge Insufficient.--=When all is said and done, after we take into account the meagerness of our present knowledge on the subject, it is not to be wondered at that many thoughtful students of a conservative turn of mind, feel that any considerable practise of sterilization is premature. The problem has so many phases, and despite occasional bits of positive knowledge, we are yet in such a sea of ignorance regarding it, that in no field is the good Friar Laurence's admonition of "wisely and slow; they stumble that run fast," needed more at present than it is here.

There is little doubt that in theory the feeble-minded and similar defectives should be sent to institutions and kept there, but the important practical question is, can this be done? We can have no final answer until it is tried. While the initial expense would undoubtedly be great, if we could keep our defectives from propagation for a single generation we could very materially lessen their numbers and in succeeding generations the expenses of their care would rapidly diminish.

The one crying need that stands out most prominently in this whole field is that of careful investigation of individual cases and specific types of malady, together with an accurate census of conditions as a whole. Our knowledge of individual malign heredities is too meager to carry us very far at present. When we have found after adequate investigation in just which specific types of defects heredity is an important factor--and we shall undoubtedly find it to be one in many cases--then we can proceed confidently with sterilization, if it will prove to be more practical and desirable than sequestration.

=Sterilization Laws on Trial.--=It will be of great interest and instruction to see how extensively, in the various states which have recently passed sterilization laws, the experts selected will find it expedient to carry on sterilization, and what criteria they will use in deciding on individual cases. That sterilization can be put into effect is indisputable, as may be seen from the fact that several hundred operations have been performed in Indiana. If the board on whom the decision depends happens to be one which feels that many people are likely to distress themselves unduly over the border-line cases, and overlook the fact that there is always a goodly residue with which to proceed without great risk of mistake, then we may expect to see a vigorous campaign inaugurated, and those of us who are still undecided in the matter will have an opportunity of learning more certainly the merits or the failings of the scheme.

Certain married degenerate types would seem to be the ones most urgently demanding attention. Having already begotten several defective children and with nothing else in prospect but the production of the same kind, it is difficult to see from any standpoint why a vasectomy on the male would not be a merciful act. There are not a few such families where the father is periodically in the hands of the law and yet not in permanent restraint. Once in custody his release could be made contingent on vasectomy.

=An Educated Public Sentiment the Most Valuable Eugenic Agent.--=Coming now to the last proposition, education of the public in the principles of eugenics, this is the method calculated to be of more far-reaching service than any other, in the negative as well as in the positive phases of eugenics. Education is necessary before we can have effective restrictive measures for the mentally incompetent established and enforced, and it is also a prerequisite to intelligent procedure on the part of normal individuals in considering their own fitness for marriage.

Of greatest importance in preventing undesirable marriages, as far as people of normal intelligence is concerned, will be the sentiment of disapproval which will arise on the part of society itself when it becomes really convinced that certain marriages are inimical to social welfare. Public opinion is, in fact, one of the most potent influences in marital affairs, simply because refusal to abide by the dictates of the community means social ostracism.

That social disapproval of certain unions can become a very real factor in preventing such marriage is evinced on all sides by the numerous barriers to marriage already in existence based on race, religious sect or social status. Even in our much vaunted democracies one is looked down on who marries "beneath" his or her social set. This sentiment of taboo, so readily and often so senselessly cultivated in our present human society, will inevitably spring up in consequence of a wide-spread knowledge of the facts of human heredity. It is to such a growth, to the establishment of a disapproval which is the product of its own sentiments rather than to legislative enactments, that society must look for the greatest furtherance of the eugenic program.

Necessary as legal restraint is in certain cases, it must obviously be restricted to only the most glaring defects. Moreover, legislation can not run far in advance of public opinion.

=The Question of Personal Liberty.--=It must be admitted that there is a reluctance on the part of many even thoughtful individuals to the application of methods which savor in any way of restraint. An objection not infrequently urged by such persons against the application of certain eugenic principles is that they demand an unwarranted curtailment of personal liberty.

To those who hoist the flag of personal liberty, it may fairly be asked, how much personal liberty does the syphilitic accord his doomed and suffering wife and children, or how much personal liberty is the portion of the offspring of feeble-minded parents? Or, what quota of personal liberty will accrue to the ill-fated descendants of the epileptic, the habitual drunkard or criminal, the gross moral pervert, the congenially deaf and dumb, or to even the progeny which may result from the union of two well-established tubercular strains?

We do not hesitate to send the pick of our stalwart healthy manhood to war to be slaughtered by the thousands and tens of thousands when an affront is offered to an abstraction which we term our national honor, and, sublimely unconscious of the irony of it all, we throw ourselves into a well-nigh hysterical frenzy of protest when it is proposed to stop the breeding of defectives by infringing to a certain extent on their personal liberties.

Society has already found it necessary to suppress certain individuals and yet we hear little complaint about loss of personal liberty in such cases. But if it is necessary to restrain the man who would steal a purse or a horse, is it not still more urgent to restrain one who would poison the blood of a whole family or even of an entire stock for generations? Surely there can be but one answer; society owes it to itself as a matter of self-preservation to enforce the restraint of persons infected with certain types of disease and of individuals possessing highly undesirable inheritable traits, so that perpetuation of such defects is impossible.

=Education of Women in Eugenics Needed.--=One of the most crying needs of the present is the awakening and educating of women to the significance of the known facts. For they are perhaps the greatest sufferers, and once informed, as a mere matter of safety if for no other reason, they will see the necessity of demanding a clean bill of health on the part of their prospective mates. Furthermore in the last analysis woman is the decisive factor in race betterment, for it is she who says the final yea or nay which decides marriage and thus determines in large measure the qualities which will be possessed by her children. Above all, young women must come to realize that the fast or dissipated young man, no matter how interestingly or romantically he may be depicted by the writer of fiction, is in reality unsound physically, and is an actual and serious danger to his future wife and children.

=Much Yet to Be Done.--=But plain as is our duty regarding the application of facts already known, when we consider that the student of heredity has made only a beginning, it is equally evident that he must be urged on in his quest for new facts, and the establishment of new principles. There is imperative need to carry on proper experiments with plants and animals, to collect necessary data regarding man, and for what is scarcely less important, the publication of the facts already acquired so that the public may be guided aright.

