Chapter LII: Appendix: D (1)

We maintain that not so much as one single passage purporting to be written, _as history_, within the first hundred years of the Christian era, can be produced to show the existence _at_ or before that time of such a person as Jesus of Nazareth, called the Christ, or of such a set of men as could be accounted his disciples or followers. Those who would be likely to refer to Jesus or his disciples, but who have not done so, wrote about:

A. D. 40 Philo.[564:1]
40 Josephus.
79 C. Plinius Second, the Elder.[564:2] }
69 L. Ann. Seneca. } Philosophers.
79 Diogenes Laertius. }
79 Pausanias. } Geographers.
79 Pompon Mela. }
79 Q. Curtius Ruf. }
79 Luc. Flor. }
110 Cornel Tacitus. } Historians.
123 Appianus. }
140 Justinus. }
141 Ælianus. }

Out of this number it has been claimed that one (Josephus) spoke of Jesus, and another (Tacitus) of the Christians. Of the former it is almost needless to speak, as that has been given up by Christian divines many years ago. However, for the sake of those who still cling to it we shall state the following:

Dr. Lardner, who wrote about A. D. 1760, says:

1. It was never quoted by any of our Christian ancestors
before _Eusebius_.

2. Josephus has nowhere else mentioned the name or word
_Christ_, in any of his works, except the testimony above
mentioned,[564:3] and the passage concerning James, the Lord's
brother.[564:4]

3. It interrupts the narrative.

4. The language is quite Christian.

5. It is _not_ quoted by Chrysostom,[564:5] though he often
refers to Josephus, and could not have omitted quoting it, had
it been _then_, in the text.

6. It is _not_ quoted by Photius, though he has three articles
concerning Josephus.

7. Under the article _Justus of Tiberius_, this author
(Photius) expressly states that this historian (Josephus),
being a Jew, _has not taken the least notice of Christ_.

8. Neither Justin, in his dialogue with Typho the Jew, nor
Clemens Alexandrinus, who made so many extracts from ancient
authors, nor Origen against Celsus, _have even mentioned this
testimony_.

9. But, on the contrary, Origen openly affirms (ch. xxxv., bk.
i., against Celsus), that Josephus, who had mentioned John the
Baptist, _did not acknowledge Christ_.[565:1]

In the "Bible for Learners," we read as follows:

"Flavius Josephus, the well-known historian of the Jewish
people, was born in A. D. 37, only two years after the death
of Jesus; but though his work is of inestimable value as our
chief authority for the circumstances of the times in which
Jesus and his Apostles came forward, yet he does not seem to
have ever mentioned Jesus himself. At any rate, the passage in
his '_Jewish Antiquities_' that refers to him is certainly
spurious, and was inserted by a later and a _Christian hand_.
The _Talmud_ compresses the history of Jesus into a single
sentence, and later Jewish writers concoct mere slanderous
anecdotes. The ecclesiastical fathers mention a few sayings or
events, the knowledge of which they drew from oral tradition
or from writings that have since been lost. The Latin and
Greek historians just mention his name. This meager harvest is
all we reap from sources outside the Gospels."[565:2]

Canon Farrar, who finds himself _compelled_ to admit that this passage in Josephus is an interpolation, consoles himself by saying:

"The single passage in which he (Josephus) alludes to Him
(Christ) is interpolated, if not wholly spurious, and no one
can doubt that his silence on the subject of Christianity was
as deliberate as it was dishonest."[565:3]

The Rev. Dr. Giles, after commenting on this subject, concludes by saying:

"_Eusebius_ is the first who quotes the passage, and our
reliance on the judgment, _or even the honesty_, of this
writer _is not so great as to allow of our considering
everything found in his works as undoubtedly genuine_."[565:4]

Eusebius, then, is the first person who refers to these passages.[565:5] Eusebius, "_whose honesty is not so great as to allow of our considering everything found in his works as undoubtedly genuine_." Eusebius, who says that _it is lawful to lie and cheat for the cause of Christ_.[565:6] This Eusebius is the sheet-anchor of reliance for most we know of the first three centuries of the Christian history. What then must we think of the _history_ of the first three centuries of the Christian era?

The celebrated passage in Tacitus which Christian divines--and even some liberal writers--attempt to support, is to be found in his _Annals_. In this work he is made to speak of _Christians_, who "had their denomination from _Christus_, who, in the reign of Tiberius, was put to death as a criminal by the procurator Pontius Pilate."

In answer to this we have the following:

1. This passage, which would have served the purpose of Christian quotation better than any other in all the writings of Tacitus, or of any Pagan writer whatever, _is not quoted by any of the Christian Fathers_.

2. It is not quoted by Tertullian, though he had read and largely quotes the works of Tacitus.

3. And though his argument immediately called for the use of this quotation with so loud a voice (Apol. ch. v.), that his omission of it, if it had really existed, amounts to a _violent improbability_.

4. This Father has spoken of Tacitus in a way that it is absolutely impossible that he should have spoken of him, had his writings contained such a passage.

5. It is not quoted by Clemens Alexandrinus, _who set himself entirely to the work of adducing and bringing together all the admissions and recognitions which Pagan authors had made of the existence of Christ Jesus or Christians before his time_.

6. It has been nowhere stumbled upon by the laborious and all-seeking Eusebius, who could by no possibility have overlooked it, and whom it would have saved from the labor of forging the passage in Josephus; of adducing the correspondence of Christ Jesus and Abgarus, and the Sibylline verses; of forging a divine revelation from the god Apollo, in attestation of Christ Jesus' ascension into heaven; and innumerable other of his pious and holy cheats.

7. Tacitus has in no other part of his writings made the least allusion to "_Christ_" or "_Christians_."

8. The use of this passage as part of the evidences of the Christian religion, is absolutely modern.

9. There is no vestige nor trace of its existence anywhere in the world before the 15th century.[566:1]

10. No reference whatever is made to this passage by any writer or historian, monkish or otherwise, before that time,[567:1] which, to say the least, is very singular, considering that after that time it is quoted, or referred to, in an endless list of works, which by itself is all but conclusive that it was not in existence till the fifteenth century, which was an age of imposture and of credulity so immoderate that people were easily imposed upon, believing, as they did, without sufficient evidence, whatever was foisted upon them.

11. The interpolator of the passage makes Tacitus speak of "_Christ_," not of Jesus _the_ Christ, showing that--like the passage in Josephus--it is, comparatively, a modern interpolation, for

12. The word "_Christ_" is _not a name_, but a TITLE;[567:2] it being simply the Greek for the Hebrew word "_Messiah_." Therefore,

13. When Tacitus is made to speak of Jesus as "Christ," it is equivalent to my speaking of Tacitus as "Historian," of George Washington as "General," or of any individual as "Mister," without adding a _name_ by which either could be distinguished. And therefore,

14. It has no sense or meaning as he is said to have used it.

15. Tacitus is also made to say that the _Christians_ had their denomination from _Christ_, which would apply to any other of the so-called _Christs_ who were put to death in Judea, as well as to Christ Jesus. And

16. "The disciples were _called_ Christians first at Antioch" (Acts xi. 26), not because they were followers of a certain Jesus who claimed to be the Christ, but because "Christian" or "Chrestian," was a name applied, at that time, to any good man.[567:3] And,

17. The worshipers of the Sun-god, _Serapis_, were also called "Christians," and his disciples "Bishops of Christ."[568:1]

So much, then, for the celebrated passage in Tacitus.

