Chapter II: Part I (2)

A great mass of proof was given during the trial, establishing most satisfactorily the acts and doings of Frost, throughout the progress of the conspiracy, and down to the very moment of the actual attack on the inn, and the Queen's troops stationed in it--a mass of proof on which the attempt to make an impression seemed absurd. There was only one faint ray of hope for the prisoner's counsel, throughout the palpable obscure--that they might be able to escape from the generality and publicity of object attributed to the prisoner, by persuading the jury that the object was a private, temporary, and specific one--viz., to effect the release of one Vincent, a Chartist, then in confinement at Monmouth! To pave the way for this hopeful line of defence, first, an artful turn was sought, in cross-examination, to be given to one of the early witnesses. He swore that he had heard one of those who attacked the inn, exclaim at the time, presenting his gun at one of the special constables at the door, "Surrender _yourselves_ our prisoners;" to which the gallant answer was, "No, never!" On this Mr Kelly very warily cross-examined the witness, with a view of showing that, in the confusion, he could not hear very distinctly, so as to report distinctly, as to precise expressions; that the mob intended merely to rescue Vincent; and that the expressions used must have been, not "Surrender _yourselves_ our prisoners," but "Surrender up our prisoners!" or simply, "Surrender our prisoners,"--thus rejecting, from the witness's answer, the single significant word "yourselves." The attempt, however, was wholly ineffectual; but out of two other witnesses were extorted on cross-examination, the following (so to speak) crumbs of comfort: from one--"I have heard Vincent's name mentioned many times; I have heard Williams (one of the leaders of the three bands forming the ten thousand) say that Vincent was a prisoner at Monmouth: the people there liked him very much; the people knew he was in jail. I have heard them speak about him." Another witness said,--"I knew of Vincent's being sent to prison: I believe the Chartists took a great interest in his fate: I do recollect something of dissatisfaction about Vincent's treatment, and about a petition to be drawn up: I recollect people's minds being dissatisfied about it." Another witness, however, said "that at midnight on the Sunday, (the 3d November,) Williams came to his house with a number of armed men:" the witness inquired, "Where are you going?"--"Why do you ask?" said Williams. "Because," answered the witness, "some of the men who were with me have told me, this morning, that they were going to Monmouth, to draw Vincent out of prison."--"_No_," replied Williams, "_we do not attempt it_: we are going to give a turn as far as Newport."

The Attorney-General closed his case with the arrest of Frost, heavily armed, and in concealment, on the evening of the day on which he had attacked the inn with his five thousand men; and thus stood the matter, when, after a considerable interval for repose and reflection, courteously conceded by the Lord Chief-Justice, at the implied request of Sir Frederick Pollock, that most able and upright advocate rose to address the jury for the defence. Judging from the specimens afforded us by Mr Townsend, Sir Frederick Pollock's address appears to have been pervaded by a strain of dignified and earnest eloquence, and also characterised by a candour in dealing with facts which was in the highest degree honourable to him, and also equally advantageous to the prisoner, on whose behalf such conduct was calculated to conciliate both the judges and the jury. His line of defence was, that, admitting enormous indiscretion on the part of Frost in assembling so vast a body of men, and marching and appearing with them as he did at Newport, there was no satisfactory evidence of his having done so with a _treasonable_ purpose. He had been guilty of a heinous misdemeanour; but the treasonable declarations and exclamations put into his and their mouths, in order to give the affair a treasonable complexion, had been either misunderstood or perverted by the witnesses. The sole object of Frost and his friends was the release of Vincent; that they had never dreamed of _taking_, or _attacking_ the town of Newport--least of all, as an act of general rebellion; that all they had meant was to take a "turn" as far as Newport, to get Vincent out of prison; and that "that was the true character of the whole proceedings;" that Frost did not know that the military were in the inn; and that, the instant they had become visible, and had fired, the crowd succumbed, threw down their arms, and ran away--_i. e._ they did this "the very moment there was any prospect of what they were doing being construed into treason." That Frost could not have contemplated treason, and throwing the whole country into confusion, would be evidenced by proof, and his having made provision for the payment of a bill of exchange, and actually paying it on the very Monday on which the outbreak occurred. Sir Frederick Pollock properly insisted on the burthen of proving treason lying on the Crown, and not of disproof on the prisoner. Then were called one or two witnesses, with a view to showing expressions of the crowd that they had come to Newport in quest of their prisoners who were there; but the evidence proved ridiculously insufficient and contradictory. Then was read, with the Attorney-General's consent, a letter of Frost's in the previous September, to one of the visiting magistrates of the gaol of Monmouth, requesting some relaxation of the prison discipline to which Vincent and other prisoners were subject; and it appeared, also, that a similar application had been made to the Lord-Lieutenant of the county. Then was proved Frost's having taken up his acceptance on the 4th November; and his character for humanity as specially instanced in his having protected Lord Granville Somerset from personal violence, during the Reform riots of 1832. Finally was called a witness, with the view of negativing the design imputed to Frost of preventing the Welsh mail from going to Birmingham, by showing the absurdity of that course, since a new and different mail started from Bristol to Birmingham, and not the same coach which had come from Newport. But to this witness were put the following significant, and probably unsuspected, questions:--

