Chapter XV: Part III: Duelling (4)

We must acknowledge that our gratulation was not altogether so ardent, and that we conceived this letter to be very much more the offspring of his Lordship's fears than his feelings. It was obviously unfortunate that his zeal had been kindled so _late_, there being no imaginable doubt that the Pope had marked out Westminster for the See of his new Archbishop several years ago. And it is clear, that the appointment of one Archbishop would have been as great an encroachment as the fixture of fifty. The principle was _there_, and it would evidently be prolific. Yet not a syllable of remonstrance had transpired. Wisdom was silent in the streets, and precaution slumbered within the Cabinet curtains. Whitehall was as quiet as Lambeth, and Lambeth of course was Lethe. No Minister hurried to the palace, with pallid lips and faltering nerves, like him who

"Drew Priam's curtain at the dead of night,
To tell him Troy was burned."

But the Dean and Chapter of Westminster had actually attempted to break the slumber, by an address deprecating the appointment, as utterly unconstitutional. This occurred in 1848. It was heard of no more, and silence came again.

As his Lordship's Letter is probably to be regarded as a Cabinet _minute_, we shall give its chief portions _verbatim_.

It begins by referring to a letter of the Bishop of Durham, which termed the Bull "insolent and _insidious_," the latter epithet appearing to us to have no other merit than that of alliteration, the measure not being _insidious_ at all--but, by a remarkable deviation from the customary craft of the Papacy, being one of the most open and audacious insults on record.

The Letter then proceeds to say, that its writer, having "promoted to the utmost of his power the claims of the Roman Catholics to all civil rights"--a fact with which the country was fully acquainted--thought "it right, and even desirable, that the _ecclesiastical system_ of the Roman Catholics should be the means of giving instruction to the numerous Irish immigrants in London and elsewhere, who, without such help, would be left in heathen ignorance."

The latter sentence we do not profess to understand. Does it allude to any _arrangement_, by which the Papacy was to change the system of simple superintendence, and adopt Dr Wiseman as archbishop, after all? Is this the preliminary to further _development_, and is the common rumour on the subject the reverse of a mistake? How the kind of religion imported by the legions of Irish beggary into England was to be purified by a new episcopal staff, is wholly beyond our comprehension. Or why the Protestant people of England, after feeding the pauperism of Ireland at home, should be bound to provide for its heresy here--or how, for the further allurement of the superfluous rabble of Ireland, we are to provide, for either their poverty or their pride, the pageant of twelve Popish mitres, we must leave it to his Lordship to explain.

His next sentence is more intelligible.

"There is an _assumption of power_ in all the documents which have come from Rome--a pretension to supremacy over the realm of England, and a claim to _sole and undivided_ sway, which is inconsistent with the Queen's supremacy, with the rights of our bishops and clergy, and with the spiritual independence of the nation, as asserted even in Roman Catholic times."

How this discovery should have been delayed till November 1850, in the apprehension of a public personage acquainted with the general facts of history, handling Popish concerns all his life, and an inveterate supporter of the Popish Bill of 1829, is not easily accounted for. But every man of common intelligence in Europe, (his Lordship excepted,) knew that Popery has existed in a perpetual struggle with _all_ governments for temporal supremacy, under the _pretence_ of spiritual; that it has attempted a constant usurpation of royal authority even in the Popish kingdoms; and that its restless appetite for power requires constant coercion, even by those governments, to render it compatible with any government at all. What is to be said, when Pio Nono has excommunicated the Sardinian government before our eyes? The next sentence is significant: "I confess that _my_ alarm is not equal to my indignation."

Does his Lordship mean by this that we have been frightened by a shadow, while _he_ has preserved his fortitude? or that the nation has been somewhat inclined to play the fool in its fright, while he has preserved his serenity through his superior knowledge? But he then proceeds to inform us what should be the true object of national alarm, and that is Tractarianism!

Without implying that his Lordship here employs that well-known species of diplomacy which substitutes conjecture for reality, we shall tell him that Tractarianism, though exciting much regret, and bringing much discredit on the laxity of discipline which has so long suffered its existence, is _not_ the real danger; that, compared with Popery, it is but the "fly on the chariot wheel;" and that its influence is not to be named for a moment beside the systematic art, the vast extent, and the indefatigable ambition of Popery.

We are not much more reassured by his Lordship's hint of the smallness of the Pope's territorial power.

"What is the danger to be apprehended from a foreign prince of _no great power_, compared to the danger within the gates?" &c.

But does his Lordship conceive that we are afraid of the Pope's territorial power?--that we are alarmed at an invasion of his Hundred Swiss?--or that any man ever supposed that a minister in the Pontine Marshes was to shake the Religion and State of England? The Popedom has _always_ been a narrow territory, and yet the Papacy has been the great disturber of Europe for a thousand years. Does his Lordship doubt that its weapon was superstition, and that superstition was once universal? But, while we can feel no terror at the sickly absurdities of a few fanatics, or the low artifices of a few hunters after vulgar popularity, who have never reckoned within their ranks any one man of name, or ability, or learning, or even of station--who owe their sole publicity to what the Bishop of London calls a "poor imitation of Popery," and whose bowings and gesticulations are actually objects of national ridicule--we see a wholly different antagonist in a system, possessed of the power of the multitude, addressing itself to every weakness and pampering every passion of man, offering every prize to avarice, and stimulating every appetite for possession; unceasing in pursuit of all its objects, and making everything an object; desperately inimical to religious liberty, and perpetually labouring to establish over every people an authority fatal to the progress of mankind. We see it now with a hundred and forty millions of souls in Popish Europe, with nearly all the Continental thrones Popish, with hundreds of thousands of monks and friars devoted to all the purposes of its ambition, with its seculars mingled through every population, and with the wealth of the whole Popish community ready to be lavished in a crusade of Monkism. We must confess that we feel as much anxiety in the issue of a contest with such a power as is consistent with a feeling of courage in the performance of our duty.

We have never doubted that England, under the protection of a higher power than man, and awakened to a sense of her peril, will triumph in the most hazardous struggle. But her safety must be grounded on her vigilance. The sleeping giant is as helpless as a child.

So fully are we convinced that Rome is the _real_ danger, that we not merely laugh at Tractarianism, in comparison, but we look with suspicion on every attempt to set it up as _the_ danger. To compare this dwarf with the gigantic bulk of Popery seems absurd; and we must therefore reject it as argument altogether. It is also unfortunate for this bugbear that it has been so slow in its discovery, and that the Ministerial terrors have already slept so long, Tractarianism being now a well-grown peril--its siege of the Church having already lasted some years beyond the renowned siege of Troy!

The Letter, however, closes with the spirit of an enthusiast in the "good cause,"--"I will not abate a jot of heart or hope so long as the _glorious principles_ and the _immortal martyrs of the Reformation_ shall be held in reverence by the great mass of a nation which looks with contempt on the _mummeries_ of superstition."

All this is what Dominie Sampson would have pronounced "prodigious!" with his loudest and longest suspiration. And all is eminently curious, in the man whose whole career has been devotion to every Popish demand, and advocacy of every Popish measure; who has risen into office by the influence of Popish voices, and who has been in the _intima concilia_ of the imaginary Archbishop of Westminster!