* * * * *

NOTE.--Tacitus says--according to the passage attributed to him--that "those who confessed [to be Christians] were first seized, and then on their evidence _a huge multitude_ (_Ingens Multitudo_) were convicted, not so much on the charge of incendiarism as for _their hatred to mankind_." Although M. Renan may say (_Hibbert Lectures_, p. 70) that the authenticity of this passage "cannot be disputed," yet the absurdity of "a huge multitude" of Christians being in Rome, in the days of Nero, A. D. 64--about thirty years' after the time assigned for the crucifixion of Jesus--has not escaped the eye of thoughtful scholars. Gibbon--who saw how ridiculous the statement is--attempts to reconcile it with common sense by supposing that Tacitus knew so little about the Christians that he confounded them with the Jews, and that the hatred universally felt for the latter fell upon the former. In this way he believes Tacitus gets his "huge multitude," as the Jews established themselves in Rome as early as 60 years B. C., where they multiplied rapidly, living together in the Trastevere--the most abject portion of the city, where all kinds of rubbish was put to rot--where they became "old clothes" men, the porters and hucksters, bartering tapers for broken glass, hated by the mass and pitied by the few. Other scholars, among whom may be mentioned Schwegler (_Nachap Zeit._, ii. 229); Köstlin (_Johann-Lehrbegr._, 472); and Baur (_First Three Centuries_, i. 133); also being struck with the absurdity of the statement made by some of the early Christian writers concerning the wholesale prosecution of Christians, said to have happened at that time, suppose it must have taken place during the persecution of Trajan, A. D. 101. It is strange we hear of no Jewish martyrdoms or Jewish persecutions till we come to the times of the Jewish war, and then chiefly in Palestine! But fables must be made realities, so we have the ridiculous story of a "huge multitude" of Christians being put to death in Rome, in A. D. 64, evidently for the purpose of bringing Peter there, making him the first Pope, and having him crucified head downwards. This absurd story is made more evident when we find that it was not until about A. D. 50--only 14 years before the alleged persecution--that the first Christians--a mere handful--entered the capitol of the Empire. (See Renan's _Hibbert Lectures_, p. 55.) They were a poor dirty set, without manners, clad in filthy gaberdines, and smelling strong of garlic. From these, then, with others who came from Syria, we get our "huge multitude" in the space of 14 years. The statement attributed to Tacitus is, however, outdone by Orosius, who asserts that the persecution extended "through all the provinces." (Orosius, ii. 11.) That it was a very easy matter for some Christian writer to interpolate or alter a passage in the _Annals_ of Tacitus may be seen from the fact that the MS. was not known to the world before the 15th century, and from information which is to be derived from reading Daillé _On the Right Use of the Fathers_, who shows that they were accustomed to doing such business, and that these writings are, to a large extent, unreliable.

FOOTNOTES:

[564:1] The Rev. Dr. Giles says: "Great is our disappointment at finding nothing in the works of Philo about the Christians, their doctrines, or their sacred books. About the _books_ indeed we need not expect any notice of these works, but about the Christians and their doctrines his silence is more remarkable, seeing that he was about sixty years old at the time of the crucifixion, and living mostly in Alexandria, so closely connected with Judea, and the Jews, could hardly have failed to know something of the _wonderful events_ that had taken place in the city of Jerusalem." (Hebrew and Christian Records, vol. ii. p. 61.)

The Rev. Dr. assumes that these "wonderful events" really took place, but, if they did not take place, of course Philo's silence on the subject is accounted for.

[564:2] Both these philosophers were living, and must have experienced the immediate effects, or received the earliest information of the existence of Christ Jesus, had such a person as the Gospels make him out to be ever existed. Their ignorance or their willful silence on the subject, is not less than _improbable_.

[564:3] Antiquities, bk. xviii. ch. iii. 3.

[564:4] Ibid. bk. xx. ch. ix. 1.

[564:5] John, Bishop of Constantinople, who died....

[565:1] Lardner: vol. vi. ch. iii.

[565:2] Bible for Learners, vol. iii. p. 27.

[565:3] Life of Christ, vol. I. p. 63.

[565:4] Hebrew and Christ. Rec. vol. ii. p. 62.

[565:5] In his Eccl. Hist. lib. 2. ch. xii.

[565:6] Ch. 31, bk. xii. of Eusebius _Præ paratio Evangelica_ is entitled: "How far it may be proper to use falsehood as a medium for the benefit of those who require to be deceived;" and he closes his work with these words: "I have repeated whatever may rebound to the glory, and suppressed all that could tend to the disgrace of our religion."

[566:1] The original MSS. containing the "Annals of Tacitus" were "discovered" in the fifteenth century. Their existence cannot be traced back further than that time. And as it was an age of imposture, some persons are disposed to believe that not only portions of the _Annals_, but the whole work, was forged at that time. Mr. J. W. Ross, in an elaborate work published in London some years ago, contended that the _Annals_ were forged by Poggio Bracciolini, their professed discoverer. At the time of Bracciolini the temptation was great to palm off literary forgeries, especially of the chief writers of antiquity, on account of the Popes, in their efforts to revive learning, giving money rewards and indulgences to those who should procure MS. copies of any of the ancient Greek or Roman authors. Manuscripts turned up as if by magic, in every direction; from libraries of monasteries, obscure as well as famous; the most out-of-the-way places,--the bottom of exhausted wells, besmeared by snails, as the History of Velleius Paterculus, or from garrets, where they had been contending with cobwebs and dust, as the poems of Catullus.

[567:1] A portion of the passage--that relating to the manner in which the Christians were put to death--is found in the _Historia Sacra_ of Sulpicius Severus, a Christian Father, who died A. D. 420; but it is evident that this writer did not take it from the _Annals_. On the contrary, the passage was taken--as Mr. Ross shows--from the _Historia Sacra_, and bears traces of having been so appropriated. (See Tacitus & Bracciolini, the Annals forged in the XVth century, by J. W. Ross.)

[567:2] "_Christ_ is a name having no spiritual signification, _and importing nothing more than an ordinary surname_." (Dr. Giles: Hebrew and Christian Records, vol. ii. p. 64.)

"The name of _Jesus_ and _Christ_ was both known and honored among the ancients." (Eusebius: Eccl. Hist., lib. 1, ch. iv.)

"The name _Jesus_ is of Hebrew origin, and signifies _Deliverer_, and _Savior_. It is the same as that translated in the Old Testament _Joshua_. The word _Christ_, of Greek origin, is properly _not a name_ but _a title_, signifying _The Anointed_. The whole name is therefore, _Jesus the Anointed_ or _Jesus the Messiah_." (Abbott and Conant; Dic. of Relig. Knowledge, art. "_Jesus Christ_.")

In the oldest Gospel extant, that attributed to Matthew, we read that Jesus said unto his disciples, "Whom say ye that I am?" whereupon Simon Peter answers and says: "Thou art THE CHRIST, the Son of the living God. . . . Then charged he his disciples that they should tell no man that he was Jesus THE Christ." (Matt. xvi. 15-20.)

This clearly shows that "_the Christ_" was simply a _title_ applied to the man Jesus, therefore, if a _title_, it cannot be a _name_. All passages in the New Testament which speak of _Christ_ as a _name_, betray their modern date.