"_Attorney-General._--You took an interest, I suppose, in
Vincent?--_A._ I did so.

"_Attorney-General._--You had not been told that there was
to be any meeting for Vincent on the 4th of November, had
you?--_A._ No.

"_Attorney-General._--You, living at Newport, can tell us that
there was no notice by placard, or in any other way, of a
meeting to be held on the 4th November?--_A._ _I never saw any._

"_Attorney-General._--_Nor heard of any?_--_A._ _No._"

Such was the meagre case in behalf of the prisoner in point of evidence. And at its close, his second counsel, Mr Kelly, rose to address the jury on his behalf--a privilege accorded to no prisoner, except one tried on a charge of high treason. We shall present the reader with an extract from the opening passage in Mr Kelly's address, inasmuch as it is highly characteristic of that eminent counsellor's style of advocacy--of his imposing display of fervent confidence in his case--his terse and nervous expression, and the clearness and precision of his reasoning. We have some ground for believing that the following is exactly what fell from his lips:--

"The Attorney-General, in his opening, seemed to anticipate
that we might deviate from the straight and honourable course
before us, in defending the prisoner, into something like an
attempt to induce you to depart from the strict letter of
the law. So far from this, it is in the law, in the strict
undeviating performance of the law, that I place my hope, my
only trust. It is my prayer, therefore, that you should follow
it; that you should be guided and governed by it; that you
should attend and adhere to the law, and to the law alone;
because I feel that, by that law, I shall prove to you, clearly
and satisfactorily, that the prisoner, whatever may have been
his misconduct in other respects, however high the crimes and
misdemeanours for which in another form he might have been
indicted or punished--I feel that, by the law of high treason,
he is as guiltless as any one of you, whose duty, I hope, it
will soon be so to pronounce him. Gentlemen, if the prisoner
at the bar be at this moment in any jeopardy or danger, it is
from the law not prevailing, or not being clearly and perfectly
understood. It is because the facts, which are in evidence
before you, undoubtedly disclose a case of guilt against
him; because they do prove that he has committed a great and
serious violation of the law; because he has subjected himself
to indictment and to punishment, that the danger exists--a
danger from which it is for me, by all the humble efforts I
can command, to protect him--that you, finding that he has
offended against the justice of the country, should condemn
him, not for the misdemeanour which he has really committed,
but for the great and deadly crime with which he is charged by
this indictment. I therefore, Gentlemen, beseech your calm and
patient attention, while I endeavour as shortly, as concisely,
and, I will venture to add, as fairly and candidly as I can, to
lay before you, subject to the correction of their Lordships,
the law, as it affects this high and serious charge. And if
I should be fortunate enough to do so, I undertake then to
satisfy you--to convince the most doubting among you, if there
be any more doubting than the rest, when I shall refer you to
the testimony of the witnesses,--that this charge is not only
not proved, but that it is absolutely and totally disproved,
even by the evidence for the prosecution. The question here
is,--not whether a great and alarming riot has been committed;
the question is, not whether blood has been shed, whether
crimes, which are, as they ought to be, punishable by law,
have been perpetrated by many who may be the subjects of this
indictment; but the question is, whether the prisoner at the
bar has, by competent legal proof, been proved, beyond all
reasonable doubt in the mind of any one of you, to have levied
war against Her Majesty, with the treasonable intent which is
stated in this indictment? The Crown must satisfy you that the
prisoner at the bar has levied war; that he has levied war
against Her Majesty--that is, that he has conducted these armed
multitudes, and committed, if he has committed, outrages with
them, and concerted with them, or engaged them, to commit them;
and not merely that he has done all these acts, but that he has
done them against the Queen, that he has levied war against the
Queen and her Government. And then, further, it must be proved
to you that that was done with the intent, with the design,
which is stated in this indictment."--(I. p. 52, 53.)