Must not Protestants ask, By whose advice was Mr Wyse planted in the Greek embassy?--by whom was Mr O'Farril planted in the government of Malta?--by whom was Mr Shiel planted in the embassy to Tuscany--or rather to the whole of western and middle Italy, and in immediate approximation to Rome? Were three Papists selected for those express, and at present most important missions, without a purpose?--were they flung up merely by the diplomatic wheel?--or were those extraordinary appointments of untried men produced by a sudden, and a _Papal_ demand, for the support of a plan?

But this is a time of wonders, and his Lordship's conversion may rank at the summit of them all. However, there is a reason for everything in art and nature; and it is said that a very high personage had a share in this rapid operation on the Ministerial understanding; that the question was asked,--"Pray, who is to be the sovereign?" and that the answer was his Lordship's letter. It concludes by giving the _coup-de-grace_ to the character of Popery, of whose present performances it speaks with scorn, as "laborious endeavours to _confine the intellect, and enslave the soul_."--(Downing Street, Nov. 4.)

In the meantime "my Lord Cardinal," who had stopped in his posthaste journey, on learning John Bull's theological opinions of his Manifesto, was comforted by an emissary despatched to inform him that the bonfires of the 5th of November had all been suffered to sink into ashes, and that he would escape any severer trial of his fortitude than being burnt in effigy. But the Doctor, now fearless of his _auto-da-fé_, is also said to have determined on carrying the war into the enemy's quarters, and showing that every step which he has taken has been _sanctioned_ by his denouncers; and that, instead of being the foolish and impudent intruder which the public have believed him to be, he has been actually only the submissive follower and ready agent of councils far enough removed from the Quirinal.

We shall advert to but one matter in addition, yet the most important of all. From the accession of Pio Nono, there has been a decisive change of the old Papal plan. For the last three hundred years, Popery, smitten by the Reformation, had limited its efforts to keeping itself in existence, the stern power of the military thrones having prohibited its excitement of the people. But times changed; the power of the multitude increased, the power of the monarchs diminished, and the appeal was now to be made to the multitude. Europe then saw, with sudden astonishment, a _liberal_ Pope, and heard the sound of popular emancipation from the recesses of the Conclave. If the rash ambition of the King of Sardinia had not thrown Italy into war, and his shallow generalship turned the war into a flight, the plan of popular appeal would probably have made Popery the head of Red Republicanism. But the whole affair was managed as everything beyond the confessional is managed by monkery--and the Pope was glad to escape from the blaze which he had kindled with his own hasty hand.

His restoration by the French sword, drawn for republicanism in France and for despotism in Rome, has set the machinery in movement again; and we now see its first manufacture in the actual claim of supremacy in England. Whether its contemptuous repulse here will check its progress abroad, who shall say? But, that a conspiracy for the extinction of Protestantism exists in Europe; that the ten foreign cardinals were appointed to propagate the plan; and that it is to be defeated only by vigilance and principle, there can be no doubt in the mind of any rational being.

But, since we began this paper, two events have occurred, which, trifling as they may be as to the individuals concerned, give too clear an evidence of the spirit of Popery and public men to be wholly passed by.

That excellent paper, the _Standard_, thus briefly states the first: "In May 1845 the late Lady Pennant expressed to her parish minister (the Rev. Mr Briscoe) her intention to build a church near her residence, in Wales, for the use of her poor neighbours. This she also stated to her daughter, who promised to fulfil it. This daughter married Lord Fielding, and brought him a fortune, part of which, of course, was apparently pledged to the building of the church. On Lady Pennant's death, writes the Bishop of St Asaph to Lord Fielding--'You publicly declared that you purposed to bestow a large sum of money in founding a church, and all things belonging to it. _You invited me and my clergy to join in laying the foundation._ You seemed to understand it so. _We certainly understood it so_; and we received _the Lord's Supper_ together, with this understanding.

"'Now, I must say, that I regard this as a promise made to me, and my clergy, as solemnly as it could be made on earth.'

"Lord Fielding," says the _Standard_, "sets about the building,--plain proof that he perfectly understood his duty. Before the completion of the church, however, his Lordship falls into the hands of Tractarians, who, as usual, deliver him over to Romanist priests, who furnish him with the _miserable_ arguments, which, grounded on the two extraordinary notions, that what a man promises as a Protestant he is not bound to perform as a Papist, and that, no distinct fund having been appropriated in Lady Pennant's will, he is not _bound_ to apply any whatever--finishes by saying, 'My duty appears clear to me, to devote that church which is being built at my own cost, and which yet remains mine, to the furtherance of _God's truth_, as I find he himself delivered it to his Holy Catholic Church.'"

So that the result of Lady Pennant's wish, and her money, left for a Protestant church, is the building of a Popish chapel! and the result of a Protestant bishop's laying the foundation, is the erection of a place for the mass and the worship of the Virgin Mary! We disdain comment on this transaction. But it is eminently _Popish_.

The other instance is the attendance of Mr Hawes, the Under Secretary of State, at a congratulatory public meeting in honour of Dr Wiseman's appointment as a cardinal, and his actually subscribing money to buy him a _Red Hat_.

The office of Under Secretary, though not one of much public consideration, and often given to persons of none whatever, is yet regarded as extremely _confidential_; and, in the instance of Mr Hawes, it has unusual weight, from his being the actual representative of the Colonial Secretary in the House of Commons, Lord Grey being in the House of Lords. But Mr Hawes is also understood to possess a confidence _out_ of his Department, and to be on the most intimate terms with the Premier. Indeed, the admiration of the Under Secretary for the noble Lord, the delicate attention of generally escorting him into the House, and seldom being able to remain in it after it has lost the light of his Lordship's countenance--his ecstasy of admiration at every sentence which slips from the Premier's lips, and the fixedness of his eye on his Lordship's features during the sitting--have often excited the surprise, and occasionally the amusement, of the members of the Legislature. But that Mr Hawes should have attended a public meeting, or done any one act on earth in which he conceived it possible to have produced a frown on the noble Lord's brow--or, indeed, should do anything without a consciousness of the most PERFECT acquiescence in the most important quarter--was among the "grand improbabilities" of the age. But Mr Hawes _did_ go to the meeting, and subscribed for what our ancestors called a "rag of Popery," and what their sons call one of its "mummeries."

On this subject a correspondent of the _Morning Chronicle_ writes the following queries:--

"_Can_ Lord John Russell be _sincere_ in his new-born zeal against what he pronounces the 'mummeries of superstition,' when he allows one of his _subordinates_, Mr B. Hawes, M.P., to attend a meeting of 'Catholics of the London district,' for the purpose of moving a resolution," &c. He adds: "Let me ask his Lordship, is it true that his Under Secretary for the Colonies, besides speaking at the meeting, has publicly subscribed £10 towards procuring one of those said 'mummeries'--a Cardinal's hat--for Dr Wiseman?" To this, the only answer given by Mr Hawes is, that he declined signing the Popish resolutions, but that he spoke, and offered to give his tribute, &c., from friendship to the Doctor; which this Papist, however, graciously condescended to receive.

