Chapter VIII: The Consequences of Canadian Autonomy (2)

As all the distinctive elements in the population remained true to Britain, so too did all the statesmen of eminence. It would be easy to prove the fact by a political census of Upper and Lower Canada; but let three representative men stand for those groups which they led--Robert Baldwin for the constitutional reformers, George Brown for the Clear-Grits and progressives, John A. Macdonald for the conservatives. Robert Baldwin was the man whom Elgin counted worth two regiments to the connection, and who had expressed dismay at Lord John Russell's treason to the Empire. When the annexation troubles came on, he made it perfectly clear to one of his followers, who had trifled with annexation, that he must change his views, or remain outside the Baldwin connection. {340} "I felt it right to write to Mr. Perry, expressing my decided opinions in respect of the annexation question, and that I could look upon those only who are in favour of the continuance of the connection with the mother country as political friends; those who are against it as political opponents.... I believe that our party are hostile to annexation. I am at all events hostile to it myself, and if I and my party differ upon it, it is necessary we should part company. It is not a question upon which a compromise is possible."[47]

Loyalty so strong as this seems natural in a Whig like Baldwin, but one associates agitation and radicalism with other views. The progressive, when he is not engaged in decrying his own state, often exhibits a philosophic indifference to all national prejudice--he is a cosmopolitan whose charity begins away from home. There were those among the Canadian Radicals who were as bad friends to Britain as they were good friends to the United States, but the Clear-Grit party up to confederation was true to Britain, largely because their leader, after 1850, was George Brown, and because Brown was the loyalest Scot in Canada. Brown was in a sense the most remarkable figure of the time in {341} his province. Fierce in his opinions, a vehement speaker, an agitator whose best qualities unfitted him for the steadier work of government, he committed just those mistakes which make the true agitator's public life something of a tragedy, or at least a disappointment. But Brown's work was done out of office. His passionate advocacy of the policy of Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery kept relations with the United States calm through a diplomatic crisis. He it was who made confederation not possible, but necessary, by his agitation for a sounder representation. His work as opposition leader, and as the greatest editor known to Canadian journalism, saved Canadian politics from becoming the nest of jobs and corruption which--with all allowance for his good qualities--John A. Macdonald would have made them. Never before, and certainly never since his day, has any Canadian influenced the community as Brown did through _The Globe_. "There were probably many thousand voters in Ontario," says Cartwright,[48] "especially among the Scotch settlers, who hardly read anything except their _Globe_ and their Bible, and whose whole political creed was practically dictated to them {342} by the former." Now that influence was exerted, from first to last, in favour of Britain. In his maiden speech in parliament Brown protested against a reduction of the governor's salary, and on the highest ground: "The appointment of that high authority is the only power which Great Britain still retains. Frankly and generously she has one by one surrendered all the rights which were once held necessary to the condition of a colony--the patronage of the Crown, the right over the public domain, the civil list, the customs, the post office have all been relinquished ... she guards our coasts, she maintains our troops, she builds our forts, she spends hundreds of thousands among us yearly; and yet the paltry payment to her representative is made a topic of grumbling and popular agitation."[49] In the same spirit he fought annexation, and killed it, among his followers; and, when confederation came, he helped to make the new dominion not only Canadian, but British. In that age when British faith in the Empire was on the wane, it was not English statesmanship which tried to inspire Canadian loyalty, but the loyalty of men like Brown which called to England to be of better heart. "I am much concerned {343} to observe," he wrote to Macdonald in 1864, "that there is a manifest desire in almost every quarter that ere long, the British American colonies should shift for themselves, and in some quarters, evident regret that we did not declare at once for independence. I am very sorry to observe this, but it arises, I hope, from the fear of invasion of Canada by the United States, and will soon pass away with the cause that excites it."[50]

Of Sir John Macdonald's loyalty it would be a work of supererogation to speak. His first political address proclaimed the need in Canada of a permanent connection with the mother country,[51] and his most famous utterance declared his intention of dying a British subject. But Macdonald's patriotism struck a note all its own, and one due mainly to the influence of Canadian autonomy working on a susceptible imagination. He was British, but always from the standpoint of Canada. He had no desire to exalt the Empire through the diminution of Canadian rights. For the old British Tory, British supremacy had necessarily involved colonial dependence; for Macdonald, the Canadian Conservative, the glory of the Empire lay in the {344} fullest autonomous development of each part. "The colonies," he said in one of his highest flights, "are now in a transition stage. Gradually a different colonial system is being developed--and it will become, year by year, less a case of dependence on our part, and of over-ruling protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more a case of healthy and cordial alliance. Instead of looking upon us as a merely dependent colony, England will have in us a friendly nation--a subordinate but still a powerful people--to stand by her in North America in peace or in war. The people of Australia will be such another subordinate nation. And England will have this advantage, if her colonies progress under the new colonial system, as I believe they will, that though at war with all the rest of the world, she will be able to look to the subordinate nations in alliance with her, and owning allegiance to the same Sovereign, who will assist in enabling her again to meet the whole world in arms, as she has done before."[52]

These words serve as a fitting close to the argument and story of Canadian autonomy. A review of the years in which it attained its full strength {345} gives the student of history but a poor impression of political foresight. British and Canadian Tories had predicted dissolution of the Empire, should self-government be granted, and they described the probable stages of dissolution. But all the events they had predicted had happened, and the Empire still stood, and stood more firmly united than before. British progressives had advocated the grant, while they had denied that autonomy need mean more than a very limited and circumscribed independence. But the floods had spread and overwhelmed their trivial limitations, and the Liberals found themselves triumphant in spite of their fears, and the restrictions which these fears had recommended. Canadian history from 1839 to 1867 furnishes certain simple and direct political lessons: that communities of the British stock can be governed only according to the strictest principles of autonomy; that autonomy, once granted, may not be limited, guided, or recalled; that, in the grant, all distinctions between internal and imperial, domestic and diplomatic, civil authority and military authority, made to save the face of British supremacy, will speedily disappear; and that, up to the present time, the measure of local independence has also been the measure of local loyalty {346} to the mother country. It may well be that, as traditions grow shadowy, as the old stock is imperceptibly changed into a new nationality, and as, among men of the new nationality, the pride in being British is no longer a natural incident of life, the autonomy of the future may prove disruptive, not cohesive. Nothing, however, is so futile as prophecy, unless it be pessimism. The precedents of three-quarters of a century do not lend themselves to support counsels of despair. The Canadian community has, after its own fashion, stood by the mother country in war; it may be that, in the future, the attempt to seek peace and ensue it will prove a more lasting, as it must certainly be a loftier, reason for continued union.

[1] Elgin-Grey Correspondence: Elgin to Grey, 26 April, 1847.

[2] He was reporting (18 December, 1854) the passing of acts dealing with the Clergy Reserves, and Seigniorial Tenure.

[3] Pope, _Life of Sir John Macdonald_, i. p. 151.

[4] _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_, pp. 47-48.

[5] Baldwin to Hincks, 22 September, 1854: in Hincks, _Lecture on the Political History of Canada_, pp. 80-81.

[6] The Clear-Grits are thus described in _The Globe_, 8 October, 1850: "disappointed ministerialists, ultra English radicals, republicans and annexationists.... As a party on their own footing, they are powerless except to do mischief." Brown had not yet transferred his allegiance.

[7] Quoted from Dent, _The Last Forty Years_, ii. p. 190.

[8] Ministerial explanations read to the House of Assembly, by the Hon. John A. Macdonald, on Wednesday, 22 June, 1864.

[9] Elgin-Grey Correspondence: Elgin to Grey, 2 August, 1850.

[10] Head to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 26 May, 1856.

[11] Statement of the Hon. John A. Macdonald in the Assembly, 26 May, 1856.

[12] See _Appendix to the First Report of the Board of Registration and Statistics_, Montreal, 1849.