Mr Kelly's speech was long, elaborate, eloquent, and most ingenious--adhering closely to the line of defence taken by Sir Frederick Pollock--pressing on the jury in every possible way, with many varied illustrations, the improbability of Frost having contemplated the rebellious objects imputed to him, and the alleged certainty that his only view had been--the rescue of Vincent. He vehemently assailed the credibility of those witnesses who had given the strongest evidence against Frost; and concluded with a most impassioned appeal to the feelings of the jury. When he had concluded, the Lord Chief-Justice accorded still another privilege to Frost--viz., that of himself then addressing the jury, after both his counsel had done so; to which Frost prudently replied--"My Lord, I am so well satisfied with what my counsel have said, that I decline saying anything upon this occasion."[11]

The Solicitor-General then rose to reply on the part of the Crown; and if any one inexperienced in forensic contests were incredulous as to the potency of _the last word_ (from competent lips) in any case, civil or criminal, let him read the outline of this reply, with the copious specimens of it, given with much judgment by Mr Townsend. It is true that Sir Thomas Wilde's case was in itself crushing, but his dealing with it made that crushing character fearfully clear to the plainest capacity. Its opening passages seem tinctured by some sternness of allusion to the concluding topics of Mr Kelly's address; but the remainder of the reply is characterised by mingled moderation and power; by irresistible closeness and cogency of argument, and by extraordinary skill in dealing with facts, in combining and contrasting them, and pointing out a significancy lurking in them, which the prisoner's counsel had possibly not chosen to see, or skilfully striven to conceal. Our limits restrict us to one or two samples of the present Lord Chancellor's mode of advocacy when at the bar. After explaining that it was the real object contemplated by the prisoner--viz., to raise, rebellion--with which the jury had to deal, the Solicitor-General thus pithily disposed of all arguments which had been drawn from the prisoner's want of power to do all that he intended:--

"It is also immaterial to this Case whether or not he had the
power to do all he intended. We need not talk of punishing
successful rebellion--it is unsuccessful rebellion that
comes under the cognisance of the law. I cannot restrain the
expression of some surprise at the course of argument that was
taken by the learned counsel who last addressed you. His course
of argument was this: when the prisoner was interrupted in
what he was doing, 'Look and see what he has done;' where he
has accomplished his purpose, 'Do not believe the witnesses.'
The party having been dispersed by the soldiers, the learned
gentleman says, 'see if they went to the post-office; see if
they went to the bridge; see if they went to other places'--he
knowing that they were stopped before they reached those
places; 'but as to marching there with arms to take the town,
that I dispose of by asking you not to believe the witnesses;
so that, as regards what was prevented, I ask you to see what
was done; and as regards what was done, I ask you to disbelieve
the witnesses, and there is an end of the charge.'"--(I. p. 75.)

