Chapter XIX: The Introduction of Gunpowder and Its Influence Upon Armour

Double Breech-loading Cannon, in Bronze, used in Spain from the end of the Fifteenth Century.

_A. F. Calvert_]

The invention of gunpowder and its use in propelling missiles from tubes was the signal for the abolition of armour, as we have indicated, though the struggle for supremacy between the two lasted for considerably more than a century. The Eastern nations are generally credited with the discovery of the properties of a mixture of saltpetre, carbon, and sulphur so far as their use in fireworks is concerned, but it was undoubtedly to the Western nations that the knowledge and application of the propelling nature of the mixture were due. The first authentic account of its use for military purposes must be ascribed to the seventh century, when, under the name of Greek fire, it was used at the defence of Constantinople by the Byzantine emperors against the invading Saracens. The true Greek fire, however, is supposed to have contained more ingredients than the three which constitute gunpowder proper, viz. resin and naphtha, the latter being in excess, and this mixture appears to have been so inflammable and so difficult to extinguish that the terror excited by its use was out of all proportion to the destruction that it wrought. It was propelled from balistæ, projected from tubes, and carried by means of arrows which bore tow steeped in the composition, while its use in a besieged town to pour down upon assailants was probably the most efficacious. Its composition was for a long time kept secret, but the knowledge gradually spread, and during the later mediæval period its use was not unknown in England (Fig. 337). Gunpowder proper was used for the first time in the Spanish wars with the Moors in the twelfth century by both combatants; and the secret of its composition was discovered by Roger Bacon in the thirteenth century, probably from the translation of manuscripts. Schwartz, a German Frank, perfected it about a century later, and its first use in England occurred in the wars against the Scots by Edward III. in 1327, when the cannon were denominated “crakeys,” a diminutive from “crake,” the first name of the composition, which may be a corruption of “grec.” At the siege of Cambrai in 1339 cannon were in use, and they are specifically mentioned by Froissart. After that time their use became general, and in 1346 many were in operation at the battle of Creçy, the gunpowder being imported from abroad until the reign of Elizabeth, when English powder-mills were established in the country. The word artillery had been in use to denote projectile-throwing weapons anterior to the use of gunpowder, and became eventually the term by which the larger kind of firearms was designated. The construction of the first cannon was, as might be inferred, of the rudest possible description. Pieces or bars of iron were arranged longitudinally so as to form a rough tube, around which iron hoops were placed to hold them together. The powder and ball were in a separate case, open at one end to allow of the exit of the ball; this case was inserted in one end of the tube and secured by a stirrup arrangement pivoting upon two projections on either side of the tube, which fell over the open end and prevented the case from being blown out when the discharge occurred. The powder was fired by the insertion of a red-hot wire. The cannon was fixed down to a piece of timber which rested upon a similar piece: at the breech end of the cannon the two planks were hinged together, and by the insertion of wedges in the front between the timbers the piece could be elevated. Other contrivances almost as crude as that described were introduced in order to overcome the difficulties of taking aim. The projectiles were at first made of stone, and subsequently of lead or iron, or stone coated with lead. It must not be supposed that the introduction of such weapons created the profound consternation which a few contemporary writers have led us to suppose; the general impression produced was, in fact, one of contemptuous indifference, and it was only after many improvements had been effected that cannon began to be taken seriously. The earliest were only used in sieges, as the transport of such cumbrous pieces was nearly an impossibility, and when they were subsequently adopted for use in the field it was but seldom they were used after the first discharge. During the fifteenth century fresh developments took place; trunnions were invented, whereby the recoil was transferred directly to the carriage; the weapon was cast in one piece which tapered towards the muzzle, and many improvements in loading and discharging were made. Bombards were introduced, being short pieces with a large bore which were fired at a considerable elevation and discharged balls of stone to a small distance; they were the prototypes of our modern mortars and howitzers. One of the earliest examples of mediæval ordnance preserved in this country may be seen at the Rotunda, Woolwich (Plate XL., p. 366). It is known as the Creçy Bombard, and may possibly date back to the time of Edward III. It is said to have been found in the moat of Bodiham Castle, Sussex, and is known to have been in Battle Abbey for many years. Its interior is of cast iron, one of the earliest known specimens of the metal in that form, and iron hoops have been shrunk upon this inner core. The chamber in the smaller portion of the breech will hold about three or four pounds of powder; the stone shot discharged weighed about a hundred and sixty pounds and was fifteen inches in diameter. The carriage is modern. The cannonier wears a capacious salade and is defended by a hauberk of mail and a thick leather apron; he is discharging the bombard with a hot iron and protects his face with his hand from the inferior powder blown off the touch-hole by the explosion.

The Dardanelles Bronze Gun, A.D. 1468. (Rotunda, Woolwich)]

Very large cannon were in use at times. Mons Meg at Edinburgh is an example of a fifteenth century production; it weighs nearly four tons, has a calibre of 20 inches, and threw a stone projectile of 300 lbs. The powder-chamber is considerably smaller in bore than the cannon, in order to withstand the force of the discharge. This piece is reputed to have been made in 1455 for the siege of Thrieve Castle by James II.; this latter monarch was killed five years later by the bursting of a similar cannon, the Lion. Another example is preserved at Ghent, where a foundry existed for their manufacture: the piece has a calibre of 26 inches, while English guns are to be seen at Mont St. Michael of 15 inches and 19 inches bore respectively. A remarkable example of fifteenth century monster ordnance is the Dardanelles bronze gun preserved at the Rotunda, Woolwich, and illustrated in Plate XXXVIII. It was cast during the reign of Sultan Mahomed II., A.D. 1468, and presented to Queen Victoria by the Sultan of Turkey in 1867. It weighs 18 tons 14 cwt., the calibre is 25 inches, and the total length equals 17 feet. It is made in two parts, which are screwed together, and the breech portion which forms the powder chamber has a bore of only ten inches. The stone shot weighed 6 cwt. each. The names applied to ancient ordnance were many and various, and at the same time confusing, inasmuch as the calibre of the various pieces was constantly changing. The following is an approximate list of some of the pieces ordinarily in use:--

Cannon Royal, weight of shot, 66 lbs.; Carthorun, 48 lbs.; Cannon, 34 lbs.; Bastard Cannon; Great Culverin, 15 lbs.; Bastard Culverin, 7 lbs.; Demi-Culverin, 2 lbs.; Basilisk, Serpentin, Aspik, Dragon, Syren. For field service: Falcon, 1 lb.; Falconet, 14 ozs.; Saker.

