Chapter XXV: The Dating and the Classification of the Churches

The dating of the Constantinople churches is a problem of great difficulty, and, in the absence of documentary evidence, we must often be contented with very indefinite suggestions. Many churches are known to have been founded at dates which are evidently earlier than the existing buildings, and have apparently been rebuilt at some later date of which the record has been lost. Other churches are known to have been 'repaired,' and here the question of how far 'repair' means 'rebuilding' is sometimes insoluble. Repair may mean simply a fresh coat of paint.

The architectural characteristics afford a certain clue, and the following chronological scheme has been drawn up by their guidance:--

The pre-Justinian period is characterised by simple construction and detail of a late Roman type. Of this we have one example--the basilica of S. John of the Studion, founded about 463. The existing building appears to be original.

The Justinian period commences with the beginning of the sixth century. It is characterised by the development of the drumless dome on pendentives. The plan is complicated, and the buildings are large in comparison with those of later date. To this period belong SS. Sergius and Bacchus (527 A.D.), the baptistery of S. Sophia, and the 'Great Church' of S. Sophia itself. S. Andrew in Krisei and S. Saviour in the Chora probably date from this period. The carved detail of the former closely resembles that of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, and the plan of the latter connects it with S. Sophia, Salonica (sixth century).

The Justinian period roughly includes the seventh century, and is followed by a long decline, marked by the great iconoclastic controversy which lasted almost until the middle of the ninth century. To this period belongs S. Irene (740 A.D.). In plan it is a double-domed cross church. In the arrangement of the dome-arches and galleries it resembles S. Theodosia, whilst in the presence of a western gallery over the narthex and in the number of columns in the 'nave arcade' it is like S. Sophia.

The accession of Basil the Macedonian (867 A.D.) marks the beginning of the second great period--the 'Basilian Renaissance.' We know that this was a period of great religious activity, and though we have, unfortunately, no known dates to guide us, the development of plan leads us to place a group of churches in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. These are S. Mary Pammakaristos, S. Mary Panachrantos, S. Theodosia, S. Mary Diaconissa, and SS. Peter and Mark.

They are all churches of considerable size; S. Mary Diaconissa and S. Theodosia being indeed large. They are characterised by the use of the ambulatory and domed cross plans. The carving is coarse and the capitals are of the clumsy Byzantine Corinthian type. The dome is raised on a high drum in S. Mary Pammakaristos and S. Mary Panachrantos, though this may be a later addition. The domes of the other three churches seem to be Turkish. S. Mary Pammakaristos and the south church in S. Mary Panachrantos are identical in plan with S. Andrew in Krisei, and it would be possible to date them earlier had we any evidence whatsoever. Unfortunately both have been very much altered.

S. Theodosia, S. Mary Diaconissa, and SS. Peter and Mark, taken in this order, form a series showing the gradual disappearance of the galleries and the evolution of the domed cross church into the 'four columned' church of the next period.

The Myrelaion (919-945), if the present church is of that date, is an unusually early example of this four-columned type. It is generally considered that this plan type dates at the earliest from the eleventh century. There is, however, no reason to believe that the church was rebuilt later; it is a perfectly normal example of its class, and nowhere is an early example more probable than in Constantinople. The Myrelaion may accordingly be taken as marking the commencement of the late Byzantine period in Constantinople.

The churches are now smaller; the gynecaeum, where present, is placed over the narthex; the use of patterning in the brickwork of the exterior, which occurs in some of the Basilian churches (_e.g._ the cornice of S. Theodosia), now becomes important, and alternate coursing in brick and stone is used with great effect. From this time onwards narthexes were frequently added to the existing churches.

S. Saviour Pantokrator (1118-1143 A.D.) is the largest late church in Constantinople, and is an unusually large church of its type. S. Saviour Pantepoptes (1081-1118), S. Theodore, and S. John in Trullo, belong to the same class. The last, with its circular dome and apse, is probably the latest of the three. S. Thekla (1057-1059) and Bogdan Serai are examples of hall churches of the same period.

The monastery of Manuel was founded in 829-842 A.D., but the building believed to be the refectory is probably much later. As part of the monastery it might, of course, have been built at any date subsequent to the foundation of the House.

The architecture of the Sanjakdar does not correspond to the date of the foundation of the monastery of the Gastria in the ninth century. The building is certainly of late date, subsequent to the eleventh century. Of the Balaban Mesjedi it is impossible to say anything. It is the remnant of some Byzantine structure.

From 1204 to 1261, during the Latin Empire, we need not look for much building in the Greek Church. Soon after the fall of that empire comes the erection of S. Mary of the Mongols (1261-1282) and Monastir Jamissi (1282-1328). In both cases the architectural character is what we should expect. Following on this we have, in the fourteenth century, the alterations made in S. Saviour in the Chora (_c._ 1300), and the parecclesion of the Pammakaristos (_c._ 1315).

This was the last effort of pure Byzantine architecture in Constantinople. During the hundred years preceding the Turkish conquest in 1453 the gradually increasing pressure from the East put a stop to all architectural schemes; the craftsmen and artists fled to Italy, and there took their part in the great revival known as 'The Renaissance.'

SUGGESTED CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

Century.

V. S. John of the Studion, 463.

VI. SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 527-36.
S. Sophia, 532-37.
S. Saviour in the Chora (the Justinian foundation).
S. Andrew in Krisei.

VIII. S. Irene, 740.
S. Mary Panachrantos (South Church); possibly earlier.
S. Mary Pammakaristos; possibly earlier.

IX. S. Theodosia.
S. Mary Diaconissa.
SS. Peter and Mark.

X. The Myrelaion.
S. Mary Panachrantos (South Church).

XI. S. Thekla.
S. Saviour in the Chora (restoration in the reign of Alexius I.
Comnenus).
S. Saviour Pantepoptes.
S. Saviour Pantokrator.

XII. S. Theodore.
S. John in Trullo.
Refectory of the monastery of Manuel?
Bogdan Serai?

XIII. S. Mary of the Mongols.
Monastir Jamissi.

XIV. S. Saviour in the Chora, 1306. Final restoration by Theodore
Metochites. Parecclesion of the church of S. Mary
Pammakaristos, _c._ 1315. Sanjakdar Mesjedi (Gastria)?
Balaban Mesjedi?

