Chapter XV: Appendix: A.--Page 32

The signs here referred to were guessed by Buckingham (about 1816) to be possibly some distinctive tokens of Arab tribes; but he seemed rather inclined to connect them with marks that are found in Indian caverns, or those on the rocks about Mount Sinai.

He was thus nearer to the truth than the latest of travellers, De Saulcy, who, with all his knowledge of Semitic alphabets, says of some of these _graffiti_, or scratchings, at 'Amman, which he copied: "Tout cela, je regrette fort, est lettre close pour moi. Quelle est cette ecriture? Je l'ignore." (Voyage en Terre Sainte. Tom. i. p.256. Paris, 1865.)

They are characters adopted by Arabs to distinguish one tribe from another, and commonly used for branding the camels on the shoulders and haunches, by which means the animals may be recovered, if straying and found by Arabs not hostile to the owners.

I have, however, seen them scratched upon walls in many places frequented by Bedaween, as, for instance, in the ruined convents, churches, etc., on the plain of the Jordan, and occasionally, as at 'Amman, several such cyphers are united into one complex character.

[Picture: Appendix A characters]

* * * * *

B.--Page 367.

Considerable discrepancy may be found among the transcripts furnished by travellers in their published works, of the Greek votive inscriptions about the entrance of the cavern of Pan at Banias.

I give the following as the result of careful study of them in 1849, and again, after the lapse of six years, in 1855, each time examining the writing, under varieties of light and shade, at different hours of the day.

There are some other inscriptions, which are entirely blackened with smoke, in the niches, made perhaps by ancient burning of lamps or of incense there. This is particularly the case in one large hollow made in the rock, which has almost its whole surface covered with Greek writing. Within this hollow a niche is cut out, now empty.

[Picture: Sculptured niche]

One small niche has its inscription so much defaced by violence that only the letters [Greek text] are connectedly legible.

This sculptured niche has no inscription, but only the pedestal on which the statue was placed.

[Picture: Ornamental niche]

This ornamental niche has beneath it, on a tablet, the words as at present legible.

The inscription in the highest situation is as follows:--

[Picture: Inscription in the highest situation]

Beneath this is the following:--

[Picture: Inscription beneath]

Above the smoked recess, but below an upper niche, we find--

[Picture: Inscription below upper niche]

In this inscription "the emperors" can mean no others than Vespasian and Titus, who had had one and the same Triumph in Rome on account of the conquest of Judea; and this very title is used in Josephus, ("Wars," vii. xi. 4,)

[Picture: Greek title]

It is peculiarly suitable to that place, inasmuch as Titus, previous to leaving the country, had celebrated there the birthday of his brother Domitian, with magnificent public spectacles--amid which, however, more than 2500 Jews were destroyed for popular amusement, by burning, fighting, and in combats with wild beasts.

Although these are copied with much painstaking, there may be errors unperceived in some of the letters; but at least one of the words is misspelt by the provincial artist, namely, [Greek word].

INDEX OF PLACES.

N.B.--_Names with the asterisk are ancient and not modern_.

A

Aaron's tomb 306 Abadiyeh 80 106 Abasiyeh 254 Abdoon 34 Abeih 392 Abu Atabeh 239 Abu Dis 1 Abu Mus-hhaf 47 Abu'n Jaib (Jaim) 337 Abu Sabakh 203 Acre 237 Adasa 200 Afeeri 193 Afooleh 227 Ahhsaniyeh 183 Ai 204 'Ainab 391 'Ain 'Anoob 390 391 'Ain 'Aroos 324 'Ain Atha 387 'Ain Bedawiyeh 240 244 'Ain Berweh 241 'Ain Besaba 390 'Ain Carem 424 'Ain Dirweh 151 194 290 'Ain Ghazal 34 'Ain Ghazal 224 'Ain Hhood 224 'Ain Jadoor 41 'Ain Jidi 333 'Ain Kaimoon 230 'Ain Kesoor 392 'Ain Mel'hh 296 'Ain Mellahhah 371 'Ain Merubba' 48 'Ain Merubba' 417 419 'Ain Nebel 259 266 'Ain Noom 270 'Ain Saadeh 235 245 250 'Ain Shems 156 'Ain Sufsafeh 231 250 'Ain Taasan 321 'Ain Weibeh 302 'Ain Yebrood 89 'Ain Zera'ah 238 Aita 265 Aituran 387 Ajjeh 126 219 'Ajloon 38 56 69 79 'Ajoor 153 'Akir 157 Alma 108 'Alman 201 'Almeet 201 'Amman 24-36 Amooriah 156 'Anata 200 210 'Aneen 251 Annabeh 127 'Arabah 301 320 etc 'Arabeh 217 etc 251 'Arabet el Battoof 241 'Arak el Ameer 19 'Arak Hala 183 'Arak Munshiyah 177 'Ararah 248 'Arkoob 147 'Arkoob Sahhaba 336 Arzoon 254 Ascalan 163 182 Asdood 164 'Asfi 234 'Asker 90 Atarah 126 215 Athleet 224 Atna 162 'Attar 183 Aujeh 133 134 Awali 348 412 'Azair 244 'Azoor 355 377