1. Peterara, time of Edward IV.

2. Wall Arquebus. (Rotunda, Woolwich.)

3. The Brocas Heaume.

4. Heaume from Rotunda.]

Cannon have been made of various materials apart from iron and bronze, such as wood, paper, and rope, the outside covering being of leather. All the early guns used in England were obtained from abroad; the first foundry in England was that of Hugget of Uckfield, Sussex, in 1521, who cast cannon in brass and iron, using the Sussex iron smelted with charcoal. There are some pieces of ordnance preserved in the Rotunda at Woolwich which are of this age, and may possibly have come from the Sussex foundry. Examples of early cannon are rare in England, but on the Continent many may be found, especially in Belgium. The Rotunda and the Tower of London probably contain the finest specimens in the British Isles. In the Royal Arsenal at Madrid is preserved a small piece of ordnance dating from late fifteenth century. It is double-barrelled and breech-loading, and exhibits a wealth of ornamentation upon almost every part (Plate XXXVII.*). A breech-loading peterara of forged iron of the time of Edward IV. is in the Rotunda, and is illustrated in Plate XXXIX. It is made of longitudinal bars of iron hooped together with iron rings; the powder-chamber with its lifting handle is seen in position, and a simple locking arrangement prevented its blowing out upon the discharge. Trunnions are affixed to the piece, and the metal by which it was attached to the long-decayed wooden gun-carriage is still preserved. The length of the gun is 3 feet and the calibre 2½ inches, while the name implies that the shot was of stone. This very rare piece of ordnance is in excellent condition.

The progress in artillery was very slow, but gradually cannon became mounted upon wheels and rude carriages, an advance upon the logs and cumbrous beds of the preceding period, while iron was substituted for stone in the projectile. The engagement of trained professional gunners in place of the civilians who had managed the artillery in the fourteenth century, was another step which led to improvement, Dutch artillerymen being employed by Henry VIII. Charles VIII. and subsequent French monarchs undoubtedly did much for the improvement of the weapon; they adopted light guns for field artillery, and introduced the system of rapidly taking up different positions from which to assail the enemy. The Civil War in England found a great scarcity of cannon, and more particularly of efficient gunners, and generally it may be stated that the English use of artillery was much behind that existing upon the Continent until the middle of the eighteenth century.

The “Creçy” Bombard, _temp._ Edward III. Arbalestier, Fifteenth Century. (Rotunda, Woolwich)]

The existence of cannon in the mediæval period would naturally suggest a weapon that might be used in the hand, and from a very early period hand-guns have been in evidence. They are rarely mentioned by writers of the time, and very few illuminations are extant showing the weapons then employed, which would tend to show that their use was restricted, and their efficacy valued but little. The earliest were simply tubes affixed to a stick and fired by means of a lighted match; some of them were ignited from the muzzle, thus indicating that they were shotless and only used to frighten horses in a cavalry charge. The long-bow and arbalest were of infinitely greater efficacy than the early hand-gun, and it is a matter for wonder that the latter held a place at all in the armies of the period. It was made in various shapes, but that generally shown in contemporary illustrations is depicted in Fig. 339, the piece being discharged by means of a touch-hole on the top of the barrel near the breech. The earliest use of a hand-gun is involved in obscurity; there can be no doubt that many attempts were made to introduce such a weapon, but the first mention that occurs is in the reign of Edward III., when they were brought into England from Flanders. They were in use by both horse and foot soldiers, the stock in the first case being shortened so that it could be placed against the chest, while in the second it passed under the right arm, the left hand being used to grasp it and the right to hold the discharging match. The gun was supported in the case of cavalry by a forked rest which projected from the saddle. In all these guns the powder-chamber was smaller than the calibre of the barrel. In some cases the hand-gun was used as a mace after being discharged.

_Hand Culverin._--A larger hand-gun was subsequently evolved, which was much in use during the second half of the fifteenth century, and necessitated the presence of two men for its manipulation. It was called the hand culverin, and had a bore of about three-quarters of an inch; it was constructed of forged iron, and was attached by bands to a straight stock of wood. This weapon was fired from a rest. It was subsequently improved by the addition of a pan and touch-hole at the side and a modification of the stock, while the barrels were often of brass or bronze, and polygonal in section. Their weight varied from ten to sixteen pounds, and a variety which was carried on horseback at times weighed nearly sixty pounds. Warwick the King-maker employed “Burgundenses” or Burgundian hand-gun men in the Second Battle of St. Albans, 1461, and culveriners formed a part of the forces under Edward IV. in the later battles of the Wars of the Roses.

_The Serpentin, Matchlock, or Arquebus._--An improvement was made about the year 1500, whereby the slow match, hitherto held in the hand, was affixed to a lever bent into the form of a serpent and fastened by the centre to the stock on a pivot; by pulling the lower portion the upper end carrying the match was made to descend upon the priming powder. Subsequent innovations consisted of a sliding cover over the flash-pan, and the jointing of the serpentin to increase the leverage. The matchlock was in use for about two centuries, in spite of the cumbersome nature of the weapon, the slow rate of its discharge, the trouble involved in keeping the match alight during boisterous or rainy weather, and the heavy rest for holding it when loading and taking aim. The greatest merit was undoubtedly its simplicity and cheapness. The arquebus shown in Plate XXVII., p. 322, is of the sixteenth century, time of James VI., and is in the Edinburgh Museum. The figure of an arquebusier may be discerned in Plate VIII., p. 64, under the horse’s head of the Bayard figure. The arquebus is seen poised upon its rest with a piece of loose tow hanging from the barrel; the arquebusier is in the act of taking aim, and is accoutred in seventeenth century military dress. In Plate XXXIX. a wall arquebus is shown from the Rotunda, which is nearly 9 feet in length and weighs 87 lbs. It is fitted with a tube sight and an arrangement for pivoting in an iron socket upon a wall or in an embrasure. Its calibre is 1.3 inches. These pieces were at times carried into the field and required three men to manipulate them.