Now, if Mr Hawes were attending to his parental trade on this occasion, there would have been nothing to say, but that it showed the smartness of an expert trafficker. But, as a fragment of the Ministry, he had another character to sustain, and he ought to have been aware of the conclusions which would be drawn, by both Papists and Protestants, as to the degree of approval under which he might have acted.

The "Cardinal's hat," too, by no means mends the matter. If his _friendship_ for Dr Wiseman must overflow to the amount of £10, could it have taken no less official shape? Might he not have made it up to the Doctor in teacups or teaspoons, in a dozen of pocket-handkerchiefs, or in an addition to his shoes and stockings? But the hat is a _badge_: it has the effect of a _cockade_. What if it is a thing of red stuff? What is a cockade?--a thing of ribbon--which, however, makes the difference between armies!

Without any particular respect for Mr Hawes' shrewdness, we cannot believe that he was unacquainted with the natural conclusions; nor do we believe that it _can_ be passed over, when the day comes for national inquiry into the whole course of Papal politics in England for the last half-dozen years. Meanwhile, the spirit of the people is high, their determination is decided, and the time is at hand for a great restoration to the principles of England.

INDEX TO VOL. LXVIII.

Abinger, lord, 563.

Adelaide, madame, and Chateaubriand, 44, 45.

Adolphus, Mr, 553.

Afghanistan, Peel's conduct on the disasters in, 359.

AFRICA, NORTH, MILITARY LIFE IN, 415.

AFRICAN SPORTING, 231.

Agdolo, colonel, the case of, 343.

Agricultural Interest, state and prospects of the, 109.

Agricultural produce, comparative value of, 112
--amount of depreciation in it, 617
--direct and indirect burdens on it, 614.

Agriculture, capital invested in, 119
--and manufactures, comparative importance of, 115
--relations of small farming to, 675, _et seq._

Alderson, baron, 553, 559, 569.

Aldossar, captain, 311, _et seq._, 317.

Alexander, the emperor, and his father's dethronement, 338, _et
seq. passim_.

Alfieri, specimens of eloquence from, 649.

Algeria, sketches of the war in, 415.

Allen, rev. Mr, trial of, for duelling, 717.

ALTON LOCKE, review of, 592.

Andelot, brother of Coligny, 18.

ANNA HAMMER, 573.

ANCIENT AND MODERN ELOQUENCE, 645.

Anthony of Bourbon, 456, _et seq. passim_.

Antoinette de Bourbon, 2.

Architecture, mediæval, on, 219.

Aristotle, his definition of the poet, 480.

Army, errors of Louis XVIII. regarding the, 35
--the Prussian, rise of, 519.

Art, increasing taste for, in Great Britain, 77
--early, its absorption in architecture, 219.

Aumale, Francis, count d', 7
--his career, 9, _et seq._
--the duke d', his power, popularity, &c. 12.

Austria, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--and of imports of corn from, 130
--the war between, and Frederick the Great, 522, _et seq._
--and Hungary, conduct of Great Britain regarding, 329
--and Sardinia, 327.

Aytoun, William, the architect of Heriot's hospital, 227.

Bacon, account of, by Symonds d'Ewes, 142
--his definition of the poet, 486.

Balafré duke of Guise, 19.

Bar, the English, Ledru Rollin on, 170.

BARONIAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL Antiquities of Scotland, the, 217.

Bayley, baron, on duelling, 719.

Bean, the attack on the queen by, 552.

Bechuanas, sketches of the, 237.

Belgium, state of, exports of cotton to, 127
--and of imports of corn from, 129.

Bellingham, the case of, 564.

Benningsen, general, 338, 341, _et seq._

Bentinck, lord George, exposure of free trade statistics by, 123.

Bèze, Theodore de, anecdote of, 460.

BILLINGS' ANTIQUITIES OF SCOTLAND, 217.

BISSET'S MEMOIRS OF SIR A. MITCHELL, 516.

Bodkin, Mr, counsel for Oxford, 553.

Bolza, count Joseph, 344.

Borthwick castle, ruins of, 226.

Bossuet, example of the oratory of, 656.

BOUILLÉ'S lives of the Guises, vol. i., 1
--vol. ii., 456.

Bourbon, the constable of, 4.

Bourbon and Guise, struggles between the houses of, 456.

Bourbons, difficulties of the, on the restoration, 36.

Brandenburg, the electorate of, 517.

Brantôme, account of the cardinal of Lorraine, by, 8.

Brazil, state of exports of cotton to, 133.

Brick duty, repeal of the, 612.

BRITAIN, THE DEFENCES OF, 713.

British farmer, position of, compared with the foreign, 615, 682.

Brougham, lord, and the criminal law reform, 357
--his speech on the Durham clergy case, 378, 655
--on ancient and modern eloquence, 657.

BULAU, PROFESSOR, his work on the Mysteries of History, 335.

Buller, Mr Justice, on duelling, 717.

Bullion committee, and its report, 360.

Buonaparte, Lucien, and madame Recamier, 42.

Buonaparte, Napoleon, the return of, from Elba, 37
--character of, by Chateaubriand, _ib._
--Chateaubriand on his fall, 39
--persecution of madame Recamier by, 40
--and the Bourbons, Chateaubriand's pamphlet on, 34.

Burke, example of the oratory of, 654.

BURNET'S LANDSCAPE PAINTING IN OIL, 185.

Caerlaveroc castle, ruins of, 225.

Calderon, the dramas of, 539.

Calisto y Meliboea, drama of, 536.

Cameleopard, hunting the, 238.

Campbell, sir John, at Frost's trial, 379, _et seq._
--counsel on Oxford's case, 553
--and on Lord Cardigan's, 725
--his Lives of the Chancellors, &c., 374, _note_.

Canada, Rollin on the conduct of England toward, 166.

Canning, political intrigue of, 211.

Capital, agricultural and manufacturing, 119
--recent legislation directed to favour, 115.

Capitalists, English, Rollin on, 168
--Peel's connection with the, 362.

Caracci, landscape style of the, 192, 193.

Cardigan, the earl of, trial of, 377, 720.

Cardonnel, Adam de, Scottish views by, 228.

Cash payments, the resumption of, in 1819, 360.

CASTELLANE'S MILITARY LIFE IN NORTH AFRICA, 415.

Catherine of Medicis, 456, _et seq. passim_.

Catholic question, Palmerston's speech on the, 215
--Peel's conduct on the, 355, 363.

Catholic emancipation, results of, 363.

Catiline, speeches of, from Sallust, 652.

Cattle, decline in the value of, 108.

Cavaignac in Algeria, 417, 418.

Cavalry, on the use of, 531.

CAXTON, PISISTRATUS, My Novel by, part i., 247
--part ii., 393
--part iii., 499
--part iv., 627.

Celestina, the drama of, 535.

Changarnier, general, in Algeria, 417.

Charles V., war between, and Francis I., 4
--siege of Metz by, 14.

Charles IX., notices of, 458, _et seq. passim_
--his death, 471.

