Chapter XIV (5)

Undoubtedly the Squire demands more from the railway company, as compensation for his land, than he could calculate on receiving from a neighbouring proprietor at an ordinary sale. And on what principle, in the majority of cases, does he base his calculation of value? Strictly upon that adopted by the projectors of the line. For instance, a prospectus of a railway is put out, announcing that, after the most careful consideration of district traffic, &c., the clear dividend, after clearing all expenses, must be fifteen per cent per annum to the proprietors. That is the statement of the projectors. Well, then, if such are the prospects of the concern, is it unreasonable that the land, which must be taken for its construction, and which is, in fact, to form the railway, should be valued, less on account of its productiveness, than on account of its adaptation for the peculiar purpose for which it is required? Why is an acre in the centre of a town a hundred times more valuable than an acre in a rural district? Simply because it is required for building, and the value of the land rises in just correspondence to the demand. The subsequent failure or diminution of the railway dividends cannot be made a just article of dittay against the landed proprietors. Fifteen per cent, or ten, as the case might be, was the amount of dividend which the promoters undertook to prove, to the satisfaction of Parliament and the public, as their reasonable expectation. It was part of their case always, and very often the most important part; and if they chose so to commit themselves, they were bound to pay accordingly. Just conceive a body of men addressing an urban proprietor of land, upon which no houses were yet built, in the following terms:--"Sir, we perceive you have an acre and a half of land which would be very convenient for our purpose. We propose to build a street of houses upon it, and a hotel, from the rents of which we expect to draw fifteen per cent yearly. At present your land yields you little or nothing, and therefore we wish you to dispose of it at its present value. Let us say that just now it is worth to you five pounds a-year: we shall buy it from you at five-and-twenty years' purchase!" We leave to the imagination of the reader the exact terms in which the proprietor would assuredly reply to the propounders of this reasonable request. And yet, where is the difference between the cases? The railway projector tells the landed proprietor that he desires to have his property for the purpose of securing fifteen per cent for his own money: the landed proprietor tells him that he may have the property at a rate corresponding to the advantage which he anticipates. Can anything be fairer? If Mr Francis understood even the simplest elements of political economy--an amount of mental comprehension of which we believe him to be wholly incapable--he ought to know that demand and supply are the leading conditions of price. If there is only one salmon in the London market, it will sell, as it has done before now, at the rate of a-guinea per pound, and it would be obviously unfair to charge the fishmonger with being actuated by "a low tone of moral feeling." He coerces no customer: he simply states his price, and if no one chooses to buy, no one has a right to complain. Our friend Francis seems to labour under the hallucination that everything required for a railway ought to be furnished at prime cost. That the promoters expect fifteen percent is nothing. Nay, even the free-trading rule of selling in the dearest and buying in the cheapest market is to be suspended for their behoof. The seller is to have no option: he must be cheap to them, else he is a moral monster. If, however, the judicious panegyrist of Mr Carr Glyn does not carry his principles quite so far, he lays himself open to the charge of most monstrous inconsistency. During the prevalence of the railway mania, all commodities requisite for their construction rose greatly in value. From iron to railway sleepers--in wood, metal, and everything connected with the making of the lines--there was an enormous enhancement of price. And why? On account of the demand. Was the soil on which that iron and wood was to be laid--the absolute foundation of the railway itself--to be paid for at a meaner rate? Mr Francis seems to think so; and we cannot help honouring him for the candid expression of his opinions, even while we regret the conglomeration of ideas which gave them birth. We are afraid that he has been talked over by some of his acute acquaintances. It is the fashion at railway meetings to attribute all disasters to some other cause than the mismanagement of the directors; and we daresay that Mr Francis has been fully indoctrinated with such opinions. It is not agreeable to meet shareholders with a confession of dwindled dividend. But when imperious circumstances render such a course inevitable, it is convenient to be prepared with some "fallacy" which may help to account for the fact, and to stifle too curious investigation. The readiest scapegoat is the landowner. All accounting with him is past and gone, yet he still can be made to bear the blame for a vast amount of reckless prodigality. He is not there to speak for himself--he has no connection with the company. Therefore, whenever failure must be acknowledged, the onus is cast upon him. Railway orators and railway writers alike conceal the real cause of the disaster, and combine to cast discredit and aspersion upon the gentry of England.