Just at present it is of the utmost importance to secure more trustworthy statistics in order that we may intelligently go about instituting suitable restrictive measures for undesirable human strains. We must know the exact number and kinds of feeble-minded, epileptic and insane in our population, and we must have more insight into the personal status and pedigrees of our delinquents and criminals. For purposes of rational procedure such information is indispensable. Much can be done by hospitals, "homes" and penal institutions by determining and recording more accurately all obtainable facts regarding the ancestry of their charges. Moreover, in such states as Wisconsin, where the state hospitals for the insane have each an "after-care-agent," the duties of such officers might well include the collection of more adequate data regarding the hereditary aspects of their patient's condition. And lastly, if in every census, whether state or national, it were made an important part of the work to secure accurate vital statistics, particularly as they pertain to human heredity, the contribution toward enabling us ultimately to purge the blood of our nation of certain forms of suffering, degeneracy and crime would be inestimably great.

=A Working Program.--=And now after reviewing at some length various aspects of man's hereditary and congenital endowment, the important question arises as to whether it is possible, with the knowledge at present available, to go ahead with a practical program which will insure to the child of the future its right of rights, that of _being well-born_. When one considers the matter it is evident that much can be done at once. Most of the needs set forth in the preceding paragraph can clearly be met in a fair degree by instituting the procedures indicated.

One of the obvious duties in a restrictive way that confronts us right at the start is the care and control of the feeble-minded and of the defective delinquent in such a way as to prevent procreation. Much help can be given also through intelligent agitation for the establishment of colonies for epileptics and the higher grades of feeble-minded which can be made in considerable measure self-supporting. A given colony must, of course, be for one sex alone. Much can be done, furthermore, by putting into operation, both in and out of institutions, effective systems of registering births and deaths together with accompanying facts which may prove of eugenical significance.

Again, we should more surely identify and exclude undesirable immigrants and also undertake thoroughgoing investigations to determine which races we can not profitably assimilate into our own blood.

Physicians should pay more attention to the hereditary and congenital aspects of their cases and make it more a matter of conscience than they do at present to advise patients with regard to marriage. Prenuptial medical inspection should become the custom, if not by law at least as a voluntary procedure. Every parent must come to realize the grave risk to which he is subjecting his daughter if a guarantee of physical fitness, even more than assurance of financial standing or social position, is not forthcoming from her prospective mate.

Wholly apart from the field of heredity though in a realm intimately concerned with the birthright of the child, much practical good can be accomplished by pondering the facts and the fictions of prenatal influence and in the light of the knowledge thus gained, seeing that while foolish and unnecessary worries are abolished, the conditions of health, nutrition and occupation surrounding the expectant mother are the best obtainable. It is the sacred duty of every individual, moreover, to see that the maximal possibilities of his own germ-plasm are not lowered by vicious or unwholesome living.

As individuals we can cultivate a greater sense of responsibility regarding marriage and parenthood in those for whose training we are responsible. We can study this whole subject conscientiously, keep pace with new knowledge and see that other people are likewise informed. In showing an enlightened interest in the ideals of eugenics and a sympathetic approval of wholesome marriages, a sentiment toward parenthood will gradually arise which will make it seem more desirable to many worthy people than it does at present. If we are of good stock ourselves we should recognize that it is highly desirable that we give to the race at least four children. On the other hand, if we come from a strain which is eugenically undesirable we should with equal conscientiousness refrain from contributing to human misery. For where serious obstacles to a union exist, renunciation is certainly a higher manifestation of love than is consummation of a marriage which will result in untold misery to the object of the affections. As a matter of fact, with adequate preliminary knowledge as to what actually constitutes a serious drawback to marriage, where such really exists and is recognized by the associated individuals, love of the kind that leads to marriage is not likely to arise.

As has been suggested by various students of eugenics, it is even at present perhaps not infeasible for earnest individuals to start in a quiet way local centers for the keeping and filing of accurate records of their family traits for the future use of their descendants. Such groups, voluntary though they be, would soon acquire a degree of distinction that would make other people of good endowments wish to join in and go on record as eugenically desirable.

Lastly, it should not be forgotten that good traits are inherited as certainly as bad ones. Moreover, in the realm of human conduct, even though the fundamental features of behavior are based on an inherited organization, man is not always driven by an inexorable linkage of inherited neutral units into only one line of conduct, since more or less capacity for alternative action is also inherited. It is the personal duty of every member of society to aid in affording the opportunity and providing the proper stimuli to insure that out of the many possibilities of behavior which exist in the young at birth, those forms are realized which are best worth while to the individual and to society. And while we recognize that improved environment alone can not correct human deficiencies we must nevertheless not relax our efforts to get cleaner foods, cleaner surroundings, cleaner politics and cleaner hearts.

Why go on alleviating various kinds of misery that might equally well be prevented? When one squarely faces the issue, surely the absurdity of our present practises can not but be evident to even the most thoughtless.

=Which Shall It Be?--=As a matter of social evolution, human homes originated in the necessity of an abiding place for the nurture and training of the young past their first period of helplessness. Well in the foreground of the mental picture which arises when we hear the very word _home_, are children. What shall the home of the future be with regard to its most important assets, the children? Shall we as a people continue to be confronted at every turn by the dull countenance of the imbecile, the inevitable product of a bad parental mating; or the feeble body and the clouded intellect of the child sprung from a parentage of polluted blood; or the furtive cunning of the born criminal, the will-less mind of the bred degenerate, or the shiftless spawn of the pauper? Or shall it be a type with laughing face, with bounding muscles, with unclouded brain, overflowing with health and happiness--in short, _the well-born child_?

The answer is in our own hands. The fate of many future generations is ours to determine and we are false to our trusteeship if we evade the responsibility clearly laid before us. How conscientiously we heed known facts, how actively we acquaint ourselves with new facts, and how effectively we execute the obvious duties demanded by these facts, will give us the answer.

THE END

GLOSSARY

ACQUIRED CHARACTERS, traits developed in the body through changes in environment or function, in contra-distinction to those which have their specific causes in the germ-cells.

ADAPTATION (L. _ad_, to; _aptus_, fit), fitness to environment.

ALBINISM (L. _albus_, white), a condition of deficiency in pigment.

ALLELOMORPH (Gr. _allelon_, of one another; _morphe_, form), one of a pair of alternate Mendelian characters.

AMEBA (Gr. _amoibe_, change), a primitive single-celled animal.

AMPHIBIAN (Gr. _amphi_, both; _bios_, life), capable of living both on land and in water.

ANTHROPOID (Gr. _anthropos_, man; _eidos_, form), man-like.

ARISTOGENIC (Gr. _aristos_, best; _genesis_, origin), pertaining to the genetically most desirable human strains.

ASSOCIATION AREAS, those regions of the brain in which presumably the higher mental processes are effected.

ATAVISM (L. _ad_, before; _avus_, grandfather), a return in one or more characters to an ancestral type. See p. 8 for restricted modern usage.

ATROPHY (Gr. _a_, negative; _trophe_, nourishment), a wasting away of a part of a living organism.