[567:3] "This name (Christian) occurs but three times in the New Testament, and is never used by Christians of themselves, only as spoken by or coming from those without the Church. The general names by which the early Christians called themselves were 'brethren,' 'disciples,' 'believers,' and 'saints.' The presumption is that the name _Christian_ was originated by the _Heathen_." (Abbott and Conant: Dic. of Relig. Knowledge, art. "Christian.")

"We are called Christians (_not_, we call ourselves Christians). So, then, _we are the best of men_ (Chrestians), and it can never be just to hate what is (Chrest) _good and kind_;" [or, "therefore to hate what is _Chrestian_ is unjust."] (Justin Martyr: _Apol._ 1. c. iv.)

"Some of the ancient writers of the Church have not scrupled expressly to call the Athenian _Socrates_, and some others of the _best_ of the heathen moralists, by the name of _Christians_." (Clark: Evidences of Revealed Relig., p. 284. Quoted in Ibid. p. 41.)

"Those who lived according to the Logos, (_i. e._, the _Platonists_), were really _Christians_." (Clemens Alexandrinus, in _Ibid._)

"Undoubtedly we are called _Christians_, for this reason, _and none other_, than because _we are anointed with the oil of God_." (Theophilus of Antioch, in Ibid. p. 399.)

"Christ is the Sovereign Reason of whom the whole human race participates. _All those who have lived comformably to a right reason, have been Christians_, notwithstanding that they have always been looked upon as Atheists." (Justin Martyr: _Apol._ 1. c. xlvi.)

Lucian makes a person called Triephon answer the question, whether the affairs of the _Christians_ were recorded in heaven. "All nations are there recorded, since Chrestus exists even among the Gentiles."

[568:1] "Egypt, which you commended to me, my dearest Servianus, I have found to be wholly fickle and inconsistent, and continually wafted about by every breath of fame. The worshipers of SERAPIS (here) are called _Christians_, and those who are _devoted_ to the god Serapis (I find), call themselves _Bishops of Christ_." (The Emperor _Adrian_ to Servianus, written A. D. 134. Quoted by Dr. Giles, vol. ii. p. 86.)

INDEX.

A.

_Abraham_, story of, 38;
Hindoo parallel, 39;
other parallels, 39, 40;
the foundation of, 103;
his birth announced by a star, 144;
supposed to have had the same soul as Adam, David, and the
Messiah, 504.

_Absolution_ from sin by sacrifice of ancient origin, 181;
by baptism, 316;
refused to Constantine by Pagan priests, 444.

_Abury_, the temple at, 180.

_Achilleus_, a personification of the Sun, 485.

_Adam_, was reproduced in Noah, Elijah, and other Bible
celebrities, 44;
no trace of the story of the fall of, in the Hebrew Canon, after
the Genesis account, 99.

_Aditi_, "Mother of the Gods," 475;
a personification of the Dawn, 475;
is identified with Devaki, 475.

_Adonis_, is born of a Virgin, 191;
has title of "Saviour," 191, 217;
is slain, 191;
rises from the dead, 218;
is creator of the world, 249;
his temple at Bethlehem, 220;
his birth on December 25th, 364;
a personification of the Sun, 484;
in Hebrew "My Lord," 485.

_Æolus_, son of Jupiter, 125.

_Æon_, Christ Jesus an, 427;
there have been several, 427;
the Gnostics believed Christ Jesus to have been an, 511;
the Essenes believed in the doctrine of an, 515.

_Æschylus'_ Prometheus Bound, 192.

_Æsculapius_, a son of Jove, 128;
worshiped as a God, 128;
is called the "Saviour," 194;
the "Logos," 374;
Death and Resurrection of, 217.

_Agni_, represented with seven arms, 32;
a Hindoo God, 32;
the Cross a symbol of, 340.

_Agnus Dei_, the, succeeded the Bulla, 405;
worn by children, 405.

_Agony_, the, on Good Friday, is the weeping for Tammuz, the fair
Adonis, 226.

_Akiba_, Rabbi, believed Bar-Cochaba to be the Messiah, 433.

_Alcmena_, mother of Hercules, 124.

_Alexander_, divides the Pamphylian Sea, 61;
believed to be a divine incarnation, 127;
visits the temple of Jupiter Ammon, 127;
and styles himself "Son of Jupiter Ammon," 127.

_Alexandria_, the library of, 438;
the great intellectual centre, 440;
and the cradle of Christianity, 219, 442.

_Allegorical_, the, interpretation of the Scriptures practiced by
Rabbis, 100;
the historical theory succeeded by, 466, 552, 563.

_Allegory_, the story of the "Fall of Man" an, 100.

_All-father_, the, of all nations, a personification of the Sky, 478.

_Alpha and Omega_, Jesus believed to be, 250;
Crishna, 250;
Buddha, 250;
Lao-Kiun, 250;
Ormuzd, 251;
Zeus, 251;
Bacchus, 251.

_Ambrose, St._, affirms that the Apostles made a creed, 385.

_America_, populated from Asia, 540;
was at one time joined to Asia, 541.

_American Trinity_, the, 378.

_Americans_, their connection with the old world, 533.

_Ammon_, Jupiter, his temple visited by Alexander, 127.

_Amphion_, son of Jove, 124.

_Amulets_ and Charms, worn by the Christians, 405;
are relics of Paganism, 405.

_Ananda_, and the Matangi Girl, 294.

_Andrew's, St._, Cross, of Pagan origin, 339.

_Angel Messiah_, Buddha an, 116;
Crishna an, 196;
Christ an, 196;
the Essenes applied the legend of, to Jesus, 442.

_Angels_, the fallen, 386;
believed in by all nations of antiquity, 386-388.

_Animals_, none sacrificed in early times, 182.

_Antiquity_, the, of Pagan religions, compared with Christianity, 451.

_Apis_, or the Bull, worshiped by the children of Israel, 107;
symbolized the productive power in Nature, 476, _note_ 5.

_Apollo_, a lawgiver, 61;
son of Jove, 125;
has the title of "Saviour," 194;
is put to death, 191;
resurrection of, 218;
a type of Christ, 500;
is a personification of the Sun, 500-506.

_Apostles_, the, 500.

_Apostles' Creed_, the, not written by them, 385.

_Apotheosis_, the, of Pagans, 126.

_Apollonius_, considered divine, 126;
cured diseases, 261;
raised a dead maiden to life, 262;
his life written by Flavius Philostratus, 264.

_Arabia_, "wise men" came from, 150, _note_ 1.

_Arabs_, the, anciently worshiped Saturn, 393;
celebrated the birth of the Sun on December 25th, with offerings
of gold, frankincense and myrrh, 480.

_Ararat_, Mount, Noah's ark landed on, 21.

_Arcas_, a son of Jove, 125.

_Architecture_, the, of India same as Mexico, 538.

_Aries_, the sign of a symbol of Christ, 503;
personified and called the "Lamb of God," 504;
the worship of, the worship of the Sun, 504.

_Arimanes_, the evil spirit, according to Persian legend, 3.

_Arion_, a Corinthian harper, 78.

_Arjoon or Arjuna_, the cousin and beloved disciple of Crishna, 247.

_Ark_, the, of Noah, 20;
and others, 22-27.

_Armenian_, the, tradition of "Confusion of Tongues," 35.

_Aroclus_, son of Jove, 125.

_Artemon_, denied the divinity of Jesus, 135.