This single paragraph annihilated a third of the case set up on behalf of Frost; as did the following a second third:--

"They could not have raised these men with a view to relieve
the prisoners at the Westgate, because at the time they
collected on the mountain they had not been taken. But had
it any relation to Vincent? What is their intention? We have
been told again and again that Mr Frost must not be supposed
likely to do absurd things; that he is a man of the world and a
man of intelligence. What then, gentlemen, do you think of an
attempt to induce the Monmouthshire magistrates to relax the
prison discipline in favour of a person who has been convicted
of sedition, or seditious libel, or something of that sort, by
marching into Newport with ten thousand men armed? What do you
think of a man of the world resorting to that mode of inducing
the magistrates to relax in favour of a prisoner? Is Mr Frost
a man of intelligence? Is he a man of the world? Suppose he
had been the worst foe that Vincent ever had, suppose that he
had desired to procure additional restrictions to be put upon
him, and had wished that he should sustain the last hour of
the sentence which had been pronounced upon him, could he have
resorted to a more maliciously effective mode than by showing
that those who were connected with Vincent were persons so
little acquainted with their duty, so little obedient to the
law, so little to be depended upon for their peaceable conduct,
as that they would march at that hour of the night into a town,
alarming and frightening every body?"--(I. p. 79.)

Again:--

"Gentlemen, will you judge of the criminal intentions of
persons engaged in an insurrection by the probability of their
success? If you do, you will judge of a mob by a rule that
never was found correct yet. They always imagine--and they
would not begin if they did not imagine, though they always
imagine wrong, but they never will learn wisdom--they always
imagine that they can accomplish more than they can; of course
they begin, not with the idea of fastening a halter round their
necks, but with the idea that they shall succeed, and by their
success escape. With those thousands of men (you will see as
I pass on what the number of the soldiers were,) was it an
unnatural thing that, coming at between one and two o'clock
in the morning, they should surprise the poor-house; that the
soldiers, not being aware that they were coming, might not be
prepared--might be taken by surprise--might be either overcome
or murdered before they could put themselves in a condition to
defend themselves?

"Are their sayings inconsistent? What conspiracy ever was
consistent? You would indeed give the most perfect freedom
to conspiracy, rebellion, and treason, if you disbelieved
witnesses coming to prove declarations inconsistent if made at
the same time, though not inconsistent when made at different
times. They may at first think the soldiers to be Chartists
and their friends, and, in the next moment, talk of attacking
them in their barracks. But will you give a _carte blanche_ to
conspirators and traitors by saying, that if witnesses prove
inconsistent declarations, they are not to be believed? It is
not, gentlemen, the inconsistency of the witnesses, but of
those engaged in transactions, the conduct and management of
which must vary from hour to hour according as circumstances
arise; and that which a man may contemplate one minute, may
the following minute or the next hour be inconsistent with
the views that had prevailed arising out of the then existing
circumstances."--(I. p. 89.)

The circumstance of Frost's having been found with the loaded pistols, and not having attempted to use them, is thus significantly disposed of:--

"Give him the benefit of the circumstance that _he did not use_
the three loaded pistols which he had about him. But I think,
unfortunately, that they speak much more strongly as indicating
violent intentions _when those pistols were provided_, than
they speak peaceable intentions when he was apprehended."--(I.
p. 24.)

There has been no counsel at the English bar, in modern times, whose reply was more dreaded by an opponent than Sir Thomas Wilde; and that reply, in Frost's case, abundantly shows how well founded was that apprehension.

Thus, then, the counsel on both sides having played out their parts in the case, it stood awaiting the intervention of the Lord Chief-Justice--the very model of judicial excellence. Tranquil, grave, patient; exact, ready, profound in legal knowledge, and of perfect impartiality--all these high qualities and qualifications were exhibited by him in his luminous and masterly summing-up on this occasion. In order to give all due weight to the sole substantial suggestion offered on behalf of the prisoner--_i. e._, that his object had been the liberation of Vincent--the Lord Chief-Justice read to the jury the following important passage from that great authority, Sir Matthew Hale--"If men levy war to break prisons, to deliver _one or more particular persons_ out of prison, this was ruled, on advice of the judges, to be not high treason, but only a great riot; but if it was to break prisons, or deliver _persons generally_ out of prison, this is treason."[12] Having taken at once a minute and comprehensive view of the evidence, he left the following as the exact question for their determination,--"Whether it was Frost's object, by the terror which bodies of armed men would inspire, to seize and keep possession of the town of Newport, making this a beginning of an extensive rebellion, _which would be high treason_; or whether he had no more in view than to effect, by the display of physical force, the amelioration of the condition of Vincent and his companions in Monmouth jail, if not their liberation, _which would be a dangerous misdemeanour only_; and the jury were to look at the evidence with all possible candour and fairness, and see if the Crown had conclusively disproved this limited object and design."[13] We conceive that neither Frost nor any one of his ten thousand dupes, on that "day of dupes" which led to this inquiry, could have taken objection to this mode of submitting the all-critical question to his jury--a jury of his peers, with the selection of whom he himself had had as much concern as the Crown.