AXON (Gr. _axon_, axis), the process from a nerve cell which becomes a nerve fiber.

BINET-SIMON SCALE, a series of tests graded to age and previous training of the average normal child, much used in measuring mental deficiency.

BIOLOGY (Gr. _bios_, life; _logos_, discourse), the study of life and of living things.

BIOMETRY (Gr. _bios_, life; _metron_, measure), the study of biological problems by means of statistical methods.

BLASTOMERE (Gr. _blastos_, germ; _meros_, part), one of the early cells formed by the division of the ovum.

BLASTOPHTHORIA (Gr. _blastos_, germ; _phtheiro_, destroy), deterioration of the germ as the result of direct pathogenic or other disturbing agents.

BLENDING INHERITANCE, inheritance in which the characters of the parents seem to blend in the offspring.

CACOGENIC (Gr. _kakos_, bad; _genesis_, origin), pertaining to genetically undesirable human strains.

CELL, the fundamental unit of structure in plants and animals.

CENTROSOME (Gr. _kentron_, center; _soma_, body), a small body which functions in indirect cell-division.

CHARACTER, any distinguishing feature, trait or property of an organism.

CHEMOTROPISM (chemical and tropism), defined, p. 198.

CHROMATIN (Gr. _chroma_, color), deeply staining substance of the cell-nucleus.

CHROMOSOMES (Gr. _chroma_, color; _soma_, body), characteristic deeply staining bodies, typically constant in number and appearance in each species of animal or plant, which appear in the cell during indirect division.

CHROMOTROPISM (Gr. _chroma_, color; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

CLEAVAGE, the division of the egg-cell into many cells.

CONGENITAL (L. _con_, together; _gigno_, bear), present at birth.

CONJUGATION (L. _con_, together; _jugum_, yolk), the union of germ-cells or unicellular individuals for reproduction.

CONSTRUCTIVE (or positive) EUGENICS, a system of securing a superior race through propagation of the fittest individuals.

CORTEX (L. _cortex_, bark), the outer or investing layer of the brain.

CYTOPLASM (Gr. _kytos_, cell; _plasso_, form), the protoplasm of the cell outside of the nucleus.

DALTONISM, the commonest form of color-blindness in which the affected individual is unable to discriminate between red and green.

DENDRITES (Gr. _dendron_, tree), branching processes which spring from nerve-cells.

DETERMINER (L. _determinare_, to determine), the distinctive cause or unit in a germ-cell which determines the development of a particular character in the individual derived from that cell. The terms _gene_ and _factor_ are sometimes used as synonyms of determiner.

DIHYBRIDS (L. _di_, two; _hybrida_, mongrel), the offspring of parents differing in two characters.

DIPLOID (Gr. _diploos_, double; _eidos_, form), the dual or somatic number of chromosomes.

DOMINANT CHARACTER (L. _dominare_, to be a master), a character from one parent which manifests itself in offspring to the exclusion of a contrasted character from the other parent.

DROSOPHILA, a genus of fruit-flies of which there are several species.

DUPLEX (L. _duo_, two; _plico_, fold), the condition in which a character is represented by two determiners, one from each parent.

ELECTROTROPISM (Gr. _electron_, amber; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

EMBRYO (Gr. _embryon_), the young organism in its earliest stages of development.

EMBRYOGENY (Gr. _embryon_; _genesis_, generation), the development of the embryo.

EUGENICS (Gr. _eugenes_, well-born), the science relating to improvement of the human race through good breeding.

FACTOR, the determiner of a particular hereditary character.

FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS, deficiency in mental development. For grades, see p. 244.

FERTILIZATION, union of the sexual cells.

FETUS (L. _feuere_, to bring forth), the unborn young animal in its later (after the second month in man) stages of development.

FLAGELLUM (L. _flagellum_, little whip), a vibratile, thread-like organ of locomotion.

GAMETE (Gr. _gamos_, marriage), a mature germ-cell.

GENETICS (Gr. _genesis_, origin), the science which deals with heredity and the origin of individuals in general.

GENOTYPE (Gr. _genea_, race; _typto_, strike), the germinal constitution of an organism.

GEOTROPISM (Gr. _ge_, earth; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

GERM-CELL, a reproductive cell.

GERMINAL VARIATIONS, variations which owe their origin to some modification in the germ-cells.

GERM-PLASM, the material basis of inheritance.

GONAD (Gr. _gonos_, generation), a germ-gland.

HAPLOID (Gr. _haploos_, single; _eidos_, form), the single or reduced number of chromosomes as found, for instance, in the mature germ-cells.

HELIOTROPISM (Gr. _helios_, sun; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

HEREDITY (L. _heres_, heir), resemblance of individuals to their progenitors based on community of origin.

HERITAGE (L. _heres_, heir), all that is inherited by an individual.

HETEROZYGOTE (Gr. _heteros_, other; _zygon_, yolk), an individual produced through the union of germ-cells which are unlike in one or more determiners. Adjective, _heterozygous_.

HOMOZYGOTE (Gr. _homos_, same; _zygon_, yolk), an individual produced through the union of germ-cells which are alike in determiners. Adjective, _homozygous_.

HYBRID (L. _hybrida_, mongrel), the offspring of parents which differ in one or more characters.

IDENTICAL TWINS, twins which show identical inborn characters, both having come presumably from the same ovum.

IDIOT (Gr. _idios_, peculiar, private), defined, p. 244.

IMBECILE (L. _imbecillis_, weak), defined, p. 244.

INHERITANCE (L. _in_, in; _heres_, heir), the sum of all characters which are transmitted by the germ-cells from generation to generation.

INHIBITOR (L. _in_, in; _habeo_, hold, have), that which checks or restrains.

INSTINCT (L. _in_, in; _stingno_, prick), defined, p. 203.

INTRA-UTERINE (L. _intra_, within; _uterus_, the womb), within the womb.

IRRITABILITY (L. _irrito_, excite), the property of responding to stimuli.

LININ (L. _linum_, flax), filaments of the cell-nucleus not readily stained by dyes.

LUETIN TEST (L. _lues_, pest), a test for syphilis; see p. 188.

MAMMALS (L. _mamma_, breast), warm-blooded, hairy animals which suckle their young.

MATURATION (L. _maturus_, ripe), the final stages in the development of the sex-cells characterized by two divisions in one of which the number of chromosomes is reduced by one-half.

MENDELIAN, MENDELISM, referring to Mendel, the founder of a theory of heredity. See p. 67.

METAZOA (Gr. _meta_, over; _zoon_, animal), all animals higher than the protozoa.