Charles X., Chateaubriand's loyalty to, 43.

Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, character and career of, 11, 14.

Chartist outbreak, the trials for, 381.

CHATEAUBRIAND'S MEMOIRS, 33.

CHESS MATCH, THE LONDON AND EDINBURGH, 97.

Chess player's Chronicle, the, on the London and Edinburgh match, 100.

China, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--Peel's conduct regarding the war in, 359.

Christoval de Vines, the dramas of, 538.

Cicero, the representative of Roman oratory, 645
--on the education of the orator, 660.

Civilisation, influence of peasant properties on, 678.

Clairvoyance, remarks on, 275.

Claude, duke of Guise, career of, 2
--his death, 13.

Claude Lorraine, the landscapes of, 192, 193.

Clergy, the English, Ledru Rollin on, 169.

Coal as a pigment, on, 187.

Cockburn, Mr, counsel for M'Naughten, 564, 565.

Coelius, the oratory of, 658.

Coleridge, Mr Justice, 564.

Coligny, admiral, sketches of, 16, _et seq._, 456, _et seq. passim_
--his murder, 470.

Commerce, British, injury inflicted on, by intervention abroad, 324.

Commercial crisis of 1847, the, 124.

Condamine, Charles Marie de la, 352.

Condé, the prince of, 456, _et seq. passim_
--his death, 468.

Constant, B., sketch of Madame Recamier by, 41.

Convulsionnaires, the, 352.

Cordiner's Scottish views, on, 228.

Corn, importations of, compared with exports of cotton, 128.

Corn laws, Peel's conduct regarding the, 355
--false application of political economy shown in the repeal of, 672
--Laing on, 682, _et seq._

Corneille, the declamation of, 648.

Cosel, the countess, 348.

Cotton manufactures, relations of free trade to, 123, _et seq._
--effects of free trade on, 126, _et seq._
--exports of, compared with imports of corn, 128
--exports of, at various times, 124, 125
--yarn, exports of, 1845 and 1848, 126.

COURTSHIP IN THE TIME OF JAMES I., 141.

Courvoisier, the trial of, 378
--sketch of, 545.

Cox, D., the water-colour painter, 186.

Craniology, fundamental error of, 266.

Crichton castle, architecture of, 225.

Crime, true causes of the increase of, 357.

Criminal, responsibility of the, 547, _et seq._, 712.

Criminal law, Peel's reform in the, 357.

Croix, madame de la, 351.

CROWE'S NIGHT SIDE OF NATURE, review of, 265.

Crowther, lieut., the duelling case of, 719.

Cultivation, effects of peasant properties on, 675, _et seq._

CUMMING'S SOUTH AFRICA, 231.

Currency measures of 1819, Peel's, 360.

Dairsie, church of, 224.

DAISY, the, by ®D®, 471.

Daun, Marshal, defeat of, at Leuthen, 529.

Debt, effects of the resumption of cash payments on, 361.

DEFENCES OF BRITAIN, THE, 713.

Delta, a Wild-Flower Garland by
--The Daisy, 471
--The White Rose, 472
--The Sweetbriar, _ib._
--The Wallflower, 473.

Demosthenes, the representative of Greek oratory, 645
--example of his, 653.

Denman, Lord, Oxford tried before, 553
--and Lord Cardigan, 725.

Denmark, conduct of Britain to, 328.

Despotic governments, danger of revolutionary fervour to, 321
--oratory impossible under, 647.

D'Ewes, Symonds, the courtship of, 114.

Dewint, the water-colour painter, 186.

Diana of Poitiers, notices of, 11, 456.

DIES BOREALES. No. VIII.
--Christopher under Canvass, 479
--on Dugald Stewart's ideal of the Poet, 480, _et seq._

Direct taxes, distribution of the, 614.

Direct and indirect taxation, on, 623.

Doppelgangers, on, 273, 276.

Domenichino, the style of, 192, 193.

Drama, the English and Spanish, connection between, 537
--the modern, the declamation of, 648.

Dramatic art, capabilities of the French for, 415.

Dreams, on, 273.

Dresden, the Austrian siege of, 532.

Dreux, the battle of, 461.

Drummond, Mr, M'Naughten's trial for the murder of, 561.

Duelling, trials for, 712.

Dutch school of landscape, the, 191.

East, oratory unknown in the, 659.

Ecclesiastical architecture, on, 217.

Economist, the, on the American President's message, 132
--on the increased exports to the East, 134
--on the state of the home market, 135.

EDINBURGH AND LONDON CHESS MATCH, the, 97.

Egypt, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--and of import of corn from, 130.

Elephant, hunting the, 239.

Elgin cathedral, state of, 220.

Ellenborough, lord, on our foreign policy, 334.

Elliott, the duelling case of, 717.

ELOQUENCE, ANCIENT AND MODERN, 645.

ENGLAND, LEDRU ROLLIN, ON, 160
--THE POPISH PARTITION OF, 745
--taste for landscape painting in, 185
--the water-colour painters of, 186
--neglect of Spanish literature in, 535
--defective training to oratory in, 662
--modern style of it in, 666
--extent of unimproved land in, 686.

English church, Ledru Rollin on the, 168
--drama, connection of, with the Spanish, 537.

Erskine, Mr, defence of Hadfield by, 552
--example of the oratory of, 655.

EUROPE, LAING'S OBSERVATIONS ON, 671
--importance of oratory in, 659
--extent of unimproved land in, 686.

EXHIBITION OF 1851, THE, 278
--of paintings, the, 77.

Factories, number of, in the United States, 132.

FAMILY FEUD, A, 174.

Farmers, loss sustained by the, through free trade, 112
--their conduct toward their landlords, 113
--their condition as purchasers of manufactures, 135
--mode of assessing them for the income-tax, 620.

Figueroa, denunciations of the drama by, 539.

Fittler's Scotia Depicta, on, 228.

Flamboyant architecture, the, in Scotland, 224.

Flanders, the peasant proprietors of, 675, _et seq._

Flemish school of landscape painting, the, 191.

Flemming, colonel, sketches of, 348.

Follett, sir W., 564, 726, _et seq._

FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 319.

Foreign farmer, advantages of the position of the, 615, 683.

Foreign policy, Peel's, review of, 360.

Forey, major, in Africa, 417, 418.

Forsyth's Beauties of Scotland, on, 228.

Fouché, aversion of Chateaubriand to, 38.

Fouvert, fidelity of, to the duke of Guise, 3.

Fox, sketch of, by Ward, 207
--the accession and fall of, 214.

France during the sixteenth century, connection of the Guises
with, 1, _et seq._, 456, _et seq._
--impatience of repose in, 36
--state of exports of cotton to, 127
--and of imports of corn from, _ib._
--moderation of England toward, 161
--defence of, by Ledru Rollin, 164
--rapid changes of property in, 168
--aggressive spirit of, 319
--English institutions unadapted to, 320
--value of Prussia as a barrier against, 516
--neglect of Spanish literature in, 535.

Francis I., sketches of, 2, _et seq._
--his death, 11.

Francis II., notices of, 456, _et seq. passim_.

