Chapter V (1)

Baleful Spirits of Storm--The Shower at the Magic
Fountain--Obstacles in the way of Treasure-Seekers--The Red
Lady of Paviland--The Fall of Coychurch Tower--Thunder and
Lightning evoked by Digging--The Treasure-Chest under Moel
Arthur in the Vale of Clwyd--Modern Credulity--The Cavern of
the Ravens--The Eagle-guarded Coffer of Castell
Coch--Sleeping Warriors as Treasure-Guarders--The Dragon
which St. Samson drove out of Wales--Dragons in the
Mabinogion--Whence came the Red Dragon of Wales?--The
Original Dragon of Mythology--Prototypes of the Welsh
Caverns and Treasure-Hills--The Goblins of Electricity.

I.

In the prominent part played by storm--torrents of rain, blinding lightning, deafening thunder--in legends of disturbed cromlechs, and other awful stones, is involved the ancient belief that these elements were themselves baleful spirits, which could be evoked by certain acts. They were in the service of fiends and fairies, and came at their bidding to avenge the intrusion of venturesome mortals, daring to meddle with sacred things. This fascinating superstition is preserved in numberless Welsh legends relating to hidden treasures, buried under cromlechs or rocky mounds, or in caverns. In the 'Mabinogion' it appears in the enchanted barrier to the Castle of the Lady of the Fountain. Under a certain tall tree in the midst of a wide valley there was a fountain, 'and by the side of the fountain a marble slab, and on the marble slab a silver bowl, attached by a chain of silver, so that it may not be carried away. Take the bowl and throw a bowlful of water on the slab,' says the black giant of the wood to Sir Kai, 'and thou wilt hear a mighty peal of thunder, so that thou wilt think that heaven and earth are trembling with its fury. With the thunder there will come a shower so severe that it will be scarce possible for thee to endure it and live. And the shower will be of hailstones; and after the shower the weather will become fair, but every leaf that was upon the tree will have been carried away by the shower.'[183] Of course the knight dares this awful obstacle, throws the bowlful of water upon the slab, receives the terrible storm upon his shield, and fights the knight who owned the fountain, on his coming forth. Sir Kai is worsted, and returns home to Arthur's court; whereupon Sir Owain takes up the contest. He sallies forth, evokes the storm, encounters the black knight, slays him, and becomes master of all that was his--his castle, his lands, his wife, and all his treasures.

The peasant of to-day who sets out in quest of hidden treasures evokes the avenging storm in like manner. Sometimes the treasure is in the ground, under a cromlech or a carn; he digs, and the thunder shakes the air, the lightnings flash, torrents descend, and he is frustrated in his search. Again, the treasure is in a cavern, guarded by a dragon, which belches forth fire upon him and scorches his eyeballs. Welsh folk-lore is full of legends of this character; and the curious way in which science and religion sometimes get mixed up with these superstitions is most suggestive--as in the cases of the falling of Coychurch tower, and the Red Lady of Paviland. The latter is the name given a skeleton found by Dr. Buckland in his exploration of the Paviland caves, the bones of which were stained by red oxide of iron. The vulgar belief is that the Red Lady was entombed in the cave by a storm while seeking treasure there--a legend the truth of which no one can dispute with authority, since the bones are certainly of a period contemporary with the Roman rule in this island. Coins of Constantine were found in the same earth, cemented with fragments of charcoal and bone ornaments. In the case of Coychurch tower, it undoubtedly fell because it was undermined by a contractor who had the job of removing certain defunct forefathers from their graves near its base. Some eighteen hundred skulls were taken from the ground and carted off to a hole on the east side of the church. But the country folk pooh-pooh the idea that the tower fell for any reason other than sheer indignation and horror at the disturbance of this hallowed ground by utilitarian pickaxe and spade. They call your attention to the fact that not only did the venerable tower come crashing down, after having stood for centuries erect, but that in falling it struck to the earth St. Crallo's cross--an upright stone in the churchyard as venerable as itself--breaking it all to pieces.

FOOTNOTE:

[183] 'Mabinogion,' 8.

II.

A hollow in the road near Caerau, in Cardiganshire, 'rings when any wheeled vehicle goes over it.' Early in this century, two men having been led to believe that there were treasures hidden there (for a fairy in the semblance of a gipsy had appeared and thrown out hints on the fascinating subject from time to time), made up their minds to dig for it. They dug accordingly until they came, by their solemn statement, to the oaken frame of a subterranean doorway; and feeling sure now, that they had serious work before them, prepared for the same by going to dinner. They had no sooner gone than a terrible storm arose; the rain fell in torrents, the thunder pealed and the lightning flashed. When they went back to their work, the hole they had digged was closed up; and nothing would convince them that this was done by any other than a supernatural agency. Moreover, but a little above the place where they were, there had been no rain at all.[184]

FOOTNOTE:

[184] 'Arch. Camb.' 3rd Se., ix., 306.

III.