_Ascension_, of Jesus, 215;
of Crishna, 215;
of Rama, 216;
of Buddha, 216;
of Lao-Kiun, 216;
of Zoroaster, 216;
of Æsculapius, 217;
of Osiris, 222;
Atys, 222;
Mithras, 222.

_Asceticism_, as practiced among the Christians, of great
antiquity, 400.

_Ashera_, the, or upright emblem, stood in the Temple at Jerusalem,
47.

_Asia_, the continent of, at one time joined to America, 541;
America inhabited from, 454, 533.

_Asia Minor_, the people persecuted in by orders of Constantius, 448.

_Asita_, the holy Rishi, visits Buddha at his birth, 151.

_Asoka_, the council of, 303.

_Assyrian Dove_, the, a symbol of the Holy Ghost, 400.

_Assyrians_, the, worshiped a sun-god called Sandon, 74;
had an account of a war in Heaven, 388;
kept the seventh day holy, 393.

_Astaroth_, the goddess, saved the life of a Grecian maiden, 39.

_Astarte_, or Mylitta, worshiped by the Hebrews, 108.

_Astrology_, practiced by the ancients, 141, 142.

_Astronomers_, the ancient Egyptians great, 547.

_Astronomy_, understood by the ancient Chinese, 544.

_Athanasian Creed_, the, 381.

_Athens_, the Parthenon of, 333.

_Atlas_, a personification of the sun, 83.

_Atonement_, the doctrine of, taught before the time of Christ
Jesus, 181.

_Atys_, the Crucified, 190;
is called the "Only-begotten Son," and "Saviour," 190;
rose from the dead, 223.

_Augustine, St._, saw men and women without heads, 437.

_Aurora placida_, made into St. Aura and St. Placida, 399.

_Avatar_, Jesus considered an, 111;
a star at birth of every, 143, 479;
an "Angel-Messiah," a "Christ," 196;
an, expected about every 600 years, 426.

B.

_Baal_, and Moloch, worshiped by the children of Israel, 108.

_Baal-peor_, the Priapos of the Jews, 47.

_Babel_, the tower of, 33;
literally "the Gate of God," 34;
built at Babylon, 34;
a parallel to in other countries, 35;
built for astronomical purposes, 35.

_Babylonian Captivity_, the, put an end to Israel's idolatry, 108.

_Bacab_, the Son, in the Mexican Trinity, 378.

_Bacchus_, performed miracles, 50;
passed through the Red Sea dry-shod, 51;
divided the waters of the rivers Orontes and Hydaspus, 51;
drew water from a rock, 51;
was a law-giver, 52;
the son of Jupiter, 124;
was born in a cave, 156;
torn to pieces, 193, 209;
was called the "Saviour," 193;
"Only-begotten Son," 193;
"Redeemer," 193;
the sun darkened at his death, 208;
ascended into heaven, 208;
rose from the dead, 228;
a personification of the sun, 492.

_Baga_, the, of the cuneiform inscriptions a name of the Supreme
Being, 391;
is in English associated with an ugly fiend, 391.

_Balaam_, his ass speaks, 91;
parallels to in Egypt, Chaldea and Greece, 91.

_Bala-rama_, the brother of Crishna, 74;
the Indian Hercules, 74.

_Baldur_, called "The Good," 129;
"The Beneficent Saviour," 129;
Son of the Supreme God Odin, 129;
is put to death and rises again, 224;
a personification of the sun, 479.

_Bambino_, the, at Rome is black, 336.

_Baptism_, a heathen rite adopted by the Christians, 317;
practiced in Mongolia and Thibet, 317;
by the Brahmins, 317;
by the followers of Zoroaster, 318;
administered in the Mithraic mysteries, 319;
performed by the ancient Egyptians, 319.

_Baptismal fonts_, used by the Pagans, 406.

_Bar-Cochba_, the "Son of a Star," 144;
believed to be the Messiah, 432.

_Beads_ (see Rosary).

_Beatitudes_, the, the prophet of, 527.

_Belief_, or faith, salvation by, existed in the earliest times, 184.

_Bellerophon_, a mighty Grecian hero, 75.

_Belus_, the tower of, 34.

_Benares_, the Hindoo Jerusalem, 296.

_Berosus_, on the flood, 22.

_Bible_, the Egyptian, the oldest in the world, 24.

_Birth_, the Miraculous, of Jesus, 111;
Crishna, 113;
Buddha, 115;
Codom, 118;
Fuh-he, 119;
Lao-Kiun, 120;
Yu, Hau-Ki, 120;
Confucius, 121;
Horus, 122;
Zoroaster, 123;
and others, 123-131.

_Birth-day_, the, of the gods, on December 25th, 364.

_Birth-place_, the, of Christ Jesus, in a cave, 154;
the, of other saviours, in a cave, 155-158.

_Black God_, the, crucified, 201.

_Black Mother_, the, and child, 336.

_Bochia_, of the Persians, performed miracles, 256.

_Bochica_, a god of the Muyscas, 130.

_Bodhisatwa_, a name of Buddha, 115.

_Books, sacred_, among heathen nations, 61.

_Brahma_, the first person in Hindoo Trinity, 369.

_Brahmins_, the, perform the rite of baptism, 317.

_Bread and Wine_, a sacrifice with, celebrated by the Grand Lama of
Thibet, 306;
by the Essenes, 306;
by Melchizedek, 307;
by those who were initiated into the mysteries of Mithras, 307.

_Blind Man_, cured by Jesus, 268;
by the Emperor Vespasian at Alexandria, 268.

_Brechin_, the fire tower of, 199;
a crucifix cut upon, 198.

_Buddha_, born of the Virgin Maya, 115;
his birth announced by a star, 143;
demonstrations of delight at his birth, 147;
is visited by Asita, 151;
was of royal descent, 163;
a dangerous child, 168;
tempted by the devil, 176;
fasted, 176;
died and rose again to life, 216;
ascended into heaven, 216;
compared with Jesus, 289.

_Buddhism_, the established religion of Burmah, Siam, Laos, Pega,
Cambodia, Thibet, Japan, Tartary, Ceylon, and Loo-Choo, 297.

_Buddhist religion_, the, compared with Christianity, 302.

_Buddhists_, the monastic system among, 401.

_Bull_, the, an emblem of the sun, 476.

_Bulla_, the, worn by Roman children, 405;
and now a lamb, the Agnus Dei, 405.

C.

_Cabala_, the, had its Trinity, 376.

_Cadiz_, the gates of, 70.

_Cæsar_ (Augustus), was believed to be divine, 126.

_Cæsar_ (Julius), was likened to the divine, 126.

_Calabrian Shepherds_, the, a few weeks before Winter solstice,
came into Rome to play on the pipes, 365.

_Cam-Deo_, the God of Love, 216.

_Capricorn_, when the planets met in, the world was deluged with
water, 102.

_Cardinals_, the, of Rome, wear the robes once worn by Roman
senators, 400.

_Carmelites_, the, and Essenes the same, 422.

_Canon_, the, of the New Testament, when settled, 463.

_Carne-vale_, a farewell to animal food, 227.

_Carnutes_, the, of Gaul, 198;
the Lamb of, 199.

_Castles_, Lord, a ring found on his estate, 199.

_Catholic_ rites and ceremonies are imitations of those of the
Pagans, 384.

_Catholic theory_, the, of the fall of the angels, 386.

_Cave_, Jesus born in a, 154;
Crishna born in a, 156;
Abraham born in a, 156;
Apollo born in a, 156;
Mithras born in a, 156;
Hermes born in a, 156.

