Chapter I: Preface

When I was a child, I never could learn Botany. There was something in the Linnean system (the only one then taught) excessively repugnant to me; I never could remember the different classes and orders, and after several attempts the study was given up as one too difficult for me to master. When I married, however, I soon found the necessity of knowing something of Botany, as well as of Gardening. I always accompanied my husband in his visits to different gardens; and when we saw beautiful flowers, I was continually asking the names, though alas! these names, when I heard them, conveyed no ideas to my mind, and I was not any wiser than before. Still the natural wish to know something of what we admire, impelled me to repeat my fruitless questions; till at last, vexed at my ignorance, and ashamed of not being able to answer the appeals which gardeners often made to me in doubtful cases, (supposing that Mr. Loudon’s wife must know everything about plants,) I determined to learn Botany if possible; and as my old repugnance remained to the Linnean system, I resolved to study the Natural one. Accordingly I began; but when I heard that plants were divided into the two great classes, the Vasculares and the Cellulares, and again into the Dicotyledons or Exogens, the Monocotyledons or Endogens, and the Acotyledons or Acrogens, and that the Dicotyledons were re-divided into the Dichlamydeæ and Monochlamydeæ, and again into three sub-classes, Thalamifloræ, Calycifloræ, and Corollifloræ, I was in despair, for I thought it quite impossible that I ever could remember all the hard names that seemed to stand on the very threshold of the science, as if to forbid the entrance of any but the initiated.

Some time afterwards, as I was walking through the gardens of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick, my attention was attracted by a mass of the beautiful crimson flowers of Malope grandiflora. I had never seen the plant before, and I eagerly asked the name. “It is some Malvaceous plant,” answered Mr. Loudon, carelessly; and immediately afterwards he left me to look at some trees which he was about to have drawn for his Arboretum Britannicum. “Some Malvaceous plant,” thought I, as I continued looking at the splendid bed before me; and then I remembered how much the form of these beautiful flowers resembled that of the flowers of the crimson Mallow, the botanical name of which I recollected was Malva. “I wish I could find out some other Malvaceous plant,” I thought to myself; and when we soon afterwards walked through the hothouses, I continued to ask if the Chinese Hibiscus, which I saw in flower there, did not belong to Malvaceæ. I was answered in the affirmative; and I was so pleased with my newly-acquired knowledge, that I was not satisfied till I had discovered every Malvaceous plant that was in flower in the garden. I next learned to know the Cruciferous and Umbelliferous plants; and thus I acquired a general knowledge of three extensive orders with very little trouble to myself. My attention was more fairly aroused, and by learning one order after another, I soon attained a sufficient knowledge of Botany to answer all the purposes for which I wished to learn it, without recurring to the hard words which had so much alarmed me at the outset. One great obstacle to my advancement was the difficulty I had in understanding botanical works. With the exception of Dr. Lindley’s Ladies’ Botany, they were all sealed books to me; and even that did not tell half I wanted to know, though it contained a great deal I could not understand. It is so difficult for men whose knowledge has grown with their growth, and strengthened with their strength, to imagine the state of profound ignorance in which a beginner is, that even their elementary books are like the old Eton Grammar when it was written in Latin—they require a master to explain them. It is the want that I have felt that has induced me to write the following pages; in which I have endeavoured to meet the wants of those who may be now in the same difficulties that I was in myself.

The course I pursued is also that which I shall point out to my readers. I shall first endeavour to explain to them as clearly as I can the botanical characteristics of the orders which contain plants commonly grown in British gardens; and at the end of my work I shall lay before them a slight outline of all the orders scientifically arranged, which they may study or not as they like. Most ladies will, however, probably be satisfied with knowing the orders containing popular plants; and these, I am confident, they will never repent having studied. Indeed, I do not think that I could form a kinder wish for them, than to hope that they may find as much pleasure in the pursuit as I have derived from it myself. Whenever I go into any country I have formerly visited, I feel as though I were endowed with a new sense. Even the very banks by the sides of the roads, which I before thought dull and uninteresting, now appear fraught with beauty. A new charm seems thrown over the face of nature, and a degree of interest is given to even the commonest weeds. I have often heard that knowledge is power, and I am quite sure that it contributes greatly to enjoyment. A man knowing nothing of natural history, and of course not caring for anything relating to it, may travel from one extremity of a country to the other, without finding anything to interest, or even amuse him; but the man of science, and particularly the Botanist, cannot walk a dozen yards along a beaten turnpike-road without finding something to excite his attention. A wild plant in a hedge, a tuft of moss on a wall, and even the Lichens which discolour the stones, all present objects of interest, and of admiration for that Almighty Power whose care has provided the flower to shelter the infant germ, and has laid up a stock of nourishment in the seed to supply the first wants of the tender plant. It has been often said that the study of nature has a tendency to elevate and ameliorate the mind; and there is perhaps no branch of Natural History which more fully illustrates the truth of this remark than Botany.