MITOSIS (Gr. _mitos_, thread), indirect nuclear division, characterized by the appearance of a fibrous spindle and a definite number of chromosomes. The latter split to form daughter chromosomes which diverge to the poles of the spindle to form parts of the new nuclei.

MONGOLIAN, a type of feeble-minded individual, see p. 248.

MONOHYBRID (Gr. _monos_, single; L. _hybrida_, mongrel), the offspring of parents, differing in one character.

MORON (Gr. _moros_, foolish), defined, p. 244.

MUTATIONS (L. _mutare_, to change), abrupt, inheritable germinal variations. Frequently though not necessarily they are changes of considerable extent.

NEURAL (Gr. _neuron_, nerve), pertaining to the nervous system.

NEURON (Gr. _neuron_, nerve), a nerve-unit consisting of a nerve-cell with branching processes called dendrites and an axon or axis cylinder process which gives rise to a nerve fiber.

NEUROPATHIC (Gr. _neuron_, nerve; _pathos_, suffering), relating to disease of the nervous system.

NUCLEOLUS (L. dim. of nucleus), a well-defined body found within the nucleus of a cell.

NUCLEUS (L. _nux_, a nut), the central organ of a cell.

NULLIPLEX (L. _nullus_, not any; _plico_, fold), the condition in which no determiners of a given character exist in a particular individual.

OOeCYTE (Gr. _oon_, egg; _kytos_, cell), the ovarian egg in one stage of development.

OOeGENESIS (Gr. _oon_, egg; _genesis_, origin), the development of ova from primitive sex-cells.

OOeGONIUM (Gr. _oon_, egg; _gonos_, generation), a primordial egg-cell.

OVARY (L. _ovum_, egg), the organ in which the egg-cells multiply and are nourished.

OVUM (L. _ovum_, an egg), the female sex cell.

PARTHENOGENESIS (Gr. _parthenos_, virgin; _genesis_, origin), development of an egg which has not united with a male gamete.

PHENOTYPE (Gr. _phaino_, show; _typto_, strike), the existing type of individual irrespective of hereditary possibilities which may reside in it undeveloped.

PHOTOTROPISM (Gr. _phos_, light; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

PLACENTA (L. _placenta_, a flat cake), the organ by which the fetus of the higher mammals is attached to the uterine wall of the mother for purposes of nourishment, respiration and excretion. In it the maternal and fetal blood, although not intermingling, are brought into such close proximity that an interchange of dissolved substances is possible.

POLAR BODIES, the minute cells which are separated from the egg in its maturation divisions.

PRIMATE (L. _primus_, first), the highest order of animals, including monkeys, apes and man.

PRONUCLEUS, the nucleus of the mature ovum or sperm-cell.

PROTOPLASM (Gr. _protos_, first; _plasma_, form), the essential living substance.

PROTOZOA (Gr. _protos_, first; _zoon_, animal), single-celled animals or animals composed of cells not separable into different tissues.

PSYCHICAL (Gr. _psyche_, the soul), pertaining to the mind.

RECESSIVE CHARACTER (L. _recessus_, a going back), a character from one parent which remains undeveloped in offspring when associated with the corresponding dominant character from the other parent.

REDUCTION DIVISION, a division of the maturing germ-cells in which the dual or somatic (diploid) number of chromosomes is reduced to the single (haploid) number.

REFLEX ACTION (L. _re_, back; _flectere_, bend), an automatic response of the nervous and motor mechanism of the body.

RESTRICTIVE (or negative) EUGENICS, a system of improving the human race by preventing reproduction of the unfit.

REVERSION (L. _re_, back; _verto_, turn), the reappearance of ancestral traits which have for some generations been in abeyance.

RHEOTROPISM (Gr. _rheo_, to flow; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

SALPINGECTOMY (Gr. _salpinx_, trumpet; _ectome_, cutting out), removal of part or all of a Fallopian tube (oviduct).

SEGREGATION (L. _se_, aside; _grex_, flock), separation.

SEX CHROMOSOME, a special chromosome which is supposed to be concerned in the determination of sex.

SEX-LINKED CHARACTERS, defined, p. 60.

SIMIAN (L. _simia_, ape), ape-like.

SIMPLEX (L. _sim_, same; _plico_, fold), the condition in which a character is represented by a determiner from only one of the two parents.

SOMA (Gr. _soma_, body), the body considered apart from the germ-cells.

SPERMATID (Gr. _sperma_, seed), a cell resulting from the last division of the germ-cell in spermatogenesis. It transforms into the spermatozoon.

SPERMATOCYTES (Gr. _sperma_, seed; _kytos_, cell), cells concerned in the maturation divisions of the male germ-cells.

SPERMATOGENESIS (Gr. _sperma_, seed; _genesis_, origin), the development of spermatozoa from primitive sex-cells.

SPERMATOGONIUM (Gr. _sperma_, seed; _gonos_, generation), a primordial sperm-cell.

SPERMATOZOON (Gr. _sperma_, seed; _zoon_, animal), the functional male sex-cell.

SPINDLE, a fibrous organ formed in indirect cell-division.

SPIREME (L. _spira_, coil), a characteristic stage preliminary to indirect cell-division in which the chromatin material of the nucleus appears in the form of a skein of filaments.

STEREOTROPISM (Gr. _stereos_, solid; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

STERILIZATION (L. _sterilis_, barren), deprivation of reproductive power. For methods, see p. 322.

SYNAPSE (Gr. _syn_, together; _hapto_, unite), the coming in contact of the processes of one nerve cell with the processes or body of another.

SYNAPSIS (Gr. _syn_, together; _hapto_, unite), union of the chromosomes in pairs preliminary to the reduction division.

TELEGONY (Gr. _telegonos_, born far away), the supposed influence of an earlier sire on offspring born later of the same mother to a different sire.

THERMOTROPISM (Gr. _thero_, heat; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

THIGMOTROPISM (Gr. _thigmo_, touch; _trope_, turning), defined, p. 198.

TOXIN (Gr. _toxicon_, poison), poisonous compounds of animal, vegetable, or bacterial origin.

TROPISM (Gr. _trope_, turning), the automatic directing of an organism toward or away from a source of stimulus.

UNIT-CHARACTER, a character which behaves as an indivisible unit in heredity.

VASECTOMY (L. _vas_, vessel; _ektome_, cutting out), removal of a portion of the vas deferens (duct for conveying spermatozoa).

VESTIGEAL (L. _vestigium_, footstep), representing organs which existed once in a more developed condition.

VOLVOX (L. _volvo_, roll), a small fresh-water organism occurring in spherical colonies.

WASSERMAN REACTION, a test for syphilis, see p. 188.

X-ELEMENT, same as sex-chromosome.