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHURCHES ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPE

_Basilica._--S. John of the Studion.

_Octagon._--SS. Sergius and Bacchus.

_Domed Basilica._--S. Saviour in the Chora.

_Ambulatory._--S. Andrew in Krisei; S. Mary Panachrantos (South
Church); S. Mary Pammakaristos.

_Domed Cross Church._--S. Irene; S. Theodosia; S. Mary Diaconissa;
SS. Peter and Mark.

_Four Column Church._--Myrelaion; S. Saviour Pantepoptes; S. Saviour
Pantokrator; S. John in Trullo; S. Mary Panachrantos (North Church);
Parecclesion of S. Mary Pammakaristos.

_Foiled Plan._--S. Mary of the Mongols.

_Halls._--Bogdan Serai; Central Church of the Pantokrator; Monastir
Mesjedi; Refectory of the monastery of Manuel; Parecclesion of
S. Saviour in the Chora; S. Thekla.

_Irregular._--Sanjakdar Mesjedi; Balaban Mesjedi.

BOOKS CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK

Ante-Nicene Christian Library.

Anthologia Graeca epigrammatum, Stadt-Mueller, 1894.

ANTONIADI, E. M. [Greek: Ekphrasis tês Hagias Sophias].

BANDURI, ANSELMI. Imperium Orientale, sive Antiquitates
Constantinopolitanae. Paris, 1711.

BARONIUS. Annales ecclesiastici. Luccae, 1741.

BELIN, M. A. Histoire de la Latinité de Constantinople. 2me édition.

BELL, Miss LOTHIAN. Notes on a Journey through Cilicia and Lycaonia.

BONDELMONTIUS. Librum insularum Archipelagi.

BROCKHAUS. Die Kunst in den Athosklöstern. Leipzig, 1891.

BRUNN, PH. Constantinople, ses sanctuaires et ses réliques au
commencement du XV siècle. Odessa, 1883.

BUTLER. Architecture and other Arts, II. Syria. New York, 1903.

CHEVALIER, J. B. Voyage de la Propontide et du Pont-Euxin. Paris, 1800.

CHOISY. L'Art de bâtir chez les Byzantins. Paris, 1883.

CHOISEUL-GOUFFIER. Voyage pittoresque en Grèce.

CLAVIJO, RUY GONZALEZ DE. Vida de Gran Tamorlan y itinerario. Madrid,
1782.

CONSTANTIUS, Patriarch. [Greek: Konstantinias Palaia te kai Neôtera],
Ancient and Modern Constantinople, Translation by J. P. Brown. London,
1868; [Greek: Syngraphai hai Elassones. Kônstantinoupolis], 1866.

Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae. Bonn.

CRUSIUS, M. Turcograecia.

DEHIO und Bezold. Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes.

DETHIER, PH. A. Siège de Constantinople.

DIDRON. Christian Iconography (Translation from the French). London,
1910.

DIEHL, C. Manuel d'art byzantin; Figures byzantines.

DU CANGE, C. Historia Byzantina, Pars II. Constantinopolis Christiana.
Paris, 1680.[poss. typo for 1860?]

DÜRM. Handbuch.

Eastern Palestine Memoirs.

EBERSOLT. Le Grand Palais de Constantinople.

FERGUSSON, JAMES. History of Ancient and Mediaeval Architecture.

FINLAY, G. History of the Byzantine Empire.

FRESHFIELD, EDWIN. Archaeologia.

GARDNER, MISS ALICE. Theodore of Studium.

GERLACH. Tagebuch der Gesandtshaft an die Ottomanische Pforte durch David
Ungnad, 1573-78.

GOODYEAR, W. H. Catalogue of an Exhibition of Architectural Refinements.
Edinburgh, 1905.

GYLLIUS, P. De Constantinopoleos Topographia. Elzevir ed. 1632.

" De Bosporo Thracio. Elzevir ed. 1632.

HASLUCK, F. W. Bithynica.

HENDERSON, A. E. Builder, January 1906.

KANITZ. Serbiens byzantinische Monumente.

KHITROVO, Madame de. Itinéraires russes (Translation from Russian).

LABARTE, JULES. Le Palais impérial de Constantinople.

LAMPAKIS, Professor. Les Antiquités chrétiennes de la Grèce. Athens,
1902.

LENOIR. Architecture monastique au moyen âge.

LETHABY. Mediaeval Art.

LETHABY and Swainson. Sancta Sophia.

LEUNCLAVIUS. Pandectes historiae Turcicae. (Migne, vol. clix.)

MANSI. Sacrorum Conciliorum collectio.

MARIN, Abbé. Les Moines de Constantinople.

MIGNE. Patrologia Graeca.

MIKLOSICH et MÜLLER. Acta et diplomata Graeca. Vienna, 1865.

MILLINGEN, A. VAN. Byzantine Constantinople.

MORDTMANN. Esquisse topographique de Constantinople.

MÜHLMANN. Archiv für christliche Kunst, 1886-87.

MURALT, ÉDOUARD DE. Essai de chronographie byzantine. Geneva, 1873.

NOTITIA DIGNITATUM. Ed. Seeck.

PARGOIRE, Père J. Les Mamas de Constantinople.

PARKER. Glossary of Architecture.

PASPATES, A. [Greek: Meletai Byzantinai].

" The Great Palace. Translation from the Greek by
Mr. Metcalfe.

PHILES. Carmina.

PULGHER, D. Les Églises byzantines de Constantinople. Vienna, 1878.

RAMSAY, Sir William, and Miss Lothian Bell. The Thousand and One
Churches.

RIANT, Conte de. Exuviae sacrae.

RIVOIRA, T. G. Lombardic Architecture. (Translation from Italian.)
London, 1910.

ROTT, H. Kleinasiatische Denkmäler. Leipzig, 1908.

SALZENBERG. Altchristliche Baudenkmäler Constantinopels.

SCARLATUS BYZANTIUS. [Greek: Hê Kônstantinoupolis]. Athens, 1862.