[13] _Life of the Hon. George Brown_, p. 263. This is undoubtedly an overestimate--prophetic rather than truthful.

[14] _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_, p. 267.

[15] Pope, _Life of Sir John Macdonald_, p. 234.

[16] _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_, p. 72.

[17] Cauchon, L'Union des provinces de l'Amerique Britannique du Nord, p. 45.

[18] _Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Council_, p. xiv., Quebec, 1855.

[19] Pope, _Life of Sir John Macdonald_, p. 149.

[20] _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_, p. 271.

[21] Sir Richard Cartwright, _Reminiscences_, pp. 20-21.

[22] The Independence of Parliament Act--20 Victoria, c. 22.

[23] _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_, p. 299.

[24] See the volume containing the Parliamentary Debates on confederation, in 1865.

[25] Pope, _Life of Sir John Macdonald_, i. p. 283.

[26] Elgin-Grey Correspondence: Elgin to Grey, 13 July, 1847.

[27] The Secretary of State for the Colonies to Monck, 10 July, 1863.

[28] _Confederation Debates_ (1865), p. 34.

[29] _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_, p. 272.

[30] See the previous chapter, pp. 283-290.

[31] See the most important statement by Galt, dated 25 October, 1859, and contained in _Sessional Papers of the Canadian Parliament_, vol. xviii., No. 4.

[32] Monck to Newcastle, 28 July, 1863.

[33] See, on the Annexation movement, Allin and Jones, _Annexation, Preferential Trade, and Reciprocity_, a useful summary of Canadian opinion in 1849 and 1850.

[34] Elgin-Grey Correspondence: Elgin to Grey, 23 April, 1849.

[35] Christie, _History of Lower Canada_, iv. p. 539.

[36] See _La Revue Canadienne_, 21 December, 1847.

[37] _Confederation Debates_, p. 56. In answer to Cartier, "the Hon. Mr. Dorion said that was not the case. The honorable gentleman had misquoted what had passed there (_i.e._ at the _Institut_). The Hon. Mr. Cartier said he was right. If resolutions were not passed, sentiments were expressed to that effect. Then the organ of the Institute--_L'Ordre_ he thought--had set forth that the interests of Lower Canada would be better secured by annexation to the United States than by entering into a Confederation with the British American Provinces."

[38] _The Irish Position in British, and in Republican North America_--a lecture, p. 13.

[39] Elgin-Grey Correspondence: Elgin to Grey, 3 September, 1849.

[40] Allin and Jones, _op. cit._ pp. 91 and 164.

[41] _Montreal Gazette_, 25 April, 1849.

[42] Allin and Jones, _op. cit._ p. 115.

[43] Pope, _Life of Sir John Macdonald_, i. p. 71.

[44] _Convention of the British American League_, 1849, p. li.

[45] Joseph Cauchon, _L'Union des provinces de L'Amerique Britannique du Nord_, p. 51.

[46] _Further Papers relative to the Affairs of Canada_ (7 June, 1849), p. 25.

[47] Quoted from Dent, _The Last Forty Years_, ii. pp. 181-2.

[48] Sir Richard Cartwright, _Reminiscences_, pp. 9-10.

[49] _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_, p. 50.

[50] Written from England. Pope, _Life of Sir John Macdonald_, ii. p. 274.

[51] _Ibid._ p. 32.

[52] _Confederation Debates_, p. 44.

{347}

INDEX

A

Agriculture of the _Habitants_, 16

"Alabama" affair, the, 288

Alien Admission Bill, 106

America, United States of, Bagot's diplomatic services in, 126, 127-8
and Canadian Annexation, 204, 218, 219
and Canada, Federation in, differences between, 329
Elgin's skilful Diplomacy with, 191
Politics in, as affecting Canadian (1852), 200, 207, 215
Relations with Great Britain as affected by Canadian Autonomy, 287
Tory feeling to, after 1812, 248
Trade of, with Canada as affected by Free Trade, 272, Grey's
views on, 273

American Aggression, and the Defence of Canada, Peel on, 254
Education, Burke on, 40
Immigrants, Annexation views of, 333
War, the, attitude to, of Canada and Great Britain, 288;
Military power shown by, 290

Amnesty, Bagot's attitude to, 155

Anderson, John, political indifference of, 55-6 _&n._

Anglicanism (_see also_ Clergy Reserves), in Canada, 43-4, 47;
Imperial support to, 48, 49

Anglicization of French Canada, views on, of various Governors,
57, 59, 83, 142, 211, 306, 311-12

Anglo-French Reforming _bloc_, evolution of, 65, 161
Attitude of, on Metcalfe's arrival, 161 _et sqq._

Annexation, Federation as alternative to, Russell on, 265
Manifestoes on, 334, 337
Movement in favour of, activity in 1849, 330;
Inconsistencies on, of _The Times_, 233; Opposition to, of
Brown, 342; Supporters of, 204, 330 _et sqq._; _Rouges_
views on, 302
Risk of, on Elgin's arrival, 191
Tory views on, 204, 254, 255

Anti-Union attitude of French Canadians, 124

Ashburton Treaty, the, Difficulties solved by, 127-8, 132

Armstrong, Peter, Typical Squatter, 29

_Art of Colonization_, by Wakefield, 239

Arthur, Sir George, Governor-General, Timid despatches of, 249
on Colonial Disloyalty, 60-1
on the Durham Report and its effect, 248-9

Autonomy, Canadian, the Struggle for, _passim_
British opinion on, changes in, 230 _et sqq._
Conditions demanded by, 277
Limitations on, views of Durham and Sydenham on, 119-21
Macdonald's views on, 344
Movement towards, as affected by Successive Governors, 122-5,
138, 228, by Elgin, 228-9, and by Grey, 268-71
Natural outcome of _Laissez-faire_, 291
Results, as affecting Anglo-American relations, 287;
Confederation, 305; Connexion of Canada and Great Britain,
323 _et sqq._; Party system, 302-5; Summary of, 345-6

Aylwin, T. C., in office, 150

B

Bagot, Sir Charles, Governor-General, 70, 126 _et sqq._, 156, 163;
as Financier, 237-8; and King's College, Toronto, 36; Political
antecedents of, 126-7; Political opportunism of, 138 _et sqq._,
143-6, wisdom of his methods, 147; the practical surrender of
Responsible Government by, 158, 161, 228-9; Russell's view on,
261, Stanley's view on, 278; Relations with French-Canadians,
57, 146-7, 149-50; Stanley's instructions to, 129, and relations
with, 127 _et sqq._
Work of his period of office, three factors of, 128 _et sqq._
on Autonomy, Separation, and Loyalty, 138; on the Crown's right
to name the Capital, 155; on the French Canadians after the
Union, 57-8

Baldwin, Robert, Leader of Reforming Loyalists, 64, 105, 125, 197,
295; Anti-annexation actions of, 339; Averse to the "Double
majority," 308; Bagot and, 143, 144; Challenge by, to Sydenham's
system, 143-6; Character and Politics of, 109 _et sqq._, 141;
Check to, 155; and the Clergy Reserve question, 52; and Elgin,
203; Harrison's views on, and Draper's, 134; Insistence by, on
Responsible Government, 113-5, 116, 119, 150, 161-2, 176; Loyalty
of, 339; Motion by, demanding a Provincial Parliament, 119;
Office claimed for, 149; and the Patronage crisis, 168; as
Solicitor-General of Upper Canada, 109 _et sqq._; Stanley's
attitude to, 142.
on Coalition government, 299-300; on Patronage, and the position of
the Council, 175; on Russell's Colonial Administration Speech
(1850), 264

Baldwin-Hincks Reformers, in Politics, 301

Baldwin-La Fontaine Ministry, the, 161, 212, and the origin of
Anglo-French Solidarity, 215-6, 229, 295, 298; Precedent provided
by, 307

