Chapter X (10)

On reaching the quays, I found every thing in a state of
revolution. They were already lined, literally from one end
to the other, by files of the National Guards; other
battalions were advancing towards the Hotel de Ville; the
legions of the _Garde Mobile_ were hurrying in the same
direction, and seemed, as far as I could judge, animated by
the same spirit of resistance as the National Guards to the
supposed _coup-de-main_ expected to be directed against the
majority of the Government. It was with difficulty that the
advancing legions could proceed along with the monster
procession, which seemed surprised and stupified by the
force displayed. Thousands upon thousands of spectators
crowded the long thoroughfare also, all endeavouring to push
on to the scene of action. I reached at last the Place de
l'Hotel de Ville; it appeared a very sea of bayonets; a
small space only was left for the passage of the procession.
The force of the armed citizens of the National Guards and
the _Garde Mobile_ made certainly a tremendous show. In this
state matters remained upon the Place for about four hours,
during which the members of the Government were employed
probably in receiving the delegates of the monster meeting
of the working classes. From time to time, however, when
they appeared at the windows of the old building, shouts
were raised by the Guards, and the caps, hats, shakos,
képys, and all the other variations of _coiffure_, that
suddenly burst up, like a forest, into the air upon every
bayonet point, had a most singular effect. This was repeated
continually. During the whole of this long scene, in which
such of the armed force as filled the Place kept its
position, the ferment among the surrounding crowd was
intense. Several _hommes du peuple_ were in a very angry and
excited state; they declared that the working classes were
insulted by this demonstration of the National Guards; that
the National Guards were the enemies of the people; that the
people must rise once more against them, &c. The cry against
the Moderates was raised under the name of "_reactionaires_"
and "_faux republicains_;" the counter cry was "_anarchie_"
and "_communisme_." Several times the angry parties among
the spectators were on the point of coming to blows, and
much hustling took place. This state of things remained the
same when I left the Place de l'Hotel de Ville at six
o'clock. In addition to the lines of National Guards that
still occupied the quays, battalions after battalions of the
different legions were still pouring along towards the Hotel
de Ville even at that hour. The advancing columns reached
through the Place du Carrousel far upon the Rue de Rivoli.
They were hurrying on as quickly as the intense press
permitted them, shouting almost universally, "_A bas les
Anarchistes!_" or more commonly, for that was the real
rallying cry, "_A bas les Communistes!_" General Courtais,
with his staff, was riding up and down among the advancing
ranks, declaring, as far as I could hear, that the
Government was _no longer_ in danger, but thanking them for
this demonstration of their desire to support it.--_Times_,
19th April.

On the following night, (Monday 17,) attacks were made by the Communists on the Treasury, the Hotel de Ville, and several other posts; but they were defeated by the National Guard.

It thus appears that the Provisional Government, before it has been seven weeks in office, is already passed in the career of revolution by a force from below! It is fain to summon the National Guard for its protection, and to receive the petitions of the _proletaires_ and _ouvriers_ from the Champ de Mars, surrounded not by the love of the people, but the bayonets of sixty thousand National Guards grouped round the Hotel de Ville! Insane projects of communism, and the division of all profits among the workmen, without leaving any thing for the profits of stock, have made such progress among them, that in a few weeks the Provisional Government is accused of imitating the conduct of Louis Philippe, because they do not forthwith adopt these without limitation, and are significantly warned to avoid his fate. It is evident that the destiny of the whole civilised world is wound up with allowing these communist ideas in France to run their course unmolested, and work out their appropriate and inevitable fruits.