There is a current belief among the peasants about Moel Arthur--a mountain overlooking the Vale of Clwyd--that treasure, concealed in an iron chest with a ring-handle to it, lies buried there. The place of concealment is often illuminated at night by a supernatural light. Several people thereabouts are known to have seen the light, and there are even men who will tell you that bold adventurers have so far succeeded as to grasp the handle of the iron chest, when an outburst of wild tempest wrested it from their hold and struck them senseless. Local tradition points out the place as the residence of an ancient prince, and as a spot charmed against the spade of the antiquary. 'Whoever digs there,' said an old woman in Welsh to some men going home from their work on this spot, after a drenching wet day, 'is always driven away by thunder and lightning and storm; you have been served like everybody else who has made the attempt.'

IV.

So prevalent are superstitions of this class even in the present day that cases get into the newspapers now and then. The 'Herald Cymraeg' of September 25, 1874, gave an account of some excavations made at Pant-y-Saer cromlech, Anglesea, by the instigation of John Jones of Llandudno, 'a brother of Isaac Jones, the present tenant of Pant-y-Saer,' at the time on a visit to the latter. The immediately exciting cause of the digging was a dream in which the dreamer was told that there was a pot of treasure buried within the cromlech's precincts. The result was the revelation of a large number of human bones, among them five lower jaws with the teeth sound; but no crochan aur (pitcher of gold) turned up, and the digging was abandoned in disgust. Is it credible that between this account and the following yawns the gulf of seven hundred years? Thus Giraldus: In the province of Kemeys, one of the seven cantrefs of Pembrokeshire, 'during the reign of King Henry I., a rich man who had a residence on the northern side of the Preseleu mountains was warned for three successive nights by dreams that if he put his hand under a stone which hung over the spring of a neighbouring well called the Fountain of St. Bernacus, he should find there a golden chain; obeying the admonition, on the third day he received from a viper a deadly wound in his finger; but as it appears that many treasures have been discovered through dreams, it seems to me probable that some ought and some ought not to be believed.'[185]

FOOTNOTE:

[185] Sir R. C. Hoare's Giraldus, 'Itin. Camb.' ii., 37.

V.

In a certain cavern in Glamorganshire, called the Ogof Cigfrain, or Cavern of the Ravens, is said to be a chest of gold, watched over by two birds of gloomy plumage, in a darkness so profound that nothing can be seen but the fire of their sleepless eyes. To go there with the purpose of disturbing them is to bring on a heaving and rolling of the ground, accompanied by thunder and lightning. A swaggering drover from Brecknockshire, though warned by a 'dark woman' that he had better not try it, sneered that 'a couple of ravens were a fine matter to be afraid of indeed!' and ventured into the cavern, with a long rope about his waist, and a lantern in his hand. Some men who accompanied him (seeing that he was bent on this rash and dangerous emprise,) held the coil of rope, and paid it out as he went further and further in. The result was prompt and simple: the sky cracked with loud bursts of thunder and flashes of lightning, and the drover roared with affright and rushed out of the dark cavern with his hair on end. No coaxing ever prevailed on him to reveal the terrible sights he had seen; when questioned he would only repeat in Welsh the advice of 'Punch' to those about to marry, viz., 'Peidiwch!'

VI.

In the legend of Castell Coch, instead of a raven it is a pair of huge eagles which watch the treasure. Castell Coch is an easy and pleasant two hours' walk from Cardiff Castle, with which it is vulgarly believed to be connected by a subterranean passage. A short time ago--well, to be precise, a hundred years ago, but that is no time at all in the history of Castell Coch, which was a crumbling ruin then as it is now[186]--in or about the year 1780, a reduced lady was allowed to fit up three or four rooms in the ruin as a residence, and to live there with two old servants of her house. One night this lady was awakened from her sleep to receive the visit of a venerable ghost in a full dress-suit of an earlier century, who distressed her by his troubled countenance and vexed her by his eccentric behaviour, for when she spoke to him from the depths of her nightcap he at once got through the wall. He came on subsequent nights so often, and frightened the servants so much by the noise he made--in getting through the wall, of course--that the lady gave up her strange abode, and was glad to pay house rent ever after in other parts. This old ghost was in the flesh proprietor of the castle, it appears, and during the civil wars buried an iron chest full of gold in the subterranean passage--which is still there, guarded by two large eagles. A party of gentlemen who somewhere about 1800 attempted to explore the passage saw the eagles, and were attacked by the birds of freedom so fiercely that they retreated in disorder. Subsequently they returned with pistols and shot the eagles, which resented this trifling impertinence by tearing the treasure-seekers in a shocking manner. After having recovered from their wounds, the determined Welshmen renewed the attack--this time with silver bullets, which they had got blessed by a good-natured priest. The bullets rattled harmlessly on the feathers of the terrible birds; the ground shook under foot; rain descended in torrents; with their great wings the eagles beat out the gold-hunters' torches, and they barely escaped with their lives.