ZYGOTE (Gr. _zygon_, yolk), the product of the union of two gametes.

REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING AND STUDY

BATESON, W., 1909. _Mendel's Principles of Heredity._ Cambridge, The University Press. The best technical account of Mendelism. It contains also a translation of the original papers of Mendel.

CASTLE, WILLIAM E., 1911. _Heredity._ New York, D. Appleton and Company.

CASTLE, WILLIAM E.; COULTER, JOHN M.; DAVENPORT, CHARLES B.; EAST, EDWARD M.; TOWER, WILLIAM L., 1912. _Heredity and Eugenics._ Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

CONKLIN, EDWIN GRANT, 1915. _Heredity and Environment in the Development of Men._ Princeton, Princeton University Press.

DAVENPORT, CHARLES B., 1911. _Heredity in Relation to Eugenics._ New York, Henry Holt and Company.

DONCASTER, L., 1911. _Heredity in the Light of Recent Research._ Cambridge, The University Press.

DONCASTER, L., 1915. _The Determination of Sex._ Cambridge, The University Press.

ELLIS, HAVELOCK, 1912. _The Task of Social Hygiene._ New York, Houghton Mifflin Company.

GALTON, FRANCIS, 1869. _Hereditary Genius: an Inquiry Into Its Laws and Consequences._ London, Macmillan and Company.

GALTON, FRANCIS, 1889. _Natural Inheritance._ New York, The Macmillan Company.

GALTON, FRANCIS, 1895. _English Men of Science; Their Nature and Nurture._ New York, D. Appleton and Company.

GALTON, FRANCIS, and SCHUSTER, EDGAR, 1906. _Noteworthy Families_ (Modern Science). London, J. Murray.

GODDARD, HENRY HERBERT, 1912. _The Kallikak Family; a Study in the Heredity of Feeble-mindedness._ New York, The Macmillan Company.

GODDARD, HENRY HERBERT, 1914. _Feeble-mindedness; Its Causes and Consequences._ New York, The Macmillan Company.

HEALY, WILLIAM, 1915. _The Individual Delinquent._ Boston, Little, Brown and Company.

KELLICOTT, WILLIAM E., 1911. _The Social Direction of Human Evolution; an Outline of the Science of Eugenics._ New York, D. Appleton and Company.

MORGAN, THOMAS HUNT, 1913. _Heredity and Sex._ New York, Columbia University Press.

PUNNETT, R. C., 1911. _Mendelism._ New York, The Macmillan Company. The best popular account of Mendelism.

SALEEBY, CALEB WILLIAM, 1909. _Parenthood and Race Culture; an Outline of Eugenics._ London, Cassell and Company.

SCHUSTER, EDGAR, 1912. _Eugenics._ London, Collins Clear-Type Press.

THOMSON, J. ARTHUR, 1908. _Heredity._ London, John Murray.

WALTER, HERBERT EUGENE, 1913. _Genetics._ New York, The Macmillan Company.

WHETHAM, W. C. D. and C. D., 1909. _The Family and the Nation._ London, Longmans, Green and Company.

WOODS, FREDERICK ADAMS, 1906. _Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty._ New York, Henry Holt and Company.

VARIOUS AUTHORS, 1914. _Eugenics; Twelve University Lectures._ New York, Dodd, Mead and Company.

JOURNALS:

_The Journal of Heredity._ The organ of the American Genetic
Association, Washington, D. C.

_The Eugenics Review._ Issued at the University of London.

_Memoirs and Bulletins_ published by the Eugenics Record Office, Cold
Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.

Every one interested in eugenics should be acquainted with the work of this office. In its own words its functions are:

1. To serve eugenical interests in the capacity of repository and
clearing house.

2. To build up an analytical index of the traits of American families.

3. To train field workers to gather data of eugenical import.

4. To maintain a field force actually engaged in gathering such data.

5. To cooperate with other institutions and with persons concerned
with eugenical study.

6. To investigate the manner of inheritance of specific human traits.

7. To advise concerning the eugenical fitness of proposed marriages.

8. To publish results of researches.

To such persons as will undertake to fill them out it furnishes free
in duplicate (one copy to be retained by the applicant) the following
blank schedules: 1. _Record of Family Traits._ 2. _Index to
Germ-plasm--A Parallel Family Record for Prospective Marriage Mates._
3. _Musical Talent._ 4. _Mathematical Talent._ 5. _Tuberculosis._ 6.
_Special Trait Chart._ 7. _Harelip and Cleft-palate._

_Publications of the Volta Bureau_ of Washington, D. C., an
institution given over entirely to data regarding deaf mutes.

_Studies in National Deterioration._ The University of London.

_Memoirs and Lectures_, from the Biometric Laboratory, University of
London.

_Treasury of Human Inheritance_, a series of studies being issued from
the Eugenics Laboratory, University College, London.

INDEX

Ability: 118;
calculating, literary, musical, 120.

Able child likely to be neglected, 257.

Achondroplasy, 113.

Acquired characters, inheritance of, 121.

Adami, 164.

Adaptations, establishment of, 140.

Adaptive responses, 201.

Agassiz, 297.

Albinism, in man, 116.

Alcohol: and crime, 279;
and degeneracy, 172, 179;
and germinal tissue, 172;
a poison, 168.

Alcoholism: 101, 117, 167;
factors in, 180;
in lower animals, 173-178;
views regarding inheritance of, 169, 170, 172, 178, 179, 180.

Alkaptonuria, 117.

Allelomorph, 77.

Alpine plants, non-inheritance of acquired characters, 131.

Alternative action in behavior, 207.

Altruism, possible origin of, 220.

Ambystoma, 132.

Ameba, 23, 24.

Ancestors, number of, 4.

Ancestry: a network, 3;
dual, 6;
in royalty, 5;
pride of, as a eugenic agent, 309.

Backward child, 256.

Backwardness, importance of early determination, 256, 257.

Bardeen, 126.

Barker, 229.

Barr, 246, 247, 248.

Barrington, 179.

Bateson, 77, 82.

Bees, inheritance in, 136, 137.

Behavior: lower animals, 197;
modifiability of, 200, 204-207, 217, 219, 224, 225, 337;
not wholly established by heredity, 217, 227;
rational, 205, 206;
various forms of, possible, 207, 219.

Bell, 152.

Bezzola, 170.

Billings, 249.

Binet-Simon test, 255.

Biometry, 16.

Birthmarks, 159, 160.

Birth-rate: significance of, 302;
too low in desirable stocks, 302, 304, 305, 307.

Blastomeres, 55.

Blastophthoria, 163.

Blended inheritance, 87, 92, 93.