_The Wheel-lock._--The great difficulty experienced in keeping the match alight resulted in the invention of the wheel-lock in the earlier part of the sixteenth century at Nuremberg, and its introduction into England about 1540. The mechanism consisted of a wheel serrated at the edge which protruded into the priming pan, and was fixed by its axle to the lock plate (Plate XLI.). This axle was made square upon the outside for a key, while at the other end a strong spring engaged with it; by winding it the spring was compressed and held in place by a catch. The lock held a piece of pyrites, and when it was depressed rested in the priming pan, which had a removable cover; upon the trigger being pulled the spring caused the wheel to revolve quickly, whereby its file-like edges struck sparks of fire from the pyrites with which it was in contact and thus ignited the powder. For the cavalry and also for sporting purposes the wheel-lock was in use for many years, but its cost precluded a general introduction among the infantry. A high degree of ornamentation was lavished upon many of these weapons; examples may be readily found in all museums of importance.

_The Snap-hance._--This variety of lock was invented in Holland or Germany about 1550, and from the simplicity and ease with which it was made and the consequent cheapness of production, rapidly came into favour in England and on the Continent. It is said to have been evolved by a body of Dutch poultry stealers (Snaphans), who could not use the matchlock because of the light entailed, or the wheel-lock because of the expense, and thereupon devised the snap-hance, little dreaming that the invention would become so popular. The wheel-lock was superseded by a hammer which struck upon a piece of sulphurous pyrites; the flash-pan was the same, but the cover was actuated by a spring and flew back when the hammer descended, thus allowing a free passage for the shower of sparks.

_The Flint-lock._--The snap-hance was undoubtedly the intermediate weapon between the wheel-lock and flint-lock. The latter may be claimed as an English invention, as a specimen occurs in the Tower having the date 1614 upon it, the date generally assigned for its introduction being 1630 according to continental records. The knowledge that fire could be produced by striking flint upon steel was well known to the ancients. In the flint-lock the fall of the hammer containing the flint was made to open the flash-pan and at the same time to strike sparks from its cover. The earlier kinds had all the mechanism upon the outside of the lock, but subsequently it was hidden, and a tumbler connected the mainspring with the hammer. Highly decorated examples of the flint-lock are common, especially those of Italian and Spanish origin (Plate XLI.*). The weapon did not come into extensive use in England until the second half of the seventeenth century, but it eventually superseded all others, and was adapted for every kind of firearm, both military and civil, and remained in use until the advent of the percussion cap about 1830.

Pistols underwent the same variations as the larger weapon, but these were often combined, being fixed in shields, battle-axes, pole-axes, daggers, halberds, &c.

The subject of this chapter is an extremely wide one, and an attempt to cover it completely in the pages of this work has not been attempted; the broad facts given here may, however, be acceptable to the general reader.

FOOTNOTES

[1] From “Projectile-throwing Engines of the Ancients,” by Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey, Bart., by kind permission of the author, to whose work I am indebted for several particulars in this chapter.

[2] The Royal Armoury at Madrid is undoubtedly the finest collection of its kind in the world. It was founded by King Charles V., 1516-1568, and in addition to Spanish armour and arms contains magnificent examples of the works of the greatest armourers of Europe. By the kindness and courtesy of Mr. Albert F. Calvert, author of “Spanish Arms and Armour, being a Historical and Descriptive Account of the Royal Armoury at Madrid,” we are enabled to produce illustrations of many of the exhibits from photographs supplied by him. These illustrations are distinguished by an asterisk (Plate I.*, &c.).

INDEX

Ailette, 101
” circular, 109, 110
” introduction of, 97
” lozenge-shaped, 103
” of Henry de Beaumont, 102
” of Gilbert de Clare, 103
” of John de Warenne, 102
” use of, 105

Album, Jacobi, 294

Albyn, Robert, brass of, 190

Allecret, 307

Almayne corselets, 305
” rivets, 282, 305

Almeric, Lord St. Amand, bascinet of, 151
” ” ” chapelle-de-fer of, 151
” ” ” mentonnière of, 151

Amand, Lord St., 161

Angon, Frankish, 44

Anelace, 252, 334

Anton Pfeffenhauser, 357

Arbalest, 93

Arbalestier, 126
” at Rotunda (Plate 40, p. 366), 132

Archer, Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 122
” Surcoatless Period, 209

Archers, English, 255
” Etruscan, 35
” Half Armour Period, 318

Archer’s stake, 209

Archery, 124, 130

Argentine, Sir John de, 189

Armet, 221

Arm defences, Tabard Period, 225

Armour, Burgundy Cross, 355
” Charles V. (Plates 30 and 33, pp. 340, 352), 353
” upon coinage, 161
” decorated, 292
” Edinburgh Castle (Plate 24, p. 312), 306
” Edinburgh Castle (Plate 25, p. 316), 316
” English, 352
” ” and foreign compared, 350
” Flemish (Plate 23, p. 268), 357
” foot, 358
” fluted, 277
” Frankish, 45
” German (Pl. 21, p. 236), 353, 356
” German influence upon, 349
” Gothic, 353
” horse, 354
” for Infante (Philip III.), (Plate 18, p. 196), 357
” influence of gunpowder upon, 360
” Italian, 355
” ” influence upon, 349
” lancers’ (Plate 25, p. 316), 316
” Maximilian, 278
” Milanese (Plate 21, p. 236), 355, 357
” Milanese, of King Philip IV. (Plate 35, p. 356), 358
” Norman, 67
” from Pamplona (Plate 22, p. 240), 357
” by Picinino (Pl. 19, p. 212), 357
” Roman Republican, 36
” Savoy, Duke of (Plate 36, p. 358), 358
” King Sebastian (Plate 20, p. 232), 356
” slashed, 291
” tegulated, 74
” tilting, 233

Armourers’ Hall, 294
” ” gauntlet, 298

Arms, towns renowned for, 359

Arquebus, 306, 367
” wall (Plate 39, p. 364), 368

Arquebusier, 260, 315
” Maximilian, 30

Arrow-heads, 4
” bronze, 16
” Saxon, 55

Assyrians, the, 20

Artilleryman, 365

Audley, Lord, brass of, 269

Augsburg armour (Plate 30, p. 340), 353
” Colman family of, 353

Axe, Danish, 64
” Edinburgh Castle (Plate 27, p. 322), 322
” Saxon, 53

Bacon, Sir -- de, brass of, 118

Balista, 343

Bamberg, effigy at, 169

Banded mail, 70, 134
” construction of (Plate 14, p. 136), 134
” introduction of, 97

Banner, 110

Banneret, knight, 110

Barbute, 172

Bardiche, 210

Bardwell, William, brass of, 270

Bascinet (British Museum MSS.), 150, 153, 172, 173, 209
” Lord St. Amand, 151
” Thomas de Beauchamp, 150
” Sir William Burgate, 174
” Camail and Jupon Period, 170
” Sir John de Creke, 142
” Cyclas Period, 142
” Parham Park, 171
” St. Albans, Camail and Jupon Period, 170
” Sir Humphrey de Stafford, 216
” Studded and Splinted Period, 149
” Surcoatless Period, 195, 208
” Tower of London, 171
” Ulrich Landschaden, 173
” Wallace Collection, 171