Belleville, Population (1846), 24

Bentinck, Lord William, Governor-General of India, 159

Black, Dr., and the Clergy Reserve question, 48

Board of Works for Canada set up, 106, 118

Boston, Elgin's official visit to (1851), 232

Bridges, Lack of, 12

Bright, John, and Separation, 283, 290

British aid to Canada, need of (1839), and Sydenham's Loan Scheme,
68-9, 97 _et sqq._
Approval of Metcalfe's methods, and those of earlier Governors,
170, 175, 180, 182, 186, 193
Colonial Empire, maintenance of, views on, 275, 277 _et sqq._
Communities, Government of, Lesson on, from Canadian history, 345
Community, attempted absorption in, of French-Canadians, 57, 59,
83, 142, 211, 306, 311-12
Empire, permanence of, some firm believers in, 274; World-value of,
Grey's view on, 275-6

British Half-pay Officers as Colonists, 18-20
Opinion on Canadian Autonomy, changes in, 235 _et sqq._
Predominance, passim; Russell's theory of, effects of, 228-9
Universities, relations of, with Canadian College Education, 37-8
_&n._1
Views on Imperialism, early Victorian, 230, gradual change in, 230
_et sqq._

British-American League, aims of, 336-7

British-Canadian connexion, on what chiefly dependent, 292

Brockville, Population (1846), 25

Brougham, Lord, and Separation, 281, 282-7

Brown, George, pioneer of Political journalism, Scottish origin of,
23; Characteristics of, 323, 340-3; and the Clear-Grits, 300
_&n._2, 340-1; and Confederation, 312-14, 341, 342; as Editor,
and Leader, 341; Loyalty of, 339; and Macdonald's federation
scheme, 302 _&n._ _et sqq._; Macdonald's unfairness to, 319;
Political rectitude of, 321; Political views of, 298; Why
disliked by the French, 312
on Canadian loyalty, 326-7; on Canadian population distribution
(1857), 310-11, and Parliamentary representation, 310-11; on
Political corruption, 317; on Public spirit connected with
Confederation, 322

Brown-Dorion two days' administration, the, 302

Buchanan, Isaac, and Canadian Tariff, 327

Buller, Arthur, on the Illiteracy of the _Habitants_, 16

Buller, Charles, characteristics of, 241; as Educator in sound
Colonial policy, 247, 251; Imperialism of, 162, 245; La Fontaine's
objection to, 162; and Local Government, 94; Non-belief of, in
Separation, 278, 281; Views of, on Colonial affairs, 94, 162, 234-5,
236, 237, 240-3, 247, 251, 278, 281, 291
famous pamphlet by, 234-5, 236, 240-3
on Permanent Officials and Changing Heads at the Colonial Office,
234-5, 236; on Russell's Imperialism, 262

Burke, Edmund, on American Education and Book-reading, 40; on
Colonial Independence and Imperial Unity, 2, 3; on Party, 294;
on the Whigs, 166

Bytown (Ottawa), and the Immigrants, 21; Population (1846), 24;
Social conditions at, 30

C

Campbell, Robert, as School-master, 33

Canada, Autonomy of, _see_ Autonomy.
Communications in, and to, in early days, 9 _et sqq._
Disaffection in, how cured by Elgin, 222
as Envisaged by Grey and by Durham, 276-7
History of, Political lessons from, 345-6
Loyalty of, as affected by Autonomy, 203, 229, 314, 323 _et sqq._,
342; Mistrust of, over Militia Bill, 289
Relations of, with Great Britain, as affected by Autonomy, in
anticipation (Stanley's), 139-40, 156, and in fact, 156, 323
_et sqq._; true basis of, 239
Social and Physical conditions in (_circa_ 1839), 8 _et sqq._
Tariff reorganisation in, difficulties created by, with U.S.A., 288

Canal-works, condition in 1841, 99

Canning, George, 189; and Bagot, 126, 137

Capital, the, Crown's right to name, Bagot on, 155; Brown on, 326-7

Carlyle, Thomas, on Buller, 241

Caron, Rene Edouard, Speaker of Upper House, and La Fontaine, 177

Cartier, Sir George Etienne, French-Canadian Leader, 14; and
French-Canadian feeling, 332 _&n._; Loyalty of, 338

Cartwright, J. S., 144; Political views of, 60, 133, 151

Cartwright, Sir Richard, and British views on Separation, 290
on Annexation views after 1856, 333-4; on Personal Morals of Members
of Canadian Assemblies, 320; on the Political influence of _The
Globe_, 341-2

Cathcart, Earl of, as interim Governor-General, 7 _n._, 70 _n._,
187 _&n._

Cauchon, Joseph, and Confederation, 314; Loyalty of, 338

Chatham, Earl of, 4

China, Elgin's work in, 189, 191

_Christian Guardian, The_, 38 _&n._2

Church of England in Canada (_see also_ Clergy Reserves), 43-4, 47, 49

Church Support, Voluntary principle of, Rolph on, 51-2

Civil List difficulties, 138, 140, 146, 154, 155, 163; Grey's
attitude as to, 272; Stanley's views on, 130; the Surrender,
154-5, 163, 279

Clear-Grit party, Loyalty of, 339; Politics of, 300 _&n._2, 301, 302

Clericalism in French Canada, 14, 15, 17; and School Control, 31-2

Clergy Reserve Question, dispute on, 47-54, 62, 64, 252-3, 254-5,
268; Settlement of, by compromise, 90-2, 279, 306

Coalition Governments in Canada (_see_ Baldwin-Hincks _& others_),
298-9, 304

Cobden, Richard, and Separation, 217, 283, 284, 285

Coburg, Population (1846), 25; Social conditions and prices at
(1845), 27-8

Colborne, Sir John, Acting Governor, and the Anglican Church, 43;
French risings quelled by, 5, 57, 214; on the French and the
Union, 83

Colleges and Universities, Canadian, 35-8, 136

Colonial Administration, Russell's speech on, 1850, 263
Autonomy (_see also_ Autonomy, Canadian), MacDonald's views on, 344
Connexion with the Empire, Continuance of, various views on (_see
also_ Annexation, Separation, _&c._), 2, 3, 277 _et sqq._,
323 _et sqq._
Government, Conflicting views on, _passim_
Independence, Burke's view on, 2, 3
Parliaments, Defects of, 65-6, 289
Unity, Conditions adverse to, 24

Colonial Office, the, Elgin's influence on, 222-5; Permanent officials
of, Buller on, 234-5, 236

_Colonial Advocate_, The, 38

_Colonial Gazette_, on Poulett Thomson, 77-8

_Colonial Policy_, by Earl Grey, Canada chapter in, inspired by
Elgin, 275

_Colonies, Responsible Government for_, Buller's famous pamphlet,
234-5 _&n._, 236, 240

Colonies, Secretaries of State for, _see also under_ Names
Lord J. Russell, 1839
Lord Stanley, 1841
Gladstone, 1846
Earl Grey, 1846
Sir J. Pakington, 1852
Duke of Newcastle, 1852
Sir George Gray, 1854
Views on, of British Politicians, 2, 3, 217, 230 _et sqq._, 255-8,
262, 264, 283, 284, 285, 290, 292 _et alibi_

Colonists, Buller's views on, 242; Cartwright's opinion of, 60

_Colonization, The Art of_, by Wakefield, 239

Commercial crisis, Canadian, in 1849, Elgin on, 331
Marine, as a pillar of Empire, 262
Relations, Peel on, 254
Treaty, _see_ Reciprocity Treaty

Compromise, Bagot's views on, and Stanley's, 139-40

Confederation of British North American Colonies, various Schemes
for, 196-7; the result of Autonomy, 305; Difficulties connected
with, 279-80, 312; Russell's aim in furthering, 265; Scheme of
Brown and Macdonald for, 302 _et sqq._, 312-14, 341, 342

"Connexion," the Basis of, sentimental rather than practical, 239;
Effect on, of Autonomy, 323 _et sqq._

Conservative Party, Canadian (see also Family Compact, & Tory Party),
in 1841, 105; Loyalty of, 339