SCHLUMBERGER, G. L'Épopée byzantine à la fin du sixième siècle.

SCHMITT, F. G. Kahrié Djamissi.

SCHULTZ and Barnsley. The Monastery of S. Luke of Stiris. London, 1901.

SCHWEIGGER, SOLOMON. Ein neue Reyssbeschreibung auss Deutschland nach
Constantinopel, 1581.

SIDERIDES. Articles in the _Proceedings of the Greek Syllogos of
Constantinople_.

SOCRATES. Ecclesiastical History.

STRZYGOWSKI, J. Orient oder Rom. Leipzig, 1901.

" Kleinasien, Die byzantinischen Wasserbehälter von.
Dr. P. Forcheimer and Dr. J. Strzygowski.

TEXIER. Four volumes of Sketches in the Library of the Royal Institute
of British Architects. London.

TEXIER AND PULLAN. Byzantine Architecture.

USPENSKI, T. Articles in the _Journal of the Russian Institute at
Constantinople_.

VILLEHARDOUIN. La Conquête de Constantinople.

VOGÜÉ DE. La Syrie centrale.

WULFF, O. Die Koimisiskirche in Nikaia. Strasburg, 1903.

PERIODICALS

Atti della R. Accademia di archeologia, lettere, e belle arte, vol. xx.
Napoli, 1900.

Revue Archéologique.

Byzantinische Zeitschrift.

Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.

Annual of the British School at Athens.

Proceedings of the Greek Syllogos of Constantinople.

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Excursions-Club, Konstantinopel.

English Historical Review.

LIST OF EMPERORS

Constantine I. the Great 306-337

Constantius II. 337-361

Julian 361-363

Jovian 363-364

Valens 364-378

Theodosius I. the Great 378-395

Arcadius 395-408

Theodosius II. 408-450

Marcian 450-457

Leo I. 457-474

Leo II. 474-474

Zeno 474-491

Anastasius I. 491-518

Justin I. 518-527

Justinian I. the Great 527-565

Justin II. 565-578

Tiberius 578-582

Maurice 582-602

Phocas 602-610

Heraclius 610-641

Heraclius Constantine III.
and Heracleonas 641-642

Constans II. 642-668

Constantine IV. 668-685

Justinian II. 685-695

Leontius 695-697

Tiberius III. 697-705

Justinian II. (restored) 705-711

Philippicus 711-713

Anastasius II. 713-715

Theodosius III. 715-717

Leo III. the Isaurian 717-740

Constantine V. Copronymus 740-775

Leo IV. 775-779

Constantine VI. 779-797

Irene 797-802

Nicephorus I. 802-811

Stauracius 811

Michael I. Rhangabe 811-813

Leo V. the Armenian 813-820

Michael II. the Amorian 820-829

Theophilus 829-842

Michael III. 842-867

Basil I. 867-886

Leo VI. the Wise 886-912

Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus 912-958
Co-Emperors
Alexander 912-913
Romanus I. Lecapenus 919-945
Constantine VIII. and Stephanus,
sons of Romanus I. reigned
five weeks in 944

Romanus II. 958-963

Basil II. Bulgaroktonos 963-1025
Co-Emperors
Nicephorus II. Phocas 965-969
John I. Zimisces 969-976
Constantine IX. 976-1025

Constantine IX. (sole Emperor) 1025-1028

Romanus III. Argyrus 1028-1034

Michael IV. 1034-1042

Michael V. 1042

Zoe and Theodora 1042

Constantine X. Monomachus 1042-1054

Theodora (restored) 1054-1056

Michael VI. Stratioticus 1056-1057

Isaac I. Comnenus 1057-1059

Constantine XI. Ducas 1059-1067

Michael VII. Ducas 1067-1078
Co-Emperor
Romanus IV. Diogenes 1067-1078

Nicephorus III. Botoniates 1078-1081

Alexius I. Comnenus 1081-1118

John II. Comnenus 1118-1143

Manuel I. Comnenus 1143-1180

Alexius II. Comnenus 1180-1183

Andronicus I. Comnenus 1183-1185

Isaac II. Angelus 1185-1195

Alexius III. Angelus 1195-1203

Isaac II. Angelus (restored),
Alexius IV. Angelus 1203-1204

Nicolas Canabus 1204

Alexius V. Ducas Murtzuphlus 1204

LATIN EMPERORS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

Baldwin I. 1204-1205

Henry 1205-1216

Peter 1217-1219

Robert 1219-1228

John of Brienne 1228-1237

Baldwin II. 1227-1361

BYZANTINE EMPERORS AT NICAEA

Theodore I. Lascaris 1204-1222

John III. Ducas 1222-1254

Theodore II. Ducas 1254-1259

John IV. Ducas 1259-1260

UNDER THE RESTORED BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Michael VIII. Palaeologus 1260-1282

Andronicus II. Palaeologus 1282-1328
Co-Emperor Michael IX. 1295-1320

Andronicus III. Palaeologus 1328-1341

John V. Palaeologus 1341-1391
Co-Emperor John VI. Cantacuzene 1341-1355

Manuel II. Palaeologus 1391-1425

John VII. Palaeologus 1425-1448

Constantine XII. Palaeologus 1448-1453

INDEX

Abaga, 274

Achaia, 273

Achilles, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Achmed, Mongolian Khan, 274

Achmed Pasha, 205

Achmed III., Sultan, 276

Achrida, 46

Acre, 228

Acritas, 39

Adrianople. _See_ Gate

Aecatherina, Empress, 47, 197, 295

Aetius. _See_ Church, Cistern

Agapetus, Pope, 184

Agatha, 197

Agathangelus, 302

Agatho, Pope, 67

Aivan Serai, 191, 207, 208, 209, 213

Akoimeti, 36, 37

Ak Serai. _See_ Forum of the Bous

Alexander, bath of, 88

Alexander, Patriarch, 85, 86

Alexius, Patriarch, 43

Alexius Strategopoulos, 228

Ali Atik Mustapha Pasha, 304

Alsace, 224, 226

Alti Mermer. _See_ Exokionion

Anastasia, daughter of Emperor Theophilus, 270

Andrew of Crete, 108

Andronicus Ducas, 295

Andronicus, son of Manuel II., 229

Anemodoulion, 245

Anna Comnena, 147

Anna Dalassena, 138, 139, 211, 212, 295, 297

Anna, wife of Andronicus II., 141

Anna of Savoy, wife of Andronicus III., 144, 303

Anna, wife of John VII. Palaeologus, 128

Anna, daughter of Emperor Theophilus, 270

Anselm, Bishop of Havalsberg, 220

Anthemius, 74

Anthimus, Saint, 291, 294

Antioch, 86, 290

Antony, Patriarch, 43, 69

Apocaucus, 144, 145

Aqueduct of Valens, 183, 184.