FOOTNOTE:

[186] It is at present being entirely restored and made habitable by its owner, Lord Bute.

VII.

The shadowy Horror which keeps vigil over these hidden treasures is now a dragon, again a raven or an eagle, again a worm. In the account of the treasure-seeker of Nantyglyn, it is a winged creature of unknown nature, a 'mysterious incubus,' which broods over the chest in the cave. The terrible Crocodile of the Lake, which was drawn from its watery hiding-place by the Ychain Banog, or Prominent Oxen of Hu Gadarn, is also sometimes called a dragon (draig) in those local accounts which survive in the folk-lore of several different districts. It infested the region round about the lake where it lay concealed, and the mighty oxen so strained themselves in the labour of drawing it forth that one of them died and the other rent the mountain in twain with his bellowing. Various legends of Sleeping Warriors appear in Welsh folk-lore, in which the dragon is displaced by a shadowy army of slumbering heroes, lying about in a circle, with their swords and shields by their sides, guarding great heaps of gold and silver. Now they are Owen Lawgoch and his men, who lie in their enchanted sleep in a cavern on the northern side of Mynydd Mawr, in Carmarthenshire; again they are Arthur and his warriors, asleep in a secret ogof under Craig-y-Ddinas, waiting for a day when the Briton and the Saxon shall go to war, when the noise of the struggle will awaken them, and they will reconquer the island, reduce London to dust, and re-establish their king at Caerleon, in Monmouthshire.

Dragon or demon, raven or serpent, eagle or sleeping warriors, the guardian of the underground vaults in Wales where treasures lie is a personification of the baleful influences which reside in caverns, graves, and subterraneous regions generally. It is something more than this, when traced back to its source in the primeval mythology; the dragon which watched the golden apples of Hesperides, and the Payshtha-more, or great worm, which in Ireland guards the riches of O'Rourke, is the same malarious creature which St. Samson drove out of Wales. According to the monkish legend, this pestiferous beast was of vast size, and by its deadly breath had destroyed two districts. It lay hid in a cave, near the river. Thither went St. Samson, accompanied only by a boy, and tied a linen girdle about the creature's neck, and drew it out and threw it headlong from a certain high eminence into the sea.[187] This dreadful dragon became mild and gentle when addressed by the saint; did not lift up its terrible wings, nor gnash its teeth, nor put out its tongue to emit its fiery breath, but suffered itself to be led to the sea and hurled therein.[188] In the 'Mabinogion,' the dragon which fights in Lludd's dominion is mentioned as a plague, whose shriek sounded on every May eve over every hearth in Britain; and it 'went through people's hearts, and so scared them, that the men lost their hue and their strength, and the women their children, and the young men and maidens lost their senses.'[189] 'Whence came the _red_ dragon of Cadwaladr?' asks the learned Thomas Stephens.[190] 'Why was the Welsh dragon in the fables of Merddin, Nennius, and Geoffrey, described as _red_, while the Saxon dragon was _white_?' The question may remain long unanswered, for the reason that there is no answer outside the domain of fancy, and therefore no reason which could in our day be accepted as reasonable.[191] The Welsh word 'dragon' means equally a dragon and a leader in war. Red was the most honourable colour of military garments among the British in Arthur's day; and Arthur wore a dragon on his helmet, according to tradition.

His haughty helmet, horrid all with gold,
Both glorious brightness and great terror bred,
For all the crest a dragon did enfold
With greedy paws.[192]

But the original dragon was an embodiment of mythological ideas as old as mankind, and older than any written record. The mysterious beast of the boy Taliesin's song, in the marvellous legend of Gwion Bach, is a dragon worthy to be classed with the gigantic conceptions of the primeval imagination, which sought by these prodigious figures to explain all the phenomena of nature. 'A noxious creature from the rampart of Satanas,' sings Taliesin; with jaws as wide as mountains; in the hair of its two paws there is the load of nine hundred waggons, and in the nape of its neck three springs arise, through which sea-roughs swim.[193]

FOOTNOTES:

[187] 'Liber Landavensis,' 301.

[188] Ibid., 347.

[189] 'Mabinogion,' 461.

[190] 'Literature of the Kymry,' 25.

[191] Mr. Conway, in his erudite chapter on the Basilisk, appears to think that the red colour of the Welsh dragon, in the legend of Merlin and Vortigern, determines its moral character; that it illustrates the evil principle in the struggle between right and wrong, or light and darkness, as black does in the Persian legends of fighting serpents.--'Demonology and Devil-Lore,' p. 369. (London, Chatto and Windus, 1879.)

[192] Spenser, 'Faerie Queene.'

[193] 'Mabinogion,' 484.

VIII.

For the prototype of the dragon-haunted caves and treasure-hills of Wales, we must look to the lightning caverns of old Aryan fable, into which no man might gaze and live, and which were in fact the attempted explanation of thunderstorms, when the clouds appeared torn asunder by the lightning.