B

Bahhjah 239 Bait Ainoon 290 Bait Atab 147 Bait Dajan 163 Bait Duras 162 Bait Ezkareh 443 Bait Hhaneena 200 Bait Hhanoon 175 Bait Jala 436 Bait Jan 271 Bait Jirja 166 Bait Jibreen 178 443 Bait Nateef 147 149 196 Bait Nejed 176 Bait Sahhoor in Nasara 428 Bait Sahhoor el Wad 428 Bait Saweer 447 Bait Soor (see Bezur) Bait Uksa 140 Bait Unah 140 Bait U'oon 257 Bait Uzan 219 Bait Ziz (Jiz) 157 Baka 247 249 Bakoosh 435 etc *Balah 297 Banias 364 384 385 Barook 354 376 407 411 *Bashan 66 Batteer 195 Battoof 271 Bayroot 390 Beerain 291 Beeri 88 Beer Eyoob 418 Beer El Kott 433 Beer Mustafa 203 Beer Nebala 200 Beer es Seba (Beersheba) 189 etc Beisan 94 96 etc Beka' el Basha 40 46 Balameh 221 Beled esh Shai'kh 235 245 247 250 Belhhamiyeh 80 Belka 19 79 *Belus 239 Beni Naim 290 291 Beni Saheela 171 Berasheet 257 Berberah 165 Berga'an 45 Besheet 160 Buteadeen 405 etc *Bethany 1 *Bethlehem 436 437 440 Beth Zacharias 432 Bezur 152 194 430 Bidias 254 Bint el Jebail 114 255 257 388 Bisrah 355 376 Boorj (near Hebron) 184 287 Boorj (near Saida) 253 Brair 176 Burak 435 Burka 214 219 Bursa 48 Burtaa 222 Bursheen 254 Buwairdeh 321

C

Caiffa 236 *Carmel 44 67 224 *Caesarea Philippi 364 Cocab el Hawa 80 82 83 103 Cocaba 360 381 Cuf'r Bera'am 121 388 Cuf'r Cana 126 Cuf'r Enji 57 Cuf'r Hhooneh 358 378 Cuf'r Ita 247 Cuf'r Kara 222 Cuf'r Menda 244 Cuf'r Natta 398 Cuf'r Rai 126 216 Cuf'r Ruman 127 Cuf'r Saba 132 etc Cuf'r Yuba 58 Cuferain (beyond Jordan) 9 Cuferain (near Carmel) 251 Curnub 297

D

Dabook 39 Dahair el Hhumar 23 80 Dahar es Salahh 441 Daiket 'Arar 297 Dair 68 Dair 'Ammar 137 Dair el Belahh 169 Dair el Benat 448 Dair Dewan 203 204 Dair ed Duban 177 Dair Hhanna 240 272 Dair el Kamar 400 etc Dair el Mokhallis 348 374 412 Dair el Musha'al 136 Dair el Mushmushi 377 Dair en Nakhaz 182 Dair Thecla 254 Dair Yaseen 427 Daliet Carmel 238 Daliet er Rohha 238 251 Damooneh 241 *Dan 362 Dar Joon 349 353 Dar Kanoon 254 Dar Meemas 254 Dar Shems 254 Dar Zibneh 254 Dead Sea 3 4 12 326 etc Deaneh 197 Deheedeh 378 Dejajeh 157 Desrah 136 Dibneh 156 Dilathah 107 Dilbeh 193 Doheriyeh 192 193 Doomeen 238 Dothan 127 219 etc Duhheish'meh 146 Durtghayer 254