Francis of Lorraine, death of, 5.

Francis, the attack on the Queen by, 552.

Frederick the Great, career of, 520.

Frederick William I., character of, 518
--II., character, &c. of, _ib. et seq._

FREE-TRADE AND OUR COTTON MANUFACTURES, 123
--depreciation of agricultural produce under, 112
--review of Peel's conduct regarding, 365
--relations of taxation to, 617.

Free-traders, representations of, regarding the state of the country, 106
--their encomiums on sir R. Peel, 354.

FREEDOM, THE MASQUERADE OF, 475.

FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION, the, 456
--tragedy, the perfection of, 647.

French, military abilities of the, 415.

Frost, the trial of, 379.

Funds, taxation of the, 620.

Galgacus, the speech of, 651.

Game-law revolt in Saxony, 347.

Gemsbok, description of the, 234.

George III., Hadfield's attack on, 551.

Germany, courts of, sketches of, 348.

Gibbon's political economy, on, 620, _note_.

Gil of the green trousers, drama of, 543.

Girtin the painter, 186.

Glasgow Daily Mail, letter from the, on recent legislation, 138
--on the exhibition of 1851, 286, 288.

Glockner, a Bavarian adventurer, 429.

Gouge, rev. Mr, 142, _et seq. passim_.

Graham, sir James, views of, regarding the prices of grain, 107.

Grain, views of the free-traders regarding prices of, 107.

Grattan, Mr, the oratory of, 656.

GREAT BRITAIN, THE DEFENCES OF, 736,
--increasing taste for art in, 77
--prices at which wheat can be grown at in, 109
--her moderation toward France, 161
--Rollin on her conduct in the opening of the war, 164
--extent of her interests, 319
--effects on herself of her intervention in the Peninsula, 323
--encouragement given by her to foreign liberalism, 324
--her defenceless state, 333
--Prussia her natural ally, 516.

GREAT UNKNOWN, THE, 698.

Greece, conduct of Britain toward, 330.

Greek oratory, Demosthenes the representative of, 645.

Green, the dramas of, 538.

GREEN HAND, the, a short yarn, part xi., 48
--part xii., 291
--a wind-up, 433.

Gregory, professor, his translation of Reichenbach's researches,
265, _et seq._

Grose's Scottish antiquities, on, 228.

GUISE, BOUILLÉ'S LIVES of the House of, vol i., 1
--vol. ii., 456
--Claude, duke of, 2, _et seq._
--Francis, 9, _et seq._; 457, _et seq. passim_
--his murder, 464
--and Bourbon, struggle between the houses of, 456.

Gurney, baron, 548, 553.

Hadfield, James, the attack on George III. by, 551.

Hamilton, W., the attack on the Queen by, 553.

HAMM'S CAMPAIGN IN SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, 308.

Hanover, exports of cotton to, 127.

Hanse Towns, exports of cotton to, 127.

Hardenberg, Prince, the territorial reforms of, 680.

Havil, the water-colour painter, 186.

HEAD'S DEFENCELESS STATE OF BRITAIN, 736.

Helsham, Captain, trial of, 719.

Henry VIII., enmity of, to the Guises, 9.

Henry II. of France, notices of, 11, _et seq._
--III., 467, _et seq._
--IV., 468, _et seq._
--V., Chateaubriand's speech for, 46.

Henry of Guise, character, &c. of, 465.

Heriot's hospital, architecture of, 227.

High treason, trial of Frost for, 379
Tindal's definition of, 380.

HISTORY, THE MYSTERIES of, 335.

Hobbima, the style of, 88, 193.

Hobert, chief-justice, 144, _et seq. passim_.

Hohenstein, game-law revolt at, 347.

Holland, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--and of imports of corn, 129.

Home market, value of the, 134.

Horace on the Poet, 493.

Hotham, baron, on duelling, 716.

HOURS IN SPAIN, 534.

HOUSE OF GUISE, the, 1, 456.

Huguenots, the wars with the, 456, _et seq._
--massacre of, at Vassy, 459.

Hungarian exiles, interference of England on behalf of the, 329.

Hungary, conduct of Great Britain regarding, 329.

Imagination, Dugald Stewart on, 480.

INCOME-TAX, RENEWAL OF THE, 611
--Peel's conduct in imposing, 359
--inequalities in assessment of, 620.

India, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--of exports and imports, 134
--growth of British power in, 163
--Peel's conduct regarding, 359.

Indirect taxation, pressure of, on agricultural produce, 614
--and direct, comparison of, 623.

INDUSTRY OF THE PEOPLE, the, 106
--mutual dependence of various branches of, 115.

Inheritance, law of, relations of small properties to, 679.

Insanity in connection with crime, on, 547, _et seq._, 712.

Intervention, the system of, 322, _et seq._

Ireland, English institutions unadapted to, 320
--police force introduced by Peel into, 356
--results of Catholic emancipation in, 363
--exemption of, from the income-tax, 622.

Italian school of landscape painting, the, 191, 192.

Italy, the French invasion of, under Francis I., 3
--Palmerston's defence of his policy toward, 326.

Jackson, Cyril, 201.

JAMES I., COURTSHIP IN THE TIME OF, 141.

Jarnac, battle of, 468.

Jeffcott, the duelling case of, 717.

JEW BILL, THE, 73.

Jew, reasons against admission of, to the legislature, 73
--the modern, his character, 599.

Joinville, Henry prince of, 19.

John, cardinal of Lorraine, character and career of, 7
--his death, 13.

Johnson on duelling, 714.

Jones, Inigo, not the architect of Heriot's hospital, 227.

Jones, trial of, with Frost, 381, _et seq._

JOURNALISM, A LECTURE ON, 691.

Juan de la Cueva, the dramas of, 538.

Judges, Townsend's Lives of the, 374
--decision of the, regarding insanity, 549.

Jury trial in England, Rollin on, 168.

Jutland, sketches of, 315.

Kabyles, contests of the French with the, 417.

Kelly, Mr Fitzroy, 388, _et seq._

Kerr, R., letter from, on the exhibition of 1851, 286, 288.

Kinkel, Godfrey, a Family Feud by, 174.

Kolin, battle of, 526.

Kuruman, missionary station of, 237.

Labourers, effects of free trade on, 136.

LA DECADENCE D'ANGLETERRE, Ledru Rollin's, 160.

La Harpe and Madame Recamier, 41.

LAING'S OBSERVATIONS ON EUROPE, 671.

Land, unimproved, in England and the Continent, 686.

Landed interest, burdens on the, 614.

Landed property, transfer of, 168.

Landlords, prospects of the, 109
--apathy of, toward their tenantry, 113.

LANDSCAPE PAINTING IN OIL, 185.

Landscape, passion for, in England, 185.

Latour Maubourg, general, 34.

Lawyers, English, Rollin on, 170.

LECTURE ON JOURNALISM, A, 691.

LEDRU ROLLIN ON ENGLAND, 160.

Legislature, reasons against the admission of the Jew to, 74.

Leuthen, battle of, 529.

Lewis, Mr, on the London and Edinburgh chess match, 101.