We anticipate no good from the revolution in Prussia. We are well aware, indeed, of the intelligence and energy of that gallant people. We know that her inhabitants are the most highly educated of any people in Europe, and second to none in patriotism and spirit. Prussia is capable, in good time, and from her _own exertions_, of working out the elements of constitutional freedom. But we distrust all revolutions brought about by example. Contagion never yet spread the spirit of real freedom: foreign imitation may for a while overthrow existing governments, but it cannot establish new ones in their stead on a durable foundation. The Republic of Rienzi, who, according to the fine expression of Madame de Stael, "mistook recollections for hopes," perished in a few years without leaving a wreck behind. Where are now the Batavian, Cisalpine, Ligurian, and Parthenopeian Republics, which arose during the fervour of the first Revolution around the great parent Republic? What has been the result of the revolutionary mania which in 1820 threw down the established government in Piedmont, Naples, Spain, or Portugal? What has become of the Republics of South America, which borrowed their institutions from the French or Spanish model? Has any one of these countries obtained real freedom in consequence of their exertions? Have they not all, on the contrary, suffered dreadfully, and in nothing so much as their capacity for liberty, from their effects? Has not capital been so abridged, industry so blighted, security so endangered, violence so general, that the cause of freedom has been postponed for centuries, if not rendered entirely hopeless, from the triumph of foreign imported liberalism? Whatever it may effect elsewhere, _free-trade in revolutions_ does nothing but evil in society. Nothing but what is of home growth, in constitutions at least, can succeed there. It is difficult enough to make the tree of liberty prosper even where it is indigenous in the earth; but who ever heard of a _transplanted tree of liberty_ thriving in the soil to which it was transferred?

Already all the usual and well-known effects of successful revolution are to be seen in Berlin. Extravagant ideas among the working classes,--visions of unbounded felicity in all. Hopes that can never be realised,--expectations inconsistent with the first laws of society. In the midst of this chaos of excitement, transports, and chimerical projects, have come the inevitable attendants on such an assault on the established interests and order of society,--shaken credit, frequent bankruptcy, diminished employment, a falling revenue, augmented discontent, foreign warfare, general suffering. These effects follow so universally and invariably from the triumph of Revolution, that they may be fairly set down as its inevitable results. It is in the midst of this scene of danger, excitement, and tribulation, that Prussia, without the least previous preparation for it, is to plunge at once into _universal suffrage_, equal electoral districts, and a deputy for every 50,000 souls! England, with its centuries of freedom, cautious habits, realised wealth, and opulent middle classes, could not withstand such a constitution. The abolition of the national debt, of the house of peers, and a division of property, would follow from it in three months. What, then, is to be expected from Prussia, which, so far from having served an apprenticeship to freedom, is not yet entered with the craft?

So strange and sudden has been the revolt at Vienna, that it is scarcely possible to conceive that it can be of lasting effects. The framework of society there, the habits of the people, the ideas prevalent among them, are essentially aristocratic. The change in the government was entirely the work of a few thousand ardent students and discontented burghers in the capital. There is no material suffering in the Austrian provinces: Chartism is not there, as here, fanned by the misery produced by free-trade and a contracted currency. In these circumstances, it is not unlikely that, after the first blush of the insurrection is over, and men begin to consider in what respect they have benefited by it, there will be a general inclination to return to the former government. Probably a few concessions--as of a national Diet, where the wants of the country may be made known by a majority, still composed of nobles and landed proprietors--will satisfy the general wish. Old feelings will revive, old ideas return, old habits retain their ascendancy; foreign warfare will make the national supersede the social passions. It will be with them as was said of the first French Revolution in La Vendée,--giving privileges to the people is like casting water on a higher level--it speedily finds its way to the lower. The Revolution of 1848 in Vienna will be--like that of Jack Cade in England, or Rienzi in Italy, and all similar movements in countries not prepared for them--a brief and painful effort which leaves not a trace behind. But this much may without the least hesitation be predicted. If this return to old feelings and habits does not take place--and Austria, with its various races, provinces, and interests, and accustomed submission to authority, is really revolutionised, its power will be annihilated, its provinces partitioned, its people enslaved, its happiness destroyed, and a fatal breach made in the great Germanic barrier which separates French Insurrection from Russian Absolutism.