Blends, mistakes for, 91.

Blindness, infantile, 183.

Blistering, 113.

Body: how built up from germ, 36;
duality of, 50.

Brachydactylism, 107.

Brain: in higher animals, 213;
mechanism, maladjustments of, 230.

Branthwaite, 180, 292.

Breeding, experiments, method of, 14, 15.

Brewer, 142.

Brieux, 101.

Bronner, 266.

Brown Sequard, 132, 133.

Cabot, 183.

Cacogenic strains, 310.

Cajal, 209.

Cancer, 117, 154.

Capsella, 131.

Castle, 134.

Cataract, presenile, 112.

Cattle: horn characters, 79;
roan, 81.

Cell: a unit of structure, 20;
diagram of, 21;
structure of, 20, 30.

Cell-division: 31;
indirect (mitosis), 32;
meaning of indirect, 34.

Cell-theory, 22.

Cellular basis of heredity, 22.

Ceni, 174.

Centrosome, 31.

Cerebral cortex, not functionally homogeneous, 211.

Character: defined, 12;
dominant, 74;
recessive, 74.

Characters: contrasted, 69;
determiners of, 13, 14;
independence of, 69;
inheritable and non-inheritable, 121, 122;
more than two pairs of, 87;
new combinations of, 82, 83, 84;
separable, 69;
symbols for, 78;
two pairs of, 82.

Chauvin, 132.

Chemotropism, 198.

Childbirths, intervals between, 165.

Children of the future: ours to determine quality of, 338, 339;
and home, 338.

Cholera, 152.

Chorea: 117;
Huntington's, 113-115, 243, 325.

Chromatin, 31.

Chromosome, 32.

Chromosomes: individuality of, 39, 48;
determiners in, 94;
in germ and body cells, 40;
Mendelian factors and, 93;
number and appearance, 34, 41;
pairs of, 40, 93, 94;
significance of, in heredity, 35, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54.

Chromotropism, 198.

Church, 242.

Cleavage, 36.

Cleft-palate, 178.

Cole, 166.

College graduates and birth-rate, 304.

Coloboma, 113.

Color-blindness, 60-62.

Conceptual thought, origin of, 206.

Conduct: importance to young of practise, 221, 223;
hereditary predisposition and, 218, 337;
responsibility for, 195.

Congenital traits, 123.

Conjugation, 25.

Consciousness, 206.

Conservation: of superior strains, 157;
human, 299, 300.

Constructive eugenics, 309.

Corneal opacity, 113.

Correns, 68.

Cortex of brain, 195, 213.

Cost, of caring for our disordered and delinquent, 257, 300.

Cretins, effects of segregating the sexes, 321.

Crime: and delinquency, 263, 287;
and feeble-mindedness, 264-270;
bearings of immigration on, 280;
classifications of, 276;
defined, 276;
heredity vs. environment in, 263;
increase in, 272;
mental disorders most frequently associated with, 279;
no specific hereditary factor for, 275.

Criminal: the born, 277;
the epileptic, 277.

Criminality, 117.

Criss-cross inheritance, 61.

Criteria for judging reproductive fitness, 304, 306.

Cytoplasm: 30;
in heredity, 51.

Daltonism, 60.

Dana, 257.

Darwin, pedigree of, 316.

Davenport, 92, 116, 231, 243, 257, 271, 273, 284, 291, 304, 312.

Davis, 185.

Deaf-mutism, 152, 153.

Death, natural, 28.

Decline of nations, 290, 300.

Defective delinquent, should prevent procreation of, 335.

Defectives: increase due to breeding, 290, 291;
natural elimination done away with among, 292;
unpardonable to let multiply, 288.

Defects: breeding out, 118, 119;
mental and nervous, 228.

Degenerate strains: 269;
not a product of surroundings, 273.

Degenerates, sterilization of married, 330.

Delinquency, causes of, 267, 274.

Delinquents not all defectives, 274.

Delinquent women and girls, many mentally defective, 265, 266.

Dendrite, 208.

De Sanctis, 256.

Determiners: 13, 77;
different producing the same character, 88, 90;
segregation of, 84.

Development: in higher organisms, 28;
suppressed, 9.

De Vries, 68.

Diabetes, 113.

Difficulty, educational value of, 222, 223.

Digital malformations, 107.

Dihybrids, 82.

Diploid number of chromosomes, 41, 43.

Disease: defined, 146;
inheritance of, 98, 148;
predisposition to, 148;
reappearance of not necessarily inheritance, 146.

Dominance: 74;
delayed, 81;
incomplete, 80, 100;
in human genealogies, 102;
in man, 99, 107.

Don Carlos, number of ancestors, 5.

Drosophila, 66.

Duplex character, 80, 99.

Dwarfing, by starvation, 130.

Dwarfs, true, 117.

East, 91.

Education: actual practise in carrying out projects important, 221;
affording opportunity for development of good traits, 226;
effects of not inherited, 142, 155;
establishing pathways through the nervous system, 210;
importance of difficulty in, 222, 223;
non-transference of skill acquired in one line to other lines, 213;
providing proper stimuli, 226;
training in motive necessary, 220;
value of interest in, 223.

Egg, a cell, 22.

Egg-cell and sperm-cell contrasted, 29.

Elderton, 179, 296.

Electrotropism, 198.

Ellis, 265, 301.

Embryo, relation to mother, 161.

Embryogeny, 36.

Emerick, 251.

Environment: direct action on germ cells, 124, 125;
effects of faulty, 158;
in crime and delinquency, 263, 266, 273, 274.

Epidermolysis, 113.

Epilepsy: 101, 117, 242, 249, 251, 252, 253;
in guinea-pigs, 132;
relation to feeble-mindedness, 249.

Epileptic, the criminal type, 277-279.

Epileptics, number of, 230, 246, 250.

Eugenic agent, educated public sentiment, 330.

Eugenics: and education, 309;
and personal liberty, 332;
a working program of, 335;
constructive, based on education, 301;
defined, 293;
desirable traits, 306;
education of women in, 333;
influence of public opinion on, 331;
much yet to be done, 333, 334;
positive and negative, 301.

Ewart, 10, 165.

Exceptional child likely to be neglected, 257.

Experimental breeding, method of, 15.

External conditions, influences of, 130.

Eye-color: 9, 103;
inheritance of, 104.

Eye-defects, 108, 110.

Family pride and eugenics, 309.

Farabee, 106.

Fay, 153.

Feeble-minded: prevention of procreation in, 258, 335;
results of non-restraint, 246.

Feeble-mindedness: 101, 117;
and crime, 264-269, 279;
grades of, 244;
inheritance of, 245;
not insanity, 238;
relation of alcohol to, 169-172.

