Chapter II: Preface

In offering the following historical and social account of Burmese policy and importance, it may be permitted me to make a few remarks on the subject of the war now proceeding in that country.

Unfortunate as any war always is, and must be, yet in contending with an unprincipled and tyrannical government like that of Burmah, there is a grain of satisfaction in knowing that we thereby shake the despotic thrones of the East, and thus add something to the cause of liberty and peace. Such, too, is the only advantage of a contention with the king of Ava. If we cannot humanize by fair means,—of course, under fair means I do not intend to comprehend many of the so-called missionary labours, which cause more harm in a short while than all diplomatic fiddling will do in the course of years,—we must, _vi et armis_, carry civilisation into the country, and openly defy the custom-house of tyranny. The two courses to be adopted with respect to Burmah seem to be these;—the one is to erect the Pegu province into a kingdom; the other, to annex the country ourselves, placing it under Anglo-Indian rule; and I cannot help believing that any fair investigation of the subject will produce the above conviction; but time and the diplomatists must decide on the precise course.

For the cause of religious truth and civil liberty, it is to be hoped that the missionary system at present pursued may be altered; for the sake of peace, it is to be hoped that the utmost caution will be pursued in framing laws for these countries, which must at last, in some way, become allies or tributaries of the imperial crown of Great Britain.

It will be seen in the following pages, where I have endeavoured to indicate rather than enlarge upon the social condition of the Burmese, that they have many admirable customs; that they are industrious; that their moral propensities are as yet undefiled; and that their country presents a fine field for the development both of commercial and agricultural interests. Now, when even the colonies in the south are overstocked, or rather crowded with persons not capable, as a general rule, of occupying a responsible condition in life, there is a necessity for a new and yet old place. In Burmah we have it. Under the rule of an independent sovereign, Pegu would form a fine place, where our vessels could lie; and the teak of the country would make Bassein and Rangoon of great importance to our shipping interests. If Burmah should be incorporated with our own dominions, why, then at least the same degree of elevation in the intellectual world would be obtained, as in Hindustan, or in Siam, where, as Neale informs us, the king reads “Pickwick” in English, and enjoys it.

In some respects the following character of the English, drawn by the Burmese themselves, is so just, that I shall hardly be wrong in submitting it to the reader:—

“The English are the inhabitants of a small and remote island: what business have they to come in ships from so great a distance to dethrone kings, and take possession of countries they have no right to? They contrive to conquer and govern the black foreigners, the people of castes, who have puny frames and no courage: they have never yet fought with so strong and brave a people as the Burmas, skilled in the use of the sword and spear. If they once fight with us, and we have an opportunity of manifesting our bravery, it will be an example to the black nations, which are now slaves to the English, and will encourage them to throw off the yoke.”[1]

The fact is, that the English never had any business in India, and their only title to it now consists in their long possession and occupation of the territory. The world has forgotten that, or overlooked it from the first. The nation is brave and intelligent, but hasty and inconsiderate, and so blind is it when excited, that, at such time, like Captain Absolute, it could _cut its own throat_, “or any other person’s, with the greatest pleasure in the world.”

I trust this little work may serve as a guide to the many valuable and interesting volumes to which I have been indebted, and that the reader may not count the hours spent in its perusal lost. My literary engagements have somewhat hurried the close, but nothing of importance has been omitted; indeed, by the kindness of several friends, I have been able, here and there, to add new illustrations and comments.

KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.

CONTENTS.

BOOK I.

BURMAN CIVILISATION.

CHAPTER I.

Geographical sketch—Character of the country—Climate—The
river Irawadi—The Petroleum Wells—The Saluen,
&c.—Forests—Plants—Minerals—Animals—Races of Burmah—Character
of the Burmese nation 1

CHAPTER II.

The King absolute—Instances of despotism—Titles—Forms
of government—Offices—The Law Courts—Their
iniquity—Instances—The Book of the Oath epitomized—The
oath—Laws—Police—Revenues—Petroleum—Family-tax—Imports
and exports—Exactions—Army—Equipments—Cowardice—March—The
Invulnerables—Discipline—Military character—White
elephants—Description of an early traveller—Its high
estimation—Treatment—Funeral 16

CHAPTER III.

Cosmography—The Burman hells—Definition of a
Nat, by Hesiod—Buddha—Gaudama—His probable
history—Buddhism—Priests—Temples—Curious cave near
Prome—Monasteries—Ceremonies—Funeral—Concluding remarks 45

CHAPTER IV.

Language—Literature—Manuscripts—The
Aporazabon—Superstitions—Divination—The
Deitton—Astronomy—Division of time 66

CHAPTER V.

Currency—Weights—Commerce—Ports—Teak-wood—Houses—Tanks—Dress—
Food—Marriages—Childbirth—Funerals—Arts—Slavery—The
Drama—Chess—Games—Music—Fireworks 81

CHAPTER VI.

Ancient history—Pegu—Character of the Burmese—Concluding
reflections 99

BOOK II.

BURMAN HISTORY.

CHAPTER I.

1687-1760.

Alompra, the liberator of Burmah 108

CHAPTER II.

1760-1819.

Anaundopra—Zempiuscien—Chenguza—Paongoza—Men-ta-ra-gyee 135

CHAPTER III.

1760-1824.

British intercourse with Ava—Alves’s mission—Symes’s
mission—Canning—King Nun-Sun—Rise of the Burman war—Its origin
in official aggression—Evacuation of Cachar 145

CHAPTER IV.

1824.

Bundoola—Retreat of Captain Noton—Defeat at Ramoo—Repulse
of the Burmans—Burmese account of the war—Rangoon
expedition—Description of Rangoon 156

CHAPTER V.

1824.

Arrival at Rangoon—Taking of that town—Position of the
troops—State of the neighbourhood—Confidence of the
king of Ava—Attack of Joazong—Burmese embassy—Capture
of Kemendine—Reinforcements from Madras—Sickness of the
army—Endurance of the British soldier 169

CHAPTER VI.

1824.

Encounters with the Burmese—Capture of Kummeroot—Taking of
Syriam—Storming of Dalla—Conquest of Tenasserim province—The
Invulnerables 181

CHAPTER VII.

1824-1825.

Battle of Kykloo—Thantabain—Maha Bundoola—Successes of the
British—Discomfiture of Maha Bundoola—Campbell marches into the
interior—Arrival at Donabew—Repulse—Death of Bundoola—Capture
of Donabew 189

CHAPTER VIII.

1825-1826.

Arrival at Prome—Prome under English rule—Re-assembly
of the Burmese army—Negotiations for peace—Battle of
Meaday—Melloon—Yandabo—Treaty of peace 197

BURMAH; AN HISTORICO-SOCIAL SKETCH.