Chapter I: Front Matter

BRAZIL
TODAY AND TOMORROW

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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
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MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED
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MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO

_Botafogo Bay, Rio de Janeiro._

In the background are the Dois Irmãos Mountains, the flat-topped
Gavea, and the curved granite peak of Corcovado.
]

BRAZIL
TODAY AND TOMORROW

BY

L. E. ELLIOTT, F. R. G. S., F. R. A. I., Etc.

AUTHOR OF “BLACK GOLD,” “CHILE, TODAY AND TOMORROW,” etc. LITERARY
EDITOR, PAN AMERICAN MAGAZINE

ILLUSTRATED

“The time will come when the Ocean will no longer limit the known
lands, when a new world shall be opened up to the followers of the
sea, and Thule will be no longer the Ultima Thule of the earth.”

_Seneca_, “Medea.”

New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1922

_All rights reserved_

COPYRIGHT, 1917,
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published March, 1917.
Revised Edition October, 1922.

Printed in the United States of America

TO
M. L. E.

CONTENTS

PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
Brazil’s Great Extent—Virgin Interior—Development during Last
Hundred Years—Variety of Soil and Climate—Amazon Basin,
Central Plateau, Coast—Diversified Industries and
Populations—Divergent Interests—Brazil Over-Praised and
Over-Blamed—South American Standpoint—North and South
Americans—Ties with Europe.

CHAPTER I

HISTORY OF BRAZIL 10
Discovery—Henry the Navigator—Search for Cathay—Captain
Cabral—Duarte Coelho—The Capitanias—Ramalho and Caramarú—São
Paulo, Bahia and Pernambuco—The Jesuits—Mamelucos—First
Entradas—The Sertão—The Bandeirantes—Raposo—Fernão Dias—Gold
and Diamonds—Destruction of the Missions—Brazil under Spain—
Corsairs—The Dutch in North Brazil—Portugal regains
Independence—Evacuation by Dutch—The French in Rio—Interior
Mines and Settlement—The Marquis de Pombal—Expulsion of
Jesuits—Dom João in Brazil—Dom Pedro I—Independent Monarchy—
Dom Pedro II—Abolition of Slavery—Republic.

CHAPTER II

COLONIZATION 56
Group Immigration Planned—Swiss in Nova Friburgo—First
Germans in Rio Grande—Petropolis and Blumenau—Joinville—
German Emigration Forbidden—Portuguese Colonies—Parceria
System—French and Alsatians—North Americans—Santa Barbara and
the Consul—New Italian Stream—Colonos and the Patronato
Agricola—Poles and Russians—Conditions of Settlement in São
Paulo—Present Status of Colonies—Japanese at Iguape—Numbers
of Immigrants entering Brazil—Future Immigration—Best Points
of Settlement—Class needed.

CHAPTER III

SOCIAL CONDITIONS 76
Brazilian Courtesy—European Influence—Titles—Dominating
Class—Fazendeiros and Commerciantes—Mixed Blood and the
Labouring Classes—Bacharelismo—The Sertanejo—Life in the
Interior—Festas—The Tropeiro—Lotteries—The Bicho—Coffee
Drinking—Religion—Saints’ Days—Ceremonies—Position of Women—
The Brazilian Girl and Wife—City Life—Literature—Novels—
Poets—The Stage—The Press—Influence of Blood, European and
African—Negro Cooking and Folklore—The Native Brazilian—
Pottery and Weaving—Ideas and Ability—Work of Rondon—Fate of
the Indian—Education—Brazil not Revolutionary—The A. B. C.
Treaty.

CHAPTER IV

TRANSPORTATION. I. RIVER AND ROAD 123
Early Water Communication—Waterways Penetrating Interior—
Great rivers—Early roads—New Automobile highways
II. RAIL 129
First Railroad Planning—First Construction—Coffee Railways—
Climbing the Mountain Barrier—Work in Empire and Republic—
Borrowing—Linking Centres—Radiating Lines—Roads Serving
States, South to North—Brazil Railway Company—The Central
Line—Leopoldina—Bahia Roads—Great Western—Northern Lines—
Roads Passing Falls—Financial Conditions—Status of Ownership—
Future Lines.
III. SHIPPING 161
Steamship River Service—Sea Communication—Nationality of
Lines—Brazilian Mercantile Marine.

CHAPTER V

INDUSTRIES 167
The Coffee Industry of Brazil—The Rubber Industry of the
Amazon—The Meat Industry: Cattle Raising and Packing-Houses—
Cotton Growing and Weaving—Herva Matte—Sugar—Tobacco—Wheat—
Fibres—Cacao—Mining—Brazilian Manufactures: Artificial
Industries; Industrial Centres; Capital; National Industries
Competing with Importations; Imposts; Factories of São Paulo;
Textiles; Locality of Mills in Brazil; Labour and Consumption
of Material; National Dyes; Water power.

CHAPTER VI

FINANCE. I. CURRENCY 276
Value of the milreis—Fluctuations—Caixa de Conversão—
Convertible and Inconvertible Paper—Emergency Issues—Treasury
Bills—Paper Currency, at Different Dates—Metal Coinage—
Effects of Fallen Exchange.
II. INVESTMENTS 285
Blood, Brains and Money—British Investments—Railways—Public
Utilities and Industrials—External Loans—French Investments—
German Work—North American Interests—Banks in Brazil.
III. State Debts—Municipal Debts—Federal Debts—Funding Loans—
Resumption of Specie Payments—Sources of State and Federal
Revenue. 297

CHAPTER VII

THE WORLD’S HORTICULTURAL AND MEDICINAL DEBT TO BRAZIL 306
Brazilian Origin of Well-known Flowers—First Botanists—Piso
and Marcgrav—Loudon’s Hortus—Gardner—Orchids—Cattley—Flowers
and Shrubs—Fruits—Medicines—Ipecacuanha—Copaiba—Jaborandi—
Guaraná—Native Remedies—Mineral Waters.