Liberal institutions, danger of forcing, on nations unprepared, 320.

Liberty, necessity of, to oratory, 646.

Lion, hunting the, 235, 236.

Litakoo, missionary station of, 237.

Lombardy, conduct of Palmerston regarding, 327.

LONDON AND EDINBURGH CHESS MATCH, the, 97.

London, increasing taste for pictures in, 77
--sketch of, by Ledru Rollin, 162
--police force, established by Peel, 357.

Lope de Vega, the dramas of, 539.

Lords, trial of Lord Cardigan before the, 725.

Lorraine, celebrity of the house of, 1
--Francis of, slain at Pavia, 5
--John, cardinal of, 7
--and Charles II., 456, _et seq. passim_, 466.

Louis XII., marriage and death of, 2.

Louis XVIII., the entry of, into Paris, 35
--his difficulties, 36
--conversation of Chateaubriand with, 38.

Louis Philippe, fall of, foreseen by Chateaubriand, 44
--remarkable interviews between them, _ib. et seq._

Louvre, the exhibition in the, 77.

Ludlow, sergeant, at Frost's trial, 380.

Macaulay on the restoration of the Bourbons, 36.

Mackintosh, sir James, and the reforms in criminal law, 357.

M'Naughten, the trial of, for murder, 378, 548, 561
--interview with, 570.

Madness, degree of, necessary to exonerate from crime, 547, _et seq._

Magnetism, Reichenbach's researches in, 266.

Malta, state of exports of cotton to, 127.

Manchester economists, the, 124.

Mansurow, colonel, 339, 341.

Manufacturers and agriculturists, comparative numbers of the, 115.

Manufactures, capital invested in, 119
--alleged value of the proposed exhibition to, 278
--the income tax imposed for behoof of, 612
--direct burdens on, 614.

Marignano, the battle of, 3.

Marin, lieutenant, 339, 341.

Marlow, the dramas of, 538.

Mary, the empress, wife of Paul, 343.

MASQUERADE OF FREEDOM, the, 475.

Massena and Madame Recamier, 41.

Maule, Mr, 383.

Maule, Mr justice, 553.

Mayenne, the marquis of, 11.

Mayo, Dr, his letters on popular superstitions, 274.

Megulp as a varnish, on, 195.

Méré, Poltrot de, the assassin of Guise, 464.

Mesmeric trance, theory &c. of the, 274.

Metz, defence of, by Guise, 14.

Mexico, exports of cotton to, 133.

Milanese, conquest of the, by Francis I., 3.

Milianah, combat at, 417
--sieges &c. of, 422.

MILITARY LIFE IN NORTH AFRICA, 415
--art, capabilities of the French for the, _ib._

Ministry, probable policy of the, regarding the income tax, 611.

Minto, lord, proceedings of, in Italy, 326.

Mirfin, the duelling case of, 717.

MITCHELL, SIR ANDREW, THE MEMOIRS OF, 516.

MODERN STATE TRIALS, part i., Frost, &c., 373
--part ii., Oxford and M'Naughten, 545
--part iii., Duelling, 712.

Mohamed Ould Caid Osman, adventures &c. of, 426.

Moncontour, battle of, 469.

Montesquiou, murder of Condé by, 468.

Montluc, a partisan of the Guises, 18, _et seq._

Montmorency, the constable de, 17, 456, _et seq. passim_
--his death, 467.

Moral insanity, the modern dogma of, 558.

Mulgrave, lord, 205, _et seq. passim_.

MY NOVEL, by Pisistratus Caxton
--initial chapter, showing how my novel came to be written, 247
--chap. ii., 250
--chap. iii., 252
--chap. iv., 254
--chap. v., 256
--chap. vi., 257
--chap. vii., 258
--chap. viii., 260
--chap. ix., 261
--chap. x., 393
--chap. xi., 399
--chap. xii., 405
--chap. xiii., 414
--Book II., initial chapter, showing how this book came to have
initial chapters, 499
--chap. ii., 500
--chap. iii., 504
--chap. iv., 507
--chap. v., 508
--chap. vi., 511
--chap. vii., 627
--chap. viii., 630
--chap. ix., 632
--chap. x., 634
--chap. xi., 638
--chap. xii., 640.

MY PENINSULAR MEDAL, part viii., chap. xix., 20
--chap. xx., and last, 22.

MYSTERIES OF HISTORY, the, 335.

Naples, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--lord Minto's proceedings at, 326.

Napoleon, resistance in Spain to, 534.

National debt, objects of the radicals regarding the, 109.

National industry, probable effects of the exhibition of 1851 on, 283.

National institute, exhibition of the, 77.

Newgate chapel, a visit to, 545.

New Holland, exports of cotton to, 127.

Newport, the chartist outbreak at, 381.

NIGHT SIDE OF NATURE, the, 265.

Norman architecture, remains of, in Scotland, 223.

NORTH AFRICA, MILITARY LIFE IN, 415.

OIL, LANDSCAPE PAINTING IN, by Burnet, 185
--and water colours, comparison between, 190.

Omars, the, an Arab tribe, 423.

Oratory, extent of powers necessary for, 645
--ancient study of, 660.

Orleans, the duchess of, and Chateaubriand, 44, 45.

Oryx, description of the, 234.

Oued Foddha, combat of, 417.

Oxford, E., sketch of, 546
--the case of, 548, 551, 553, _et seq._
--interview with, 571.

Pacifico, M., 330.

Pahlen, count, 337, _et seq._

Paintings, the exhibitions of, 77.

Palmerston, lord, the first appearance of, 214
--on the probable prices of grain, 107
--defence of the Spanish intervention by, 322, _et seq._
--on the state of Spain, 325
--on that of Italy, 326
--account of the Greek affair by, 330.

Panin, count, 338.

Paré, Ambrose, 10.

Paris, entry of Louis XVIII. into, 35
--removal of Napoleon's remains to, 39.

Parke, Mr Baron, at Frost's trial, 380.

Parker, admiral, his proceedings at Sicily, 326
--interference of, on behalf of Turkey, 330
--in Greece, 331.

Parliament, Peel's appearances in, 368
--the style of eloquence in, 667.

Pate, Robert, the attack on the queen by, 553, 569.

Patteson, Mr Justice, on duelling, 717.

Paul, the emperor, history of the dethronement and death of, 336.

Pavia, the battle of, 5.

Peasant properties, the advantages and disadvantages of, 675, _et seq._

Peasantry, state of the, in Saxony, 347.

PEEL, SIR ROBERT, 354
--his anticipations regarding the price of grain, 107
--character of the legislation of, 115
--circumstances under which he imposed the income tax, 612
--on taxing the funds, 621.

Peninsula, intervention in the, 322.

Pennant's Scottish views, on, 228.

Perceval, Palmerston first brought forward by, 214
--Bellingham's trial for the murder of, 564.

Pericles, example of the oratory of, 653.

Peronne, relief of, by Guise, 7.

PHIPPS' MEMOIRS OF R. P. WARD, review of, 199.

Phrenology, fundamental error of, 266.

Physicians, the, on moral insanity, 548.