That jury retired from court for half-an-hour, and then returned, amidst the solemn excited silence of the court--crowded to suffocation--with the fatal verdict, "Guilty;" adding, "My lords, we wish to recommend the prisoner to the merciful consideration of the court." Sentence was not immediately passed upon him. He was removed from court; and on its re-assembling on the ensuing morning, Zephaniah Williams was placed at the bar, tried, and in due course found guilty; on which William Jones was in like manner arraigned, tried, and found guilty; each being recommended by the jury to mercy. Scared by this result, five of the ringleaders resolved to throw themselves on the mercy of the Crown, withdrawing their pleas of not guilty, and pleading guilty--it having been intimated that the sentence of death should be commuted into transportation for life. The Attorney-General thought it expedient, in the case of the remaining four prisoners, who were less deeply implicated, to allow a verdict of not guilty to be recorded.

On the 16th January, Frost, Williams, and Jones were brought up to the bar to receive sentence of death, which the Lord Chief-Justice prefaced by a very solemn address, listened to in breathless silence. An imposing scene of judicial solemnity and terror, indeed, the court at that agitating moment exhibited. Without were strong detachments of soldiery, foot and horse, guarding the public peace: within were an anxious auditory, commanded to keep silence under pain of fine and imprisonment, while sentence of death was being passed upon the prisoners. There were, in the midst of the throng, two groups awfully contrasted in character and position--the three prisoners, standing pale and subdued; and, sitting opposite, the three judges, each wearing his black cap; while the following heart-sickening words fell from the lips of the Lord Chief-Justice:--

"And now nothing more remains than the duty imposed upon the
court--to all of us a most painful duty--to declare the last
SENTENCE OF THE LAW; which is that you, John Frost, and you,
Zephaniah Williams, and you, William Jones, be taken hence to
the place whence you came, and be thence drawn on a hurdle to
the place of execution, and that each of you be there hanged
by the neck until you be dead; _and that afterwards the head
of each of you shall be severed from his body, and the body of
each, divided into four quarters, shall be disposed of, as her
majesty shall think fit. And may Almighty God have mercy on
your souls!_"

Whether the words placed in italics should ever again be pronounced on such an occasion, barbarously prescribing a revolting outrage on the dead, which it is known, at the time, cannot be perpetrated in these days of enlightened humanity, is a point which cannot admit of debate. The practice ought forthwith to be abolished, and by statute, if such be necessary.

Under the mortal pressure of this capital sentence remained these three unhappy and misguided men, from the 16th till the 28th of January. On the 25th, an elaborate argument was had at Westminster before the fifteen judges, which lasted till the 28th, on a case framed by Lord Chief-Justice Tindal for their opinion, on the point which had been raised at the trial by Sir Frederick Pollock. The Chief-Justice submitted these two questions for consideration,--"_First_, whether the service of the list of witnesses was a good service, under the statute 7 Anne, c. 21, § 11; _secondly_, whether, at all events, the objection was taken in due time." There was a great array of counsel on both sides; but the argument was conducted by the Attorney-General alone, on behalf of the Crown; and by Sir Frederick Pollock, Sir William Follett, and Mr Kelly on behalf of the prisoners. The utmost possible ingenuity was displayed on both sides; and with such effect, that at the close of the argument the Lord Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas wrote a letter to the Secretary of State for the Home Department, (the Marquis of Normanby,) announcing the following somewhat perplexing result,--that, "first, a majority of the Judges, in the proportion Of NINE to SIX, were of opinion that the delivery of the list of witnesses was NOT a good delivery in point of law:

"But, secondly, a majority of the Judges, in the proportion of nine to six, are of opinion that the OBJECTION to the delivery of the list of witnesses was _not taken in due time_.