_Caves_, all the oldest temples were in, 286.

_Celibacy_, among Pagan priests, 400-404.

_Celts_, the, Legend of the Deluge found among, 27.

_Cerinthus_, denied the divinity of Jesus, 136.

_Ceylon_, never believed to have been the Paradise, 13.

_Chaldean_, the, account of the Deluge, 22.

_Chaldeans_, the, Legend of the Deluge borrowed from, 101;
worshiped the Sun, 480.

_Champlain period_, the, 28.

_Chandragupta_, a dangerous child, 171.

_Chastity_, among Mexican priests, 404.

_Charlemagne_, the Messiah of medieval Teutondom, 239.

_Cherokees_, the, had a priest and law-giver called Wasi, 130.

_Cherubim_, the, of Genesis, a dragon, 14.

_Child_, the dangerous, 165.

_Chiliasm_, the thousand years when Satan is bound, 242.

_Chimalman_, the Mexican virgin, 334.

_Chinese_, the, have their Age of Virtue, 14;
have a legend of a deluge, 25;
worship a Virgin-born God, 119;
worship a "Queen of Heaven," 327;
worship a Trinity, 371;
have "Festivals of gratitude to Tien," 392;
have monasteries for priests, friars and nuns, 401;
identified with the American race, 539.

_Cholula_, the tower of, 36.

_Chrest_, the, 568.

_Christ_ (Buddha), compared with Jesus, 289.

_Christ_ (Crishna), compared with Jesus, 278.

_Christ_ (Jesus), born of a Virgin, 111;
a star heralds his birth, 140;
is visited by shepherds and wise men, 150;
is born in a cave, 154;
is of royal descent, 160;
is tempted by the devil, 175;
fasts for forty days, 175;
is put to death, 181;
no early representations of, on the cross, 201;
descends into hell, 211;
rises from the dead, 215;
ascends into heaven, 215;
will come again, 233;
will be judge of the dead, 245;
as creator, 246;
performs miracles, 252;
compared with Crishna, 278;
compared with Buddha, 289;
his birth-day not known, 359;
a personification of the Sun, 498;
not identical with the historical Jesus, 506.

_Christian_, the name, originated by Heathens, 567, _note_ 3.

_Christianity_, identical with Paganism, 384;
why it prospered, 419.

_Christians_, the disciples first called, at Antioch, 567;
the worshipers of Serapis called, 568;
heathen moralists called by the name of, 568.

_Christian Symbols_, of Pagan origin, 339.

_Christening_, a Pagan rite, 320.

_Circumcision_, the universal practice of, 85.

_Claudius_, Roman Emperor, 126;
considered divine, 126.

_Cobra_, the, or hooded snake, held sacred in India, 199.

_Codom_, the Siamese Virgin-born Saviour, 118.
The legend of, contained in the Pali books, 316 B. C., 451.

_Comets_, superstitions concerning, 144, 210.

_Coming_, the second, of Christ Jesus, 233;
of Vishnu, 236;
of Buddha, 237;
of Bacchus, 238;
of Arthur, 238;
of Charlemagne, 239;
of Quetzalcoatle, 239.

_Commandments_, the ten, of Moses, and of Buddha, 59.

_Conception_, the immaculate, of Jesus, 111;
of Crishna, 113;
of Buddha, 115;
of Codom, 118;
of Salivahana, 119;
of Fuh-he, 119;
of Fo-hi, 119;
of Xaca, 119;
of Lao-kiun, 120;
of Yu, 120;
of Hau-ki, 120;
of Confucius, 121;
of Horus, 122;
of Raam-ses, 123;
of Zoroaster, 123;
of Hercules, 124;
of Bacchus, 125;
of Perseus, 125;
of Mercury, 126;
Apollo, 126;
of Quetzalcoatle, 129.

_Confession_, the, of sins, of Pagan origin, 403.

_Confirmation_, the, of children, of Pagan origin, 319.

_Confucius_, was of supernatural origin, 121;
had seventy-two disciples, 121;
author of the "Golden Rule," 415.

_Confusion of Tongues_, the "Scripture" account of, 33;
the Armenian tradition, 35;
the Hindoo legend of, 35;
the Mexican legend of, 36.

_Constantine_ (Saint), the first Roman emperor to check free
thought, 444;
accepts the Christian faith, 444;
commits murders, 444;
baptized on his death-bed, 445;
the first Roman emperor who embraced the Christian faith, 446;
his edicts against heretics, 446;
his effigies engraved on Roman coins, 446;
conferred dignities on the Christians, 446.

_Coronis_, the mother of Æsculapius, 128;
impregnated by a god, 128.

_Creation_, the, Hebrew legend of, 1;
two different and contradictory accounts of, 5;
Bishop Colenso on, 5;
Persian legend of, 7;
Etruscan legend of, 7;
Hebrew legend of, borrowed from Chaldeans, 98.

_Creator_, the, Jesus considered, 247;
Crishna, according to the Hindoos, 247;
Lauther, according to the Chinese, 248;
Iao, according to the Chaldeans, 248;
Ormuzd, according to the Persians, 249;
Narduk, according to the Assyrians, 249;
Adonis and Prometheus believed to be, 249.

_Creed_, the Apostles', 385;
compared with the Pagan, 385;
not known before the fourth century, 385;
additions to since A. D. 600, 385.

_Crescent_, the, an emblem of the female generative principle, 328.

_Crèstos_, the, was the Logos, 487.

_Crishna_, born of the Virgin Devaki, 113;
the greatest of all the Avatars, 113;
is "Vishnu himself in human form," 113;
his birth announced in the heavens by a star, 278;
spoke to his mother shortly after birth, 279;
adored by cowherds, 279;
presented with gifts, 279;
was of royal descent, 280;
performed miracles, 281;
was crucified, 280;
descended into hell, 282;
rose from the dead, 282;
a personification of the sun, 483.

_Cross_, the, used as a religious symbol before the Christian era,
338;
adored in India, 340;
adored by the Buddhists of Thibet, 340;
found on Egyptian monuments, 342;
found under the temple of Serapis, 342;
universally adored before the Christian era, 339-347.

_Crucifixes_, the earliest Christian, described, 203-205.

_Crucifixion_, the, of Jesus, 180;
of "Saviours" before the Christian era, 181-193;
of all the gods, explained, 484, 485.

_Crux Ansata_, the, of Egypt, 341.

_Cuneiform Inscriptions_, the, of Babylonians, relate the legends
of creation and fall of man, 9, 98.

_Cybele_, the goddess, called "Mother of God," 333.

_Cyril, St._, caused the death of Hypatia, 440.

_Cyrus_, king of Persia, 127;
considered divine, 127;
called the "Christ," 127, 196;
believed to be the Messiah, 433;
sun myth added to the history of, 506.

D.

_Dag_, a, Hercules swallowed up by, 78.

_Dagon_, a fish-god of the Philistines, 82;
identical with the Indian fish Avatar of Vishnu, 82.

_Danae_, a "Virgin Mother," 124.

_Dangerous_ Child, the, myth of, 165.

_Daphne_, a personification of the morning, 469.

_Darkness_, at crucifixion of Jesus, 206;
parallels to, 206-210;
the, explained, 494.

_David_, killed Goliath, 90;
compared with Thor, 91.

_Dawn_, the, personified, and called Aditi, the "Mother of the
Gods," 475.