Arian, Arius, 85, 86

Armenia, Armenian, 10, 39, 258, 268

Arsenius, Patriarch, 110, 111, 112

Artavasdos, 293

Asia Minor, 1

Aspar. _See_ Cistern

Athanasius, Patriarch, 232

Athens, 258

Athos, Mount, 116, 185, 230, 258, 290, 301, 303, 326

Avars, 48, 232

Avret Tash. _See_ Column of Arcadius

Axuch, 221

Azerbaijan, 148

Babylas, Saint, 288, 294

Bactagius, 293

Baghdad, 69, 255, 272

Bagtché Kapoussi. _See_ Gate of the Neorion

Bajazet I., Sultan, 47

Bajazet II., Sultan, 49, 276, 304. _See_ Mosque

Balat, 148, 280

Baldwin, Count, 214

Baloukli. _See_ Pegé

Baptistery of S. Sophia, 2, 78, 332

Bara, monk, 282

Bardas, Caesar, 44, 256, 270

Basil, Saint, 41

Belisarius, 67

Bertha, wife of Manuel I. Comnenus, 222

Beshiktash, 107

Bithynia, 30, 89, 294

Blachernae, district of, 106, 165, 191, 193, 209, 210, 213, 282.
_See_ Palace

Black Sea, 228, 272, 300

Bogdan Serai. _See_ Church

Bonus, 48

Branas, 303

Bucoleon. _See_ Harbour, Palace

Buda, 280

Bulgaria, Bulgarian, 257, 272, 295, 297

Byzantium, 84

Caesarea, 273

Cana, 327

Candidus, 192

Cantacuzene, Michael, 280

Capelli, 228

Carbounaria, district of, 244, 245

Cassandra, 230

Chalcedon. _See_ Council

Charabanda, 275

Charisius, 290, 291. _See_ Gate

Choirosphacta, 44

Christoboulos, 276

Christopher, son of Romanus I., 197

Chrysocameron, 199

Chrysostom, S. John, 91

Church, Chapel, Monastery, of--

_Note._--Under this head the references indicate only the passages in
which a church is mentioned outside the special chapter devoted to it.

S. Acacius, 199
Acritas, 40
Aetius, 255, 256, 259
S. Anastasia Pharmacolytria, 243
S. Anastasius, 184
S. Andrew the Apostle, 109
S. Andrew, near the Gate of Saturninus, 109
S. Andrew 'God-Intoxicated,' 109
S. Andrew in Krisei, 7, 8, 15, 30, 130, 150, 151, 186, 332, 333, 335,
336
S. Andrew Strategos, 109
S. Anthimus, 291, 294
Apostles, Holy, 3, 64, 90, 123, 124, 146, 147, 168, 175, 176, 184, 219,
233
Archangels, Sygè, 316
S. Aristina, 106, 112
Balaban Aga Mesjedi, 334, 335, 336
Bogdan Serai, 10, 15, 23, 27, 28, 201, 282, 334, 335, 336
Bosra, 70
Cenopolis, 88
Crimean Memorial Church, 281
S. Constantine, 35
S. Constanza, 1
Daudatus, 183
S. Demetrius, Salonica, 32, 53, 75, 222
S. Demetrius, Kanabou, 148, 191, 192, 205
Deré Aghsy, 5
Dexiocrates, 165
S. Diomed, 109
S. Elias, Salonica, 10, 114, 116
Etschmiadzin, 10
Euphrosynè, Libadia, 270
Forty Martyrs of Sebasté, 291, 294
S. Fosca, Torcello, 247
Gastria (Sanjakdar Mesjedi), 10, 24, 28, 107, 334, 335, 336
S. George, Ezra, 78
S. George, Genoa, 229
S. George, Phanar, 149, 191
S. George, Psamathia (Soulou Monastir), 106, 177, 268
S. George, Salonica, 1
Homonia, 88
Hormisdas, 64, 68
S. Ignatius, 294
S. Irene, 11, 12, 15, 26, 53, 72, 84, 85, 333, 335, 336
S. John the Baptist, Hebdomon, 283
S. John the Baptist in Petra, 203, 255, 282
S. John Baptist of the Studion, 2, 11, 12, 29, 31, 107, 256, 258, 268,
303, 332, 335, 336
S. John the Baptist in Trullo, 15, 16, 28, 147, 281, 334, 335, 336
S. John Evangelist, Hebdomon, 297
Kallou, 297
Kefelé Mesjedi. _See_ Manuel
S. Lorenzo, Milan, 78
S. Luke, Stiris, 11, 16
S. Mamas, 106, 107, 197
Manoueliou, 254
Manuel, 11, 28, 47, 64, 254, 334, 335