Conservatism of the French Canadians, 15, 17, 32, 41
United Empire Loyalists, 18

Constitutional Act of 1791, and the Clergy Reserve question, 48-9

Constitutional Question in Canada, three allied problems forming,
Elgin's mode of dealing with, 201 _et sqq._

Convent Education of Women, 16, 31

Copyright prohibition, effect on Reading habits, 39 _&n._, 40

Corduroy Roads, 12

Cornwall, Strachan's School at, 35

Corruption, political, in Canada, 315 _et sqq._; Brown's salutary
counteraction of, 341

County Courts, Canadian, new system set up, 106

Crime, in early days, 29 _&n._2, 30

Crown, the, and the Case of a Governor-General, compared by
Stanley, 152-3

Crown Colony administration, period of, 4-5

D

Dalhousie, Earl of, Governor-General, 189-90

Daly, Sir Dominick, the "perpetual secretary," 168, 176, 177

Darwin, and Bright & Cobden, parallel between, 284

Davidson, John, retirement of, 150

Day, Charles Dewey, 113

Debate in House of Commons on Canadian affairs (1844), 182

Defence of Canada (_see also_ Militia Bill), British views on, 254,
272, 287 _et sqq._

Democracy, attitude to, of the Family Compact, 60 _et sqq._

Democratic Government in Canada, established by Elgin, 190
Institutions, Elements of Success in, 320

Derby, Earl of (_see_ for earlier references, Stanley, Lord), 252

Derbyites, and Separation, 290

Despatches of Elgin and later Governors, 208-9, 249, 325

Diplomacy, and Separation, 287 War, and Land as matters for
Imperial Control, in Wakefield's view, 240

District Councils for French Canada set up, 98, 118, 119

Draper, Hon. H. W., Attorney-General, leader of Ministerialists,
105, 111 _&n._, 113, 150, 177; Metcalfe on, 184; Resignation
of, 194
on the Political crisis of 1842, 134-5

Disraeli, Benjamin (Earl of Beaconsfield), Imperialism of,
misgivings in, 255-8, 292

District Council Bill (Canadian), passed, 106, 118

Doctrinaire, the, in Practical Politics, position of Metcalfe as
illustrating, 185,

Domestic Colonial affairs, Imperial Intervention in, views of
Russell, and of Grey, 271-2, 274

Dorchester, Earl of, and Colonial affairs, 4; and the French
Canadians, 13

Dorion, A. A., _see_ Brown-Dorion ministry

"Double majority," evolution of, 307-8

"Double Shuffle" episode, 318-9

Dougalls, the, and the _Montreal Witness_, 38-9

Drunkenness, among Whites and Indians, 30; among Members of
Parliament, 320

Durham, Earl of, Governor-General, 6, 14, 71, 76, 190, 191, 251;
Canadian views on, 190; and the Change in British views on
Canadian affairs, 237; and the Destruction of French Nationalism,
57, 59, 83, 211, 311-2; and Immigration, 97; Responsible Colonial
government as advocated by, 61, 149, 166, 244-5; non-Separationist
views, 281; Visit of, to Canada, 31
on the Catholic clergy of Lower Canada, 41-2; on Local Government, 94

_Durham's Report_, 4 _n._, 5 _n._, 6, 57; Effects of, 249; Fallacy in,
260-1; Illusions on, dispelled, 243-4; Imperial note of, 246-7

E

Economics, and Separation, 220, 285-6, 330-1

Education, French-Canadian, 14, 15, 16
by Newspaper, 38-9
School and College, 31 _et sqq._, 136
of Scottish immigrants, 23

Ekfried, Early Education at, 33

Elgin, Countess of, 190

Elgin, Earl of, Governor-Generalship of, 7, 56, 70, 187 _et sqq._
Character and Politics of, 188 _et sqq._, 190, 191, 209, 221, 225
_et sqq._, 256, 297; Chief result of his rule, 190, 268-71;
Despatches of, 325, Influence of, on Autonomy movement, 188 _et
sqq._, 228-9, and on Grey's Colonial policy, 275; Insult to, 204,
208-9, 227, 320, Scottish loyal address on, 328-9; and Irish
disaffection, 200, 337; Non-Separationist views of, 278, 281;
Relations with French Canada, 193, 195-6, 198, 210 _et sqq._, 222
Later career of, 188-9, 191
on Baldwin, 110, 339; on British Press methods, 232; on Canadian
attitude to Free Trade, 220, 285-6; on Canadian Party Politics,
56, 195, 293, 295; on the elections of 1844, 181; on French
Canadian Nationalism, 196, and Loyalty (1850), 305-6; on
Metcalfe's policy, 192, 202; on Montreal, its inhabitants and
Annexation views at (1849), 334; on Moral influence of
Governors, 324; on Sydenham's attitude to Autonomy, 123-4; on
True and False Imperialism, 224-5

Emigration and its horrors, 20-1; Wakefield's system of, 238

English Canadians, loyalty of, 338

English character of Colonists, Disraeli's views on, 257-8

English tone in Canadian Society (_circ._ 1846), 26-7

_Episodes in a Life of Adventure_, by Oliphant, referred to, 225

_Examiner, The_, Politics of, 64

Executive Council, British and Canadian views on, 71 _et sqq._
Sydenham's, inherited by Bagot, 131; Stanley's advice on, 129,
136, 143, 144-5, actual Composition of, 144; La Fontaine's
demands and the upshot, 149 _et sqq._; Stanley's sarcasm, 152-3

Executive Responsibility, as conceived by Durham, 244-5

F

"Family Compact," the, Political views, and position of, 18, 60 _et
sqq._, 101, 129-30, 133

Farmers, Life and work of (_circa_ 1845), 28-9

Federation, _see_ Confederation

Finance, Canadian (see also Civil List, Clergy Reserves, Tariffs,
Taxation), in 1839, 86; Bagot's action concerning, 137-8; Grey on,
in 1846, 272

Foley, ----, 325

Forests, difficulties due to, 9, 12-13

Fowlds, Matthew, on Life at Coburg (1845), 27-8 _&n._1

Franchise conditions (1832), 22

Free-Trade, effects of, in Canada, 220, 285-6, 330; Views on, of
Elgin, 220, 285-6, and of Grey, 267, 272-4, 285

French, the, in Canada, _see_ French-Canadians

French-British Political solidarity (_see also_ Anglo-French
_bloc_), birth of, 215 _et sqq._

French Canadians of Lower Canada (_see also_ Papineau, Rebellions,
_&c._), 13-17
Anti-Union movement among, 103
District Councils set up for, 95, 118, 119
Fate settled by Poulett-Thomson, 79-90
Importance of, in 1842, 131, 132, 133-6, 141, 148, need for
Conciliating, Harrison on, 133-4; Admission of, to Office,
problem of, and struggle for, 133 _et sqq._, the climax, 148-51,
the aftermath, 151 _et sqq._
Influence of the Roman Catholic clergy in, 15, 32-3, 337
Language question and, 90
Loyalty of, 337-8
Nationalism, and the Nationalist Party among, Anglicization of,
efforts towards, 57, 59, 83, 142, 211, 306, 311-12; Obvious
fault of, 196; Problem of, on Elgin's arrival, 193, 195-6, 198,
Elgin's solution of the difficulties, 210 _et sqq._, 305;
Irritation of, over Parliamentary Representation, 311-13;
Confederation favoured by, 314
Political views of (_see also_ Conservatism, Nationalism _supra_,
Rouges), 15-17, 32, 41, 57-9, 105, 143, 196, 210 _et sqq._, 301,
302, 305, 331, 338
Privileges accorded to, by Grey, 268
Relations with Bagot, 57, 146-7, 149-50; with Elgin, 193, 195-6,
198, 215, 222, 305-6; with Metcalfe, 176-7, 195-6; with
Sydenham, 79 _et sqq._, 125, 132-5, 176