PICTURES OF THE SEASON, the, 77.

Pious Martha, the drama of, 542.

Pirna, Frederick the Great at, 524.

Pitt, charges of Ledru Rollin against, 164
--ancedote of, in connection with the treason trials, 203
--letter of, on the peace of Amiens, 209
--letter to R. P. Ward from, 210
--intrigue of Canning regarding, 211.

Poet, the, on Dugald Stewart's ideal of the, 480, _et seq._
--Horace on the, 493, _et seq._

Poland, persecution of the Protestants in, 519, 520.

Police, introduction of the system of, 356.

POLITICAL AND LITERARY BIOGRAPHY, 199.

Political economy, misapplications of, by travellers, 671.

Pollock, sir F., 380, _et seq._, 553.

Popery, effects of, on Spanish literature, 534.

POPISH PARTITION OF ENGLAND, THE, 745.

Population, classification of the, 116, 117.

Porter, misstatements of, regarding agriculturists and
manufacturers, 116.

Portland gallery, exhibition of paintings in the, 77.

Portland ministry, the, 214.

Portugal, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--Palmerston on the intervention in, 322.

Poussin, Gaspar, the landscapes of, 192, 194.

Pragmatic Sanction, the, 522.

Prague, the battle of, 526.

Presentiment, on, 273.

Produce, dependence of revenue on, 614.

Propagandism, system of, 320.

PROPOSED EXHIBITION OF 1851, the, 278.

Protestantism, first blows at, in France, 6
--Prussia the champion of, 519.

PRUSSIA, THE RISE, POLITICS, AND POWER OF, 516
--Hardenberg's territorial reforms in, 680.

Pulpit eloquence, defects of, 668.

Purefoy, Mr, trial of, 716.

Puritans in the time of James I., the, 141.

Quarterly Review, the, on the London and Edinburgh chess match,
98, _et seq._

Queen, Oxford's trial for shooting at the, 551.

Quintilian on oratory, 660
--on training for it, 661.

Radicals, objects of the, regarding the national debt, 109.

Railway crisis, effects of the, 125
--losses, use made of, by the free-traders, 135.

Ramsay, Mr, on peasant properties, 678.

Rantzau, count, free corps under, 311.

Recamier, madame, 40.

Reform bill, Peel's conduct regarding the, 358.

Reichel, Mdlle, 268, 269.

REICHENBACH'S RESEARCHES, review of, 265.

RELIGION, FRENCH WARS OF, 456.

Rembrandt, the landscapes of, 192.

RENEWAL OF THE INCOME-TAX, the, 611.

Republican spirit, aggressive character of the, 319.

Restoration, Chateaubriand at the, 34
--his account of its errors, 35
--difficulties of the government of, 36.

Revenue, dependence of, on produce, 614.

Revolution, alleged influence of, on commerce, 128, _et seq._
--propagandist system of, 320
--of 1830, Chateaubriand's conduct during the, 43.

Rhinoceros, hunting the, 238, 244.

Ribain, captain, 417, 419.

Ricot, lieut., death of, 418.

Rivas, admiral, 338, 339.

Robertson on duelling, 714.

Robespierre, the oratory of, 657.

ROLLIN, LEDRU, ON ENGLAND, 160.

Roman oratory, Cicero the representative of, 645.

Romantic drama, Tellez on the, 540.

Romilly and the reforms in criminal law, 357.

Rosbach, battle of, 528.

Rouen, the siege of, 460, 461.

Royal Academy, exhibition of the, 77, _et seq._

Rubens, the landscapes of, 197.

Russell, lord John, on the probable prices of grain, 107.

Russia, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--history of the Revolution of 1801 in, 336
--value of Prussia as a barrier against, 516.

Rutowski, the countess, 344.

Ruysdael, the paintings of, 88, 194.

Sacken, count, Saxon minister, 344.

St André, marshal, death of, 463.

St Denis, battle of, 467.

St Helena, the removal of Napoleon's remains from, 39.

St Michael's palace, description of, 340.

St Quentin, battle of, 17.

St Vallier, the count of, 9.

Sallust, speeches of Catiline from, 652.

Salvator Rosa, the style of, 193.

Sandal wood tree, the, 238.

Sardinia, state of exports of cotton to, 127
--conduct of Palmerston toward, 327.

Saxony, sketches of court of, 344.

Science, love of the marvellous in, 265.

Schiller, examples of eloquence from, 650.

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, sketches and episodes of campaign in, 308
--conduct of Great Britain regarding, 328.

Schwerin, marshal, death of, 526.

SCOTLAND, BARONIAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL ANTIQUITIES OF, 217.

Scott's provincial antiquities, on, 228.

Self-seeing, on, 273.

Shakspeare, acquaintance of, with the Spanish drama, 536
--specimens of eloquence from, 649.

Sicily, Minto's proceedings in, 326.

Sidi Embarek, the, an Arab tribe, 425.

Sidmouth, lord, intrigue of Canning against, 211.

Siquot, Alfred, sketch of, 425.

Sketching, colour-box for, 187, 190

Sleep, Reichenbach's theory of, 269.

Slezer, John, his views of Scottish castles, &c., 220, 227.

Small farms, advantages and disadvantages of, 675, _et seq._

Society of British artists, exhibition of the, 77.

Somnambulism, theory of, 274.

Souaves, the, an African corps, 416.

Soubise, prince of, at Rosbach, 528.

South America, exports of cotton to, 133.

Sovereign, state of the law regarding attacks on the, 551.

Spackman, classification of the population by, 116, 117.

Spahis, the Algerian, 416
--of Mascara, 425.

SPAIN, HOURS IN, 534
--exports of cotton to, 127
--Rollin on the conduct of England toward, 166
--the intervention on behalf of, 323
--heroism shown by, at various times, 534.

Spanish America, the attempt to introduce liberal institutions into, 320
--literature and drama, 534
--treasure frigates, affair of the, 212.

SPORTING IN SOUTH AFRICA, 231
--alleged inhumanity of, 241.

Springboks, migration of the, 234.

Statistics, true value of, &c., 123.

Staunton, Mr, on the London and Edinburgh chess match, 100.

Stewart, Dugald, on his ideal of the poet, 480.

Strozzi, marshal, death of, 18.

Stuart, James, the trial of, 468
--Robert, murder of, 378.

Suavey, Christoval, 599.

SWEET BRIAR, the, by ®D®, 472.

Tacitus, the speech of Galgacus from, 651.

Tailors, the working, state of, 598.

Talbanow, colonel, 339, 341.

Talbot, Hon. J. C., at Frost's trial, 380.

Talfourd, Mr Justice, 380.

Talizin, general, 338, 340.

Talleyrand, Chateaubriand's aversion to, 38.

Tartas, colonel, 428.

Tatarinow, general, 339, 341.

Taxation, necessity for adjustment of, 613
--on direct and indirect, 623.

Taxes, present distribution of, 614.

Taylor, president, protectionist policy advocated by, 131
--Mr Sidney, counsel for Oxford, 553.

Taylor's medical jurisprudence, on insanity, 550
--on the case of M'Naughten, 567.

Telémaque, democratic character of, 647.