SS. Manuel, Sabel, Ishmael, 253
Mara, 255
S. Mark's, Venice, 3, 13, 224, 238, 246, 247
Kyra Martha, 123, 124, 128, 166, 167
S. Martin's, London, 289
S. Mary (Theotokos) of Blachernae, 193
S. Mary, Curator, 265
S. Mary Diaconissa, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 26, 30, 31, 32, 306, 310,
333, 335, 336
S. Mary Eleoussa, 240
S. Mary Euergetes, 164, 165, 166, 167
S. Mary Hodegetria, 227. _See_ Eikon
S. Mary Koimesis, Nicaea, 7
S. Mary Kosmosoteria, 296
S. Mary of the Mongols, 10, 114, 116, 334, 335, 336
S. Mary Pammakaristos, 7, 12, 14, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 129, 130,
173, 175, 198, 201, 202, 205, 255, 281, 333, 335, 336
S. Mary Panachrantos, of Lips, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 151, 152, 243,
248, 333, 335, 336
S. Mary Panachrantos, near S. Sophia, 123, 125, 126
S. Mary, Pegé, 177
S. Mary Peribleptos, 18, 35, 45, 50, 106, 177, 258, 268, 297
S. Mary of Vlach Serai, 280
S. Mary, Chapel, in SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 69, 70
S. Mary, 55
S. Michael the Archangel, 239, 291, 292, 294
S. Mokius, 166
Monastir Mesjedi, 10, 20, 262, 334, 335
Myrelaion, 14, 17, 47, 129, 333, 334, 335, 336
S. Nicholas, 207
SS. Nicholas and Augustine, 281
S. Nicholas, Methana, 278
S. Nicholas, Myra, 6
S. Paul, Rome, 289
SS. Peter and Mark, 5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 27, 185, 186, 333, 335, 336
SS. Peter and Paul, 63, 64, 65, 66, 191, 192
Protaton, Mt. Athos, 185
Saccudio, 38
Sanjakdar Mesjedi. _See_ Gastria
S. Saviour in the Chora, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 36, 107, 153, 186, 236, 240, 255, 256, 332, 335, 336
S. Saviour Euergetes, 1, 166, 167, 213
S. Saviour Pantepoptes, 9, 14, 18, 29, 141, 295, 334, 335, 336
S. Saviour Pantokrator, Mt. Athos, 290
S. Saviour Pantokrator, Constantinople, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26,
29, 31, 132, 153, 165, 166, 173, 215, 219, 244, 247, 270, 273, 295,
334, 335, 336
S. Saviour Philanthropos, 147, 148
Sepulchre, Holy, 118, 265
SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 2, 8, 11, 21, 23, 26, 30, 115, 332, 333, 335,
336
S. Sophia, Constantinople, 2, 5, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 62, 63, 69, 71, 72, 74, 78, 84, 85,
88, 89, 90, 91, 97, 102, 111, 112, 117, 118, 122, 123, 126, 145,
146, 169, 175, 176, 185, 223, 227, 229, 231, 233, 243, 244, 293,
305, 306, 313, 314, 315, 332, 333, 335
S. Sophia, Kiev, 326
S. Sophia, Monemvasia, 18
S. Sophia, Salonica, 15, 102, 103, 310, 314, 315, 333
Soulou Monastir. _See_ S. George, Psamathia
S. Stephen, Triglia, 30
S. Symeon Stylites, 63
S. Thekla, 10, 28, 295, 334, 335, 336
S. Theodore, Athens, 244
S. Theodore the General, 244
S. Theodore (Vefa Meidan), 9, 14, 17, 19, 29, 31, 50, 73, 155, 334, 335
S. Theodore, Carbounaria, 244
S. Theodore, district of Claudius, 244
S. Theodore, in the Great Palace, 244
S. Theodore, district of Sphorakius, 244
S. Theodosia, 3, 5, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, 27, 28, 30, 114,
151, 156, 185, 186, 238, 283, 333, 334, 335, 336
Valens and Daudatus, 183
Vatopedi, 303
S. Vitale, 70, 72, 73, 75, 78