_Day_, the, swallowed up by night, 79.

_December_ 25th, birth-day of the gods, 359.

_Delphi_, Apollo's tomb at, 510.

_Deluge_, the, Hebrew legend of, 19;
parallels to, 20-30.

_Demi-gods_, the, of antiquity not real personages, 467.

_Demons_, cast out, by Jews and Gentiles, 269.

_Denis, St._, is Dionysus, 399.

_Deo Soli_, pictures of the Virgin inscribed with the words, 338.

_Derceto_, the goddess, represented as a mermaid, 83.

_Deucalion_, the legend of, 26;
derived from Chaldean sources, 101.

_Devaki_, a virgin mother, 326.

_Devil_, the, counterfeits the religion of Christ, 124;
formerly a name of the Supreme Being, 391.

_Diana_, called "Mother," yet famed for her virginity, 333.

_Dionysus_, a name of Bacchus, 51.

_Divine incarnation_, the idea of redemption by a, was general and
popular among the Heathen, 183.

_Divine incarnations_, common before the time of Jesus, 112.

_Divine Love_, crucified, 484;
the sun, 487.

_Divus_, the title of, given to Roman emperors, 125.

_Docetes_, Asiatic Christians who invented the phantastic system, 136.

_Dove_, the, a symbol of the Holy Ghost among all nations of
antiquity, 357;
the, crucified, 485.

_Dragon_, a, protected the garden of the Hesperides, 11;
the cherub of Genesis, 14.

_Drama_ of Life, the, 29.

_Druids_, the, of Gaul, worshiped the Virgo-Paritura as the Mother
of God, 333.

_Durga_, a fish deity among the Hindoos, 82.

_Dyaus_, the Heavenly Father, 478;
a personification of the sky, 478.

E.

_East_, turning to in worship, practiced by Christians, 503.

_Easter_, origin of, 226;
observed in China, 227;
controversies about, 227;
dyed eggs on, of Pagan origin, 228;
the primitive was celebrated on March 25th, 335.

_Eating_, the forbidden fruit, the story of, figurative, 101.

_Ebionites_, the first Christians called, 134.

_Ecclesiastics_, the Essenes called, 424.

_Eclectics_, the Essenes called, 424.

_Eclipse_, an, of the Sun, occurred at the death of Jesus, 206;
of Romulus, 207;
of Julius Cæsar, 207;
of Æsculapius, 208;
of Hercules, 208;
of Quirinius, 208.

_Edda_, the, of the Scandinavians speaks of the "Golden" Age, 15;
describes the deluge, 27.

_Egypt_, legend of the Deluge not known in, 23;
the Exodus from, 48;
circumcision practiced in, 85;
virgin-born gods worshiped in, 122;
kings of considered gods, 123;
Virgin Mother worshiped in, 329, 330;
the cross adored in, 341.

_Egyptian faith_, hardly an idea in the Christian system which has
not its analogy in the, 414.

_Egyptian kings_ considered gods, 123.

_Egyptians_, the, had a legend of the "Tree of Life," 12;
received their laws direct from God, 60;
practiced circumcision at an early period, 85;
were great astrologers, 142;
were familiar with the war in heaven, 387.

_El_, the Phenician deity, 484;
called the "Saviour," 484.

_Elephant_, the, a symbol of power and wisdom, 117;
cut on the fire tower at Brechin, in Scotland, 198;
in America, 537.

_Eleusinian_, the, Mysteries, 310.

_Eleusis_, the ceremonies at, 310.

_Elijah_ ascends to heaven, 90;
its parallel, 90.

_Elohistic_, the, narrative of the Creation and Deluge differs from
the Jehovistic, 93.

_Elysium_, the, of the Greeks, 11;
meaning of, 101.

_Emperors_, the, of Rome considered divine, 126.

_Eocene period_, the, 29.

_Eostre_, or _Oster_, the Saxon Goddess, 226, 227.

_Epimetheus_, the first man, brother of Prometheus, 10.

_Equinox_, at the Spring, most nations set apart a day to implore
the blessings of their gods, 492.

_Esdras_, the apocryphal book of, 95.

_Essenes_, the, and the Therapeutæ the same, 419;
the origin of not known, 419;
compared with the primitive Christians, 420;
their principal rites connected with the East, 423;
the "Scriptures" of, 443.

_Etruscan_, baptism, 320;
Goddess, 330.

_Etruscans_, the, had a legend of creation similar to Hebrew, 75;
performed the rite of baptism, 320;
worshiped a "Virgin Mother," 330.

_Eucharist_, the, or Lord's Supper, 305;
instituted before the Christian era, 305;
performed by various ancient nations, 305-312.

_Eudes_, the, of California, worshiped a mediating deity, 131.

_Eusebius_, speaks of the Ebionites, 134;
of Easter, 226;
of Simon Magus, 265;
of Menander the "Wonder Worker," 266;
of an "ancient custom" among the Christians, 316;
the birth of Jesus, 361;
calls the Essenes Christians, 422.

_Eve_, the first woman, 3.

_Evil_, origin of, 4.

_Exorcism_, practiced by the Jews before the time of Jesus, 268.

_Explanation_, the, of the Universal Mythos, 466.

_Ezra_, added to the Pentateuch, 94.

F.

_Faith_, salvation by, taught before the Christian era, 184.

_Fall of Man_, the, Hebrew account of, 4;
parallels to, 7-16;
hardly alluded to outside of Genesis, 99;
allegorical meaning of, 101.

_Fall of the Angels_, the, 386.

_Fasting_, for forty days, a common occurrence, 179;
at certain periods, practiced by the ancients, 177, 392.

_Father, Son and Holy Ghost_, the, of Pagan origin, 369.

_Females_, the, of the Orinoco tribes, fasted forty days before
marriage, 179.

_Festivals_, held by the Hindoos, the Chinese, the Egyptians, and
others, 392.

_Fifty_, Jesus said to have lived to the age of, 515.

_Fig-tree_, the, sacred, 13.

_Fijians_, the, practiced circumcision, 86.

_Fire_, worshiped by the Mexicans and Peruvians, 532.

_Fire Tower_, the, of Brechin, 199.

_Firmicius_ (Julius), says the Devil has his Christs, 183.

_Fish_, the, a symbol of Christ Jesus, 355;
meaning of, 504.

_Fleur de Lis_, or Lotus, a sacred plant, 329.

_Flood_, the, Hebrew legend of, 19;
parallels to, 22-27.

_Flower_, Jesus called a, 487.

_Fo-hi_, of China, born of a Virgin, 119.

_Forty_, a sacred number, 179.

_Fraud_, practiced by the early Christians, 434.

_Frey_, the deity of the Sun, 488;
killed at the time of the winter solstice, 488.

_Freyga_, the goddess, of the Scandinavians, transformed into the
Virgin Mary, 399;
a personification of the earth, 479.

_Friday_, fish day, why, 354.

_Frigga_ (see Freyga).

_Fuh-he_, Chinese sage, 119;
considered divine, 119.

_Future Life_, the doctrine of, taught by nearly all nations of
antiquity, 388.

G.

_Gabriel_, the angel, salutes the Virgin Mary, 111.

_Galaxy_, the, souls dwell in, 45.

_Galilee_, Jesus a native of, 520;
the insurgent district of the country, 520;
the Messiahs all started out from, 521.