E

Ebeleen 242 247 Ed Dair 169 Edjajeh 157 Eilaboon 240 Ekfairat 17 Ekwikat 239 Elah 150 151 153 196 'Elealeh 13 17 18 El 'Areesh 170 El Hhabees 425 El Khait 108 El Kharjeh 208 El Khud'r 146 435 El Mergab 34 El Muntar el Kassar 34 Er-Ram (beyond Jordan) 9 Er-Ram (near Jerusalem) 87 Er-Rihha 4 414 Esak 194 'Esfia 235 238 Es-Salt 12 17 33 41 Esh-Shemesani 33 Esh-Shwaifiyeh 33 Etam 444

F

Faghoor 449 etc Fahh'mah 216 Falooja 176 182 Farah 108 260 Farra'an 127 Fendecomia 126 219 Ferdisia 127 Fooleh 227 Fort 183 Fountain of Apostles 2 Furadees 224

G

*Gadara 77 *Gath 157 163 183 Ghawair 324 325 Ghor 3 12 301 Ghoraniyeh 5 Ghujar 370 Ghutt 183 Ghuzzeh (Gaza) 166 etc *Gilboa 67 102 Gumron 414 416

H

Haddata 257 Hadeth 390 Hafeereh 220 Haita ez Zoot 257 Harakat 252 Herfaish 270 *Hermon 67 78 264 359 364 371 Hhalhhool 194 291 449 Hhamameh 163 Hhaneen 266 Hhanooneh 136 Hharrasheh 140 141 Hharatheeyeh 234 246 Hhasbani 360 380 Hhasbeya 360 379 381 etc Hhata 176 Hhatteen 126 240 Hheker Zaboot 13 Hhesban 13 16 Hhizmeh 201 209 210 Hhooleh (Lake) 361 Hhooleh 257 386 Hhubeen 147 Hhusan 147 *Hor 301 etc *Hormah 299 Huneen 386 Hurbaj 236 247

I

Idsaid 182 Iksal 228 Ilmah 183 Ineer 376 Irtahh 127 Izereiriyeh 254

J

Ja'arah 247 Jadeerah 200 Jahharah 386 Jaida 246 Jalood 83 Janiah 138 Jarmuk 117 118 262 Jawah 17 Jeba' 126 219 Jeba' (Gibeah of Saul) 208 Jeba' 147 Jebel el Ghurb 297 Jebel Mahas 39 Jebel esh Shaikh (See Hermon) Jebel Sherreh 305 Jehaarah 24 Jelaad 43 48 Jelboon (Gilboa) 96 227 Jelool 17 Jeneen 84 126 226 Jerash 18 48 etc *Jericho (See Er-Rihha) *Jeshimon 301 Jezzeen 357 377 Jifna 88 Jish 114 115 121 261 Jis'r el Kadi 399 Jit 222 *Jokneam 230 *Joktheel 337 Joon 348 353 373 *Jordan 5 6 77 104 105 364 380 384 Judaidah 183 Julis 182 Jurah 164

K

Kabatieh 219 *Kadesh Barnea 302 Kadis 107 Kadita 116 Kaimoon 230 250 Kala'at er Reehha 414 Kala'at Rubbad 44 Kala'at Subeibeh 365 Kalinsawa 127 Kalkeeleh 127 Kaloneh 426 Kanneer 223 Karatiya 176 Karaweesh 446 Kasimiyeh 253 Kassar Waijees 33 Kayaseer 94 Keelah 152 196 Kelt 3 Kerak 14 18 34 Khalsah 370 Khan em Meshettah 17 Khan Yunas 169 etc Kharas 151 196 Khash'm Usdum 324 etc Khatroon 3 202 Khirbet el Kasees 442 Khirbet en Nasara 183 Khirbet es Sar 38 Khirbet Saleekhi 47 Khirbet Sellim 255 Khuldah (beyond Jordan) 39 Khuldah (on the Plain) 157 196 Kifereh 83 Kobaibeh 183 Krishneh 203 Kubbet el Baul 297 Kubeibeh 160 Kubrus 222 Kuriet el 'Aneb 179 Kuriet es Sook 17 Kustul (beyond Jordan) 17 Kustul (near Jerusalem) 426