Cilicia, 221

Cistercian Abbey, 224

Cistern--
Aetius, 64, 255. _See_ Plate LXXVII. facing p. 262
Aspar, 253, 254, 256, 257
Bin-bin-derek (One Thousand and One Columns), 15
Mokius, 109, 166
Pulcheria, 131, 254
Studion, 48, 50, 54. _See_ Plate X. facing p. 54

Claudius, district of, 244

Colosseum, 33

Column of--
Arcadius, 109
Constantine the Great (Exokionion), 109

Constantine Ducas, 44, 126

Constantine Lips, 125, 126, 127

Constantine, Nobilissimus, 44, 45

Constantine Porphyrogenitus (son of Michael VIII.), 38, 110, 127

Constantine, son of Romanus I., 197

Constantine, Pope, 67

Cosmas, Patriarchs, 140, 141, 142, 143, 297

Council--
The Second Council, 87
Chalcedon, 66
Ferrara, 230
Florence, 230
First Concilium Trullanum, 67, 202, 293
Second Concilium Trullanum (Quinisextum), 202

Craterus, House of, 199

Crete, 108

Crusade, Fourth, 213, 224, 298

Cucusus, 87

Curator, district of, 264

Dandolo, Henrico, 213

Danube, 209

Daphni, 258, 326

Daphnusium, 228

Dedeagatch, 296

S. Demetrius, Eikon of, 222

Denderis, 269

Derè Aghsy, 4

Dexiocrates, district of, 165

Didymotica, 299

Dionysius, Monk, 48

Diplokionion, 107

Edirnè Kapoussi. _See_ Gate of Charisius

Egri Kapou, district of, 209

Emperor--
Alexius I. Comnenus, 43, 146, 147, 211, 212, 220, 294, 295, 297, 335
Alexius II. Comnenus, 223, 224
Alexius V. Ducas Murtzuphlus, 213
Anastasius I., 63, 282
Andronicus I. Comnenus, 223, 224, 297
Andronicus II. Palaeologus, 37, 109, 110, 111, 128, 140, 141, 142, 143,
168, 230, 263, 275, 282, 299, 302, 303, 324
Andronicus III. Palaeologus, 128, 141, 263, 275, 299, 303
Baldwin I., 214
Baldwin II., 227, 228
Basil I., 68, 335
Basil II., 43
Basiliscus, 37, 88
Charlemagne, 41
Conrad of Germany, 222
Constans, 87
Constantine the Great, 1, 3, 84, 85, 101
Constantine V. Copronymus, 38, 90, 101, 108, 196, 293
Constantine VI., 38, 39, 41
Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus, 44, 126, 197, 199, 247
Constantine IX., 46
Constantine Palaeologus or Dragases, 174, 176, 177, 230, 259, 260
Constantius II., 85, 86
Henry, 227
Heraclius, 48, 292
Isaac II. Angelus, 297, 303
Isaac I. Comnenus, 37, 47, 197, 209, 210, 295
John I. Zimisces, 303
John II. Comnenus, 138, 210, 219, 220, 221, 239
John V. Cantacuzene, 144, 229, 263, 297, 301, 302, 303
John VI. Palaeologus, 144, 192, 229, 297, 302
John VII. Palaeologus, 47, 128, 229, 230
Justin I., 63, 64, 67
Justinian I., the Great, 3, 37, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 74, 75,
89, 97, 101, 102, 103, 184, 254, 288, 290, 291, 292, 332, 333
Justinian II., 67
Leo I. Macellus, 265
Leo III., the Isaurian, 89, 90, 101, 102, 164, 293
Leo V., the Armenian, 39, 68, 294
Leo VI., the Wise, 44, 90, 126, 247
Leopold I. of Austria, 191
Licinius, 246
Lothair the Great, 220
Manuel I. Comnenus, 85, 221, 222, 223
Manuel II. Palaeologus, 47, 229
Marcian, 36, 85
Maurice, 184, 197
Maximianus, 63, 246, 288
Michael I., 39
Michael II., 39, 68
Michael III., 69, 256, 269, 294
Michael V., 44, 45
Michael VII., 46, 47, 257, 295, 297
Michael VIII. Palaeologus, 47, 110, 127, 140, 228, 229, 272, 297, 298,
303
Nicephorus Botoniates, 46, 297
Nicephorus I., 39
Philippicus, 293
Phocas, 292
Romanus I. Lecapenus, 90, 196, 197, 199, 257
Romanus II., 197
Romanus III. Argyrus, 257
Theodore II. of Nicaea, 110
Theodosius I., the Great, 87, 196
Theodosius II., 36, 226
Theophilus, 68, 69, 199, 209, 253, 255, 256, 257, 269, 270
Valens, 183, 184
Zeno, 37, 88

Enos, 296

Ephesus, 47, 143, 222

Et Meidan, 244

Etschmiadzin, 10

Eubulus Hospice, 88

Eudocia, 91, 227

Eugenia, 230

Euphrosyné, daughter of Michael VIII. Palaeologus, 272

Euphrosyné, step-mother of Emperor Theophilus, 269

Euphrosyné, 270

Eusebius, Patriarch, 86

Excubiti, 292

Exokionion, 109

Eyoub, 106, 208

Ezra, 78

Factions, 88

Ferejik, 296

Ferrara, 230

Festus, 64

Fifth Hill, 137

Florence, 230

Forum of--
Bous, 164
Constantine the Great, 85
Philadelphium, 184
Tarus, 184, 245, 265

Fourth Hill, 244

Gabalas, 144, 145

Galata, 85, 107, 176, 228

Galbius, 192

Galla Placidia, 2

Garsonostasion, 89

Gate--
Adrianople (Edirné Kapoussi), 253, 254
Aurea. _See_ Golden Gate
Aurea, Porta, Spalato, 33
Aya Kapou. _See_ Gate of S. Theodosia
Beautiful Gate of S. Sophia, 69
Chalké (Bronze Gate), 164
Charisius, 265, 290, 304, 305
Dexiocrates, 165
Edirné Kapoussi. _See_ Gate of Charisius
Egri Kapou, 209
Eugenius, 111, 254
Golden Gate, 35, 109, 227
Gyrolimné, 263
Ispigas, 213
Jubali Kapoussi, 213
Koum Kapoussi, 62
Narli Kapoussi, 36, 48
Neorion, 254
Pegé (Selivri Kapoussi), 106, 107, 228
Royal Gates of S. Sophia, 69
S. Romanus (Top Kapoussi), 262, 282
Saturninus, 109
Selivria. _See_ Pegé
S. Theodosia (Aya Kapou), 164, 165, 212
Tchatlady Kapou, 62, 223
Xylokerkou, 107, 197
Xyloporta, 205
Yali Kiosk Kapoussi. _See_ Gate of Eugenius

Gatulazzo, 229

Gennadius, Patriarch, 146, 147, 158, 175, 201, 230, 231, 232

Genoa, Genoese, 228, 254

George Scholarius. _See_ Gennadius

Georgia, 148

Germanus, Patriarch, 293

Giotto, 327

Golden Horn, 91, 138, 146, 164, 166, 167, 191, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216,
219, 254, 280, 281