Scholars have noted the impressive fact that the ancient Aryan people had the same name for cloud and mountain; in the Old Norse, 'klakkr' means both cloud and rock, and indeed the English word cloud has been identified with the Anglo-Saxon 'clud,' rock.[194] Equally significant here is the fact that in the Welsh language 'draig' means both lightning and dragon.

Primeval man, ignorant that the cloud was in any way different in structure from the solid mountains whose peaks it emulated in appearance, started back aghast and trembling when with crashing thunders the celestial rocks opened, displaying for an instant the glowing cavern whose splendour haunted his dreams. From this phenomenon, whose goblins modern science has tamed and taught to run errands along a wire, came a host of glittering legends, the shining hammer of Thor, the lightning spear of Odin, the enchanted arrow of Prince Ahmed, and the forked trident of Poseidon, as well as the fire-darting dragons of our modern folk-lore.

FOOTNOTE:

[194] Max Mueller, 'Rig-Veda,' i. 44. And see Mr. Baring-Gould's 'Curious Myths of the Middle Ages,' etc.

INDEX

A.

Aberdovey, the Bells of, 339, 344

Aderyn y Corph, the, 212

All Fools' Day, 274

All Hallows, 280

Alluring Stone, the, 367

American Ghost Stories, 139, 185

Angels, Apparitions of, 208

Animals' Terrors at Goblins, 171

Annwn, the World of Shadows, 7, 34

Antic Spirits, 180

Aphrodite, the Welsh, 350

Apple Gift, the, 253

Arian y Rhaw, 333

Arthur, the Mythic and the Historic, vii.

Arthur's Dog, 363
" Pot, 369
" Quoits, 370
" Round Table, 369
" Seat, Bed, Castle, Stone, etc., 369

Ascension Day, Curious Superstition concerning, 25

Aura, the Human, its Perception by Dogs, 172

Avagddu, 219

Avalon, 8

B.

Ball-playing in Churchyards, 272

Bangu, the, 340

Banshee, the, 212
" " in America, 247

Banwan Bryddin, the Stone of, 374

Barnwell, Rev. E. L., cited, 324

Baron's Gate, Legend of the, 127

Barry Island, Mysterious Noises on, 353

Basilisks in Mines, 27

Beer-drinking at Funerals, 322

Bells, Superstitions concerning, 339
" of Aberdovey, 339, 344
" " St. Cadoc, 339
" " Rhayader, Legend of the, 341
" " St. Illtyd, 342
" " St. Oudoceus, 343

Beltane Fires, 278

Bendith y Mamau, 12

Betty Griffith and the Fairies, 115

Birds of Rhiannon, the, 91

Blabbing, Penalty of, 119

Black Book of Carmarthen, the, 350
" Maiden of Caerleon, the, 219
" Man of Ffynon yr Yspryd, 178
" Men in the Mabinogion, 178

Blue Petticoat, Old Elves of the, 132

Bogie, the, 32

Boxing-day, 295

Branwen, Daughter of Llyr, 91

Bread and Cheese in Fairy Mythology, 44

Brownie, the, 186

Bundling, or Courting Abed, 300

Buns, 267

Burial Customs, 321

Bush of Heaven, Legend of the, 73

Bute, the Marquis of, cited, 136

Bwbach, the, 30
" and the Preacher, the, 30

C.

Cadogan's Ghost, 149

Cadwaladr's Goat, the Legend of, 54

Cae Caled, the Dwarfs of, 28

Cae Mawr, the Mowing of, 61

Caerau, the Woman of, 239

Caerphilly, the Green Lady of, 132

Calan Ebrill, 274

Can y Tylwyth Teg, the, 99

Canna's Stone, 362

Canrig Bwt, the Legend of, 368

Canwyll Corph, the, 238

Caradoc the Bloody, 348

Caridwen's Caldron, 88

Carols, 288

Carrying the Kings, 276
" Cynog, 279
" Mortals through the Air, 157, 163

Castell Coch, the Eagles of, 390
" Correg, 380

Catrin Gwyn, the Legend of, 144

Catti Shon, the Witch of Pencader, 77

Cavern of Ravens, the, 389

Ceffyl Pren, the, 319

Chained Spirit, the, 168

Chaining at Weddings, 313

Changelings, 56

Cheese in Welsh Fairy Tales, 44

Christmas Observances, 286

Classification of Fairies, 11
" " Ghosts, 141
" " Customs, 252

Coblynau, 24

Cock-crow, Fairy Dislike of, 112
" a Death Omen when Untimely, 213

Colliers' Star, the, 294

Colour in Fairy Costume, 131

Compacts with the Diawl, 202

Conway, Mr., cited, 393

Coolstrin, the, 317

Corpse, an Insulted, 146
" Bird, the, 212
" Candle, the, 238

Courting Abed, 300

Courtship and Marriage, 298

Craig y Ddinas, a Fairy Haunt, 6

Criminals' Graves, Superstitions concerning, 331

Crocodile of the Lake, the, 392

Cromlechs, Superstitions concerning, 379
" Legendary Names of, 381

Cross-roads, Stones at, 368

Crown of Porcelain, the, 269

Crumlyn Lake, Legend of, 35

Curiosity Tales, 86

Cursing Wells, 355

Customs, Superstitious and Traditional, 250

Cutty Wren, the, 257

Cwm Llan, the Shepherds of, 121

Cwm Pwca, Breconshire, 20

Cwn Annwn, 233

Cwn y Wybr, 233

Cyhyraeth, the, 219
" of St. Mellons, the, 221
" " the Sea-coast, the, 221

D.