Baselard, 338

Bases or lamboys, 289

Basket-hilted sword, 337

Bastard sword, 197, 261

Battle-axes, 8

Bavière (British Museum MSS.), 208, 266
” Surcoatless Period, 195
” Tabard Period, 220

Bayard, Chevalier, armour of (Plate 8, p. 64), 272

Bayeux Tapestry, 65, 67

Bear’s-paw sabbatons, 280

Beauchamp Chapel, 244
” Richard de, 211
” ” effigy of, 244
” Thomas, Earl of Warwick, 160
” Thomas de, bascinet, 150

Belt, bronze, Greek, 31

Berkeley, Lord, 169

Bifid beard, Saxon, 62

Bill (Plate 27, p. 322), 328

Billman (British Museum MS.), 205
” Surcoatless Period, 204

Bipennis, 54, 80

Bitton, Sir John de, 87

Black Prince, heaume of, 184

Bœotian helmet, 29

Bohun, Humphrey de, crest of, 116

Bolts or quarrels, 133

Bombard, the Creçy (Plate 40, p. 366), 363

Bombards, 307, 362

Bothe, Sir Robert del, brass of, 249

Bouche, 253

Bourdonass lance, 311

Bow, Assyrian, 22
” Egyptian, 23
” Greek, 26, 32
” Norman, 66

Bowman, 255

Bracer, 209, 319

Brass at Croft, 118

Brass of Robert Albyn, 190
” Sir John d’Aubernoun, 97, 144
” Lord Audley, 269
” Sir -- de Bacon, 118
” William Bardwell, 270
” Sir Robert del Bothe, 249
” Sir Thomas Braunston, 190
” Humphrey Brewster, 301
” Sir Robert de Bures, 116
” Lord Robert Ferrers of Chartley, 199
” Sir William Cheyne, 157
” Robert Colt, 230, 248
” John Colt, 270
” John Daundelion, 247
” Sir William de Echingham, 176
” Lord L’Estrange, 270
” Sir Simon de Felbrygge, 199
” Sir -- de Fitzralph, 118
” John Gaynesford, 247
” Henry Green, 250
” Walter Green, 247
” Sir Thomas Grene, 250
” Sir Anthony de Grey, 230, 252
” Richard Gyll, 270
” Sir John Hanley, 190
” Sir Robert Harcourt, 230
” Sir John de Harpedon, 217
” Sir Hugh Hastings, 150, 158
” Sir Ralph de Knevynton, 169
” Knight at Laughton, 193
” Sir John de Leventhorpe, 201
” Sir John Lysle, 201
” Sir John de Northwode, 144
” Henry Parice, 230, 248
” Sir John Peryent, 229
” Sir John de St. Quintin, 190
” Sir Thomas de St. Quintin, 200, 244
” Sir John Say, 252
” Sir Robert de Septvans, 117
” Edward Stafford, 269
” Sir Humphrey Stanley, 271
” Sir Miles de Stapleton, 157, 188, 227
” Sir Robert Staunton, 229, 248
” Sir Roger de Trumpington, 99
” Sir John Wylcotes, 192

Brassarts, demi-, 118
” Jacobi, 297
” Transition Period, 269

Brayette, 284

Breastplate (British Museum MS.), 168
” Burgundian, 358
” Camail and Jupon Period, 168
” Cyclas Period, 140
” Globose, 242
” Jacobi, 296
” long form of, 250
” Maximilian, 282
” peascod, 283
” Studded and Splinted Period, 148
” Surcoatless Period, 195
” Tabard Period, 223
” Transition Period, 267
” (Tower of London), 225

Brigandines, construction of, 263

Bronze Age, 9
” arrow-heads of, 16
” daggers of, 11
” mace of, 19
” shields of, 17
” spear of, 14
” sword of, 12, 19

Bronze gun, Dardanelles, 363

Brown bill, 328

Bufe, 279

Bures, Sir Robert de, brass of (Plate 11, p. 116), 116

Burgate, Sir William, bascinet of, 174

Burgonet, 28
” Hatfield House, 307

“Burgundenses,” 262

Burgundian breastplate, 358

Burgundy cross armour (Plate 31, p. 346), 355

Byrnie, Saxon, 58

Cabasset (Plate 26, p. 318), 304

Caliver, 306, 316

Calthorpe, Sir William, 201

Camail and Jupon Period, 166, 174
” ” ” bascinet, 170
” ” ” bascinet, St. Albans, 170
” ” ” gauntlets, 178
” ” ” hauberk, 169
” ” ” heaume of, 183
” ” ” hip belt, 180
” ” ” laminated epaulières, 177
” ” ” leg armour, 180
” ” ” misericorde, 182
” ” ” plate defences, 177
” ” ” shield, 183
” ” ” sword, 181
” ” ” visor, 171

Cannon, construction of, 364
” Dardanelles (Plate 38, p. 362), 363
” at Ghent, 363
” Madrid (Plate 37, p. 360), 365
” at Mont St. Michael, 363
” names of, 364
” at Rotunda, 364

Cannonier, 262, 306, 363

_Cap-à-pie_ suit, Tower of London, 240
” ” Wallace Collection, 242

Carabine, 306

Carbineer, half armour of, 316

Catapult, 342

Cavalry, Half Armour Period, 315
” Maximilian Period, 307

Celts, bronze, 9
” Egyptian, 7
” origin of name, 2
” pronunciation of, 2
” Palæolithic and Neolithic, 3

Chain mail, 84
” fabrication of, 86
” Period, 81
” Reinforced Period, 97
” ” ” archer, 122
” ” ” guige, 99
” ” ” heaume, 101
” ” ” soldier, 121
” ” ” sword, 98
” Saxon, 60

Chanfron (Plate 34, p. 354), 354

Chapelle-de-fer, 259
” ” of Lord St. Amand, 151

Charles V., equestrian suit of, 354
” Negroli armour (Plate 10, p. 80), 355

Chausses, 98
” Norman, 76
” Studded and Splinted Period, 149

Cheney, Sir John, genouillière of, 272

Chevalier Bayard, armour of, 272

Cheyne, Sir Thomas, 189
” Sir William, 157, 189

Cinquedea, 334

Claymore, 337

Clehongre, effigy at, 145

Club tournament, 312

Cobham, Sir Reginald de, orle of, 187
” Sir John de, 190

Coif-de-mailles, 98
” ” fixing of, 105

Coif, Norman, 73

Coinage, armour upon, 161

Colt, John, brass of, 270
” Robert, brass of, 230, 248
” Thomas, pauldron of, 228