Goths, Gothic, 18, 29, 31, 34

Grammarian. _See_ John the Grammarian

Greece, 10, 11, 16

Gregoras, 44

Gregory of Nazianzus, 87

Gregory, Patriarch, 112, 113

Gregory, Pope, 298

Halki, Island of, 138, 220, 240

Harbour--
Bucoleon, 223
Heptascalon, 199
Hormisdas, 62

Hassan Pasha, 173

Hebdomon, 297

Helena, Empress, 268

Helena, wife of Constantine VII., 197

Heraclea, 144, 300

Hermogenes, 86

Hippodrome, 62, 63, 256

Hodegetria, Eikon of, 47, 227, 303

Holagu, 273, 274

Holy Well of Blachernae, 193

Holy Well of S. Nicholas, 207

Hormisdas, district of, 62. _See_ Harbour

Hormisdas, Pope, 64, 291

Horreum, 199

Humbert, Cardinal, 46

Hylilas, John. _See_ John the Grammarian

Ignatius, Patriarch, 90

Irene, Empress (mother of Constantine VI.), 38

Irene, daughter of Bardas, 270

Irene Ducaena, wife of Alexius I. Comnenus, 295, 297

Irene, wife of John II. Comnenus, 139, 219, 221, 239

Irene, wife of Andronicus II., 229

Irene, wife of Andronicus III., 128

Irene, wife of Manuel II., 230

Isaac, son of John II. Comnenus, 221

Isaac Sebastocrator, 295, 296, 297, 310

Isaac Palaeologus Asanes, 275

Isidore, Cardinal, 231

Ispigas. _See_ Gate

Janissaries, 91

Jannes, 68

Jerusalem, 265, 268

John Comnenus, Curopalates and Grand Domestic, 138, 139

John the Grammarian, Patriarch, 68, 69

Joseph, Abbot of S. Saviour Pantokrator, 222

Joseph, Bishop of Thessalonica, 39, 40, 43

Joseph, Patriarch, 230

Jubali Kapoussi. _See_ Gate

Julius VIII., Pope, 68

Juma Bazaar, 106

Kadikeui, 64

Kaffa, 258

Kalat-Semân, 63

Kan Kilissi. _See_ Church of S. Mary of the Mongols

Kasr ibn Wardan, 4

Kerularios, Patriarch, 46

Kesmé Kaya, 203, 280, 282

Khaled, 207

Kiev, 231, 326

Kraal of Servia, 142, 143

Krisis, district, 6, 108

Kusr en Nûeijîs, 2

Kynegion, 293

Kyriakos, Patriarch, 184

Kyros, Patriarch, 293

Kyzlar Aghassi Hamam, Bath of, 199

Ladislas, King of Hungary, 219

Lascaris, John, 110

Latin, 38

Laura, Mount Athos, 258

S. Laurentius, 65

Lecanomantis, 68

Leomacellum, 244

Libadia, 270

Longophetes, Teutal, 280

Lovitz, 210

S. Luke, 227

Lycus, 122, 126, 244

Macarius, 230

Macedonius, Patriarch, 86, 87

Mahomet, 208

Maimas, 199

Makrikeui, 283, 297

S. Mamas, suburb of. _See_ Church

Manuel, General, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257

Maria, wife of Constantine VI., 38

Maria, wife of John VII. Palaeologus, 230

Maria Despoina of the Mongols, 229, 272, 273, 274, 275

Maria Ducaena, 295, 326

Maria Palaeologina, wife of Michael Ducas Glabas Tarchaniotes, 140

Maria, daughter of Isaac I. Comnenus, 197

Maritza, 296

S. Mark, Evangelist, 246

Marmora, Island of, 73

Marmora, Sea of, 36, 48, 62, 138, 146, 196, 224, 283

Maroulas, Phocas, 262, 263

Martin V., Pope, 230

Martin, Abbot, 224, 225, 226

Mecca, 113

Mehemed I., Sultan, 145

Mehemed the Conqueror, Sultan, 158, 175, 214, 232, 276, 277, 304

Menodora, 262

Methodius, Patriarch, 294

Metrodora, 262

Michael Glabas Tarchaniotes, 139, 140, 141, 155, 156, 157, 158

Michael Palaeologus Tarchaniotes, 140

Michael, Syncellus, 294, 326

Milan, 78, 118

Milion, 293

Minerva Medica, Temple, 1

Mistra, 326

Modius, 199

Moldavia, 203, 280, 281

Monemvasia, 16

Monferrat, Marquis of, 229

Mongols, Mongolian, 272, 274, 275, 334, 335

Moses, 68

Mosque, Achmed Pasha Mesjedi. _See_ S. John in Trullo
Aivas Effendi, 209

Mosque, Atik Mustapha Pasha Jamissi. _See_ S. Andrew in Krisei
Atik Mustapha Pasha. _See_ Church of SS. Peter and Mark
Balaban Aga Mesjedi. _See_ Church
Boudrom Jamissi. _See_ Myrelaion
Demirjilar Mesjedi, 122
Emir Ahor Jamissi. _See_ Studion
Eski Imaret Jamissi. _See_ Church of the Pantepoptes
Eski Jumah, Salonica, 53
Eyoub, 208
Fetiyeh. _See_ Church of the Pammakaristos
Gul Jamissi. _See_ Church of S. Theodosia
Hassan Pasha Mesjedi. _See_ Church of S. Theodosia
Hoja Mustapha Pasha Mesjedi. _See_ Church of S. Andrew in Krisei
Kalender Haneh Jamissi. _See_ S. Mary Diaconissa
Kahriyeh Jamissi. _See_ Church of S. Saviour in the Chora
Kassim Aga Mesjedi, 255
Kefelé Mesjedi. _See_ Monastery of Manuel
Kurku Jamissi, 263
Kutchuk Aya Sofia. _See_ Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus
Laleli Jamissi, 173
Monastir Mesjedi. _See_ Church
Odalar Mesjedi, 253
Pheneré Isa Mesjedi. _See_ S. Mary Panachrantos
Rustem Pasha Jamissi, 27
Sanjakdar Mesjedi. _See_ Gastria
Shahzadé Jamissi, 27, 183, 184, 199, 265
Sultan Bajazid, 27, 116, 117, 265
Sultan Mehemed the Conqueror, 122, 125, 265
Sultan Selim I., 27, 253, 254
Sultan Suleiman, 27
Sheik Suleiman Aga Mesjedi, 25, 270
Toklou Dedè. _See_ Church of S. Thekla
Zeirek Kilissi Jamissi. _See_ Church of the Pantokrator

Mousikos, 44

Murad II., Sultan, 146

Murad III., Sultan, 148

Musmiyeh, 2

Mustapha Pasha, 113

Mustapha Tchaoush, 262

Mutasim, Caliph, 256

Myra, 6

Muzalon, 110

Naucratius, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Nestorius, Patriarch, 66

Nicaea, 7, 89, 110, 275

Nicene Creed, 85, 87

Nicephoras Gregoras, historian, 300, 301, 302

Nicetas, Eunuch, 199

Nicetas Stethetos, 46

Nicholas, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Nicholas, Patriarch, 90

Nicomedia, 86, 288, 291

Nika Riot, 63, 88, 101

Niphon, Bishop of Old Patras, 144

Niphon, Patriarch, 111

Nogaya, 272

Nymphodora, 262

Oaton, 202

Olympus, Mount, 294

Othman, 275

Oun Kapan, 219

Padua, 326, 327

Palace of--
Blachernae, 202, 209, 227, 228, 263, 282, 295, 298
Bogdan Serai, 203
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 19, 27, 247, 256, 299, 305
Great Palace, 48, 64, 90, 164, 184, 201, 227, 228, 244
Hebdomon, 202
Hormisdas, 62, 65
Magnaura, 202
Mangana, 147
Myrelaion, 196
Nicaea, 202
Pegé, 46
Placidiae Augustae, 67
Placidianum, 67
Tekfour Serai. _See_ Palace of Constantine Porphyrogenitus
Trullus, 202, 281