The truth is, that the system of railway management in this country has been, from the beginning to the end, decidedly bad. Each line, as it came into existence, was fostered by quackery and falsehood. The most extravagant representations were used to secure the adhesion of shareholders, and to procure the public support. Rival lines fought each other before the committees with a desperation worthy of the cats of Kilkenny, and enormous expenses and law charges were incurred at the very commencement. No economy whatever was used in the engineering, and no check placed on the engineers. In those days, indeed, an engineer of established reputation was a kind of demigod, whose doctrine, or, at all events, whose charges, it was sinful to challenge. But engineers have their ambition. They like viaducts which will be talked of and admired as splendid achievements of mechanical skill; and the most virtuous of the tribe cannot resist the temptation of a tunnel. Such tastes are natural, but they are fearfully expensive in their indulgence, as the shareholders know to their cost. The remuneration of these gentlemen was monstrous. In the course of a few years most of them realised large fortunes, which is more than can be said for the majority of the men who paid them. So was it with the contractors. Mr Francis tells us of many, "who, beginning life as navigators, have become contractors; who, having saved money, have become 'gangers,' realised capital and formed contracts, first for thousands, and then for hundreds of thousands. These are almost a caste by themselves. They make fortunes, and purchase landed estates. Many a fine property has passed from some improvident possessor to a railway labourer; and some of the most beautiful country seats in England belong to men who trundled the barrow, who delved with the spade, who smote with the pick-axe, and blasted the rock." With such statements before us, it is not difficult to see how the money went. Alas for the shareholders! Poor geese! they little thought how many were to have a pluck at their pinions.

Industry, we freely admit, ought to have its reward; but rewards such as these are beyond the reach of pure industry, as we used formerly to understand the term. These revelations may, however, be of use as indicating the direction in which a great part of the money has gone. We accept them as such, and as illustrations of that profound economy which was practised by the different boards of railway direction throughout the kingdom. Mr Francis, in his laudatory sketches of his favourite heroes, usually takes care to tell us that they are "sprung from the ranks of the people." Of course they are. Where else were they to spring from? Does Mr Francis suppose it to be a popular article of belief that they emerged from the bowels of a steam-engine? What he means, however, is plain enough. Judging from the whole tenor of his book, we take him to be one of those jaundiced persons who, without any intelligible reason beyond class prejudice, are filled with bile and rancour against the aristocracy, and who worship at the shrine of money. He grudges every farthing that the railway companies were compelled to pay for land; he bows down in reverence before the princely fortunes of the contractors. Every man to his own taste. We cannot truthfully assert that we admire the selection of his idols.

But what is this? We have just lighted upon a passage which compels us, in spite of ourselves, to suspect that our Francis is, at least, a bit of a repudiator, and that he would regard with no unfavourable eye another pluck at the shareholders. Here it is:--

"The assertion that land and compensation on the line to
which Mr Robert Stephenson was engineer, which was estimated
at £250,000, amounted to £750,000, appears to call for some
additional remark; _and the question which is now proposed is,
how far the right is with the railroads to demand, and the
passengers to pay an increased fare, in consequence of bargains
which, unjust in principle, ought never to have been allowed?_
It is now a historic fact that every line in England has cost
more than it ought. That in some--where, too, the directors were
business men--large sums were improperly paid for land, for
compensation, for consequential damages, for fancy prospects,
and other unjust demands under various names. These sums being
immorally obtained, _is it right that the public should pay
the interest on them_? Is it just that the working man should
forego his trifling luxury to meet them? Is it fair that the
artisan should be deprived of his occasional trip, or that the
frequenter of the rail should pay an additional tax?"

Is it fair that anybody should pay anything at all for travelling on the railways? That is the question which must finally be considered, if Mr Francis' preliminary questions are to be entertained. Because some part of the capital of the shareholders may have been needlessly expended, they ought in this view to receive a less amount of interest for the remainder! The silliness of the above passage is so supreme--the ignorance which it displays of the first rules of law and equity, regarding property, is so profound, that it is hardly worth while exposing it. It betrays an obliquity of intellect of which we had not previously suspected even Mr Francis. Pray observe the exquisite serenity with which this important personage opens his case: "The question which is now proposed!" Proposed--and for whose consideration? Not surely for that of the Legislature, for the Legislature has already pronounced judgment. Are the public to take the matter in hand, and decide on the tables of rates? It would seem so. In that case, we might indeed calculate upon travelling cheap, provided the rails were not shut up. But the whole of his remarks are as practically absurd as they are mischievous in doctrine. What right has Jack, Tom, or Harry to question the cost of his conveyance? Are there not, in all conscience, competing lines enough, independent altogether of Parliamentary regulations, to secure the public against being overcharged on the railways? On what authority does Mr Francis assume that a single acre of the land was paid for at an unjust rate? Mr Robert Stephenson's estimate, we take it, has not the authority of gospel. No engineer's estimate has. Their margin is always a large one; and it almost never happens that, when the works are completed, their actual cost is found to correspond with the hypothetical calculation. But the truth is, that the value paid for the land taken by railways is the only item of expense which cannot be justly challenged. The reason is plain. A railway company has in the first instance to prove the preamble of its bill--that is, it must show to the satisfaction of the Legislature that the construction of the work will be attended with public and local advantages. The settlement of the money question, regarding the value of the land, is reserved for the legal tribunals of the country. To complain of the verdicts given is to impugn the course of justice, and to cast discredit on the system of jury trial. Very wisely was it determined that such questions should be so adjudicated, because no reasonable ground of complaint can be left to either party. The decision as to the value of the land, and the amount of compensation which is due, is taken from the hands both of Ahab and Naboth, and their respective engineers and valuators, and intrusted to neutral parties, whose duty it is to see fair play between them.