Fernald, 256, 266.

Fertilization, 26, 29, 47, 48.

Fetus: poisoning of, 162;
relation to mother, 161.

Fiber-tracts in man, 214.

Fitness, criteria for judging, 304, 306.

Flexner, 186.

Forel, 169, 173, 303.

Fowl, Andalusian, 69, 70, 71.

Frederick the Great, number of ancestors, 5.

Friedreich's disease, 117.

Fruit-fly, 66.

Galton, 293, 295.

Gamete, 28, 40.

Gametes in dihybrids, 85.

Gametic matings in man, 100.

Geddes, 55.

Genealogies, imperfect, 98.

Genotype, 86.

Geotropism, 198.

Germ and body distinct, 37, 38.

Germ: control of possibilities in, 224;
singleness of, 50.

German emperor, number of ancestors, 5.

Germ-cells: affected by poisons, 126;
changes in, 126, 127;
early set apart, 37;
question of effects of body on, 128, 135;
effects of external influences on, 124;
in Miastor, 37, 38;
metabolic changes in, 138;
origin of, 36, 37;
possibilities of development, 127;
two classes of, 71, 73.

Germinal continuity, 39.

Germinal variation and the origin of new characters: 138;
cases analyzed, 141;
sexual reproduction in relation to, 138.

Germ-plasm and bad environment, 194.

Gifted persons, 212.

Glaucoma, 113.

Goddard, 118, 171, 174, 188, 235, 238, 245, 250, 256, 257, 264, 269, 326.

Gonads, transplantation of, 134.

Gonorrhoea: seriousness of, 182;
prevalence, 183.

Gorst, 234.

Gout, 153, 234.

Guinea-pigs: alcoholism in, 175;
Mendelism in, 75.

Guyer, 59.

Habit, 219.

Habits, modification of in lower animals, 204.

Hair-color, 105.

Hair shape, 105.

Hamburger, 150.

Handwriting, 120.

Haploid number of chromosomes, 41, 43.

Harelip, 178.

Hart, 266, 319, 326.

Healy, 256, 274, 278.

Hearing, hardness of, 118.

Heart disease, 154.

Hegner, 27, 38.

Heliotropism, 198.

Helm, 109, 111.

Hemophilia, 64.

Hereditary character defined, 12.

Hereditary mingling, mosaic rather than blend, 13.

Hereditary transmission, laws of, 68.

Heredity: and environment, 295;
dual ancestry in, 6;
defined, 1;
false, 163;
human, uncertainty of records, 98;
in protozoa, 22, 23;
in insanity, importance of, 261;
in sexually reproducing forms, 7;
in unicellular forms, 22, 23;
methods of study, 14, 15;
new discoveries in, 67;
not a blend, 13;
race betterment through, 289.

Heritage, blood, 1.

Heron, 307.

Heterozygote: 80;
detection of, 80.

Hill-folk, the, 271.

Hodge, 175.

Holmes, 203.

Home, for children, 338.

Homozygote, 80.

Huntington's chorea, 113-115, 243, 325.

Huxley, 195, 205.

Hybrids: 52;
whites and negroes, 297, 298.

Hypotrichosis, 113.

Hysteria, 117.

Ichthyosis, 65.

Ideals, importance of establishing in children, 223.

Idiots, 244.

Imbeciles, 244.

Immigrants, duty of excluding undesirable, 335.

Immigration: and mental unsoundness, 281, 282;
bearing on crime and delinquency, 280;
bearing on venereal diseases, 282;
importance of restricting, 283, 335.

Immortality: of protozoa, 23;
of the race, 3.

Immunity, artificial, not inherited, 155.

Inbreeding, in defectives, 271.

Individual, and race, 3.

Inebriate women, offspring of, 168.

Inebriety, constitutional, 180.

Infant mortality, 149.

Infection, prenatal, 147.

Inheritance: and disease, 146;
blended, 87, 93;
of tendencies, 107.

Inhibitions, 216.

Inhibitors, 79.

Insane, increase in numbers of, 233, 234.

Insanity: 117;
certain forms recessive, 243;
eugenical significance of, 234, 235, 240;
importance of early diagnosis, 259;
some forms not hereditary, 260;
types of, 239;
prevalence in the United States, 228, 229.

Insect colors, effect of temperature, 129.

Instincts: 203;
adjustable, 203;
not inherited acquirements, 144;
origin of intelligent behavior from, 203, 204.

Institutional figures misleading, 266.

Intelligence, 205, 206.

Intelligent behavior, opening up possibilities of, 204.

Ireland, 171.

Irritability, characteristics of living protoplasm, 197.

Jennings, 203, 204.

Johnson, 305.

Johnstone, 245, 319, 320, 321.

Jolly, 243.

Jordan, 4, 299.

Jukes, 270.

Kallikak family, 269, 270.

Kellicott, 314, 316.

Kellogg, 299.

Keratosis, 113.

Kidney diseases, 154.

Kirby, 187, 324.

Knox, 256.

Kraeplin, 242.

Laitinen, 174.

Language, as mental aid, 206, 207.

Lapsed intelligence, theory of, 145.

Larval stages, susceptibility of, 128.

Laws, sterilization, 323, 327, 329.

Lead-poisoning: 163;
experiments on rabbits, 163.

Lederbaur, 131.

Legal restraint of defectives limited, 331.

Lens: displaced, 113;
cataract, 112.

Leprosy, 152.

Leptinotarsa, production of variations in, 125.

Linden, Countess von, 129.

Linin, 31.

Little's disease, 215.

Locomotor ataxia, 187.

Loeb, 62, 203.

Longevity, 120.

Lord Morton's mare, 10.

Lorenz, 113, 114, 115.

Low birth-rate, 308.

Lowell, Judge John, 312.

Luetin test, 188.

Lunborg, 243.

MacDougal, 125.

Margaret, Mother of Criminals, 270.

Marriage: barriers to, 331;
inter-racial, 296;
medical inspection before, 191.

Mast, 203.

Maternal impressions, 159-160.

Maturation: 39, 41, 43, 44;
parallel between egg and sperm-cell, 44, 46.

Mechanical skill, 120.

Mechanism of heredity, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35, 37, 40-54, 94, 95.

Melancholia and crime, 279.

Memory: 120, 204;
not a complete test of normality, 268, 269.

Mendel: 68;
work on peas, 82.

Mendelian factors and chromosomes: 93;
inheritance and man, 97;
principles, rediscovery of, 68;
ratio, cause of, 71.

Mendelism, 67, 69.

Mental and nervous defects, 228.