French Revolution, the, Effects of, 4, 248

Fur-trade, Social drawbacks of, 29-30

G

Galt, Alexander Tilloch, and Canadian Tariffs, 327; on Separation,
286-7

George III., and the Colonies, 248

Girouard, John Joseph, and the rebellion, 142; Office open to, 150

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., trained by Peel, 189-90, 200; and
Administrative Liberalism, 280; as Colonial Secretary, 251, 256
on British approval of Metcalfe's methods, 193; on Rebellion
Losses Bill, 206 _n._; on Separation, 266-7, 285

Glenelg, Lord, at the Colonial Office, 236; and the Clergy Reserve
question, 49; on Canadian local rights, 236

_Globe, The_, Brown's newspaper, on the Clear-Grits, 300 _n._2;
Influence of, 311, 341-2

Good Government essential to Colonial Empire, Molesworth on, 281-2

Gourlay, Robert, agitator, Scottish origin of, 23

Governor-General and Assembly, Russell's instructions concerning,
72 _et sqq._
and Colonial Executive, relations between, as sketched by Grey, 269
in relation to Confederation, 325
Diminution of importance of, after Autonomy, 324 _et sqq._
Duties of, Sydenham's views on, 119-21
Salary of (_see also_ Civil List), Brown's attitude on, 342

Governors-General referred to, in order of date, _see also
under_ Names
Dalhousie, Earl of, 1820
Colborne, Sir John (acting), 1830
Thomson, C. Poulett, 1833; _later_ Lord Sydenham, 1841
Durham, Earl of, 1838
Colborne, Sir John, 1838
Bagot, Sir Charles, 1842
Metcalfe, Lord, 1843
Cathcart, Earl of, 1846
Elgin, Earl of, 1847
Head, Sir Edmund W., 1854
Monck, Viscount, 1861

Grant, General Ulysses, 290

Great Britain (_see also_ British), and the Colonies, future
relations between, MacDonald on, 344
Imperial policy of, under Grey, 275-6 _et proevi_; Change in,
process and progress of, 291
Relations with Canada as affected by Autonomy, 323 _et sqq._;
Basis of, 239

Greville, Charles, on Poulett Thomson, 77

Grey, Earl, as Colonial Secretary, 196, 222, 237; Characteristics
of the man and his ideas, 267 _et sqq._; Events of his term of
office, 268 _et sqq._
Colonial policy of, 190-1, 196, 199, 256, 267-8 _et sqq._;
Elgin's influence on, 209 _&n._2, 275; and Federation, 196-7;
Free Trade with Canada urged by, 267-8, 272-4; and the Militia
Bill crisis, 290; Views of, on Separation, 278, 281, occasional
misgivings, 223, 283
on Attitude of a Governor of a Self-governing Colony, 269-70; on
British indifference to Canada (1851), 232; on Elgin's best
attitude to the Canadian Executive of 1848, 200; on Newspaper
misrepresentation, 232; on Separationist views at Westminster,
260-7

Grey, Sir George, on the Clergy Grants, 48 _&n._1

Grote, George, and Separation, 282

H

_Habitants_, the, Characteristics of, 15-17

Hamilton, Population (1846), 24

Harrison, S. B., Secretary, 105, Moderate Reform views of, 119,
176; Resolutions moved by, on Provincial Parliaments, 119-20
on the Need for Responsible Government, and for Conciliation of
the French Canadians, 133-4

Harvey, Sir John, Grey's letter to, on attitude of Governors of
Self-Governing Colonies, 269-70

Head, Sir Edmund W., as Governor-General, 324; Averse to the "Double
majority," 307-8

Head, Sir F. B., on Baldwin, 109

Herbert, Sydney (Lord Herbert of Lea), 189

Higginson, Captain, and La Fontaine, 172

Hincks, Sir Francis, Advocate of Responsible Government, 38; Press
exponent of Reforming Loyalist views, 64, 196; in Bagot's
Executive, 144; Interpretation by, of Durham's Report, 243-4;
Political morality of, attacked, 315
on the Civil List difficulty, 163; on Coalitions, 298-9; on the
Patronage Crisis, 170; on the Reformers, 113

Hincks-Morin Ministry, the, and Moderate re-union, 298

Home Rule (_see also_ Autonomy), Evolution of, in Canada,
antithesis of, to Russell's theory, 229

Hume, Joseph, and Canadian politics, 231, 282

Hyderabad, Metcalfe at, 159

I

Immigration and its Problems, 20 _et sqq._, 97-8, 238

Imperial Aid to Religious bodies in Canada, _see_ Anglican Church,
_and_ Clergy Reserve question
Control, Struggle for, 1-229, _et passim_; Views of various
British politicians, 230 _et sqq._
Creed of Durham and Buller, not that of their party, 281
Government, and the French Canadians, 136
Note of Durham's Report, 246-7
Solidarity, some staunch believers in, 274
Sentiment, and Bagot's action, antagonism between, 149
Tariff, 273
Unity, Burke's view on, 2, 3, 6

Imperial Parliament, Courtesies of, 66; Over-ruling by, of
Canadian wishes, various views on, 200; as Training school for
Colonial Governors, 121

Imperial Titles Bill, Disraeli's speech on, 255-8

Imperialism, British, Early Victorian, 230
Disraeli's, the gaps in, 253 _et sqq._
Durham's, 281
Elgin's, 217 _et sqq._
True basis of, Feeling rather than Laws, 329

Independence, Colonial, Russell on, 263
and Loyalty, ratio between, 345-6

Independence of Parliament Act, as affecting Resignations, 319

Independency, as moulding New England Character, 41

Indian Career of Elgin, 189, 191, and of Metcalfe, 158-9

Indians, Canadian, Trade and Drink as affecting, 29-30

_Institut Canadien_, Annexationist advocate, 332 _&n._1

Internal government, and Imperial matters, Durham's distinction
concerning, 244-5

Irish Agitation, as affecting Canada, 22 _&n._2, 200, 337
Immigrants; as Colonists, 21, 22, 23; Political trend of, 163;
Turbulence of, 22, 67, 179; won by Elgin, 222; Arriving after
the Famine, anxieties caused by, 332-3

Irish-American hostility to Great Britain as affecting Canada,
288-9, 332, 333

Irish Republican Union, 207

J

Jackson, General ("Stonewall"), 290

Jamaica, Metcalfe's success in, 159, 167

Jameson, Mrs., on Colonel Talbot as Colonist, 19; on Toronto and
its Conventionalism, 26

K

King's College, Toronto, 36

Kingston, Anglicanism in, 43, 44; as Capital, 103; Educational
efforts at, 36; Election riots near (1844), 179; Population
of (1839-46), 13, 24; Presbyterianism in, 44; Removal from,
of the Seat of Government, 171, 176

_Kingston Chronicle and Gazette_, on the Anglo-French Anti-Union
Movement, 103 _&n._2

Knox, John, & Melville, Canadian followers of, 44

L

Lachine, portage to, 10

Lachine Canal, 179

La Fontaine, Sir Louis, Leader of French Canadians, 14, 32, 59, 65,
295; and Anglo-French cooperation, 125, 162; and the Anti-Union
movement, 103; Claims of, as to Office, 149, Bagot's action,
150-1; and the Clergy Reserve troubles, 52-3; Loss of Election
by, 113, 117; Loyalty of, 338; Office refused by (1845), 96;
accepted (1848), effects of, 305; and the Patronage Crisis,
168, 171; and the Rebellion of 1837, 142; and the Rebellion
Losses Bill, 214; Restrictive attitude to Governors-General,
162; on the Importance of the Anglo-French Union, 177; on
Patronage, 172-3

La Fontaine-Baldwin Ministries, 161, 212, 215-16, 229, 295, 298

_Laissez faire_ doctrine, in British colonial politics, 188, 230;
Autonomy the natural result of, 291; and Home Control, in
Colonial affairs, Grey's views on, 267 _et sqq._; as
Influencing Annexationism, 334