We have done with this book. It has greatly disappointed us in every respect. As a repertory of facts, or as a history of the railways, it is ill-arranged, meagre, and stupid; and the sketches which it contains are so absurdly conceived, and so clumsily executed, that they entirely fail to enliven the general dulness of the volumes. At the very point which might have been rendered most interesting in the hands of an able and well-instructed writer--the period of the great mania--Mr Francis fails. His pen is not adequate to the task of depicting the rapid occurrences of the day, or the fearful whirl which then agitated the public mind. In short, he is insufferably prosy throughout the first four acts of his drama, and makes a lamentable break-down at the catastrophe. His work will fail to please any portion of the public, except the heroes whose praises he has sung. He has given them sugar, indeed; but, after all, it is a sanded article. We hope they will combine to buy up the edition, and thus fulfil the prophecy of Shakspeare--"Nay, but hark you, Francis: for the sugar thou gavest me--'twas a pennyworth, was't not?" "O Lord, sir! I would it had been two." "I will give thee for it a thousand pound: ask me when thou wilt, and thou shalt have it." "Anon, anon, sir!"

INDEX TO VOL. LXX.

Abdallah, a dragoman, sketch of, 448 _et seq._

Aborigines, general characteristics of, 416.

Abrantes, the marquis of, 354.

Achmet Bascha, a campaign in Taka under, 251 _et seq._

Achmet Effendi, sketch of, 453.

Acre, sketches at, 459.

Administration, system of, in Russia, 164 ET SEQ.

Adolphe the clairvoyant, performances of, 70.

Africa, recent travels in, 251.

Agricultural depression, amount of, in Ireland, 136
--reaction of it on other classes of the community, 303.

Agricultural interest, experienced results of free trade to
the, 133
--Lord John Russell on its state, 489.

Agricultural Relief Associations, proceedings and demands of
the, 616.

Agriculture, Huskisson on protection to, 632
--state of, &c. in the United States, 699 _et seq._
--relations of geology to, 703
--improvements in, in New York, &c., 704
--its state, &c., in Canada, 707.

Agriculturists, effects of the depression of the, on the home
trade, 109
--lowering of the wages of the, 496.

Albany, Professor Johnston's Lectures in, 700.

Alchemy, origin of chemistry with, &c., 564.

Aleppo, town of, 725.

Alexandretta, town of, 463, 724.

Alexandria, a voyage from, to Syria, 451.

Alexis the clairvoyant, 77.

Ali-Beg, the pass of, 100.

Amadeus I. of Savoy, 414.

American lakes, the, 708, 709.

American slavery, on, 385.

Americans in California, character, &c. of the, 478.

Amiens, sketches at, 199.

ANSAYRII, THE, 719
--their tenets, numbers, &c., 733.

Apes, shooting of, at Hassela, 270.

Arab Scheik, an, 728.

Arable culture, expense of, 1790, 1803, and 1813, 620.

Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile, the, 319.

Arches, the triumphal, of Paris, 320.

Arkwright, sir R., origin of the discoveries of, 566.

Army, the French, feeling in, toward Louis Napoleon, 547.

ARNABOLL, THE RAID OF, chap. I., 220
--chap. II., 225
--chap. III., 230
--chap. IV., 236.

Artesian well, the, at Paris, 317.

Aspre, general d', notices of, during the campaign in Italy, 29 ET
SEQ. PASSIM
--his march on Verona, 442.

ASSASSINS or Ansayrii, the, 719
--their tenets, &c., 733.

Atbara river, the, 257 _et seq. passim_.

Atoi, a New Zealand chief, 417.

Auber's opera of Zerline, on, 311.

Aumale, the duke d', the duke of Orleans on, 555.

Australia, character of the aborigines of, 416
--a voyage to California from, 471.

Austria, sketches of the war between her and Piedmont, 25 _et seq._
--her intervention in the Papal States in 1830, 432
--her long possession of Lombardy and acquisition of Venice, 433
--her administration of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, 434.

AUSTRIAN AIDE-DE-CAMP, the campaigns of an, 25.

AUTUMN POLITICS, 607.

Bacon, Friar, the prophecy of, 562.

Bagdad, sketches of, 97.

Ballet-dancing, Fanny Lewald on, 217.