Mental defective: defined, 255;
disproportionate increase in, 232;
numbers married, 231, 232;
inefficiency of marriage laws concerning, 315.

Mental deficiency: not always inherited, 248;
tests for, 254, 255.

Mental organization of lower vertebrates, 205.

Mental process as neural process, 195.

Mental unsoundness, 196.

Mentality, inheritance of, 19.

Mentally disordered, cost of caring for, 257, 258.

Mercier, 279.

Merriere's disease, 117.

Metazoa, 28.

Metz, 41.

Mice, 78.

Michigan, state report on mentally defective, 234.

Migraine, 101.

Mind, relation to brain, 195.

Mitosis: 32, 33;
meaning of, 34, 37.

Mjoeen, 171.

Modifiability of behavior, 200, 204, 205, 207, 217, 219, 224, 225, 337.

Mongolians, 248.

Moral responsibility, 227.

Morgan, C. Lloyd, 146, 211.

Morgan, T. H., 59, 66.

Moron, 244, 268.

Morons and crime, 268.

Mosaic, heredity a, 13.

Motherhood, safeguarding, 165.

Motive, training in, 220.

Mott, 150.

Mulattoes, 92.

Multiple sclerosis, 64, 117.

Muscular atrophy: 113;
Gower's, 65.

Musical ability, 120.

Mutations: artificial production of, 125;
germinal, 125.

Mutilations, non-inheritance of, 134.

Myopia, 64.

Naegeli, 131.

Nam family, 271.

Natural selection partly done away with in human society, 292.

Near-sightedness, 64.

Nervous and mental diseases, 153.

Nervous organization, inheritable, 242.

Nervous response, in lower organisms, 196.

Nervous system: mainly inherited, 210, 216;
establishment of pathways in, 210;
maladjustments of, 231;
special developments in man, 213, 214, 215;
units of, 208.

Nervous systems of anthropoids, 214.

Neural pathways, not all established at birth, 217.

Neuritis optica, 65.

Neurons, 208.

Neuron theory, 208.

Neuropathic constitution, expression of, 241.

Neuropathic defects, carriers of, 253.

Neuter insects, heredity in, 136, 137.

New characters, origin of, 138.

Newman, 56.

Nicloux, 172.

Night-blindness, 65.

Nilsson-Ehle, 88, 89.

Noguchi, 186.

Nucleolus, 31.

Nucleus, structure of, 31.

Nulliplex character, 80, 100.

Obesity, 120, 154.

Offspring: from one parent only, 5;
different from either parent, 12.

Ooecyte, primary, secondary, 44.

Ooegenesis, 44.

Ooegonia, 44.

Optic nerve, atrophy of, 64.

Organs, formation of, 36.

Origin of sex cells, 12, 36.

Ovaries, transplantation of, 134.

Ovum, 26, 40.

Paralysis, general, 186.

Paranoia, 279.

Parent-body and germ distinct, 12.

Parenthood, cultivation of wholesome sentiment toward, 336.

Paresis: 186;
and crime, 279.

Parthenogenesis, 6.

Patterson, 56.

Paul, 163.

Pearson, 150, 151, 179, 296, 307.

Peas, 68, 82.

Performance tests, 256.

Peron, 133.

Personality determined by heredity, 2, 195.

Peterson, 242.

Phenotype, 86.

Phillips, 134, 135.

Phototropism, 198.

Pinard, 165.

Pineys, the, 271.

Plato, 290.

Poellman, 271.

Polar bodies, 44, 45.

Polydactyly, 108.

Potato-beetle, production of variations in, 125.

Potts, 292.

Predisposition to disease, 148.

Pregnancy, neglect of mothers during, 165.

Prenatal care: 336;
infection, 147;
influence, 11, 159, 162.

Prenuptial medical inspection desirable, 336.

Presence and absence theory: 78;
formulae for man, 99.

Primrose, experiments on, 125.

Principles, Mendelian, 68.

Prisoners, many mentally subnormal, 266.

Pronucleus, 47.

Protective coloration, not of somatic origin, 135, 136.

Protoplasm, germinal, 39.

Psychical development, 196, 203, 205, 206, 213, 215.

Pyramidal tracts, 214.

Quagga hybrid, 10.

Race amalgamation: 297, 298;
deterioration, in a selected population, 303.

Racial degeneracy, not curable by improved environment alone, 294.

Ratio: the 1:2:1, 73;
the 3:1, 77;
the 9:3:3:1, 85;
the 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1, 87;
the 15:1, 88;
the 63:1, 90.

Rational behavior, 205, 206.

Reason, 206.

Recessiveness: 74;
in man, 115.

Records of family traits desirable, 337.

Reduction division, 41, 42.

Reflexes, 203.

Regression, law of, 17.

Renault, 172.

Rentoul, 232.

Reproduction: asexual, 6, 26;
sexual, 26;
sexual and variation, 139.

Reproductive cells, 27, 28, 29.

Responsibility for conduct, 195.

Rest, importance of, in pregnancy, 165.

Reversion: 7, 8;
and atavism, 8;
in guinea-chicken hybrids, 8.

Rheotropism, 198.

Rheumatism, 154.

Ritter, 143.

Rogers, 246, 272.

Romanes, 133.

Rosanoff, 243.

Rossolimo, 256.

Rudin, 243.

Salpingectomy, 322.

Sanford, 205.

St. Vitus' dance, 117.

Schulze, 24.

Schuster, 296.

Sclerosis, multiple, 64, 117.

Segregation: in dihybrids, 84;
Mendelian, 69, 70, 75;
of defectives, 318.

Seguin, 256.

Self-control, importance of, 221, 267, 268, 284, 286, 287.

Sex: and chromosomes, 59;
and heredity, 53;
cells of Volvox, 25;
chromosome, 57, 58;
determination, 55;
differentiation and X-element, 60;
evolution of, 25-30;
hygiene, question of school instruction in, 285;
in certain insects, 56;
linked characters, 60, 65;
not a necessary factor in heredity, 6;
problem, knowledge alone not sufficient, 286.

Sexual vice, 284.

Sharp, 322.

Simplex character, 80, 99.

Skill, non-transference in brain, 212, 213.

Skin, color of, 92.

Smallpox, 152.

Social maladies, prevention of, 293.

Softening of the brain, 186.

Soma, 28.

Spermatid, 43.

Spermatocyte, primary, secondary, 43.

Spermatogenesis, 42.

Spermatogonium, 43.

Spermatazoon: 26, 40;
a cell, 22;
formation of, 43;
structure of, 43.

Spindle, in cell-division, 32.

Spottedness of hair-coat, 113.

Sprague, 281, 305.

Starfish, training a, 204.

Statistical methods, 15.