L

Lahh'm 183 Laithma 90 Latroon 427 Lejjoon 221 229 249 250 Lesed 149 Litani 359 Lubban 90 Lubieh 126 238

M

Ma'alool 246 Ma'an 192 301 Main 17 Maisera 44 Ma'kook 206 Ma'naeen 195 Manjah 17 Mar Saba 418 Marseea' 448 Martosiyah 183 Mazaal 224 Medeba 17 Mejama'a 71 104 Mejdal 163 182 Mejdal Yaba 127 128 etc Mekebleh 228 Menzel el Basha 230 Merash 183 Meroon 117 etc Merj ibn Amer 228 249 Merj ed Dom 187 Med Merka 34 Mesdar Aishah 34 Mesh-had 126 *Me-Yarkon 158 Mezer 67 Mezra'a 19 140 Mezra'ah 254 Mobugghuk 329 Modzha 224 Mohhrakah 233 237 Mokatta' 233 Mokhtarah 407 etc *Moladah 296 *Moreh 90 Mujaidel 237 245 Mukhmas 207 210 Mukhneh 90 Munsoorah 183 Mushmusheh 249 Muzaikah 297 M'zeera'a 136

N

Naa'eea 165 Naaman 239 Na'ana 157 Na'oor 18 19 Nabloos 44 90 Nahhaleen 147 443 448 *Nazareth 126 Neab 241 Neba' 17 Nebi Hhood 56 Nebi Moosa 2 Nebi Osha 44 Nebi Samwil 44 Nebi Sari 136 Nebi Yunas 290 *Negeb 145 *Nimrin 126 Nooris 83 Nuba 152 196

O

Obeyah 183 *Olivet 1 16

P

*Parah 212 *Pelesheth 144 Petra 311 etc Point Costigan 332 Point Molyneux 332

Q

Quarantana 202

R

Ra'ana 157 Rabbah 34 Raineh 126 Rama 238 272 Ram Allah 87 143 Rameen 126 Rami 216 Ramlah 128 197 Ras el Ahhmar 108 114 Ras el 'Ain 131 132 Ras abu Ammar 147 Ras Kerker 135 137 etc Rehhaniyeh 251 Remmoon 203 205 206 Resheef 242 Rubin 158 Rumaish 264 267 Ruman 48 Rumaneh 244 Rummet er Room 376 Runtieh 136

S

Safed 107 117 262 372 Safoot 47 Sagheefah 183 Saida 348 412 Saidoon 197 Salem 90 Salhhah 108 260 Salhhi 153 Salim 226 Salt Mountain 326 Samakh 76 Samek 17 Samma 71 Samooniah 246 Samua' 187 Sanneen 254 Sanoor 126 Sasa 121 Sattaf 424 Sawafeer Mesalkah 182 Sawafeer Odeh 182 Sawiyeh 90 *Scopus 199 Sebustieh 15 111 215 219 Se'eer 10 Seeleh 215 219 Seeleh (on Esdraelon) 226 Sefooriyeh 240 *Seir 305 306 *Selah 337 Selwan 1 Semsem 176 Semwan 239 Senabrah 182 Setcher (Seeker) 22 Sha'afat 86 Shaikh Aman 183 Shaikh el Bakkar 63 Shaikh Sad 231 Shakrah 257 Sharon 15 127 etc Shefa 'Amer (beyond Jordan) 15 Shefa 'Amer (near Acre) 240 242 243 247 Shelaleh 238 Shemuata 239 Shemaniyeh 183 *Shephelah 145 Sheree'ah (See Jordan) Shereeat el Menadherah 76 Shibtain 136 Shukbeh 136 Shukeef 254 Shutta 83 Sh'waifat 390 Sh'weikeh (Shocoh) 150 152 196 443 Sibta 193 Sik 313 Sindianeh 247 Sinjil 90 Siphla 145 Soba 423 425 Solam 227 Sora'a 156 Santa Anna 179 183 443 Suameh 224 Subariyeh 223 Sufah 299 Sufsafeh 231 250 Sukhneen 241 Sumkaniyeh 407