Baranken, fur called, 172.

Bassora, a voyage to, 96.

Bears, the, in the Jardin des Plantes, 314
--sketches of, in North America, 672, 677.

Beautiful, Ruskin's theory of the, examined, 333.

Belgian Revolution, Stahr on the, 544.

Benares, sketches by Madame Pfeiffer at, 93.

Berchthold, count, fellow-traveller of Madame Pfeiffer, 87 _et seq.
passim_.

Bethmeria, village of, in Lebanon, 456.

Beyrout, sketches at, 454, 721.

Blane, Louis, account of, by Fanny Lewald, 214.

Bombay, a voyage from Bassora to, 96.

BOROUGHS, DISFRANCHISEMENT OF THE, 296.

Boroughs, apparent secession of the, from the free-trade cause, 299.

Boulevard of Paris, the, 200.

Boulogne, difficulties of the invasion of England from, 197
--sketches in, 198.

Bradford, present state of manufactures at, 643.

Brazil, sketches in the interior of, 87.

Bread-stuffs, the exports of, from the United States, 702.

Brett, Messrs, the inventors of the submarine telegraph, 567.

Bribery, parliamentary, on, 303.

Bright, John, on the reduction of wages, 634.

British empire, statistics regarding population of the, 1801 to
1851, 127.

British shipping, influence of free trade on, 138.

Browne, sir Thomas, testimony of, concerning witchcraft, 81.

Buckwheat, use of, in North America, 705.

Buffon, superintendence of the Jardin des Plantes by, 315.

Buonaparte, Napoleon, restoration of the Jardin des Plantes by, 315
--the monument to, in the Hôtel des Invalides, 317
--measures of, regarding the drama, 324.

Buonaparte, Napoleon, son of Jerome, 206.

Burdon, captain, British resident at Kottah, 94.

Burke, E., proposal by, to gild the dome of St Paul's, 316.

Burning forest, a, in Brazil, 88.

Cagliostro, supposed mesmeric power of, 77.

Cairo, sketches of life, &c. at, 449.

California, sketches in, 470 _et seq._

Camino theatre, the, at St Petersburg, 168.

CAMPAIGN IN TAKA, a, 251.

CAMPAIGNS OF AN AUSTRIAN AIDE-DE-CAMP, the, 25.

Canadas, sketches by Professor Johnston in the, 706
--statistics of their progress, 708.

Cancrin, finance minister of Russia, 166.

Cannibalism of New Zealand, the, 415.

Caravan journey to Mossul, a, 98.

Cards, playing, consumption of, in Russia, 169.

Carey's Harmony of Interests, &c., extracts from, 640.

Carlists, fall of the, in Spain, 356.

Carré, Michel, French translation of Goethe's Faust by, 556.

Carrousel, the arch of the, 320.

Cash payments, influence of the suspension of, 619
--and that of their resumption, 622.

Catamount, adventure with a, 677.

Cavalry, the Russian, 165.

Caxton, Pisistratus, My Novel by,
--Part XI. Book VI. chapters I. to XII. 1
--Part XII. Book VI. chapters XIII. to XXV. 173
--Part XIII. Book VII. chapters I. to XV. 275
--Part XIV. Book VII. chapters XVI. to XXII. 392
--Part XV. Book VIII. chapters I. to VI. 573
--Part XVI. Book VIII. chapters VII. to XIV. 681.

CENSUS AND FREE TRADE, the, 123.

CHAMPIONS OF THE RAIL, the, 739.

Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, sketches of, 30 _et seq. passim_
--his conduct with regard to Lombardy, 437
--hostilities begun by him, 440
--sketch of his previous career, 442
--the campaign under him, 444
--his last defeat, abdication, and death, 446.

Chartum, the town of, 251.

Cheapness, examination of the question of, 638.

Chemistry, alchemy the parent of, 564.

Cherbourg, the harbour of, 197.

China, sketches in, by Madame Pfeiffer, 92.

Chinese junk, voyage in a, 93.

Church, Mr Phelps on the, 388.

Churches, Ruskin on, 327.

"Claims of Labour," remarks on the, 380.

Clairvoyance, examination of the claims of, 70 _et seq._

Clam, General Count, 33.

Clergy, influence of free trade on the, 500.

Clouds, Ruskin on, 330.

Coal gas, how first discovered, 569.

Colonisation, two sonnets, 606.

Column, on the, as the monument, 319.

"Companions of my solitude," review of, 386.

Concorde, the Place and Pont de la, in Paris, 202, 203, 312.

CONGRESS AND THE AGAPEDOME, the, chap. I. 359
--chap. II. 365
--chap. III. 370
--chap. IV. 375.

Conjurors, Indian, 94.

"Conquerors of the New World, the," remarks on, 380.

Conscription, the, in France, 323.