What a contrast to the storms which now agitate and have so profoundly shaken the Continental states does the aspect of Great Britain at the same period afford? We, too, have our dangers: we have our Chartists and our Repealers: the whole force of revolution in this island, and of insurrection in the neighbouring one, have been directed to assail and overturn the constitution. This treasonable attempt, too, has been made at a time of all others most likely to give it success: when the ruinous dogmas of free-trade had paralysed industry, and of a gold currency had shattered it; when bankruptcies to an unheard of extent had shaken commerce to its centre, and an unexampled number of persons in all the manufacturing districts were thrown out of employment. Yet even in these, the most favourable of all circumstances for the success of sedition, when real and wide-spread internal suffering is aggravated by vehement external excitement, how has it fared with the revolutionists? Their treasonable designs have been every where met with calm resolution by the Government and the country; and with scarce any effusion of blood, without a contest which can be dignified with the name of rebellion, without a single execution, as yet at least, on the scaffold, their designs have been rendered abortive. The Press has stood nobly forward on this momentous crisis; and to its ability and truly patriotic spirit, the defeat of the disaffected, without bloodshed, is mainly to be ascribed. England has shown one instance at least of an empire saved by the unbought loyalty of her people and the free independence of her Press. The metropolis has set a splendid example of mingled patriotism and firmness: and Europe, which expected to see the treason of the Chartists triumphant on the 10th of April, and another republic, proclaimed on the banks of the Thames, was astonished to behold their boasted multitudes shrink from a contest with six thousand soldiers supported by an equal number of police. Beyond all question, it was the glorious display of public spirit then made by the middle and higher classes, who came forward to a man to defend the cause of order, which paralysed the audacity of the revolutionists, and saved the empire from the horrors of hopeless indeed, but in any event disastrous, civil warfare.

The following observations by a distinguished journal, long known for its able and intrepid defence of the cause of religion and order, put this memorable event in its true light:--

"The _eleventh of April_, in the year 1848, has arrived, and
the United Kingdom is still a _monarchy_. The day, the great
day, which was to revolutionise the nation, and to establish
a republic on the French model, has passed over, and we find
no change. The Parliament sits at its ease as heretofore;
the courts of law administer justice as heretofore; and the
officers of the executive are transacting the business of
the Government without molestation. All other business, too,
is proceeding in its ordinary course.

"A better means of estimating the strength of the Chartists
than has yet been afforded, was afforded by the exhibition
yesterday on Kennington Common. The five millions and a half
mustered 10,000, or, to take the highest estimate, 15,000.
It may be said that these were the Chartists of London and
its neighbourhood; but though we have shown that this is not
the fact, let it be so,--London and its neighbourhood
comprise a population of two millions, giving five hundred
thousand men of military age. Of these, then, but 15,000 at
most--we say but 10,000--are Chartists: 1 _in_ 500
_according to our estimate_, 1 in about 330 according to the
higher estimate of the number on the common.

"Let us now turn to the more pleasing side of yesterday's
proceedings; and let us, in the first place, acknowledge the
true fountain of domestic peace, and of every other
blessing--'UNLESS THE LORD KEEPETH THE CITY, THE WATCHMAN
WAKETH BUT IN VAIN.' To the bounty of Divine Providence we
owe it, that this morning we arise in peace to pursue our
peaceful occupations. May we not add, with humility, that to
the Giver of all good we owe the honour that the metropolis
of England has won, in setting to the world an example of a
peaceful victory over the worst spirit of rebellion,
encouraged by the triumph of rebellion in almost every other
capital of Europe. Yes, it is to Him, and to the teaching of
His word, the glory is due.

"We have told the number of _Chartists_; now what was the
number of _special constables_?--Two hundred thousand; the
_Morning Chronicle_ says, we believe truly, two hundred and
fifty thousand--no sickly spectres, like those whose
perverse activity summoned them from their usual avocations,
but the _manhood_ of the metropolis, from the high-spirited
nobility and gentry downward, through all the gradations of
society, to the strong-armed artisan, and the robust drayman
or coal-whipper. Yes, the special constables enrolled
yesterday presented a body for spirit, strength, and number,
not to be matched, out of Great Britain, on the face of the
earth. How truly did we say a few weeks ago, that every
Sunday saw meekly kneeling in the churches of the metropolis
a body of men that could laugh to scorn the assault of any
enemy, foreign or domestic, that could by possibility be
brought to confront them. These men look for spirit, and
strength, and safety in the right quarter, and _they
themselves_ yesterday exhibited the proof.