Lake Ontario, 10

Lake-neutralization Treaty, _see_ Rush-Bagot Treaty

Lanark, Scottish and Canadian, ties between, 45

Land transfers, under French law, Sydenham's efforts to simplify,
95-6, 306

Languages for Debates and Records, 90

Lee, General, 290

Legislative and Executive powers of Canadian Government, views on,
of Russell, and of the Canadians, 71 _et sqq._

Lewis, Cornewall, 238

Liberal-Conservatism Canadian, evolution of, 297

Liddell, Dr., and Queen's College, 37

Lincoln, President, Brown's support of, 341

Literary Inactivity, Canadian, some causes, 39 _&n._, 40

"Little Englanders," Early Victorian, 278 _et sqq._, 292

Local government, Absence of Provision for, in Act of Union, 93-5;
in French Canada, Bagot on, 57; as Training for higher politics,
94; Sydenham's views on, 94, and efforts for, 106

London, and Early Canadian Society, 27

London (Ontario), in early days, 13; population of (1846), 24

Lower Canada, French-Canadians of (_q.v._), Clericalism, Politics
and Society among, 14-17; Priestly control of Schools in, 31-2
Municipal Franchise limitations in; results, 25
Union with Upper, difficulties in, 82

Lowland Scots, as Settlers, 21

Loyalist electioneering practices (1844), 179-80

Loyalty, Canadian, as affected by Autonomy, 203, 229, 314, 323
_et sqq._
Inspiration given to, by Brown and such men, 342-3
Mistrust of, begotten over the Militia Bill, 289

Lyons, Lord, on Elgin's Reciprocity Treaty, 288 _n._

Lucas, Sir C. P. _cited_, 4 _n._, 5 _n._

Lumberers, Wild life among, 30

M

Macaulay, Lord, on Metcalfe, 159

MacDonald, Rolland, on Annexation, 336

Macdonald-Sicotte Ministry, and the "Double majority," 309

Macdonald, Sir John A., and Annexation, 336; Averse to the "Double
majority," 308-9; Basis of his control of power, 216; and
Brown's scheme of Confederation, 302 _et sqq._; Imperialism
of, 23; Leadership of, 325; Loyalty of, 339, 343-4; Political
Morality of, 317-19, 321, 324, 341
and Representation by Population, 316
on Canada's Governors-General, 325-6; on Change of Political
views, 296

M'Gee, D'Arcy, on the Irish-Catholic vote in Canada (1866), 332-3;
on Loyalty of Irish Canadians, 333, 337

M'Gill University, 37

Mackenzie, Alexander, Liberal leader, 23; Political rectitude of, 321

Mackenzie, William Lyon, Press organ of, 38; Rebellion under, 5, 11,
55, recognition by, of its error, 63

MacNab-Hincks Ministry, the, 300

MacNab, Sir Allan Napier, Tory leader, 62, 63, 105, 133, 143, 167,
300, 301; and Bagot, 141, 143, 150, 151; Defender of the Clergy
Reserves, 62, 63; Invited by Elgin to form a Ministry, 204; and
Political jobbery, 316-7

M'Taggart, --, on French Canadians, 16; on Irish settlers, 16, 21;
on Quebec as Social Centre, 25; on Squatter life, 29

Manners, Lord John, on the Future of Canada, 254-5

Marriage and the Squatter, 29

Melbourne, Earl of, 280

Metcalfe, Lord (Sir Charles Metcalfe), as Governor-General, 7 _n._,
70, 158 _et sqq._; Character and qualifications of, 158-61, 164,
181, 183; earlier career, 159-60, 267
Attitude of his Cabinet, 66; Despatches _cited_, 164-5; Dislike
or party, results of, 167-8; and the La Fontaine-Baldwin
Ministry, 229; Last days in harness, 183; and Local
administration, 295; and the Patronage crisis of 1843, 168-70,
202; Policy of, Elgin on, 192, 202, Grey on, 267; Struggles of,
to balance Autonomy and Supremacy, 161 _et sqq._; Supporters of,
182, 240, 249, 261; and the United Empire Loyalists, 17-18
on Demagogues in Lower Canada, 14-15; on Durham's view of
Executive Responsibility, 244; on Electioneering Language, 67;
on the Influence of the Roman Church in Canada, 32 _n._; on
Irish agitation and its effects on Canada, 21 _n._2; on the
Parliament of 1844, 181; on Results of Bagot's administration,
157; on Sydenham's concession of Responsible Government, 229

Methodism in Canada, 15-17; and Education, 46

Military attitude to Elgin, 204 _&n._
Prominence in Canadian Society, 26
Settlers, 18, 20
Views on Separation, 290

Militia Bill, Canadian rejection of, and the effects, 289-90; True
inwardness of the affair, 328-9

Mill, John Stuart, on the Authorship of Durham's Report, 243 _n._2

_Minerve, La_, on the _Rouges_, 301

Ministerial Responsibility to the Crown, and to a Governor, Stanley
on, 152-3

Ministerialist Party (1841), 105

Ministers, Loyal, and the Assembly, difficulties between (1845), 184

Moffat, George, Politics of, 151

Molesworth, ----, on Separation, 281

Monck, Viscount, as Governor, 324; scanty Despatches of, 325; on
the Militia Bill, 329

Montreal, British and French views in, 14; and the Election of
1844, 178, 179-80; Merchants of, and the Reciprocity Treaty,
222; zealous Annexationists, 334; Population of, 13, 24; Riots
at, 67, 68, 179-80, 206, 208, 227, 320, 326; Roads near (1840),
11; as Seat of Government, 68, 171; Social conditions at (1840),
26; Suburbs of, 102

_Montreal Gazette_, on Independence, 335

_Montreal Witness_, The, characteristics and value of, 38-9

Moral Influence of Governors, _versus_ Political Patronage, Elgin
on, 198, and as exercised by him, 205 _et sqq._

Morin, Augustin Norbert, French Canadian politician, 59, and the
Nationalists, 105

Mowat, Oliver, Liberal leader, 23

Murdoch, T. W. C., 104 _n._, 140-1; the Need for Conciliating the
French, 135; on Stanley's view of Canadian autonomy, 131

N

_Nation Canadienne, La_, 13; as represented in the Union Assembly, 59

Navigation Acts, Restrictions of, abolished by Grey, 267, 272

Neilson, ----, and the Anti-Union movement, 103, 105, 151; and
the Amnesty question, 149

Newcastle, Duke of, and Monck's scanty Despatches, 325

Newspaper Opinion, real value of, 233

Newspapers, Educational and Political influence of, 38-9 _&nn._,
311, 341-2

Non-Separationists, the four, 278, 491

Normanby, Earl of, 248

North, Lord, and the Colonies, 248

Nova Scotia, 269

O

Oath of Supremacy, Baldwin's difficulty concerning, 112; Dispensed
with, by Sydenham, 113 _n._

O'Connell, Daniel, 22

Office, Colonial, Change in Tenure of, 74-5

Ogden, ----, Political views of, 113; retirement of, 150

"Old Toryism" after concession of Responsible Government, 203
_et sqq._

Oliphant, Laurence, on Elgin in Canada, 204-5, 221, 222, 225

Orange Lodge, the, Politics of, 167

Ottawa, _see_ Bytown

Ottawa River route, 10

P

Pakington, Sir John, and the Clergy Reserves dispute, 252-3

Palmerston, Viscount, 280

Papineau, Louis, French-Canadian Leader, 14, 301, 331; Rebellion
led by, 3; Republicanism of, 65, 271; Return of, to Public Life
(1847-8), 198-9, 212-13, 271, 305, 331-2; as Leader of the
_Rouges_, 301, 331

Parliament, British, _see_ Imperial Parliament
Canadian characteristics of, 65, 289; First Union, 59, composing
group, 104, 113, Crisis in, on Responsible Government, 113-22,
Five great measures carried by, 106