Collections, foreign armour in, 350
” German suits in, 350

Colman, Desiderius, foot armour (Plate 12, p. 128), 356
” family at Augsburg, 353

Composition of gunpowder, 361

Construction of early cannon, 361

Contoise, 101, 186, 237

Continental equipment, 351
” and English equipment, 352

Coronal, 238
” lance head, 311

Corporation mace, 331

Corselets, almayne, 305

Coudières, 118
” butterfly, 244
” fan-shaped, 201
” of Thomas Playters, 229
” Studded and Splinted Period, 155
” fan-shaped, Surcoatless Period, 196
” Tabard Period, 228
” Wallace Collection, 229

Courses, 308

Courtney, Edward, panache of, 187

Crakeys, 361

Cray, John, misericorde of, 182

Creçy bombard, 363

Creke, Sir John de, bascinet of, 142

Crest, Humphrey de Bohun, 116
” Richard Fitzalan, 116
” introduction of, 90
” John de Warenne, 116

Crests, 97, 115, 186

Crinet, 354

Cross-bow, 126
” barrelled, 133
” à Galet, 133
” goat’s foot, or hind’s foot, 131
” hand, 131
” missiles, 133
” moulinet and pulleys, 132
” wheel and ratchet, 132

Cross-legged effigies, 99

Cuirass, 30
” Etruscan, 34
” Greek, 24
” Roman Imperial, 39
” Roman Republican, 36, 37

Cuirassier, Half Armour Period, 315

Cuir-bouilli, 98

Cuishes, 309

Cuissarts, Transition Period, 269

Cuisses, Maximilian Period, 284

Culette, 291

Cultellus, 79, 334

Culverin, hand, 367

Cumæ, 29

Cyclas Period, 139, 141
” soldier of, 144
” sword, 144

Dag, 308

Dagger, 338
” bronze, 11
” kidney, 339
” main-gauche, 339
” Norman, 79
” Saxon, 54
” thumb-guard, 339

Daggers, 6

Dagging, 168

Dardanelles bronze gun (Plate 38, p. 362), 363

Danes, 63

Danes and Saxons, 47

Danish axe, 64
” helmet, 63
” shield, 64
” spear, 64
” sword, 64

Das Deutsche Stechen, 238, 308

d’Aubernoun, Sir John, brass of, 97, 144

Daundelion, John, brass of, 247

Decorated armour, 292

Defences, not plate, 71

Demi-placcate (British Museum MS.), 225
” Tabard Period, 223

d’Eresby brass, 192
” orle, 187

Despencer, Hugh de, 160

Dragon, 308
” Half Armour Period, 316

Dunbar, Patrick, heaume of, 113

Early cannon, construction of, 361

Early projectiles, 362

Echingham, Sir W. de, brass of, 176

Edinburgh Castle, armour in (Plate 24, p. 312), 306

Edward III., 160

Edward, Prince of Wales, heaume of, 116

Effigies, cross-legged, 99

Effigy, Bamberg Cathedral, 196
” Richard Beauchamp, 244
” Clehongre, 145
” Prince John of Eltham, 145
” from tomb of Lady Eleanor Fitzalan, 153
” Sir Robert Shurland, 141
” Aymer de Valence, 143
” Sir John Verney, 247
” Sir Thomas Vernon, 246

Egyptians, 22

Engines, projectile-throwing, 340

English archers, 255
” armour, 352
” and Continental equipment, 352

Épaule de mouton, 237, 286

Epaulières, laminated, Camail and Jupon Period, 177, 196
” ” Tabard Period, 226

Equestrian suit, Charles V., 354
” ” Wallace Collection, 241

Equipment, continental, 351

Espalier pauldrons, 239

Etruscans, 33

Falarica, 343

Falchion, 334

Falcon, 307

Fauchard, 210, 320

Felbrygge, Sir Simon de, brass of, 199

Ferrara suit, 300

Ferrars, Robert de, heaume of, 112
” of Chartley, Lord R., brass of, 199

Fire-pot, 261

Fitzalan, Lady Eleanor, effigies from tomb of, 152

Fitzalan, Richard, crest of, 116

Fitzralph, Sir -- de, brass of, 118

Flail, military, 329

Flamberge, 337

Flemish armour (Plate 23, p. 268), 357

Flint-lock, 369

Fluted armour, 277

Foot armour, 287, 288, 358
” soldier (British Museum MSS.), 206, 207
” ” Surcoatless Period, 204
” tournaments, 312

Forbidden gauntlet, 356
” ” Armourers’ Hall and Tower of London, 298

Foreign armour in collections, 350

Foreign armour and tournaments, 350

Fork, military, 326
” scaling (Plate 27, p. 322), 326

Francisca, Frankish, 43

Franks, 43

Free Course, 286, 312

Fustibal or staff-sling, 134

Fylfote, 99

Fynderne, William, tabard of, 215

Gadlings, 179

Gambeson, 67
” Cyclas Period, 141
” Surcoatless Period, 196

Gammadion, 99

Garde-de-bras, 229, 237, 287

Garde-de-rein, 241, 279, 282

Gauntlet, Armourers’ Hall, 298
” Camail and Jupon Period, 178
” Charles V. (Plate 32, p. 348), 354
” forbidden, 356
” Jacobi, 298
” mail, 107
” shell, 253
” Surcoatless Period, 196

Gaynesford, John, brass of, 247

Genouillière, Jacobi, 297
” of Sir Roger le Strange, 272
” Wallace Collection, 231

Genouillières (British Museum MSS.), 156, 232
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 98
” of Sir John Cheney, 272
” Studded and Splinted Period, 155, 156
” Tabard Period, 232

Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, crest of, 90

Gerard, Piers, sabbatons of, 232
” ” tabard of, 215

German armour (Plate 21, p. 236), 353, 356
” Course, 308
” suits in collections, 350

Ghent, cannon at, 363

Gilbert de Clare, ailettes of, 103

Glaives (Plate 27, p. 322), 328

Goedendag, 330

Gorget, Jacobi, 296
” Maximilian Period, 280
” Surcoatless Period, 194, 212
” Transition Period, 267