Constable the painter, the trees of, 332.

Constantinople, winter aspect of, 723.

Constituencies, large, the _Times_ on, 301.

Continent, revolutionary tendencies the, and their causes, 431.

Cook, Captain, on the cannibalism of New Zealand, 416.

Corn laws, causes which brought about the repeal of the, 115
--separation between landlord and tenant induced by their
repeal, 610
--circumstances which originated them. &c., 621
--Huskisson in favour of the, 632
--effects of their repeal on prices, 637.

Cornu, Madame, letters of Louis Napoleon to, 547.

Costazza, defeat of Charles Albert at, 445.

Cotton manufacture, wheat used for starch in the, 497.

Counties, decrease of population in, 1841 to 1851, 129.

Country, immigration of population into the towns from the, 307.

Country districts, first failure of population in the, 125.

Crime, increase of, under the free-trade system, 139
--increase of it in the towns, 307.

Croats, the troops called, 443.

Crusades, increase of population during the, 124.

CRYSTAL PALACE, VOLTAIRE IN THE, 142.

Currency reform, necessity for, 111.

Currency system, the new, the monetary crisis due to, 132
--relation of it to the free-trade question, 618.

Custine, M. de, his book on Russia, 160.

Cuvier, superintendence of the Jardin des Plantes by, 316.

Daun, Marshal, the victory of, at Kolin, 26.

DAY-DREAMS OF AN EXILE. Longings
--I. To ----, 465
--II. Where summer is, 467
--III. Earth is the realm of death, 469
--IV. Stand by the ocean, _ib._
--V. Sigh thou not for a happier lot, 604
--VI. To ----, 605
--VII. Oft in a night of April, _ib._
--VIII. Dream on, 606
--IX. Colonisation, two sonnets, _ib._

Defalla, an African chief, 259.

Delta, The Lament of Selim, by, 103
--his death, and sketch of his life, &c., 249.

Dembinski, General, in the Hungarian war, 37.

Depression, the present, its universality, 630.

Derby, the Earl of, on protection, 613.

Digby, Sir Kenelm, supposed acquaintance of, with mesmerism, 77.

DIGGINGS, A VOICE FROM THE, 470.

DISFRANCHISEMENT OF THE BOROUGHS, the, 296.

Disraeli, Mr, new policy proposed by, against free trade, 612 _et
seq. passim_.

Domestic tyranny, Mr Helps on, 381.

Doubleday, Mr, on the effects of Peel's currency system, 622.

DOWNWARD TENDENCIES, 106.

Drama, sketch of the rise and history of the, in France, 323
--its present state there, 324.

"Dream on, ye souls who slumber here," 606.

Druses, sketches of the, 456.

Dumas, Alexander, sketches of, by Professor Stahr, and account of
the duke of Orleans by him, 547, 554.

Dunshunner, A. R., letter to R. M'Corkindale by--"Downward
tendencies," 106.

Dunstan the monk, on the character of, 513.

Duprat, M., speech of, on the National Guard, 207.

Durando, general, defence of Vicenza, by, 35.

Earle, Mr, account of cannibalism in New Zealand by, 417.

"Earth is the realm of death, who reigns," 469.

East, interest of the, 719.

Eastlake's Good Samaritan, on, 212.

Eating-houses in San Francisco, 472.

Edinburgh Review, the, on protection, 306.

Education, Mr Helps on, 383.

Edwin the Fair, review of, 513.

Egypt, interest of, 719
--sketches in, 720 _et seq._

Electric telegraph, laying down of the, from England to France, 568.

Elliotson, Dr, Phreno-mesmeric exhibition by, 74.

Elora, visit to, by Madame Pfeiffer, 95.

Emigration, increase of, from Great Britain, 113
--rapidity of it in a declining state, 126
--amounts of it from Great Britain, 1841 to 1850, 128 _note_
--amount of it from Ireland, 131
--influence of free trade on it, 139, 503
--the _Times_ on the increased, 626
--encouragements to, to the United States, 710, 711.

Employers, on the relation between, and employed, 381.

Employment, influence of, on population, 123.

England and France, laying down of the submarine electric telegraph
between, 568.

English travellers, contrast between, and French, 447
--follies, &c. of, 454
--how regarded in the East, 461.

Esperon, Dr, 453.

"Essays written in intervals of business," remarks on, 380.

Etoile, the Arc de l', 319.

Euphrates, the, 727.

Europe, the advances of population in, 123
--tendencies to revolution in, 431.

Eve of the Conquest, Taylor's, remarks on, 520.

Exhibition of paintings, Fanny Lewald on the, 211.

Exile, day-dreams of an, see Day-dreams.

EXPERIMENT, the, 488.

Exports, increase of, under free trade, 140.

Eye, alleged power of charm in the, 79.