"All the Judges agreed, that if the objection had been made in time, the effect of it would have been a postponement of the trial, in order to give time for a proper delivery of the list."

The AYES on this occasion were--

_Justices_ Littledale, Patteson, Williams, Coleridge, Colins,
Erskine; Barons Parke, Alderson, Rolfe.

The NOES--

Lord Chief-Justice Denman, Lord Chief-Justice Tindal, Lord
Chief-Baron Abinger; _Justices_ Bosanquet and Maule, and Baron
Gurney.

Those last (the NOES) decided also that the objection had
not been taken in time; and three of the former class, (the
AYES,) viz. Baron Alderson, Baron Rolfe, and Justice Coleridge,
concurred in that decision.[14]

Here was a question for the Executive to decide! A capital conviction for high treason, with a decision of the majority of the Judges of the land, that a statutory requisition as to the period for delivery of a list of the witnesses had not been exactly complied with, but that the prisoner did not make the objection till the time had gone by for making it; and that, had he made it in time, the utmost effect would have been to cause a postponement of the trial for a few days. The prisoner's objection was avowedly _strictissimi juris_; and he did not affect to show that he had suffered the slightest detriment from the over-anxious kindness of the Crown solicitor. That, under these circumstances, the lives of the three traitors were absolutely at the mercy of the Ministry, is indisputable; and no one, we conceive, could have censured them, if they had allowed the capital sentence to be carried into effect. They inclined, however, to the merciful exercise of their anxious discretion; and the capital sentence was remitted, on the condition of the three prisoners being transported for the term of their natural lives. They have now been ten years at the Antipodes; and how many times, during that lengthened period of bitter, dishonoured existence, they have cursed their own folly and crime, who can tell?

Have they ever appreciated the skill and vigilance with which they were defended? It is true that this one chance objection--which it is wonderful should have occurred to any one at all--was ultimately pronounced, but only by a majority of the Judges after lengthened debate, to have been taken too late; but if it had not occurred to the vigilant advocate when it did--if no one had taken it at any time--would not the three traitors have been executed? Unquestionably: public justice, the public safety required it. Whether Sir Frederick Pollock purposely delayed making the objection till the moment when he did, (and the Attorney-General insinuated, before the fifteen Judges, that such was the case,[15]) thinking that course more advantageous to the prisoners, or whether the objection had not, in fact, occurred to him till it was too late, we cannot at present say. This much, however, we can say in conclusion, that we are very much indebted to the late Mr Townsend for having enabled us to present this entertainment--for such we hope it has proved--to our readers; who may hereafter look with great interest on a great trial, especially if they have the opportunity of witnessing it. They may then appreciate the exquisite anxieties and responsibilities imposed on those concerned in conducting it--the difficulties with which they have to contend on the spot, without time for consideration, though life itself be the stake played for. They will also, probably, be of the opinion, that in the great game at Monmouth all the players played their parts well--may we not say admirably?--that the uttermost justice was done on both sides. Two practical deductions from the whole may yet be made: first, have a look-out, gentlemen prosecutors, in taking every single step of your course, however apparently unimportant at the time it may seem to you; bearing in mind that, in proportion to the desperate exigencies of the defence, will be the piercing scrutiny to which every formality will be subjected; so that a blot may be hit which might easily have been avoided, but, when hit, is fatal. Secondly, in your turn, gentlemen counsel, be encouraged by the result of this interesting and instructive trial, to watch every single step of your opponents--even those in which error, omission, or miscarriage is least likely--with sleepless vigilance, and be prompt in action. Thus much for the trial of John Frost.

MY NOVEL; OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.

BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.