Gothic armour, Wallace Collection, 239
” style, 242
” suits, 353

Goussets, laminated, 239
” plate, 225, 267

Grande-garde, 285

Greaves, Greek, 25, 30, 31

Greek engines, 341
” fire, 261, 360
” historic age, 24, 27
” lance, 27
” phalanx, 27

Green, Henry, brass of, 250
” Walter, brass of, 247

Grene, Sir Thomas, brass of, 250

Grevières or jambarts, Studded and Splinted Period, 157

Grey, Sir Anthony de, brass of, 230, 252

Grey of Ruthin, Lord, 160

Gridiron helmet, 312

Guard-plate to knee, 250

Guige, 78, 238
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 99

Guisarme, 210, 320
” Norman, 79

Gunpowder, composition of, 361
” influence on armour, 360
” introduction of, 27

Gyll, Richard, brass of, 270

Gyn, 345

Half Armour Period, 313
” ” archers, 318
” ” arquebusier, 315
” ” carbineer, 316
” ” cavalry, 315
” ” cuirassier, 315
” ” dragoon, 316
” ” helmet, 313
” ” musketeer, 317
” ” pikeman, 316
” ” three-quarter suit, 314

Halberd, Edinburgh Castle (Plate 27, p. 323), 323

Hand-and-a-half sword, 197

Hand culverin, 367
” guns, 365
” gun man, 261, 262
” gun men, Burgundian, 262

Hanley, Sir John, brass of, 190

Haqueton, 117
” Cyclas Period, 139

Harcourt, Sir Robert, brass of, 230

Harpedon, Sir John de, brass of, 217

Hastings, Sir Hugh, brass of, 150
” Sir Hugh, heaume of, 154
” Lawrence, 160

Hatfield House, burgonet, 307
” ” helmet, 300
” ” sabbatons, 305

Hauberk, 98
” Camail and Jupon Period, 169
” Cyclas Period, 140
” Norman Period, 73
” Studded and Splinted Period, 147
” Surcoatless Period, 196

Hausse-col, 252

Haut-de-chausses, Studded and Splinted Period, 156

Hawberk, Sir Nicholas, 169

Head-piece (British Museum MS.), 206

Heaume, 81
” Berlin, 91
” Black Prince (Plate 17), 184
” the Brocas (Plate 39, p. 364), 274
” Roger de Bigod, 82
” Camail and Jupon Period, 183
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 101, 112
” Richard de Clare, 83
” Cœur de Lion, 91
” conical, introduction of, 97
” Patrick Dunbar, 113
” Hugh Fitz-Eudo, 82
” Edward, Prince of Wales, 116
” Robert de Ferrars, 112
” Hamelin, 83
” Sir Hugh Hastings, 154
” Henry de Lacy, 115
” Painted, at Leipzic, 82
” Sir Geoffrey Luterell, 154
” Henry de Perci, 115
” Pembridge, 185
” Richard Plantagenet, 112
” Pranker, 187
” Rotunda (Plate 39, p. 364), 185
” Sir William de Staunton, 101
” Tower of London, 273
” Sir Edward de Thorpe, 187
” Tilting, 235
” Various, 274
” Hugh de Vere, 83
” The Wallace, 273

Helmet, Assyrian, 21
” Cabasset, 304
” Danish, 63
” Egyptian, 23
” Etruscan, 33
” Greek, 24, 28
” Gridiron, 312
” Grotesque, 292
” Half Armour Period, 313
” Hatfield House, 300
” Jacobi, 295
” latticed, 312
” Maximilian Period, 280
” morion, 304
” nasal, 112
” Norman, 78
” of Philip II. by Wolf (Plate 16, p. 166), 356
” Roman Imperial, 39
” ” Republican, 37
” Saxon, 56
” Tabard Period, 216
” Transition Period, 265

Henry de Beaumont, ailettes of, 102

Henri de Perci, banner of, 111

Heraldry, beginning of, 89

Hip belt, Camail and Jupon Period, 180
” ” Surcoatless Period, 196

Hog’s bristle, 318

Holy water sprinkler, 329

Horse armour, 354

Houppelande, 207, 259

Huskyn, 319

Imperial Period, Roman armour, 37

Infantry, Maximilian Period, 301

Italian armour, 355
” Course, 238, 286, 310

Jacobi brassarts, 297
” breastplate, 296
” gauntlets, 298
” genouillière, 297
” gorget, 296
” jambarts, 297
” pauldrons, 297
” sabbatons, 297
” suits, 294
” taces, 296
” turners, 297

Jacque, 204, 262

Jambarts, demi-, 118
” Jacobi, 297

Javelin, 4, 31, 263

Jazeraint work, 264

John de Warenne, ailettes of, 102

Joustes of Peace, 238

Jupon, Camail and Jupon Period, 167

Kidney dagger, 339
” guard, 282

King Sebastian, armour, 356

Knevynton, Sir Ralph de, 188
” ” brass of, 169

Knighthood, 111

Knight, Transition Period, 271

Lacy, Henry de, heaume, 115

Lambrequins, 31, 237

Lamboys or bases, 289

Laminated goussets, 239

Lancaster, Henry, Earl of, 160

Lance, 99, 332
” Assyrian, 22
” Bourdonass, 311
” Frankish, 44
” Greek, 26

Lance head, coronal, 311
” Norman, 65
” rest, 233

Landschaden, Ulrich, bascinet of, 173

Landschut, Wolf, family of, 355

Latimer, Sir W. de, panache of, 186

Latten, 242

Latticed helmet, 312

Laughton, knight at, brass of, 193

Leg armour, Camail and Jupon Period, 180

Leg defence, leather, 109

Leg defences, Tabard Period, 231

L’Estrange, Lord, brass of, 270

Leventhorpe, Sir John de, brass of, 201

Littlebury, Sir Humphrey, 189

Lobster-tail tassets, 307

Long-bow, Saxon, 55

Lucio Picinino, 357

Ludwig of Bavaria, Duke, salade of, 220

Luterell, Sir Geoffrey, heaume of, 154

Lysle, Sir John, brass of, 201

Mace, 329
” Assyrian, 22
” Bronze Age, 19
” Corporation, 331
” Norman, 67
” Saxon, 67
” used by ecclesiastics, 331