CONTENTS.

PART I.
PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1

MISCELLANEOUS ORDERS—PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS 3

CHAPTER I.

THE ORDER RANUNCULACEÆ: illustrated by the Garden Ranunculus;
the Butter-cup; the Peony; the Anemone; the Hepatica; the
Clematis; the Christmas Rose; the Winter Aconite; Monkshood;
the Larkspur; and the Columbine 9

The Genus Ranunculus, 10—The Genus Ficaria, 16—The Genus
Pæonia, 18—The Genus Anemone, 19—The Genus Clematis, 23—The
Genus Helleborus, &c. 25—The Genus Aconitum, 27—The
Genus Delphinium, 29—The Genus Aquilegia, 31.

CHAPTER II.

THE ORDER LEGUMINOSÆ: illustrated by the Sweet Pea; the Red
Clover; Acacia armata; the Sensitive Plant; the Barbadoes
Flower-fence; the Carob-tree; the Tamarind; the Senna; the
Gleditschia; the Logwood; the Judas-tree; and the Kentucky
Coffee-tree 35

Tribe I. Papilionaceous Flowers, 36—II. Mimosæ, 41—III.
Cæsalpineæ, 44.

CHAPTER III.

THE ORDER ROSACEÆ: illustrated by different kinds of Roses; the
Potentilla; the Strawberry; the Raspberry; Spiræa; Kerria or
Corchorus japonica; the Almond; the Peach and Nectarine;
the Apricot; the Plum; the Cherry; the Apple; the Pear;
The Mountain Ash; the White Beam Tree; the Quince; Pyrus
or Cydonia japonica; the Hawthorn; the Indian Hawthorn;
the Medlar; Photinia; Eriobotrya; Cotoneaster; Amelanchier;
Burnet; and Alchemilla, or Ladies’ Mantle 50

Tribe I. Roseæ, 51—II. Potentilleæ or Dryadeæ, 54—III.
Spiræeæ, 58—IV. Amygdaleæ, 60—V. Pomeæ, 65—VI. Sanguisorbeæ,
73.

CHAPTER IV.

THE ORDER ONAGRACEÆ: illustrated by the different kinds of
Fuchsia; Œnothera, or the Evening Tree-Primrose; Godetia;
Epilobium, or the French Willow-herb; and Clarkia 75

The Genus Fuchsia, 75—The Genus Œnothera, 79—The Genus
Clarkia, 83.

CHAPTER V.

THE ORDER RUBIACEÆ: illustrated by the Cinchona, or Peruvian
Bark; Luculia gratissima; Cape Jasmine; Rondeletia;
Coffee; Ixora; Ipecacuanha; Madder; Galium; Woodruff;
and Crucinella stylosa 85

The Genus Cinchona and its allies, 86—The Genus Gardenia and
its allies, 89—The Genus Rondeletia and its allies, 90—The
Genus Coffea and its allies, 91—The Genus Galium and its
allies, 94.

CHAPTER VI.

THE ORDER COMPOSITÆ: illustrated by the Succory; the Sow-Thistle;
the Dandelion; the Burdock; the Daisy; the Chrysanthemum;
Feverfew; Pellitory of Spain; Wild Chamomile;
True Chamomile; Yarrow; the Bur-Marigold; Groundsel;
Ragwort; Bird’s Tongue; Purple Jacobæa; Cineraria; Sunflower;
Mutisia; and Triptilion 98

Tribe I. Cichoraceæ, 101—II. Cynarocephalæ, 103—III.
Corymbiferæ, 104—IV. Labiatæfloræ, 107.

CHAPTER VII.