Dancing Stones of Stackpool, the, 375

Dancing in Churchyards, 273
" with Fairies, 70

Death Portents, 212

Devil, when Invented, 210
" as a Familiar Spirit, 197
" exorcising the, 199
" in his Customary Form, 202
" measured for a Suit of Clothes, 202
" his Stupidity, 202
" as a Bridge-builder, 206
" at Tintern Abbey, 207
" and the Foul Pipe, a Legend, 204

Devil's Bridge, Legends of the, 205
" Nags, the, 170
" Pulpit, the, 207
" Stone at Llanarth, the, 378

Dewi Dal and the Fairies, 61

Didactic Purpose in Welsh Fairy Tales, 44
" " " Spirits, 145

Dissenters, Fairy Antipathy to, 6

Divination, 302

Dog of Darkness, the, 168

Dogs of the Fairies, 234
" " Hell, 233
" " the Sky, 233
" Fetichistic Notions of, 172
" Ghosts of, 167

Dracae, 47

Dragons, 391

Dreams of Flying, 164

Druidic Fires, 278

Druids, Fairies Hiding, 129

Duffryn House, the Ghost of, 143

Duty-compelled Ghosts, 146

Dwarfs, 27

Dwynwen, the Welsh Venus, 299, 350

Dyfed, the Ancient, 5

E.

Early Inscribed Stones, Superstitions concerning, 373

Easter Customs, 269

Egg-shell Pottage, Story of the, 60

Eisteddfodau, 293

Eithin Hedges, a Protection against Fairies, 115

Elf Queen, the, 14

Elfin Dames, 34
" Cow, the, 36

Elidurus, the Tale of, 65

Ellylldan, the, 18

Ellyllon, 12

Elves, 13

Enchanted Harp, the, 94

Epimenides, 89

Equestrian Fairies, 107
" Ghosts, 174

Eumenides, 12

Euphemisms, 12, 114, 209

Excalibur, 53

Exorcism of Changelings, 57
" " Devils, 199
" " Fairies, 112, 116
" " Ghosts, 165
" " Child-stealing Elves, 62

Expanding Stone, the, 365

F.

Fair Folk, 12

Fairies, existing belief in, 2
" King of the, 6
" Welsh names of, 12
" at Market, 9
" of the Mines, 24
" of the Lakes, 34
" of the Mountains, 49
" Dancing with, 70
" of Frennifawr, Legend of the, 82
" on Horseback, 107
" the Red, 127
" hiding Druids, 129
" why in Wales, 132
" their Origin, 127
" Bad Spirits, 134
" on familiar terms with Ghosts, 157
" of the Cromlechs, 380

Fairy Land, 5
" Queen, 14
" Islands, 8, 45
" Food, 13
" Gloves, 13
" Coal-mining, 27
" Father, the, 45
" a, captured by a Welshwoman, 78
" Song, 99
" Rings, 103
" Conversations, 106
" Battle, a, 107
" Animals, 108
" Sheepfold, the, 109
" Gifts, 119
" Tales, debris of Ancient Mythology, 135

Falling of Coychurch Tower, 386

Familiar Spirits, 187
" " in Female Form, 191

Family Ghosts, 142

Fatal Draught, the, 83

Fetches, 215

Fetichism, 338

Fetichistic Notions of Lower Animals, 171

Ffarwel Ned Pugh, 99

Ffynon yr Yspryd, 178

Ffynon Canna, 362

Fiend Master, Legend of the, 86

Fire-damp Goblins, 27

Fires, Mysterious, 213

First Foot on New Year's Day, 254

First Night of Winter, 280

Flowering Sunday, 266

Food at Funerals, 322

Forest of the Yew, Legend of the, 73

Foul Pipe, Story of the, 204

Fountain of Venus, the, 350

Fountains Flowing with Milk, 356

Fourth of July, 278

Frennifawr, the Fairies of, 82

Friday, its Bad Reputation, 268

Frugal Meal, Legend of the, 58

Funeral Customs, 321
" the Goblin, 231

Future Life, the Question of a, 247

Fuwch Gyfeiliorn, the, 36

G.