T

Ta'annuk 221 226 Tabakra 47 *Tabor 44 67 226 Taitaba 107 116 Tallooz 48 Tantoorah 224 Tarsheehhah 268 Tayibeh (beyond Jordan) 68 69 Tayibeh (near Jerusalem) 205 213 Teereh (on Sharon) 136 Teereh (in Galilee) 266 Teeri 224 238 Tela'at ed Dum 3 Tell 'Arad 293 Tell u'l 'Ejel 169 Tell el Hajjar 204 Tell el Kadi 362 384 Tell el Kasees 233 Tell es Safieh 177 Thekua' (Tekoa) 337 Terabeh 334 422 Thuggeret el Baider 33 *Thuggeret el Moghafer 48 Tiberias 78 105 Tibneen 255 264 387 Tibneh 156 Tibni 68 Timrah 175 Tool el Ker'm 127 Tubas 92 Tuleh 67 Tura 254 Tura'an 126

U

Umm el 'Aamed 17 Umm Bugghek 329 Umm ed Damaneer 47 Umm el 'Egher 47 Umm el Fahh'm 248 249 251 Umm Kais 62 71 72 Umm el Kanater 77 106 Umm Malfoof 33 Umm er Rumaneh 17 Umm Saidet 183 Umm Sheggar 17 Umm es Swaiweeneh 34 Umm ez Zeenat 251 Ursaifah 34 Urtas 435

W

Wadi Ahhmed 195 Wadi 'Arab (or Shaikh) 151 196 Wadi 'Arab 248 Wadi 'Aroob 448 Wadi Bait Hhaneena 424 Wadi Bedan 91 Wadi Berreh 82 Wadi Dubber 417 Wadi En-nab 91 Wadi Farah 210 Wadi Fara'ah 91 Wadi Fik'r 301 Wadi Fokeen 147 Wadi el Hharamiyeh 94 Wadi Hhuggereh 325 Wadi el Jaib 301 322 Wadi el Kasab 231 Wadi Keereh 232 235 Wadi el Kharnoob 136 Wadi Mel'hh 230 232 Wadi Moosa 316 Wadi Musurr 150 Wadi Nemela 318 Wadi Netheeleh 329 Wadi Pharaon 316 Wadi Soor 151 Wadi Sunt 150 154 Wadi Surar 158 Wadi Suaineet 207 Wadi Tayibeh 305 Wadi Zahari 72 Weli Jedro 247 Weli Sardoni 40

Y

Yaabad 222 Yabneh 158 159 Yaero 126 Yafah 245 Yajoor 245 247 250 Yakook 125 Yarmuk 75 Yaroon 260 388 Yehudiyeh 257

Z

Zacariah 154 Zaid 357 377 Zebdeh 222 Zeita 182 Zenabeh 127 *Zephath 299 Zer'een 67 83 226 Zerka 48 49 *Zin 301 Ziph 152 292 Zoghal 328 Zubairah 17 Zumareen 223 224 Zuwatah 219

FOOTNOTES.

{3} This is one of the frequent instances of Arabic local names preserving the sound, while departing from the signification.

{5} This ford was called _Ghoraneyeh_. The other is called _El Meshraa'_.

{17} Tristram has since expressed (p. 535) a doubt of the verity of this name of a site, but I had it given to me both at Heshbon and Jerash, and De Saulcy has since been there.

{19} How often have I regretted since that we did not know of the existence of 'Arak el Ameer, which has of late commanded so much interest. We might have so easily turned aside for that short distance.

{20} This word signifies "a desert." It is often found in the Arabic Bible, especially in the prophetic books.

{33} See Appendix A.

{39} The largest sort grown there.

{58} The officer deputed from the Porte lives in a pretty village called Cuf'r Yuba, and is said to have become enormously rich upon the levies which he does not transmit to Constantinople.

{61} Travellers of late report that enormous sums are exacted by the 'Adwan for their escort upon this same journey as ours. It may, therefore, be acceptable to learn what was our contract, and that it was honourably acted upon--namely, three of the party to pay 1000 piastres each, and 200 each for all the rest. As there were twelve in the party, the amount was

1000 x 3 = 3000
200 x 9 = 1800
----
4800

This total we among ourselves divided equally, equal to 400 each.