Parliamentary Representation after the Union, Proportionalism in,
309-11, attempted reform, 311 _et sqq._

Party Government, and Colonial Constitutional development, views
on, of Wakefield, 239-40, and of Buller, 242
Names, as used in Canada, 56, 106, 195, 295
Politics in Canada, before and after Autonomy, 56, 106, 166-7,
173, 185, 195, 293 _et sqq._, 302-5 _et sqq._

Patronage, Crisis concerning, 168-70; Surrender of, by Elgin,
198, 279

Peel, Sir Robert, 262, 283; and Elgin, a comparison, 226; and "the
Man on the spot," 147-8; and the Permanent Staff of the Colonial
Office, 235; Political pupils of, 189; and Stanley, 128;
Transforming influence of, on the Whigs, 280; Views of, on
Separation, 253-4, 266-7, 278

Peelites, the, and Party ties, 297; Views of, on Separation, 266, 285
Canadian, 301

Permanent Officials, and Transitory Chiefs, 234-5

Perry, Peter, Baldwin's letter to, on Annexation, 340

Personalities and Politics, 66

Perth (Canada), Early Educational efforts at, 33-4; and its
Minister, 48

Pessimism of British opinion on the Colonies _circa_ 1844, 246

_Pilot, The_, 196

Pioneers, the, of Canadian Self-government, 237-8 _et sqq._

Political Groups, Canadian--British Early days, 14, 56; (_a_)
United Empire Loyalists, 17, 20; (_b_) Half-Pay Officers, 18;
(_c_) Immigrants, 20, 56
Later days--Anglo-French bloc, 65, 161; Liberal-Conservatives,
297
French-Canadian, 14, 15, 20; importance of, 56-9

Political Manners and Morals, after Autonomy, 314 _et sqq._

Political and Material conditions and Needs of Canada in 1839, 68-9

Politics in early days, 13 _et sqq._, 64 _et sqq._; _per_ Newspaper,
38; Questions of chief concern, 56; Turbulence in (_see_
Montreal riots), 65-8 _et alibi_

Population, Canadian, Composition of, and Problems of, 13 _et
sqq._; Changes in distribution, 1830-60, in reference to
Parliamentary Representation, 310-11; Town, growth of, 24

Preference, and Retaliation, Elgin's difficulties as to, 220

Presbyterianism in Canada, 43, 44-5, 47; Influence of, on Scottish
democracy, 41

Press, British, and Canadian Politics, 232-3
Canadian, _see_ Newspapers
Indian, Disabilities of, relieved by Metcalfe, 159

Progressives, Canadian, Loyalty of, 339

Protection as enemy to Canadian-British connexion, Grey's view
on, 285

Provincial Parliament, Baldwin's motion for, 119; Resolutions
replying to, 119-21

Provincialism, and its causes, 26, 27, 40

Public Lands Regulation enacted, 106
Opinion, Canadian, development and trend of, 133; as affected
by Autonomy, 292, 329 _et sqq._; Sydenham's attitude to, 87
Works, Canadian, condition in early days, 25-6; British loan
for, projected by Sydenham, 97 _et sqq._

Purse-holding and Prerogative, Bagot on, 165

Q

Queen's College, Kingston, 55; history of, 37

Quebec, British, and British views in, 14; Immigrant miseries at,
97; Length of voyage to, 9; Population-Centre, 13, increase in
population of (1790-1844), 24; as Social Centre, 25; Suburbs
of, 102; Urban conditions in, 25

R

Racial Distinction, intensified by Autonomy, 306

Radical party, Separation anticipated by, 278, 281

Radicals of the Durham brand, views of, on the Colonies, _circa_
1844, 246 _et proevi_

Ranjit Singh, Metcalfe's Treaty with, 158

Reactionaries, Insight of, as to results of Innovations, 166-7

Reading-habits how checked (1839), 39, 40

Rebellion, Risk of, from Metcalfe's methods, 158, 186, 191, 193

Rebellion Losses Act, effects of, 68, 213, 214, 215, Annexation
agitation connected with, 220-1, 232-3, 265 _&n._1; and the
"Double majority, " 307; Elgin's action concerning, 206-9,
214, 220-1, 335; Gladstone on, 250; and the Tories, 335

Rebellions in Canada, 5, 11, 14, 15, 36, 38, 55-6, 57, 59, 103,
124, 186; After-effects, 135, 213-15; Change in British opinion
after, by whom directed, 237 _et sqq._; Mackenzie on (1848), 63;
Molesworth's views on, 281; Settlers' attitude to, 55-6

Reciprocity, Grey on, 273
and Loyalty, Elgin's view on, 220

Reciprocity Treaty, Elgin's, 221-2, 287, 336; Benefits of, 222,
272; as affected by Canadian Autonomy, 288 _&n._; Cessation of
(cf. Free Trade), effects on Canadian Trade, 272

Reform, Colonial, Stanley's mistrust of, 142

Reform Parties, Canadian and British, 295

Reform Party, Canadian (Reformers, Reforming Loyalists, Reforming
Opposition), Acceptance by, of Bagot's action, as concession to
their views; consequences in Metcalfe's Governor-Generalship,
161 _et sqq._; Attitude to the French, 65; Civil List control
desired by, 163; Demand for Executive Council, Russell's
objections and concessions, 72-5; in Early Assemblies, 63,
Methods and Leaders of, 64; Measures favoured by, 64-5; and
Responsible Government, 101; in the Second Union Parliament,
141; Faculty for setting themselves in the wrong, 228
Constitutional, Loyalty of, 339
Intransigeant, 301

Religion in Canada, Forms prevalent; _see_ Anglicanism, Methodism,
Presbyterianism, Roman Catholicism

Representation Act, the, 310

Responsible Government (_see also_ Autonomy), the Struggle for,
_passim_
Baldwin on, 110-11
Conflict over, in first Union Parliament, 107 _et sqq._
Durham in favour of, 61
Effect on Struggle of admission of French to Office, 148 _et sqq._
Elgin's work for, 191, 197 _et sqq._
Grey's attitude to, 268-71, and views on British Intervention, 271
Hindrances to, 65-8
Impetus given to, by the Durham Report, 249
Limitations on, views of Russell and others, 101, 135, 175
Opponents of, 60
Patronage crisis in relation to, 169-70
Practical concession of, by Sydenham and Bagot, 146, 155, 157,
175, 228-9
Russell's policy and, 101, 135, 175, 260-2, final upshot of, 262
Stanley's attitude to, 129, 130-1
Supporters of, 61, 64, 178, 268-71
Views on, of Arthur, Cartwright, and the Family Compact, 60-1 _et
sqq._; of Bagot, 139 _et sqq._; of Elgin, 123-4, 192, 202; of
Metcalfe, 164 _et sqq._, 175; of Sydenham, 87, 88, 101
Training for, Russell on, 263

_Responsible Government for the Colonies_, Buller's pamphlet on,
234-5, 236, 240-3

Retaliation, as Trade weapon, 272, Grey's views on, 273-4

_Revue Canadienne, La_, on Papineau, and Political Moderation
(1847), 199

Richardson, Major, on Sydenham's success, 107-8 _&n._
Book-sales of, 40

Rideau Military Canal route, 11

Rioting, Political, 65-8, 179-80, 206, 208, 227, 320, 326

Road and River Communication in early days, 9 _et sqq._

Robinson, John Beverley, 27; tribute by, to Methodism, 46-7

Roebuck, John Arthur, M.P., Debate on Canada introduced by, 182;
and Separation, 281, 282

Rolph, Dr. John, on the Clergy Reserves, 51-2

Roman Catholicism in Lower Canada, 14-17, 31-2, 41-2; of Scottish
and Irish Settlers, 42

_Rouges_, the, of Lower Canada, Politics of, and Annexation views,
301, 302, 305, 331, 338