"The military preparations of the Government were prudent,
as providing against the danger of local success on the part
of the enemies of order, but it is plain that they did not
operate by terror, for a soldier was not to be seen; it was
_the little staff of the special constable_ that quelled
sedition, and it is right that this should be known to all
our foreign enemies, and to domestic traitors, as proof
beyond all doubt that the people of England are firmly
united in defence of their constitution."--_Standard_, April
11.

That the Chartists fully expected a Revolution to be effected in London that day is decisively proved by their conduct in the provinces. At Glasgow, a placard appeared, headed

"THREATENED
REVOLUTION IN LONDON;"

and invited the people to be ready to come out by their thousands and tens of thousands, the moment farther intelligence was received. The "absorption" of the Electric Telegraph by Government was a sad blow to them, for it left them at a loss how to act.

It is impossible to exaggerate the moral guilt of the movement thus happily defeated by the firmness of the Government and the loyalty of the immense majority of the people. Situated as the Continent now is--with capital destroyed and credit ruined in France; war imminent, and commerce paralysed in Germany; and hostilities actually raging in Italy, it is evident that Great Britain, if secure of internal tranquillity, may again, as during the war, become the workshop and emporium of the world. Secure within her sea-girt shores, protected alike by her fleets, her armies, her past renown and present spirit, she, has advantages during such a strife which no other country possesses, provided she does not throw them away by her own insanity. But this the proceedings of the Chartists and Repealers are precisely calculated to do. Had the London demonstration turned out successful, these prospects would have been utterly ruined, credit destroyed here as it has been in France, and the misery of the people augmented to a degree never, perhaps, before witnessed in modern Europe. Every Chartist meeting, by prolonging the period of distrust, by checking the return of confidence, by preventing the outlay of capital, postpones the restoration of prosperity by a certain period. As long as they continue, trade never can revive, industry must continue to languish, poverty to increase, suffering to be prolonged, woe to be augmented. What, then, is the guilt of those who, for their own selfish purposes, or to gratify a senseless vanity, prolong an agitation fraught with such disastrous consequences--retain the people, in whom they profess to be interested, steeped in such misery--and avert, when about to set in, the returning flood of prosperity to their country?

The French journalists, in the interest of revolution, are loud in their condemnation of the apathy, as they call it, of the great bulk of the English nation on this occasion, and express their astonishment that the Chartists, for some reason they cannot understand, shrank from a contest with the Government, under circumstances which gave them, as they think, every prospect of success. We will tell them the reason--which is not the less true, that it may not be altogether pleasing to their vanity: The English are major and they are minor; the English are men and they are schoolboys. We, too, have had our dreams of communism, but they were brought forward by Jack Cade in the days of Richard II.; we, too, have indulged in social aspirations, but it was in the days of the Fifth-Monarchy Men, and they ended in the despotism of Cromwell. It is very well for schoolboys and juvenile academicians to indulge in extravagant freaks suited to their years; but they do not become bearded veterans. When England became a man, she put away childish things. France, by the spoliations and destruction of the first Revolution, has lost the elements of freedom. But Germany yet possesses them; and if she does not abuse her advantages, in two hundred years she may possess the mingled freedom and stability which now constitute at once the glory and happiness of England. It requires that time to be free of the craft of liberty; there is no royal road to freedom any more than geometry. England has preceded other nations by two centuries in this glorious path; it would ill suit the masters to recede, and imitate the follies of such as are only becoming tyros in the attempt to follow it. Those who have long ago reached the summit, and know with what difficulty it was attained, can afford to smile at the young aspirants who invite them to descend and renew the toil of the ascent. Those who have spread political power with safety over a million of pacific electors diffused over a whole empire, have no occasion to imitate the example of those who would establish despotic power in the hands of two hundred thousand armed Janissaries of a single capital.

_Printed by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh._

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Transcriber's note:

Page 553: The transcriber has divided the large table into two sections.

Page 596: No closing quotation mark was provided in the original--'were "the immediate raising of the siege, and return of the army to the Continent; ...'

Page 636: "she used a word vernacularly employed to signify the stripping birds of their fathers." 'fathers' has been replaced with 'feathers'.

The chapter title "THE CAXTONS" has two consecutive chapters entitled