We also agreed to make a present from each when in the territory, besides giving a feast at 'Amman, and another at Jerash--the feasts were a mere trifle.

A hundred piastres came to rather less than a pound sterling.

I am glad to confirm the recent testimonies of Tristram and De Saulcy as to the honourable and noble deportment of Gublan and the other leaders of the 'Adwan people.

{65} Were not these the altars or other objects employed in idolatrous worship by the Geshurites and Maachathites who remained among the Israelites of Gad and Reuben?--(See Josh. xiii. 13.)

{67} I mean Jebel esh Shaikh of the Anti-Lebanon, as I do not believe in the existence of any _little Hermon_ in the Bible.

{94} He afterwards died of fever in my service, caught by rapid travelling in the heat of July 1860, during the Lebanon insurrection, whither he accompanied my Cancelliere to rescue some of the unfortunate Christians in my district.

{109} According to the Talmud, private roads were made four cubits wide; public roads sixteen cubits; but the approaches to a city of refuge were thirty-two cubits in width. See Lightfoot's "Decas Chorographica," VII. Latitudo viarum Tradunt Rabini. Via privata [Hebrew text] est quatuor cubitorum--via ab urbe in urbem est octo cubitorum--via publica [Hebrew text] est sedecm cubitorum--via ad civitates refugii est triginta duorum cubitorum." Bava Batra fol., 100 From Lightfoot's "Centuria Chorographica." "Synhedrio incubuit vias ad civitates hasee accommodare eas dilatando, atque omne offendiculum in quod titubare aut impingere posses amovendo. Non permissus in via ullus tumulus aut fluvius super quem non esset pons erat que via illuc ducens ad minimum 32 cubitorum lata atque in omni bivio, aut viarum partitione scriptum erat [Hebrew text] _Refugium_ ne eo fugiens a via erraret."--Maimon in [Hebrew text] cap. 8.

{110} On visiting Kadis some years after, I was grieved to find all this much demolished, and the ornamentation taken away, by Ali Bek, to adorn the new works at his castle of Tibneen.

{111} Since fallen almost to the ground.

{131a} [Greek text].

{131b} [Greek text].

{133} I have been there three times, twice late in autumn, and once in July, and always found water abundant.

{136} Since writing the above I have seen the photograph taken of this temple by the Palestine explorators in 1866.

{149} I do not find this place in any lists or books of travels.

{155} Since that journey I have been told by the country people that between Gaza and Beersheba it is the practice to sow wheat very thinly indeed, and to expect every seed to produce thirty to fifty stalks, and every stalk to give forty seeds.

{182} In a journey to Gaza from Hebron, in the spring season of 1853, I was proceeding from the great oak down a long valley--but I was induced to deviate from the direct line by the tidings of _Bait Jibreen_ being infested or taken by the Tiyahah Arabs.

We everywhere found the peasantry armed, and on arriving before _Dair Nahhaz_, almost within sight of that town, and communicating with the village for water to drink, as I rested under a tree, Mohammed 'Abd en Nebi sent me word that Bait Jibreen was recovered from the Arabs, and now occupied by themselves; that thirty-five corpses of Arabs were lying round Bait Jibreen, and one of the two Arab chiefs (Amer) was slain--he himself was wounded in the knee.

From hence to Gaza we passed _Zeita_, where a breastwork had been hastily thrown up by the peasantry, and into which a number of armed men rushed from a concealment, and parleyed before they would allow us to pass on. Then to _Falooja_, and between _Idsaid_ and _Karatiyah_ on our right, and the Arak Munshiyah on the left. Halted at Brair for the night.

The return from Gaza was by Ascalan, Mejdal, Julis, the two Sawafeers, Kasteeneh, Mesmiyeh, and Latron, on the Jaffa road to Jerusalem.

{203} Pronounced sometimes _Dewan_, sometimes _Debwan_.

{204} _Beth_ is represented by the modern word _Dair_, and _Aven_ has become _Ewan_, with the Syriac _d_' signifying _of_.