_Galli_, the, now sung in Christian churches, was once sung by the
priests of Cybele, 333.

_Ganesa_, the Indian God of Wisdom, 117.

_Ganges_, the, a sacred river, 318.

_Garden_, the, of Eden, 2;
of the Hesperides, 11;
identical, 11;
hardly alluded to outside of Genesis, 99.

_Gaul_, the worship of the Virgo-Paritura in, 334.

_Gautama_, a name of Buddha, 297.

_Geetas_, the, antiquity of, 451.

_Genealogy_, the, of Jesus, 160;
of Crishna, 163;
of Buddha, 163;
of Rama, 163;
of Fo-hi, 163;
of Confucius, 163;
of Horus, 163;
of Hercules, 163;
of Bacchus, 164.

_Genesis_, two contradictory accounts of the Creation in, 2.

_Gentiles_, the, religion of, adopted by Christians, 384;
celebrate the birth of god Sol on December 25th, 363.

_Germans_, the ancient, worshiped a Virgin-goddess under the name
of Hertha, 334, 477.

_Germany_, the practice of baptism found in, by Boniface, 322.

_Ghost_, the Holy, impregnates the Virgin Mary, 111;
and the Virgin Maya, 117;
is one with the Father and the Son, 368;
is symbolized by the Dove among Heathen and Christian nations, 357.

_Giants_, fossil remains of animals supposed to have been those of,
19;
the Rakshasas of the Hindoos the origin of all, 19.

_Glacial period_, the, 24.

_Gnostic_, the, heresy, 135.

_Gnostics_, the, maintained that Jesus was a mere man, 135;
the Essenes the same as, 422;
their doctrine, 511.

_God_, a, believed in by nearly all nations of antiquity, 384.

_Godhead_, the, a belief in the Trinitarian nature of, before the
Christian era, 368.

_God of Israel_, the, same as the Gentiles, 87-88.

_Gods_, the, created the heaven and earth, 4, _note_ 1;
descended from heaven and were made incarnate in men, 112.

_God's first-born_, applied to Heathen Virgin-born gods, 195.

_God the Father_, the, of all nations, a personification of the
sky, 478.

_Golden Age_, the, of the past, believed in by all nations of
antiquity, 8-16.

_Goliath_, killed by David, 90.

_Good Friday_, the, "Agonie" at Rome on, same as the weeping for
Adonis, 226.

_Gospel_, the, of the Egyptians, 443.

_Gospels_, the, were not written by the persons whose names they
bear, 454;
full of interpolations and errors, 454.

_Greece_, the gods and goddesses of, personifications of natural
objects, 467.

_Greeks_, the ancient, boasted of their "Golden Age," 10;
had a tradition of the "Islands of the Blessed," and the "Garden
of the Hesperides," 11;
had records of a Deluge, 26;
considered that the births of great men were announced by
celestial signs, 207;
had the rite of baptism, 320;
worshiped the virgin mother, and child, 342;
adored the cross, 344;
celebrated the birth of their gods on December 25th, 364;
worshiped a trinity, 374.

"_Grove_," the, of the Old Testament, is the "Ashera" of the
Pagans, 47.

_Gruter_ (inscriptions of), 397.

_Gymnosophists_, the, and the Essenes, the same, 423.

H.

_Hair_, long, attributes of the sun, 71;
worn by all sun-gods, 71, 72.

_Hâu-Ki_, Chinese sage, of supernatural origin, 120.

_Heathen_, the, the religion of, same as Christian, 384.

_Heaven_, all nations believed in a, 389;
is born of the sky, 391, 559.

_Heavenly host_, the, sang praises at the birth of Jesus, 146;
parallels to, 146-149.

_Hebrew people_, the, history of, commences with the Exodus, 52-55.

_Hebrews_, the gospel of the, 455.

_Hell_, Christ Jesus descended into, 211;
Crishna descended into, 213;
Zoroaster descended into, 213;
Osiris, Horus, Adonis, Bacchus, Hercules, Mercury, all descended
into, 213;
built by priests, 391.

_Hercules_, compared with Samson, 66-72;
a personification of the Sun, 73, 485;
all nations had their, 76;
was the son of Jupiter, 124;
was exposed when an infant, 170;
was called the "Saviour," 193;
the "Only begotten," 193;
is put to death, 485;
is comforted by Iole, 493.

_Heretics_, the first, 134;
denied the crucifixion of "the Christ," 511;
denied that "the Christ" ever came in the flesh, 512.

_Heri_, means "Saviour," 112;
Crishna so called, 112.

_Hermes_, or Mercury, the son of Jupiter and a mortal mother, 125;
is born in a cave, 156;
was called the "Saviour," 195;
the "Logos" and "Messenger of God," 195.

_Herod_, orders all the children in Bethlehem to be slain, 166;
the Hindoo parallel to, 166-167;
a personification of Night, 481.

_Herodotus_, speaks of Hercules, 69;
speaks of circumcision, 86;
relates a wonderful miracle, 261.

_Hesione_, rescued from the sea monster, 78.

_Hesperides_, the apples of, the tree of knowledge, 11-12.

_Hieroglyphics_, the Mexican, describe the crucifixion of
Quetzalcoatle, 199.

_Hilkiah_, claimed to have found the "Book of the Law," 94.

_Himalayas_, the, the Hindoo ark rested on, 27.

_Hindoos_, the, had no legend of the creation similar to the
Hebrew, 13;
believe Mount Meru to have been the Paradise, 13;
had a legend of the Deluge, 24;
had a legend of the "Confusion of Tongues," 35;
had their Samson or Strong Man, 73;
worshiped a virgin-born god, 113;
adored a trinity, 371;
have believed in a soul from time immemorial, 388.

_Historical_ theory, the, succeeded by the allegorical, 466.

_Histories_, the, of the gods are fabulous, 466.

_Holy Ghost_, the, impregnates the Virgin Mary, 111;
and the Virgin Maya, 117;
is one with the Father and the Son, 368;
is symbolized by the dove among Heathen nations, 357.

_Holy One_, the, of the Chinese, 190.

_Holy Trinity_, the, of the Christians, the same as that of the
Pagans, 370.

_Homa_, or Haoma, a god of the Hindoos, called the "Benefactor of
the World," 306.

_Horus_, the Egyptian Saviour, 122;
born of the Virgin Isis, 122;
is put to death, 190;
descended into hell, 213;
rose from the dead, 222;
performed miracles, 256;
raised the dead to life, 256;
is represented as an infant on the lap of his virgin mother, 327;
is born on December 25th, 363;
a personification of the sun, 476;
crucified in the heavens, 484.

_Hydaspus_, the river, divided by Bacchus, 51.

_Hypatia_, put to death by a Christian mob, 440.

I.

_Iamos_, left to die among the bushes and violets, 170;
received from Zeus the gift of prophecy, 171.

_Iao_, a name sacred in Egypt, 49;
probably the same as Jehovah, 49;
the crucified, 484.

_Ida_, the earth, 481.

_Idolatry_, practiced by the Hebrews, 107;
adopted by the Christians, 384.

_Idols_, the worship of, among Christians, 397.

_I. H. S._, formerly a monogram of the god Bacchus, and now the
monogram of Christ Jesus, 351.

_Images_, the worship of, among Christians, 397.

_Immaculate Conception_, the, of Jesus, 111;
Crishna, 113;
Buddha, 115;
Codom, 118;
Fo-hi, 119;
and others, 119-130.