Palestine, 2, 268, 294

Palmyra, 3

Pantheon, 1

Parisis, 224, 226

Paphlagonia, 223

Patras, Old, 144

Paul, Patriarch, 86, 87

Pegé, 46, 177

Pelagion, 293

Peloponessus, 229, 273

Perama, 85

Perigord, 3

Persia, Persians, 48, 232, 272, 275, 290

Petra, Palaia Petra, 282, 283

Petronas, 270

Phanar, 149, 173, 191, 253, 272

Philip, the Apostle, 126

Philip, Prefect, 87

Phocas Maroules, 262, 263

Photius, Patriarch, 43, 44, 90, 257

Piazzetta of S. Mark, 246

Plato, Abbot, 39, 40

Porphyrius, charioteer, 91

Praetorium, at Musmiyeh, 2

Praetorium, 88

Prince's Islands, 138

Prinkipo, 39

Priscus, 292

Proconessus, Island of, 111

Proté, Island of, 197

Prussianus, 257

Psamathia, 35, 106, 166, 167, 177, 258, 268

Pulcheria, Empress, 227

Pulcheria, daughter of Emperor Theophilus, 269, 270

Pulcheria. _See_ Cistern

Pyrisca, 220

Raoul, Protovestarius, 110

Raoulaina, Protovestiarissa, 110. _See_ Theodora

Raoul, 280

Ravenna, 2, 31, 32, 73, 75

Region I., 67

Region VII., 85

Rome, 1, 33, 34, 289

Rufinianai, 64

Russia, Russian, 40, 42, 48, 53, 272, 280, 303

Sabbas, 303

Salma Tomruk, district of, 253

Salonica, 1, 10, 15, 31, 32, 39, 53, 75, 92, 114, 116, 142, 312, 313,
314, 315, 333

Sampson, hospital of, 88, 89

Samuel, King of Bulgaria, 295

Sanjakdar Youkoussou, 277

Santabarenus, 44

Saracens, 207, 208, 232, 253, 255, 303

Saturninus. _See_ Gate

Scholarius. _See_ Gennadius

Scythicus, 299

Sebasté, 291

Selim I., Sultan, 113, 276

Selim II., Sultan, 173

Seraglio, 84, 91, 148, 296

Sergius, Patriarch, 257

Servia, 10, 272

Seventh Hill. _See_ Xerolophos

Sigma, 45

Simonis, daughter of Andronicus II., 142

Sirkiji Iskelessi, 35

Sixth Hill, 209

Sklerena, 46

Sophiai, 64

Sophronius, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Soulou Monastir. _See_ S. Mary Peribleptos

Sozopolis, 144

Spalato, 33

Sphorakius, 243, 244

Stephen, son of Romanus I., 197

Strategopoulos, Alexius, 228

Stiris, 11, 16

Studius, 35, 36

Suleiman, Sultan, 280

Sygé, 316

Sykai, 85

Symeon, King of Bulgaria, 127

Synadenus, 263

Synnada, 72

Synod of Constantinople (in 536), 291

Synod of Constantinople (under Photius), 257

Synod of Sardica (in 347), 87

Syria, Syrian, 1, 2, 86, 290, 291, 326

Tamerlane, 51

Tarchaniotes. _See_ Michael

Taron, Prince of, 126

Tash Mektep, 262

Taurus Mountains, 221

Tchoukour Bostan, 109, 254

Tekfour Sarai. _See_ Palace

Teutal Lougophetes, 280

Thebes, Duchy of, 272

Thekla, daughter of Emperor Theophilus, 209, 270

Theoctista, 269, 270

Theoctistos, 256, 270

Theodora--
Empress of Justinian the Great, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 97, 102, 290
Empress of Emperor Theophilus, 40, 69, 255, 256, 269, 270, 294
Empress of Michael VIII. Palaeologus, 127
wife of Romanus I. Lecapenus, 197
Protovestiarissa, 110, 111, 112, 113
nun, 275

Theodore--
Abbot of S. Saviour in the Chora, 290, 291, 292
Abbot of the Studion, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43
son of Manuel II., 229

Theodore Metochites, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301

Theodosia, Saint, 164

Theodosius, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Theodosius de Villehardouin, Abbot of the Pantokrator, 229, 273

Theodote, 38, 39

Theognosia, 113

Theophane, 117

Theophanes, Bishop of Heraclea, 144

Theophano, wife of Romanus II. and Nicephorus Phocas, 197

Third Hill, 243, 244

Thomais, nun, 128

Thrace, 86, 89

Timotheus, 40

Timovo, 298

Tivoli, 63

Toklou Dedè. _See_ Church of S. Thekla

Top Kapou. _See_ Gate S. Romanus

Torcello, 247

Tornikes, 239, 302, 303, 310, 330

Trani, 46

Trebizond, 229, 272

Tricocca, 275

Triglia, 30

Trivulce, 118

Trullus. _See_ Council, Palace

Turks, 275, 283

Varangians, 46

Vatopedi, 303

Veecus, Patriarch, 112, 122, 125, 126, 229, 297

Vefa Meidan, 177, 243, 244, 245

Venetian, 213, 214, 227, 228

Venice, 3, 224, 226, 227, 228, 238, 246

Verina, Empress, 265

Vienna, 280

Vigilius, Pope, 66, 67

Villehardouin, 297

Viros, 296, 297

Vlach Serai, 280

Vlanga, 196

Wallachian, 280

Wall of Constantine, 109

Wall of Heraclius, 207, 208

Wall of Leo, 207, 208

Walls of Theodosius II., 289, 290

War Office, 244, 265

Xené, 220

Xerolophos, 108, 109

Yali Kiosk Kapoussi. _See_ Gate of Eugenius

Yedi Koulé. _See_ Golden Gate

Yolande, 229

Zeirek Mehemed Effendi, 233

Zinet, 144, 145

Zoe--
Empress of Leo VI., 90
Empress, daughter of Constantine VIII., 44

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, Limited, _Edinburgh_.

[Transcriber's note: * is used around words to mark bold text.]