Gallery under the Sea, 10

Gast Rhymhi, the Legend of, 381

Ghosts, Existing Belief in, 137
" in America, 139
" Classification of, 141
" with a Duty to Perform, 146
" of Ebbw Vale, 142
" on Horseback, 154, 174
" Exorcising, 165
" of Animals, 167
" Grotesque, 174
" Gigantic, 176
" their Origin, 247
" of Bells, 339
" Stories of--
The Weaver's Ghost, 147
Cadogan's Ghost, 149
The Ghost of Ystradgynlais, 157
The Admiral's Ghost, 143
The Miser's Ghost, 152
The Ghost of St. Donat's, 143
The Pont Cwnca Bach Ghost, 144
The Ghost of Noe, 147
Anne Dewy's Ghost, 153
The Clifford Castle Ghost, 155
The Ghost of Ty'n-y-Twr, 155
The Ghost of the Silver Spurs, 156
The Tridoll Valley Sprite, 181
The Mynyddyslwyn Sprite, 187

Giants, 370

Giants' Dance, the, 371

Gigantic Ghosts, 176

Giraldus Cambrensis, 65

Gitto Bach, the Legend of, 119

Gnomes, 24

Goats, Strange Beliefs concerning, 53

Gobelin, the French, 32

Goblin Animals, 167
" Funerals, 231

God's Name as an Exorcism, 112
" " in the Bardic Traditions, 209

Good Friday Customs, 266

Good Old Times, the, 252

Grassless Grave, Legend of the, 331

Green Lady of Caerphilly, the, 132
" Meadows of the Sea, 8

Groaning Spirits, 222

Grotesque Ghosts, 174

Guest, Lady Charlotte, 5

Guy Fawkes Day Customs, 284

Gwahoddwr, the, 307

Gwenfrewi, Legend of, 347

Gwerddonau Llion, 8

Gwion Bach (Taliesin), 88, 394

Gwrach y Rhibyn, the, 216

Gwragedd Annwn, the, 34

Gwraig of the Golden Boat, the, 41

Gwydion, the Wizard Monarch, 5

Gwyllgi, the, 168

Gwyllion, 49

Gwyn ap Nudd, 6, 372

H.

Hafod Lwyddog, Legend of, 124

Hallow E'en Customs, 280

Hares, Mythological Details, 162

Harp Music among Welsh Fairies, 94

Haunted Bridge, the, 144
" Castles and Houses, 143
" Margaret, 165

Headless Horse, the, 216

Hecate, 49

Hermes, 236

Hidden Treasures and Perturbed Ghosts, 151
" " Dragon-Guarded, 386

Hobgoblin, 32

Holy Thursday, Superstition concerning, 25, 268

Horse-Weddings, 310

Hot-cross Buns, 267

Household Fairy, the, 31

Howell Dda, 298

I.

Iago ap Dewi's Seven Years' Absence, 88

Ianto Llewellyn and the Fairies, 123

Idris the Giant, 370

Incubus, 193

Inscribed Stones, Superstitious Dread of, 373

Iolo ap Hugh, the Legend of, 99

Islands, the Enchanted, 8

J.

Jack-muh-Lantern, 18

Jennet Francis and the Fairy Child-Stealers, 62

John the Red Nose, 258

Jones, the Prophet, 104

Juan White, the Spirit of, 50

K.

Knife, Exorcism by the, 52

Knockers in Mines, 24

Kobolds, 29

L.

Lady of the Fountain, 178, 385
" " Wood, Legend of the, 193

Lake Fairies, 34

Lang, A., cited, 197

Language of the Fairies, 106

Lapse of Time under Enchantment, 89

Laws of the Welsh Spirit-World, 148

Leek, Wearing of the, 260

Lenten Customs, 266

Levitation of Mortals, 157, 163

Levy Dew, 255

Lies, the Tump of, 273

Lifting at Easter, 269

Lightning Caverns, 394

Linen, its Ancient Value, 133

Listening at the Church Door, 214

Lisworney-Crossways, the Legend of, 169

Living with Fairies, 65

Llandaff Gwrach y Rhibyn, the, 217

Llechlafar Stone, 364

Lledrith, the, 215

Llwyd the Magician, 159, 190

Llwyn y Nef, the Bush of Heaven, 72

Llyn Barfog, the Fairy Maiden of, 36
" y Dywarchen, the Lady of, 44
" y Fan Fach, the Sirens of, 38
" Glas, the Shepherd of, 124
" y Morwynion, the Maidens' Lake, 47

Logan Stones, Superstitions concerning, 378

Lord and Beggar, Legend of the, 230

Love Charms, 302

Lucky Days, 268

Lukis, J. W., cited, 3, 380

Luther and the Changeling, 57

M.