Madrid, Royal Armoury at, 353

Mail, banded, 134
” gauntlet, 107
” skirt, 240

Main-de-fer, 237

Mainfaire, 355

Main-gauche, 339

Malacat, Sir Pandulf, 212

Mammelières, 204, 261

Man-at-arms, Chain Mail Period, 95
” Surcoatless Period, 203

Mangonel, 346

Manifere, 237

Manteau d’armes, 286, 311

Mantling, 237

Martel-de-fer, 331

Matchlock, 367
” drill, 318

Maule, 319

Maunche, 159

Maximilian armour, 278
” breastplate, 282
” cavalry, 307
” cuisses, 284
” gorget, 280
” infantry, 301
” pauldrons, 283
” Period, 275
” pikeman, 303

Mentonnière, of Lord St. Amand, 151
” Tabard Period, 219
” Wallace Collection, 221

Milanese armour (Plate 21, p. 236), 355, 357

Military flail, 329
” fork, 326
” pick, 79

Misericorde, 252
” Camail and Jupon Period, 182
” John Cray, 182
” Surcoatless Period, 197

Missaglias, 244

Mons Meg, 363

Mont St. Michael, cannon at, 363

Morgensterns, 330

Morion, 304

Morning star, 329

Musketeer, Half Armour Period, 317

Names of cannon, 364

Nasal, Norman, 78

Negroli family, 355

Neville, Richard, 253

Norman armour, 67
” bow, 66
” chausses, 76
” coif, 73
” hauberk, 73
” helmet, 78
” lance, 65
” mace, 67
” nasal, 78
” pennon, 65
” period, 65

Norman shield, 77
” sword, 66

Northwode, Sir John de, brass of, 144

Occularium, 218, 222

Open Course, 238

Orle, 187, 246
” Sir Reginald de Cobham, 187
” d’Eresby, 187

Palette, 196, 237

Paletoot, Sir John de, 189

Pamplona armour (Plate 21, p. 240), 357

Panache, 186
” Edward Courteney, 187
” Sir William de Latimer, 186

Parazonium, Greek, 32

Parice, Henry, brass of, 230, 248

Partisan, 210, 324

Pas d’ane, 336

Passe gardes, 227

Patron, 308

Pauldrons, 237
” Thomas Colt, 228
” espalier, 229
” Jacobi, 297
” laminated, Tabard Period, 227
” Maximilian, 283
” Tabard Period, 227
” Transition Period, 268
” Wallace Collection, 228
” William Yelverton, 228

Pavise, 257
” (British Museum MS.), 258
” Wallace Collection, 257

Pavon, 110, 111

Peascod breastplate, 283

Pembridge, Sir Richard, shield of, 183
” heaume, 185

Pennon, 110
” Norman, 65

Pennonçel, 110

Perci, Henry de, heaume of, 115

Perrier, 345

Peryent, Sir John, brass of, 229

Petardier, 261

Peterara (Plate 39, p. 364), 365

Petrary, 346

Petronel, 306

Pfeffenhauser, Anton, 357

Philip III. armour (Plate 18, p. 196; Plate 19, p. 212;
Plate 22, p. 240), 357

Picinino, Lucio (Plate 19, p. 212), 300, 357

Pike, 210, 324
” guards, 227, 244, 268

Pikeman, Half Armour Period (Plate 24, p. 312), 316
” Maximilian Period, 303
” Surcoatless Period, 204

Pilum, Roman (Imperial), 40

Pistols, 370

Plantagenet, Richard, heaume of, 112

Plastron-de-fer, Norman, 73

Plate defences, Camail and Jupon Period, 177
” goussets, 225

Playters, Thomas, coudière of, 229

Polder mitten, 237, 286

Pole-axe, 210, 240, 321
” Saxon, 54

Poniard, 338

Pot-de-fer, 260

Pourpoint, 155

Pranker heaume, 187

Pre-Norman Period, sword of, 333

Projectile-throwing engines, 340
” early, 362

Pryck spurs, 99

Quarrels or bolts, 133

Queue, Tower of London, 236
” Wallace Collection, 236

Quintin, Sir John de St., 190, 199
” Sir Thomas de St., brass of, 200
” Thomas de St., brass of, 244

Quiver, 209
” Greek, 33

Ranseur (Plate 27, p. 322), 324

Rapier, 336

Rhodes armour (Plate 9, p. 72), 253

Ricasso, 337

Richard III., 253

Rivets, almayne, 305

Roman armour, Republican, 36
” ” Imperial Period, 37
” engines, 341

Rondache, Augsburg (Plate 4, p. 40), 299
” Desiderius Colman (Plate 3, p. 32), 299
” Italian (Plate 1, p. 16), 299
” ” (Plate 5, p. 48), 299
” ” (Plate 6, p. 56), 299
” Philip II. (Plate 2, p. 24), 299

Rondaches, 298

Rotunda, 253
” cannon at, 364
” heaume, 185

Roundels, 118

Royal Armoury, Madrid, 353

Sabbaton, 232

Sabbatons, bear’s-paw, 280
” of Piers Gerard, 232
” Hatfield House, 305
” Jacobi, 297
” Transition Period, 269

Sabre, 334

Salade, 217, 260
” on brasses, 248
” of Duke Ludvig of Bavaria, 220
” of German pattern, 220
” Maximilian Period, 281
” Milanese (Plate 7, p. 60), 355
” Tower of London, 219
” Wallace Collection, 219

Salletts, 218

Saxon arrow-head, 55
” axe, 53
” byrnie, 58
” chain mail, 60
” dagger, 54
” helmet, 56
” long-bow, 55
” pole-axe, 54
” shield, 57
” sling, 55
” spear-heads, 49
” swords, 50

Saxon umbo, 57

Saxons and Danes, 47

Say, Sir John, brass of, 252
” ” ” tabard of, 215

Scaling fork, 326

Scarisbrick Tabard, 216

Scimitar, 209, 335

Sebastian, King, armour of (Plate 20, p. 232), 356

Septvans, Sir Robert de, brass of, 117

Serpentin, 307, 367

Sharfrennen, 309

Shell gauntlets, 253

Shelton, Sir Ralph, tabard of, 215

Shield, Assyrian, 21
” Bronze Age, 17
” (British Museum MS.), 203
” Camail and Jupon Period, 92
” Danish, 64
” Egyptian, 23
” Etruscan, 35
” Greek, 25, 28
” Norman, 77
” Roman, Imperial Period, 39
” Saxon, 57
” Sir Richard Pembridge, 183
” Studded and Splinted Period, 157
” Surcoatless Period, 203
” of Robert Wyvill, 183