Farmers, loss at present sustaining by the, 492
--their right to relief, 614, 615.
See also Agriculturists.

Faucher, M., speech of, in the Legislative Assembly, 207.

Faust, French translation of, the, 556.

Finances, influence of free trade on the, 137.

Financial system, relations of the, to the free-trade question, 618.

Flour, falling price of, in New York, 703.

Folkstone, sketches of, 197.

Foreign shipping, influence of free trade on, 138.

Foreign trade, state of, &c., 645.

Forest life, sketches of, in Maine, &c., 670 _et seq._

Forests of Brazil, the, 88, 89.

Fountains of the Place de la Concorde, the, 314.

France, the protective policy of, 117
--increase of population in, during the war, 124, 125
--increased facilities of communication with, 195
--the revolutions of, and their influences, 431
--the intervention of, in Rome, 438
--the importation of flour into Great Britain from, 489 _note_
--sketches of the present state of, by Professor Stahr, 545
--belief in, as to Napoleon being still alive, 549
--laying down of the submarine telegraph from England to, 568.

FRANCIS' HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH RAILWAY reviewed, 739.

Frederick the Great, his defeat at Kolin, 26.

FREE TRADE, THE CENSUS AND, 123.

Free trade, the experienced results of, 108 _et seq._
--contrast between its results and those of protection, 116
--influence of it on trading profits, 137
--influence of it on shipping, 138
--its influence on crime, emigration, and poor-rates, 139
--and on exports and imports, 140
--general summary of its results, 141
--general reaction against it, 245
--declarations from the boroughs against it, 299
--the experiment of, 488
--influence of it on the income, &c., of the clergy, 500
--continued depression under it, 609
--reaction against it, 613
--address to the shopkeepers on its effects on them,
629 _et seq._
--universality of the depression from it, 630
--its progress from the time of Huskisson, 632
--prices of corn under it, 637.

Free-traders, preponderance of, among the Scottish
representatives, 297
--present views of, regarding the smaller boroughs, 305.

Freedom, Protestantism essential to, 447.

French in Tahiti, the, 90.

French army, feeling in, toward Louis Napoleon, 546.

French opera, the, at Paris, 310.

French railroads, on, 199.

French theatres, Stahr on the, 557.

French travellers, contrast between, and English, 447.

"Friends in council," notice of, 382.

Funds, danger of the, 112.

Furs, prices of, in Russia, 171.

Gaming and gaming-houses in San Francisco, 473.

Gand, Dr, 253, 254.

Garcia, Madame, reception of, in St Petersburg, 168.

Gas, how first discovered, 569.

Gaufridy, Louis, the case of, 76.

Gaza, the Lazaretto at, 453.

Geology, relations of, to agriculture, 703.

Georgey, General, 36.

GERMAN AUTHORESS, London diary of a, 209.

GERMAN LETTERS FROM PARIS, 543.

German literature, non-appreciation of, in France, 556.

German professors, former and present characters of, 543.

German women, Fanny Lewald on, 216.

Gibelin, the Count de, case of, 82.

Gibili tobacco, 462.

GIBRALTAR, A LEGEND OF, Chap. I. 522
--Chap. II. 529
--Chap. III. 532
--Chap. IV. 535
--Chap. V. 539.

GIBRALTAR, A TALE OF THE SIEGE OF, 648.

Glasgow, increase of population in, 1841 to 1851, 129
--1811 to 1851, 131
--immigrations of Irish into, _ib._

Glastonbury waters, alleged cure by the, 81.

Goethe's Faust, French translation of, 556.

Goito, engagement at, 443.

Gold diggings in California, sketches in the, 470 _et seq._

Gos Rajeb, an African town, 259.

Grahame, Sir James, position of, and his party, 118
--his conduct towards his tenantry, 499.

Grain, importations of, into Ireland, 134
--fall in the prices of, in Scotland, 491.

GREAT BRITAIN, TO THE SHOPKEEPERS OF, 629.

Great Britain, increase of population in, during the war, 124
--statistics regarding her population, 1801 to 1851, 127 _et seq._
--immigration of Irish into, 131
--aversion to revolution among the middle classes of, 297
--recent foreign works on, 209
--contrast between, and the Continent, as regards revolution, 431
--comparative pressure of taxation in, and in the United
States, 715.

Greatrakes, Valentine, the cures of, 81.

Greenwich fair, Fanny Lewald on, 212.

Greg, Mr, on the reduction of wages, 634
--on the competition to which our manufactures are exposed, 639.

Gregory XVI., death of, 432.

Gunpowder, new mode of discharging, 570.

H. G. K., Day-dreams of an exile, by, Nos. I. to IV. 465
--Nos. V. to IX. 604.

Haddendas, African tribe of the, 261 _et seq. passim_
--a visit to them, 264.