Mab, 14

Mabinogion, the, 5, 14, 91

Magic Carpet, 164
" Harp, 95

Maidens' Lake, the, 47

Maid's Trick, the, 302

Making Christ's Bed, 267

Mallt y Nos, the, 215

Marget yr Yspryd, 165

Mari Lwyd, the, 256

Marketing on Tombstones, 280

Marriage Customs, 306

May-day Customs, 274

Meddygon Myddfai, Legend of the, 38

Melerius, the Legend of, 192

Melusina, the Welsh, 381

Memorials of Arthur, 369

Men of Ardudwy, the Legend of the, 47

Merlin the Enchanter, as a Stone Remover, 371
" " " and the Red Dragon, 393
" an Early Myth, viii.

Mermaids, 35, 47

Merthyr, the Rector of, cited, 3

Methodists, Banishers of Fairies, 6

Mid-Lent Sunday, 266

Midsummer Eve, 277

Milford Haven, the Fairies at, 9

Milk from Fountains, 356

Milk-white Milch Cow, Legend of the, 37

Mine Goblins, 24

Miner's Wraith, the, 215

Mirage, 173

Moel Arthur, the Treasure-Chest of, 388

Moelfre Hill, the Women of, 376

Mol Walbec the Giantess, 370

Monacella's Lambs, 162

Money thrown in Wells, 354

Morgan, Born of the Sea, 47

Morgana, 7

Mothering Sunday, 266

Mountain Ash, the Three Rods of, 210
" the Old Woman of the, 49

Mourning in Lent, 266

Music in Welsh Fairy Tales, 91, 98

Myfyr Morganwg, 277

Mystic Wells, 345

N.

Nadolig, 286

Names of Welsh Fairies, 12

Nant yr Ellyllon, 79

Narberth in Mythic Story, 198, 234

New Year's Day Customs, 252

Night Fiend, the, 215

Nights for Spirits, the Three, 280

Nis, the, 186

Noises, Mysterious, on Barry Island, 353

North Wales, Fairyland in, 5

Nos Calan Gauaf, 280

O.

Oaks, Superstitions concerning, 105

Odin's Spear, 395

Offrwm, the, 332

Old Woman of the Mountain, 49
" " " Torrent, 216

Origins of Fairies, 127
" " the Devil, 210
" " Death Omens, 245
" " Customs, 251
" " Spirits, 247
" " Mystic Well Superstitions, 359
" " Superstitions regarding Stones, 383
" " Dragons, 395

Owen Lawgoch and his Enchanted Men, 392

Owl's Screech a Death Omen, 213

P.

Palm Sunday Customs, 266

Pant Shon Shenkin, the Legend of, 75

Pant-y-Madoc, the Gwyllgi of, 170

Pant-y-Saer, the Treasure-Hunter of, 389

Parc-y-Bigwrn, the Cromlech of, 382

Parson's Penny, 332

Pebble-Tossers, Gigantic, 370

Pembrokeshire a Land of Mystery, 10

Peredur, the Legend of, 202, 366

Phantom Horseman, the, 174
" Ships and Islands, 173

Pigmies, 24

Pins in Enchantment, 354

Place of Strife, the Legend of the, 59

Plant Annwn, 34

Planting Weeds on Graves, 298
" Flowers on Graves, 299, 336

Plentyn-newid, the, 56

Plygain, the, 294

Poetico-Religious Theory of Fairies' Origin, 134

Polly Williams and the Fairies, 81

Polyphemus, the Welsh, 179, 202

Pontypridd, Druidic Ceremonies at, 277

Preacher and Bwbach, the, 30

Prolific Woman, Legend of the, 133

Pronunciation of Welsh Words, Preface

Propitiation of Goblins, 12, 114

Psyche, 86

Puck, the Welsh, 20

Puzzling Jug, the, 283

Pwca'r Trwyn, Account of, 187
" " chastises a Servant Girl, 22
" " travels in a Jug, 118
" " a Proscribed Noble, 128
" " was it a Fairy, 190

Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed, 234

Q.

Quintain, the, 284, 313

Quoits, Arthur's, 370

R.

Ravens, Cave of the, 389

Realistic Theory of Fairies' Origin, 129

Red Book of Hergest (Llyfr Coch), 5
" Fairies, the, 127
" Lady of Paviland, the, 386

Rhamanta, 302

Rhitta Gawr, the Giant, 372

Rhys and Llewellyn, the Story of, 70

Rice at Weddings, 314

Richard the Tailor, 160

Rip Van Winkle, the Original of, 89

Robber's Stone, the, 376

Rocking Stone, Superstitions concerning, 378

Rowli Pugh and the Ellyll, 15

S.