THE ORDER ERICACEÆ: illustrated by the Common or Besom
Heath; the Moor Heath; Cape Heaths; Ling or Heather;
Andromeda; Lyonia; St. Dabæoc’s Heath; Arbutus; the
Bearberry; Gaultheria; Clethra; Rhododendron; Indian or
Chinese Azaleas; Yellow Azalea; American Azaleas; Rhodora;
Kalmia; Menziesia; Loiseleuria; Ledum; Leiophyllum;
the Bilberry; the Whortle-berry; the Cranberry;
Pyrola; and Monotropa 109

Tribe I. Ericeæ, 110—Sub-Tribe I. Ericeæ Normales, 111—II.
Andromedeæ, 115—Tribe II. Rhodoreæ, 120—III. Vaccinieæ,
130—IV. Pyroleæ, 132.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE ORDER OLEACEÆ, or Jasmineæ: illustrated by the Common
White Jasmine; the Yellow Jasmine; the Privet; the Phillyrea;
the Olive; the Fringe-tree (_Chionanthus virginica_);
the Lilac; the Common Ash; and the Manna or Flowering
Ash 133

Tribe I. Jasmineæ, 134—II. Oleineæ, 136.

CHAPTER IX.

THE ORDER SOLANACEÆ: illustrated by the Bitter-Sweet; Garden
Nightshade; Potato; Egg-Plant; Tomato; Capsicum; Winter
Cherry; Cape Gooseberry; the Deadly Nightshade;
Lycium, or Duke of Argyle’s Tea-tree; Cestrum; Vestia;
Tobacco; Petunia; Nierembergia; Salpiglossis; Schizanthus;
Henbane; Datura; Brugmansia; Solandra; Verbascum;
Celsia; Nolana; &c. 141

Tribe I. Solanaceæ, 142—II. Nicotianeæ, 147; III.
Verbascineeæ, 153—IV. Nolaneæ, 155.

CHAPTER X.

THE ORDER URTICACEÆ: illustrated by the Common Nettle; the
Hop; the Hemp; the Pellitory of the Wall; the Bread-Fruit
Tree; the Jack-tree; the Cow-tree, or Palo de Vacca; the
Upas or Poison-tree of Java; the Mulberry; the Paper Mulberry;
the Osage Orange, or Maclura; the Common Fig;
Ficus Sycamorus; the Banyan Tree; the Indian-Rubber
Tree; and Ficus religiosa 157

Tribe I. Urticaceæ, 158—II. Artocarpæ, 163.

CHAPTER XI.

THE CATKIN-BEARING TREES: illustrated by the Walnut; the
Hickory; the Willow; the Poplar; the Alder; the Birch;
the Oak; the Beech; the Sweet Chesnut; the Hazel; the
Hornbeam; the Hop Hornbeam; the Plane Trees; the Liquidambar;
Myrica; Comptonia; Casuarina; and Garrya elliptica 174

Juglandaceæ, the Walnut Tribe, 176—the Genus Juglans,
ib.—the Genus Carya, 180—Salicaceæ, the Willow Tribe,
181—the Genus Salix, 182—the Genus Populus, 184—Betulaceæ,
the Birch Tribe, 187—the Genus Betula, 188—the Genus Alnus,
189—Cupuliferæ, the Cup-bearing Trees, 190—the Genus
Quercus, 191—the Genus Fagus, 195—the Genus Castanea,
198—the Genus Corylus, 200—the Genus Carpinus, 201—the Genus
Ostrya, 202—the Order Platanaceæ, ib.—the Genus Platanus,
ib.—the Genus Liquidambar, 203—the Order Myricaceæ, ib.—the
Genus Myrica, 204—the Order Garryaceæ, ib.—the Genus Garrya,
ib.

CHAPTER XII.

THE CONE-BEARING TREES: illustrated by the Scotch Pine; the
Spruce Fir; the Silver Fir; the Larch; the Cedar; the Araucaria;
the Arbor Vitæ; the Cypress; the Deciduous Cypress;
the Juniper; the Yew; and the Cycadeæ 205

§ I. The Abietineæ, the Pine and Fir Tribe, 206—the Genus
Pinus, 209—the Genus Abies, the Spruce Fir, 212—the Genus
Picea, the Silver Fir, 214—the Genus Larix, the Larch,
216—the Genus Cedrus, the Cedar, 217—the Genus Araucaria,
219—§ II. Cupressineæ, the Cypress Tribe, 220—the Genus
Callitris, 222—the Genus Cupressus, the Cypress, 223—the
Genus Taxodium, the Deciduous Cypress, 224—the Genus
Juniperus, the Juniper, 225—§ III. Taxineæ, the Yew Tribe,
228—the Genus Taxus, the Yew, ib.—the Order Cycadæ, 229.

PART II.

SKETCH OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM, ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR
DECANDOLLE 231

INTRODUCTION ib.