Shields or rondaches, 298

Shurland, Sir Robert, effigy of, 141

Sieges, 340

Sir John de Bitton, 87

Sir Oliver d’Ingham, stone effigy, 100

Sir Roger de Kerdeston, stone effigy, 100

Sir Robert de Trumpington, brass of, 99

Sir William de Staunton, heaume, 101

Skirt of mail, Transition Period, 269

Slab, Sir John de Bitton, 87

Slashed armour, 291

Sling, Saxon, 55

Sling-stones, 7

Snap-hance, 369

Snout-faced visor, 171

Soldier, Cyclas Period, 144
” Chain Mail Period, 93
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 121

Sollerets, 120
” studded and splinted, 157

Spanish soldiers, eleventh century, 351

Spear, bronze, 14
” Danish, 64
” Egyptian, 23
” heads, 4
” ” Greek, 32
” ” Saxon, 49
” Roman Imperial, 40
” Saxon, 48

Spearman (British Museum MS.), 207
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 96

Spetum, 324

Spontoon, 326

Sprinkler, holy water, 329

Spurs, 242
” pryck, 99

Stafford, Lord, 160
” Edward, brass of, 269
” Sir Humphrey de, bascinet of, 216

Staff-sling or fustibal, 94, 134

Stake, archer’s, 209

Standard of mail, Transition Period, 221, 267

Stanley, Sir Humphrey, brass of, 271

Stapleton, Sir Miles, 189
” ” ” brass of, 157, 188, 227

Staunton, Sir Robert, brass of, 229, 248

Stechtarsche, 238

Stone Age, 1
” arrow and javelin heads, 4
” battle-axes, 8
” celts, 2
” daggers, 6
” sling-stones, 7
” spear-heads, 4

Stone effigy, Sir Oliver d’Ingham, 100
” Sir R. de Kerdeston, 100

Strange, Sir Roger le, genouillière of, 272

Studded and Splinted Period, 146

Suits, Jacobi, 294

Surcoat, 98
” Chain Mail Period, 88

Surcoat or jupon, Studded and Splinted Period, 147

Surcoatless Period, 194
” ” archer, 209
” ” bascinet, 195, 208
” ” bavière, 195
” ” billman, 204
” ” breastplate, 195
” ” fan-shaped coudières, 196
” ” foot soldier, 204
” ” gambeson, 196
” ” gauntlets, 196
” ” gorget, 194, 212
” ” hauberk, 196
” ” hip belt, 196
” ” man-at-arms, 203
” ” misericorde, 197
” ” pikeman, 204
” ” shield, 203
” ” sword, 197
” ” taces, 195

Svastika, 99

Swedish feather, 318

Swine’s feather, 318

Sword, 252, 332
” anelace, 334
” Assyrian, 21
” bastard, 261, 338
” basket-hilted, 337
” bronze, 12, 19
” Camail and Jupon Period, 181
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 98
” Cinquedea, 334
” Cortes (Plate 29, p. 338), 335
” cultellus, 334
” Cyclas Period, 144
” Danish, 64
” Egyptian, 23
” Falchion, 334
” Flamberge, 337
” Frankish, 45
” Gonsalvo de Cordoba (Plate 29, p. 338), 335
” guards of, 335
” Greek, 25, 28
” Norman, 66
” Pre-Norman Period, 333
” Roman Imperial, 40
” Philip II. (Plate 28, p. 334; Plate 29, p. 338), 335
” sabre, 334
” Saxon, 50
” scimitar, 335
” Surcoatless Period, 197
” Tabard Period, 232
” thumb-guard, 336
” two-handed, 255, 336

Swynborne, Sir Robert, brass of, 170

Tabard, William Fynderne, 215
” Piers Gerard, 215
” Period, 213, 214
” ” arm defences, 225
” ” bavière, 220
” ” breastplate, 223
” ” coudières, 228
” ” demi-placcate, 223
” ” genouillières, 232
” ” helmet, 216
” ” laminated epaulières, 226
” ” laminated pauldrons, 227
” ” leg defences, 231
” ” mentonnière, 219
” ” pauldrons, 227
” ” sword, 232
” ” taces, 229
” ” tuilles, 229
” ” tuillettes, 229
” Scarisbrick, 216
” Sir John Say, 215
” Sir Ralph Shelton, 215
” John Wantele, 215

Taces, Jacobi, 296
” Surcoatless Period, 195
” Tabard Period, 229

Tapul, 283

Tassets, 282
” lobster tail, 307

Tegulated armour, 74

Thorpe, Sir Edward de, heaume, 187

Three-quarter suit, Half Armour Period, 314

Thumb-guard, dagger, 339
” sword, 336

Tilting armour, 233
” ” German, 234
” ” Wallace Collection, 235
” heaume, 235
” pieces, 285

Tormentum, 342

Tournaments, 308
” and foreign armour, 350

Tower of London, Greek armour, 29

Towns renowned for arms, 359

Transition Period, 265
” ” brassarts, 269
” ” breastplate, 267
” ” cuissarts, 269
” ” gorget, 267
” ” helmet, 265
” ” knight, 271
” ” pauldrons, 268
” ” sabbatons, 269
” ” skirt of mail, 269
” ” standard of mail, 267

Trebuchet (British Museum MSS.), 344, 345, 346, 347

Trews, 117

Tuilles, Tabard Period, 229

Tuillettes, Tabard Period, 229

Tunic, Assyrian, 20
” Egyptian, 22

Turners, 254
” Jacobi, 297

Two-handed sword, 336

Über die Pallia, 238, 310

Umbo, Saxon, 57

Umbril, 307

Valence, Aymer de, effigy of, 143

Vamplate, 310
” Tower of London, 236

Vambraces, demi, 118
” Studded and Splinted Period, 155

Ventaille, 112

Verney, Sir John, effigy of, 247

Vernon, Sir Thomas, effigy of (Frontispiece), 246

Vervelles, 142, 176, 222

Visor, Camail and Jupon Period, 171

Volante piece, 285, 356

Voulge, 326

Wantele, John, tabard of, 215

Warenne, John de, crest of, 116

War hat, Wallace Collection, 152

Warwick Roll, 253

Welsches Gestech, 238

Wheel-lock, 367

Wolf family, 365
” Philip II., armour (Plate 13, p. 132), 356
” tilting armour (Plate 15, p. 146), 356

Wylcotes, Sir John, brass of, 102

Wyvill, Robert, shield, 183

Yelverton, William, pauldron of, 228

THE END

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