_Immortality of the Soul_, the, believed in by all nations of
antiquity, 385.

_Incas_, the, of Peru, married their own sisters, 537.

_India_, a virgin-born god worshiped in, 113;
the story of Herod and the infants of Bethlehem from, 166;
the crucified god in, 186;
the Trinity in, 370;
our religion and nursery tales from, 544.

_Indians_, the, no strangers to the doctrine of original sin, 189;
they believe man to be a fallen being, 189.

_Indra_, worshiped as a crucified god in Nepaul, 187;
his festival days in August, 187;
is identical with Crishna, 484;
a personification of the sun, 484.

_Infant Baptism_, practiced by the Persians, 318;
by the Etruscans, 320;
by the Greeks and Romans, 321;
by the Scandinavians, 321;
by the New Zealanders, 322;
by the Mexicans, 322;
by the Christians, 323;
all identical, 323.

_Innocents_, the, slain at the time of birth of Jesus, 165;
at the birth of Crishna, 166;
at the birth of Abraham, 169.

_Inscriptions_, formerly in Pagan temples, and inscriptions in
Christian churches compared, 397.

_Incense_, burned before idols or images in Pagan temples, 406.

_Iona_, or Yoni, an emblem of the female generative powers, 199.

_Iönah_, or Juno, suspended in space, 486.

_Irenæus_, the fourth gospel not known until the time of, 458;
reasons given by, for there being four gospels, 458.

_Iroquois_, the, worshiped a god-man called Tarengawagan, 131.

_Isaac_, offered as a sacrifice by Abraham, 38;
parallels to, 39-41.

_Isis_, mother of Horus, 122;
a virgin mother, 327;
represented on Egyptian monuments with an infant in her arms, 327;
she is styled "Our Lady," "Queen of Heaven," "Mother of God,"
&c., 327.

_Islands of the Blessed_, 11;
meaning of, 101, 559, 560.

_Islands of the Sea_, Western countries called the, by the Hebrews,
103.

_Israel_, the religion of, same as the Heathen, 107, 108.

_Italy_, effigies of a black crucified man, in, 197;
the cross adored in, before Christian era, 345.

_Ixion_, bound on the wheel, is the crucified Sun, 484.

_Izdubar_, the Lion-killer of the Babylonians, 74;
the foundation for the Samson and the Hercules myths, 105;
the cuneiform inscriptions speak of, 105.

J.

_Jacob_, his vision of the ladder, 42;
explained, 42, 104.

_Janus_, the keys of, transferred to Peter, 399.

_Japanese_, the American race descended from the same stock as the,
538.

_Jason_, a dangerous child, 171;
brought up by Cheiron, 171;
the same name as Jesus, 196.

_Jehovah_, the name, esteemed sacred among the Egyptians, 48;
the same as Y-ha-ho, 48;
well known to the Heathens, 49.

_Jehovistic writer_, the, of the Pentateuch, 93.

_Jemshid_, devoured by a great monster, 18.

_Jerusalem_, Jews taken at the Ebionite sack of, were sold to the
Grecians, 103.

_Jesuits_, the, in China, appalled at finding, in that country, a
counterpart to the Virgin of Judea, 119.

_Jesus_, not born of a Virgin according to the Ebionites or
Nazarenes, 134;
the day, month or year of his birth not known, 359;
was an historical personage, 506;
no clearly defined traces of, in history, 517;
his person indistinct, 517;
assumed the character of "Messiah," 520;
a native of Galilee, 520;
a zealot, 522;
is put to death by the Romans, 522;
not crucified by the Jews, 524;
the martyrdom of, has been gratefully acknowledged, 527;
nothing original in the teachings of, 529.

_Jews_, the, where their history begins, 54;
driven out of Egypt, 52;
worshiped Baal and Moloch, 108;
their religion the same as other nations, 108;
did not crucify Jesus, 524.

_John_, the same name as Jonah, 83;
the gospel according to, 457;
Irenæus the author of, 458.

_John the Baptist_, his birth-day is on the day of the Summer
Solstice, 499.

_Jonah_, swallowed by a big fish, 77;
parallels to, 78, 79;
the meaning of, 79;
the Sun called, 80;
identified with Dagon and Oannes, 82, 83;
the same as John, 84;
the myth of, explained, 105.

_Jordan_, the river, considered sacred, 318.

_Josephus_, does not speak of Jesus, 564.

_Joshua_, arrests the course of the Sun, 91;
parallel to, 91.

_Jove_, the Sons of, numerous, 125;
the Supreme God, 125.

_Judea_, the Virgin of, 111;
a counterpart to, found by the first Christian missionaries in
China, 119.

_Judaism_, its doctrine and precepts, by I. M. Wise, referred to, 527.

_Judge of the Dead_, Jesus, 244;
Sons of God, 244;
Buddha, 244;
Crishna, 245;
Osiris, 245;
Aeacus, 245;
no examples of Jesus as, in early Christian art, 246.

_Julius Cæsar_ (see Cæsar).

_Juno_, the "Queen of Heaven," 333;
was represented standing on the crescent moon, 333;
considered the protectress of woman, 333;
often represented with a dove on her head, 357;
suspended in space, 486.

_Jupiter_, the Supreme God of the Pagans, 125;
a statue of, in St. Peter's, Rome, 397.

_Justin Martyr_, on the work of the Devil, 124, 265.

K.

_Kadmus_, king of Thebes, 124.

_Kaffirs_, the, practice circumcision, 86.

_Kama_, attempts the life of Crishna, 166;
is a personification of Night, 481.

_Ke-lin_, the, appeared at the birth of Confucius, 121.

_Key_, the, which unlocks the door to the mystery, 441.

_Knichahan_, the Supreme God of the Mayas of Yucatan, 130.

_Kings_, the, of Egypt considered divine, 122.

_Kronos_, the myth of, explained, 559.

_Kung-foo-tsze_ (see Confucius).

L.

_Labarum_, the, of Constantine, inscribed with the monogram of
Osiris, 350.

_Ladder_, the, of Jacob, 42;
explained, 42-47.

_Lama_, the, of Thibet, considered divine, 118;
the high priest of the Tartars, 118;
the Pope of Buddhism, 118.

_Lamb_, the, of God, a personification of the Sun, 492.

_Lamb_, the oldest representation of Christ Jesus was the figure of
a, 202, 503.

_Lamps_, feast of, 392.

_Lanthu_, born of a pure spotless Virgin, 248;
the creator of the world, 248.

_Lao-Kiun_, born of a Virgin, 120;
believed in one God, 120;
formed the Tao-tsze, or sect of reason, 120.

_Lao-tse_ (see Lao-Kiun).

_Latona_, the mother of Apollo, 125.

_Law-giver_, Moses a, 59;
Bacchus a, 59;
Zoroaster a, 59;
Minos a, 60;
Thoth a, 60;
Lycurgus a, 61;
Apollo a, 61.

_Lazarus_, raised from the grave, 273.

_Leto_, a personification of darkness, 477.

_Libations_, common among all nations of antiquity, 317.

_Library_, the, of Alexandria, 438.

_Lights_, are kept burning before images in Pagan temples, 406.

_Lily_, the, or Lotus, sacred among all Eastern nations, 529;
put into the hands of all "Virgin Mothers," 329.

_Linga_, the, and Yoni, adored by the Jews, 47;
the symbol under which the sun was worshiped, 47, 496.