{207} It is worthy of notice that Suwan (in Arabic) (diminutive, _Suwaineet_) signifies "flint." These rocks being flinty, it is possible that _Seneh_ in Hebrew may have had the same meaning.

{217} 'Arabeh does not appear in any map before Vandevelde in 1854.

{230} As Hebron, Bethshemesh, Gibeon, Shechem, Beth-horon, Ta'annuk, Jeneen, etc., besides the cities of refuge.

{238} It is worthy of note, that in this single place the ancient name of Carmel is preserved among the people. This being called _Daliet el Carmel_ to distinguish it from the Dalieh of the Rohha district, yet the denomination Carmel is not otherwise given to this mountain by the Arab population. Dalieh signifies "a vine," this, therefore, is the "vine of Carmel," and Carmel itself signifies "God's vineyard!"

{243} They afterwards dwindled to two families, the rest removing to Caiffa as that port rose in prosperity.

{265} Shakespeare; or as Ronsard has it:--

"qui _tire l'ire_
Des esprits mieux que je n'ecris."

{301} Yet there was a "city of palm-trees" towards the south, which the Kenites abandoned for this district south of Arad,--probably the present _Nukh'l_; the name has that signification.

{302} There are many such _cachets_ of water in the desert, but known only to the tribes of each district. During the Israelitish wanderings, Hobab, a native of the desert, may have guided them to many such.

{304} It is not to be supposed, however, that this is a just representation of all that "great and terrible wilderness" through which the Israelites were led for forty years. It is indeed "a land not sown," (Jer. ii. 2,) and a land of pits and drought fearful to contemplate, as a journey for a wandering population of nearly two millions of souls, especially in the hottest seasons of the year; but the peculiarly terrible wilderness must have been among the defiles, hemmed in by scorching cliffs in the Sinaitic peninsula.

In that direction also were the "fiery flying serpents," concerning which I have never been able to learn anything more satisfactory than that, in the hot and unpeopled gorges west of the Dead Sea, there is a thin and yellow serpent called the Neshabiyeh, which flings itself across from one point to another in the air with astonishing velocity and force. It is therefore named after Neshabeh, a dart or arrow in Arabic. The natives also apply to it the epithet of "flying." The wound which it inflicts is said to be highly inflammatory and deadly, and from this effect it may be called "fiery." It may be also that, from being of a yellow colour, it may glitter like a flame when flying with rapidity in the sunshine.

It is only in Isaiah xxx. 6, that the epithet "flying" is used for these serpents. Observe, however, in Hebrew Lexicons the several applications of this word [Hebrew text].

{309} Dr H. Bonar.

{316} They take a pride in attributing everything of antiquity here to Pharaoh, the cursed king of Egypt,--as those about the Euphrates attribute all their old wonders to the cursed king Nimrod. These names are learned from the Koran.

{320} Numerous travellers, however, have since gone from Jerusalem in virtue of the agreement made on this occasion by me, and returned without molestation from these people.

{332} This I repeat after having travelled at different times on most parts, north, west, and south of the lake, and read all that has been printed about the eastern side. (1867.)

{339} Since writing the above, we learn from Lieutenant Warren's very interesting letters that the Turkish Government have sent a large force into the trans-Jordanic region, with a view of chastising the Arabs: it remains to be seen whether this measure will leave any permanent effects.--(_Nov._ 1867.)

{405} Especially in a book probably little known, but published as "Memoirs of a Babylonian Princess. By (herself) Marie Therese Asmar," who was in London in 1845, and supported for a time by fashionable patronesses of romantic Orientalism.

{408} The events of 1860-61 led to a tragical termination of the career of this young chieftain.

{419} Mr Tristram has since done this, but on foot, the rugged road being impassable in any other way.

{432} Bait Zacari and Zecariah lie far away among the mountains in the south-west. Neither of them would command the road which Judas desired to intercept--neither of them therefore answers to the Bath Zacharias of the history any more than Baitzur near Hebron does to Bethsura--all are equally out of the question by reason of their distance.

{440} Very common in Oriental Christendom, and called by the Greeks the [Greek text] (semantron.)

The ancient Britons used to summon the congregation to church service by means of "sacra ligna," is it not likely that these were the same as the above, seeing that the Celtic nations were derived from the East?