Rush-Bagot Treaty, the, 126

Russell, Lord John, as Colonial Secretary, policy of, 128, 164,
235, 259-67; and the Act of Union, 94; Baldwin on, 339; and
Federation, 196-7; and the Government of Canada, 70 _et sqq._,
110, 228-9; Leader of British Reformers, 295; Political
evolution of, 262-6, 280; Separation anticipated by, 278

Russellite Whigs, use made by, of the Durham Report, 258 _et sqq._

Ryerson, Egerton, and Canadian Education, 35; in Defence of
Metcalfe, 174; and Methodism, 180

Ryerson family, value of, to Canada, 18

S

St. Benoit, Village of, and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 214

St. Lawrence River, Rapids on, 10

Salaries of Executive, in relation to Political purity, 316

Schools, early, 32 _et sqq._
Convent, 16, 31
Problem of, 307, 309

Scott, R. W., and the Separate Schools Act, 309

Scotsmen as Settlers, 23, 27-9, 42, 45; Keenness for Education,
33-7; Links of, with Scotland, 44, 45; Loyalty of: a
striking instance, 338; Noteworthy names among, 23

Sectarianism and Education, 34, 35, 36

Secularization, Advocates of, 64, 90

Seignorial tenure difficulties, 95-6, 306

Self-government, Colonial, _see_ Autonomy, _and_ Responsible
Government

Separate Schools Act (Scott's), how carried, 307

Separation, Anticipations of, 166, 200, 231, 248, 266, 274, 278
_et sqq._, 282, of British Tories, 253, 254, 255, 256
Four disbelievers in, 278, 291
Military views on, 290
Possibility as affected by Autonomy, 323 _et sqq._
Russell's views at different times, 262, 263, 265

Settlers, _see_ Half-pay officers, Irish, Population, Scotsmen,
Squatters, United Empire Loyalists, _&c._

Sherman, General, 290

Sherwood, Henry, Solicitor-General, Bagot and, 144; Elgin and,
194; Retirement of, 250

Sicotte-Macdonald Ministry, and the "Double majority," 309

Simcoe, Lieut.-General John Graves, 19

Single-party Government, Canadian tendency to, 298-9

Small, J. E., in Office, 150

Smith, Professor Goldwin, and his party, Separationists, 289

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, in Canada, 43

Sovereign, the, True relations with Canadian people, 327

Squatters, 22, 29

Stanley, Lord, as Colonial Secretary, relations with Bagot and
Canada, 127, 128 _et sqq._, 156, 217, 236, 250-2; Hincks'
indictment of, 170; Separation anticipated by, 278
on Bagot's diplomatic services, 127; on the Tie between Great
Britain and the Colonies, 139-40

Statesmanship, Elgin's conception of, 227

Statesmen, Canadian, Loyalty of the more eminent, 339 _et sqq._

Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames, Influence of, at the Colonial Office,
234-7, 238; Views of, on Separation, 237 _&n._

Stephen, Sir Leslie, 236 _&n._

Strachan, Dr. John, Bishop in Toronto, 36, 89, 133; and the
Anglican Church, 43; and the Clergy Reserve question, 49, 50,
52, 54, 90, 92; and Education, 35, 36; and Methodism, 45

Strickland family, the, as Colonists, 19

Strickland, Lieut.-Colonel Samuel, and Mackenzie's Rebellion, 55;
on Unsuitable Colonists, 19-20

Sullivan, Robert Baldwin, 113

Suburbs, and the Electorate, 102

Sydenham, Lord (Rt. Hon. Charles Poulett Thomson), as
Governor-General, 54, 57, 65, 70; Raised to Peerage, 53;
Characteristics, 76-8, 107-8, 131, 141; and his Coalition of
Moderates, 113, 141, 298; Debt to, of Canada, 122-5, 132, 133;
Despatches of, 325; Episodes and course of his rule, 78 _et sqq._;
the Fall of the Family Compact, 63; Practice of, Bagot's action
contrasted with, 149; Relations with French Canadians, 58, 141,
162; Religious distribution of members of his Council (1841),
47; Responsible Government practically granted by, 107, 228-9,
his own views as worded by Harrison, 119-20, Metcalfe on, 164-5;
and Russell's system, 260; Settlement by, of Clergy Reserve
Question, 53, 54; Sleigh-journey, record breaking 11-12, 92;
Success with the Act of Union, 92
on Baldwin's action in the First Union Parliament, 44-5; on
Business in a Colonial Parliament, 65-6; on the Clergy Reserve
question, 53-4; on Early Travel in Canada, 10; on the French
Anti-Union movement, 103-4; on Party names, 56, 295

T

Tache, Colonel Sir Etienne Pascal, 195, 307; and Federation, 303

Talbot, Colonel, in Canada, 19

Tariffs, Canadian, and the Home country, 327-8

Taxation, Canadian, Independence in, asserted, 287, 328

Taylor, Sir Henry, Influence of, at the Colonial Office, 235; on
Russell as Chief Secretary, 236

Teachers, Lack of, in early days, 33-5

Terrebonne, and La Fontaine's election, 117

Thomson, Poulett, _see_ Sydenham, Lord

Three Rivers, 13

_Times, The_, and Canadian affairs, 232-3

Toronto, 65; Anglicanism in, 43; Journey to (1839), 10; King's
College at, 36; Population of (1824-46), 13, 24; Social
characteristics (_circ._ 1846), 26

Toronto, Bishop in, _see_ Strachan

Toronto University, set on foot by Bagot, 36, 136

Tory Party
British, and Colonial aspirations, 217, 247 _et sqq._; Separation
anticipated by, 278, 279, 329; Views analogous to those of
Canadian Tories, 295
Canadian (_see also_ Family Compact), Annexationist views of,
204, 220, Elgin's methods with, 221, 222, 295-6, 334 _et sqq._

Toryism of the French Canadians, _see_ French Canadians, Political
views of

Towns, Large and Small, Characteristics of (_circa_ 1846),
25 _et sqq._

Trade between Canada and the U.S.A., as affected by Free Trade, 272,
Grey's views on, 273
and Colonial relations, Views on, of Bright and Cobden, 284

Trade-regulation, formerly Controlled by the Crown, 327

Trade-relations of Canada with Great Britain after Autonomy, 327-8

_Trent_ episode, 288

U

Ulstermen as Settlers, 21

Ultra-Reformers party (1841), 105

Union, Act of, Acceptance by both Provincial governments, 92;
French-Canadian attitude to, 57-8; Guarantees, desired by
Stanley, 152; Grey's Changes in, as affecting the French,
268; Serious Omission in, 93-5

Union of Canada, Lord John Russell's instructions on, 71
First Parliament of, 100; Elections (and other preliminaries),
101; Results, 104; Groups in, 59, 100, 104-5; Sydenham's
successes, and struggles against the Autonomy party, 106
_et sqq._; Work of the First Session, 106
Second, Bagot's, forecasts on, 140-1

United Empire Loyalists, origin, characteristics, and views of,
17-20

United Reform Party, Baldwin on, 113

Unity
Forces conducing to Education, 16, 31 _et sqq._; Politics, 31;
Religion, 31, 32, 40 et seq.
Forces retarding, Physical, 8-13, 24, 28-9; Racial, 13, 20-3,
24; Religious, 34-5; Social, 24

University Question, in Upper Canada (1845), 184

Universities of Canada, 36-8 _&n._1, 136

Upper Canada, Arrested Development of, Sydenham's plans in aid,
98-100; Educational Efforts in, 33 _et sqq._; Methodism in,
45-7; Population increase of, 24; Radicalism of, 32; and
the Union, 83-9

Upper Canada College, 35, 50

V

_Vendus, Les_, 142

Viger, Jacques, French Canadian politician, 59; and the Rebellion,
142; Rival to La Fontaine, 171; in Metcalfe's Council, 177, 194

Voluntary Principle in matters Ecclesiastical, pros and cons of,
51-2

W