Hallengas, the, an Arab tribe, 268, 272.

Hamilton, Mr, British resident at Indore, 95.

Harles' "Career in the Commons," notice of, 120.

Harris' Ethiopia, remarks on, 251.

Harvey, James, on free trade and its results, 644, 645.

Hassan, the founder of the Assassins, 733.

Heke, the New Zealand chief, 427.

HELPS, MR, THE ESSAYS OF, 379.

HELSHAM, CAPTAIN, note on the case of, 122.

Henry V., Stahr on, 557.

High farming, inefficiency of, to counteract the agricultural
depression, 491.

Highlands, present state of the, and its causes, 308.

Home trade, falling off in the, 108
--effects of free trade on the, 645.

Horn, Cape, a voyage round, 90.

Hortense, Queen, mother of Louis Napoleon, 547.

Hôtel des Invalides, the, 316.

Human responsibility, relations of mesmerism to, 81.

Hungary, sketches of the war in, 35 _et seq._

Huskisson, effects of the commercial system begun by, 308
--strictures on his statue at Lloyds', 211
--his character, and commencement of the free-trade system
under him, 632.

Hussars, the Hungarian, 38.

Imitation, Ruskin on, 331.

Immorality, increase of, in the towns, 307.

Imports, increase of, under free trade, 140.

Income-tax returns, falling off in the, 137.

India, sketches by Madame Pfeiffer in, 93.

Indians of Brazil, the, 89.

Indore, sketches at, 95.

Industry, relations of, to population, 123.

Infidelity, influence of, on Continental revolution, 431.

Interests, harmony of, Carey on, 640.

Invalides, the Hôtel des, 316.

Invention, the progress of, 563.

Ionic column, Ruskin on the, 327.

Ireland, diminution of the population of, 123
--decrease of its population since 1846, 128
--increase of the population in the towns and its diminution in
the counties, 129
--the alleged influence of the potato failure on the
population, 131, 132
--diminution of cultivation in, 489, _note_.
--proofs of agricultural depression in, 497.

Irish, immigration of the, into Great Britain, 131.

Isaac Comnenus, the drama of, reviewed, 517.

Ismaylis, the sect of the, 735.

Italian insurrection, sketches of the, 25 _et seq._

Italian opera, the, in St Petersburg, 168.

ITALIAN REVOLUTION, the, 431.

Italy, the war between Austria and Sardinia in, 29 _et seq._
--its disunited state, 434
--character of the Austrian administration in, _ib. et seq._

Jacobleff, a Russian, anecdotes of, 170.

Jardin des Plantes, sketches in the, 314.

Jellachich, baron, operations of, during the Hungarian
insurrection, 39
--sketch of his career, 444.

JERRMANN'S PICTURES FROM ST PETERSBURG, review of, 154.

JEW'S LEGACY, the, a tale of the siege of Gibraltar, chap. I. 648
--chap. II. 653
--chap. III. 656
--chap. IV. 659
--chap. V. 663.

JOHNSTON'S NOTES ON NORTH AMERICA, 699.

Joinville, the prince de, character of, 555.

Judicial system, the, of the United States, 713.

Justice, the administration of, in St Petersburg, 162 _et seq._

Kassela, the African mountain of, 270.

Kent, the scenery of, 196.

King, Mr, report by, on the gold diggings of California, 477.

Kiss, general, 43.

Kleber, general, skeleton of the murderer of, 316.

Kleinmichael, general, reconstruction of the winter palace at St
Petersburg by, 159.

Knaresborough election, the, 245, 246.

Kohl, misstatements of, regarding Russia, 171.

Kolin, an incident of the battle of, 26.

Kurdistan, journey of madame Pfeiffer through, 99.

Labourers, the agricultural, loss which will fall on, from free
trade, 492.

Labouring classes, on the condition of the dwellings of the, 381.

LAMENT OF SELIM, the, 103.

Lanarkshire, increase of population in, 1841 to 1851, 129.

Landlord and tenant, separation induced by free trade between, 610.

Landlords, proportion of loss from free trade to be sustained by
the, 492
--their conduct as regards their tenantry, 612.

Latachia, sketches at, 462, 724.

Latour's dragoons, Austrian regiment called, 26.

Law, proposed change in the mode of administering, 386, 387.

Lazaretto at Gaza, the, 453.

Lebanon, sketches in, 455.

LEGEND OF GIBRALTAR, a, chap. I. 522
--chap. II. 529
--chap. III. 532
--chap. IV. 535
--chap. V. 539.

Legislative assembly, the present, of France, 202
--sketch of a debate in it, 205.

Legislative interference, on, as applied to sanitary measures, 381.

Leicester, depressed state of, 644.

Leitzendorf, colonel, death of, 31.