Sabbath-breakers Turned to Stone, 376

Sacred Wells, 345

Sagranus Stone, the, 375

Sailors' Superstitions, 9

St. Barruc's Well, 352

St. Ceyna, the Legend of, 377

St. Clement's Day, 284

St. Collen, the Legend of, 7

St. Cynfran's Well, 351

St. Cynhafal's Well, 351

St. David the Introducer of Death Portents into Wales, 245
" his Day, 259
" his Legendary Character, 260

St. Dogmell's Parish, 69, 273

St. Dwynwen's Well, 350

St. Elian's Well, 355

St. George's Well, 351

St. Gwenfrewi, the Legend of, 347

St. Gwynwy's Well, 353

St. Illtyd's Well, 357

St. John's Eve, 277

St. Mary's Well, 346

St. Melangell's Lambs, 162

St. Patrick and the Elfin Dames, 35
" a Welshman, 264
" his Day, 264

St. Samson and the Dragon, 392

St. Tegla's Well, 329, 349

St. Tydecho's Blue Stone, 367

St. Ulric's Day, 279

St. Valentine's Day, 259

St. Winifred's Well, 346

Salt at Funerals, 328

Sanford's Well, 358

Scapegoat, the, 329

Science, the Marvels of, 248

Seeing the Sun Dance, 273

Serpents Turned to Stones, 377

Seven Whistlers, the, 213

Sgilti Yscawndroed, the Lightfooted, 164

Shakspeare, his use of Welsh Folk-Lore, 14, 44
" his Visit to Wales, 20

Shepherds of Cwm Llan, the Legends of the, 121

Shoe-throwing, 314

Shon ap Shenkin, the Story of, 92

Showmen's Superstitions, 255

Shrove Tuesday, 265

Shui Rees and the Fairies, 67

Sin-eater, the, 324

Sion Cent the Magician, 203

Skulls, 145

Sleeping Saints, the, 73
" Heroes, Legends of, 162, 392

Snake Stone, the, 278

Soul, its Future Destiny, 249

Souls of Dogs, 167

Sowling, 258

Spade Money, 333

Spectral Animals, 167

Spirit Fountain, the, 178
" Life, the Question of a, 249
" Nights, the Three, 280
" World, Laws Governing the Welsh, 148

Spirits' Antics, 180

Spiritual Hunting Dogs, 235

Spiritualism, 139

Spitting at the Name of the Devil, 209

Stanley, Hon. W. O., cited, 19, 115

Stone-throwing Spirits, 180, 185

Stone-tossing Giants, 370

Stone-worship, 361

Stone of Invisibility, the, 365
" " Remembrance, the, 366
" " Golden Gifts, the, 366

Stones, Curious Superstitions concerning, 361
" at Cross-roads, 368
" of Healing, 367

Storms, Baleful Spirits of, 385

Stripping the Carpenter, 284

Suicides, Superstitions concerning, 146, 331

Sul Coffa, 335

Summoning Spirits, 199

Supernatural, What is the, 248

Superstition, its Degree of Prevalence, 138, 251
" in the United States, 139, 252

Sweethearts' Charms, 302

T.

Taff's Well, 358

Taffy ap Sion, the Shoemaker's Son, Legend of, 75

Tailor Magician of Glanbran, the, 200

Taliesin, the Tale of, 88
" his Dragon, 394

Talking Stone, the, 364

Tan-wedd, the, 213

Teetotallers, Fairy Antipathy to, 6

Teir-nos Ysprydnos, 280

Terrors of the Brute, Creation at Apparitions, 171

Teulu, the, 231

Thief-catching Stone, the, 366

Thigh Stone, the, 363

Thomas, Rev. Dr., cited, 300

Thor's Hammer, 395

Three Blows, the Story of the, 40
" Losses by Disappearance, the, 9
" Nights for Spirits, the, 280

Throwing at Cocks, 265

Thunder and Lightning as a Death Omen, 213

Toads and Warts, 352

Tolaeth, the, 225

Tolling the Bell, 340

Tooling, 258

Toriad y Dydd, 125

Transformation of Human Beings to Animals, 167, 381
" " " Stone, 374, 376

Transportation through the Air, 157, 163

Trichrug, the Giant of, 371

Tricking the Diawl, 203

Tridoll Valley Ghost, the, 181

Tudur of Llangollen, the Story of, 79

Tump of Lies, the, 273

Twelfth Night Customs, 256

Tylwyth Teg, the, 12

U.

Unknowable, the, 138

Unlucky Days, 268

V.

Vale of Neath, the, its Goblin Fame, 6

Vavasor Powell and the Devil, 198

Veil, the Goblin, 232

Venus, the Welsh, 299
" " her Well, 350

Villemarque cited, 58

W.

Walking Barefoot to Church, 266

Walking-stones, 363

Warts, 351, 367

Water Maidens, 47
" Worship, 359

Wedding Customs, 306

Wells, Mystic, 345

Wesley's Belief in Apparitions, 141

Whistlers, the, 213

Whistling Goblin, the, 178

White as a Fairy Colour, 132
" Catti of the Grove Cave, 144

Whitening Doorsteps to Keep off the Devil, 207

Wife of Supernatural Race, 38

Wild Huntsman, 235

Will-o'-Wisp, 20

Witches Sleeping under Stones, 368

Wonder Stone of Banwan Bryddin, the, 374

Wraiths, 215

Y.

Ychain Banog, the, 108, 392

Yellow Spot before Death, the, 216

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