Tellez, Gabriel, 539.

TEMPLE OF FOLLY, the, 229.

Tempoure, general, 427.

Therouenne, siege of, by the Germans, 16.

Thiébault, sketch of Mitchell by, 523.

Thionville, siege of, 18.

Tindal, chief-justice, 380, 564.

Titian, the landscape style of, 192, 195.

Tirso de Molina, the dramas of, 539.

Toulon, lord Mulgrave at, 205.

Towie castle, architecture of, 225.

TOWNSEND'S STATE TRIALS, Part I., 373
--Part II., 545
--Part III., 712
--sketch of the author's career, 373.

Trees, Burnet on painting, 195.

Tschitscherin, general, 339, 341.

Tuckett, captain, the duelling case of, 720.

Turkey, exports of cotton to, 127
--interference of Britain on behalf of, 329.

Turner, paintings by, in present exhibition, 81
--the water-colour paintings of, 186.

United States, expectations of the free-traders from the, 130
--their protectionist policy, _ib._
--factories in, 132
--imports of grain from, and exports of cotton to, 133
--aggressive spirit of, 319.

Universities, the English, Ledru Rollin on, 170
--value of the, 201
--defective system of, as regards oratory, 669.

Utrecht, treaty of, violation of, 323.

Valée, marshal, in Algeria, 422.

Vandervelde, the sea pieces of, 198.

Varley, John, the painter, 186.

Vassy, the massacre of, 459.

Vaughan, baron, on duelling, 718.

Vernet the painter, anecdote of, 421.

Vivonne, François de, death of, 12.

Von Ende, Saxon minister, 344.

Von Sachsen, duchess, the court of, 348.

Wages, state of, 136.

Waldgrave, Miss Jemima, 144, _et seq._
--lady, 151, _et seq. passim_.

WALLFLOWER, the, by ®D®, 473.

WARD, R. P., MEMOIRS OF, reviewed, 199.

Water, sketching of, 188.

Water-colour painting, the English school of, 186.

Water colours and oil, comparison between, 190.

Wealth, classification of the creation of, 117
--not the greatest social good, 673.

Whately on social advancement, 673.

Wheat, loss on cultivation of, 109.

Whig ministry, attempts of the, regarding the income tax, 619.

Whigs, state of the, under Fox, 206.

WHITE ROSE, the, by ®D®, 472.

WHO ROLLED THE POWDER IN? 689.

Wightman, Mr Justice, 380, 553.

WILD FLOWER GARLAND, a, by ®D®
--The daisy, 471
--the white rose, 472
--the sweetbriar, _ib._
--the wallflower, 473.

Wilde, sir T., 379, _et seq._, 553, 559.

Williams, Ambrose, the trial of, 378, 381 _et seq._
--Mr Justice, 380, 564.

Wilson, the landscape painter, 192.

Wood carving, mediæval, 217.

Working classes, condition of the, 594, _et seq. passim_.

Wordsworth on the aim of poetry, 490.

Wostitz, general, death of, 529.

Wrangel, general, 313.

YEAR OF SORROW, the
--Ireland. Spring Song, 93
--Autumnal Dirge, 94
--Winter Dirge, 95.

Yeschwel, colonel, 339, 341.

Zehmin, baron, 345.

Zorndorf, the battle of, 531.

Zoubow, the brothers, 338, _et seq._

_Printed by William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh._

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] By the pounds Milanese, Giacomo means the Milanese lira.

[2] JEREMY TAYLOR--_Of Christian Prudence._ Part II.

[3] Ib.

[4] This was well known in ancient times. "Corruptas," says Quintilian, "aliquando et vitiosas orationes, quas tamen plerique judiciorum pravitate mirantur, quam multa impropria, obscura, tumida, humilia, sordida, lasciva, effeminata sunt; quæ non laudantur modo a plerisque, sed quod pejus est, _propter hoc ipsum, quod sunt prava laudantur."--Inst. Orat_. ii. 5.

[5] _Cinna_, Act ii. s. 1.

"Quelle prodigieuse supériorité," says Voltaire in his _Commentaries_ on this passage, "de la belle Poésie sur la prose! Tous les écrivains politiques ont délayé ces pensées, aucun n'a approché de la force, de la profondeur, de la netteté, de la précision de ce discours de Cinna. Tous les corps d'état auraient du assister a cette pièce, pour apprendre à penser et à parler."--VOLTAIRE, _Commentaires sur Corneille_, iii. 308.

[6] CORNEILLE, _Attila_, Act ii. s. 5.

[7] _Julius Cæsar_, Act iii. s. 2.

[8] _Virginia_, Act i. s. 3.

[9] _Agricola_, c. 31, 32.

[10] SALLUST, _Bell. Cat._

[11] SALLUST, _Bell. Cat._

[12] QUINTILIAN, lib. iv. 2.

[13] _De Coronâ, Orat. Græc._ i. 315, 325.

[14] THUCYDIDES, ii. § 32, 33.

[15] _Paradise Regained_, iv. 268.

[16] BURKE'S _Works_, vol. xvi. pages 415, 416, 417, 418, 420.

[17] BROUGHAM'S _Speeches_, i. 227, 228.

[18] ERSKINE'S _Speeches_, ii. 263.

[19] GRATTAN'S _Speeches_, i. 52, 53.

[20] BOSSUET, _Oraisons Funèbres_.

[21] _Hist. Parl._, xxxiii. 406.

[22] Lord Brougham on the Eloquence of the Ancients. _Speeches_, iv. 379, 445, 446.

[23] "Quis enim nescit, maximam vim existere oratoris in hominum mentibus vel ad iram aut ad odium aut dolorem meitandis, vel, ab bisce usdem permotionibus, ad lemtatem misericordiamque revocandis quare, nisi qui naturas hominum, vimque omnem humanitatis, causasque eas quibus mentes aut incitantur aut reflectuntur, penitus perspexerit, dicendo, quod volet, perficere non poterit. Quam ob rem, si quis universam et propriam oratoris vim definire complectique vult, is orator erit, meà sententri, hoc tam gravi dignus nomine, qui, _quæcumque res inciderit_, quæ sit dictione, explicanda, prudenter, et composite, et ornate, et memoriter dicat, cum quàdam etiam actionis dignitate. Est enim finitimus oratori poeta, numeris adstrictior paulo, verborum antem heentia liberior, multis vero ornandi generibus socius, ac pæne par."--_De Oratore_, hb 1 cap. 17.

[24] "Postea mihi placuit, eoque sum usus adolescens, ut summorum oratorum Græcas orationes explicarem; quibus lectis, hoc assequebar, ut, cum ea, quæ legerem _Græce, Latine redderem_, non solum optimis verbis uterer, et tamen usitatis, sed etiam exprimerem quædam verba imitando, quæ nova nostris essent, dummodo essent idonea."--_De Oratore_, 1. i. 34. "All Mr Pitt's leisure hours at college were devoted to translating the finest passages in the classical authors, especially Thucydides, into English, which he did freely, to the no small annoyance of his tutors."--TOMLINE'S _Life of Pitt_, i. 23.