LEVANTINE RAMBLES, 447.

LEWALD'S DIARY IN ENGLAND, review of, 209.

Liberal policy, experienced results of, in the Peninsula, 349.

Liberals, preponderance of the, in Scotland, 297.

Liberals, the Portuguese, division among the, &c., 352.

LIFE AMONG THE LOGGERS, 669.

Limerick Examiner, the, on emigration from Ireland, 134.

Liszt the pianist, reception of, at St Petersburg, 169.

Littledale, Messrs, on the manufacturing depression, 609.

Lodging-house, a, in San Francisco, 473.

LOGGERS, LIFE AMONG THE, 669.

Logrolling, origin of the phrase, 712.

Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, the Austrian administration of the, 435.

Lombardy, the insurrection of, against Austria, 26 _et seq._, 433
--the government of it by Austria, 435.

London, the shopkeepers of, effects of free trade on, 111
--increase of population in, 1841 to 1851, 129.

LONDON DIARY OF A GERMAN AUTHORESS, the, 209.

Louis XIII., foundation of the Jardin des Plantes by, 315.

Louis Napoleon, improvement of the passport system by, 196
--Stahr's picture of him, 545
--anecdotes, &c. of him, 547
--causes of his election, 548.

Louis Philippe, improvement of the Boulevard of Paris under him, 202
--the final act of his dethronement, 204
--Stahr's sketches, &c. of him, 548 _et seq. passim_, 550 _et seq._

Luxor, the obelisk of, at Paris, 312.

M'Corkindale, R., letter from A. R. Dunshunner to
--Downward tendencies, 106.

Madeleine, church of the, at Paris, 312.

Magic, the secrets of, 564.

Maine, sketches among the wood-cutters of, 669 _et seq._

Maize, extensive use of, in the United States, 705.

Malthus, the views of, on population, 123.

Mammiani, the Roman demagogue, 437, 438.

Mantua, the Austrian possession of, 433.

Manufactures, British, their rise during the war, 633
--their state under free trade, 643.

Manufacturers, depressed state of the, 108.

Manufacturing districts, distress and depression in the, 305, 609.

Manufacturing towns, check to the population in the, 130, 131.

Maria, Donna, position of, in Portugal, 349.

Maronites, sketches of the, 455.

Martineau, Miss, testimony of, regarding mesmerism, 75
--atheistical work by her, 76, _note_.

MASTER THIEF, the, a Norse popular tale, 595.

Mazarin, encouragement of the drama by, in France, 323.

Mazzini, proceedings of, in Rome, 438.

Mechanics, the poetry of, 567.

Mechi, Mr, his high farming system, 491.

Medusa's head, the, in connection with mesmerism, 77.

Mehmet Pasha of Acre, sketches of, 459 _et seq._

Mesmer, the alleged powers, &c. of, 82.

MESMERISM, WHAT IS IT? 70
--postscript, 83.

Metallic tractors, cure by, 79.

Metropolitan representatives, character of the, 300
--the _Times_ on them, 301.

Middle classes, their aversion to revolution in Great Britain, 297.

Miguel, Don, Whig policy toward, and its results, 349
--his dethronement, 350
--party still adhering to him, 351 _et seq. passim_.

Miguelites, strength of the party of, in Portugal, 352.

Milan, the duchy of, the Austrian possession of, 433.

Milan, city of. Radetsky's retreat from it, 440
--its aspect after the suppression of the insurrection, 35.

Military service, term of, in Russia, 155.

Millais, painting by, 212.

Milton on emigration, 503.

Ministry, uncertain position of the, 110.

Mitkenab, visit to village of, 264.

"Modern Painters," review of, 326.

MODERN STATE TRIALS
--Note on Part III.
--Captain Helsham
--Duelling 122.

Mohammed Din, an Arab chief, 261 _et seq. passim_.

MOIR, THE LATE D. M., 249.

Molesworth, Mr, account of cannibalism in New Zealand, by, 418.

Monetary Crisis, the, its alleged influence on population, 132.

Montanara, battle of, 33.

Montemolin, the Count de, 356.

Montpensier, the duke de
--his character, 555.

Monuments of London, Fanny Lewald on the, 210.

Moor, action at, in the Hungarian war, 37.

Moose-deer, adventure with a, 679.

Morgan, lady, sketch of, by Lewald, 218.

Morroqueimado, Swiss settlement of, in Brazil, 88.

Mossul, a caravan journey to, 98.

Mosul, town of, 729.

Mulgrave, the earl of, defeat of, at Scarborough, 245.

Mulot, M., the engineer of the great Artesian well at Paris, 317.

Muntz, Mr, on the reduction of wages by free trade, 634.

Music, passion for, in St Petersburg, 168.

MY NOVEL; or, Varieties in English Life, by Pisistratus Caxton.