Chapter VI: Girton and Newnham (4)

Queen’s College, 49, 64, 70, 74 _n._,
76, 101, 102 _n._, =109-112=, 113,
114, 115, 123, 125, 140, 150, 152,
153, 156 _n._, 170 _n._, 176 _n._,
210, 221, 262, 263 _n._, 264, 282,
296, 313, 313 _n._, 326, 329 _n._
statutes, 112 _n._
Oxford, 87

Queens, English, and the university, 112 _n._, 113, 114

Queens’ Lane, 100, 102 _n._

Questionist, 159

Quick professorship, 192

Ramsey, 12 _n._, 128, 137, 143

Readers, 192

Reading, Berks., 46, 318 _n._

Rector, 101 _n._, 210 _n._

Recruiting grounds of the university, 245-246

Red-brick buildings, 110

“_Reeve’s Tale_,” 89, 93, 95

Reform Bill, the, 268, 269

Reformers and Cambridge, 153, 269-271, 272, 274, 274 _n._, 275
early, 270, 276
later, 271-272

Regent master, 14, 50, =160=, 161 _n._, 162 _n._, 207 _n._
and non-regent houses, 97, 98, 205 _n._

‘Regicides,’ 264, 265

Registrary, university, 100, 207

Registry, university, 155
MSS. cited, 89 _n._, 94 _n._

Religion at Cambridge, 246-247

Religious Orders in Cambridge, 16-27, 29, 91

Renascence, 92, 131, 281-283

Residence obligatory, 185

Responsions and opponencies, =159=

Restoration, the, and the university, 265

Revival of learning temp. Ed. IV., 112

Rhadegund, S., nunnery of, 16, 18, 90, 91, 116 _n._, 151 _n._

Rhee, 7 _n._

Rhetoric, 166, 210 _n._

Rhodes, 176 _n._
scholars, 239

Ridley Hall, 145, 148

“Ridley’s walk,” 75

Ritualistic movement at Cambridge early, 59, 145, 280

River, 6-7, 7 _n._, 9-10, 11 _n._, 233

Roman remains, 10 _n._, 318

Rome, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 176 _n._, 192, 193, 193 _n._, 205 _n._

Romites in Cambridge, 22 _n._, 325

Roscellinus, 32

Roundheads at Cambridge, 264

Royal Exchange, 144
Injunctions, 151, 167 _n._, 176 _n._
Society, 265, 283-284, 324
supremacy, 121, 167 _n._, 212 _n._, 276

Rugby school, 283, 296

“Rustication,” 225

Rutebeuf, the troubadour, cited, 15, 161 _n._

Rye House plot, 265

Sack, friars, 22, 23, 49, 109 _n._

Saffron Walden, 151

Salisbury, 46, 151

Sanitation, diploma in, 238

Sawston, 5 _n._

Saxon nuns, 312
schools, 3, 3 _n._, 4, 4 _n._
town, the, 83, 89, 91, 96

Saxons, 3, 96

Scapular of Mount Carmel, 20

“Scarlet days,” 240, 241 _n._

_Sc.D._, 158

Scholar-fellow, 93, 217 _n._

Scholar-principal, 5 _n._

Scholars, 14, 34 _n._, 53, 54, 217, 217 _n._
age of, 95, 95 _n._
dress of, 226-231
early list of, 48, 139 _n._
Hall of, 63
house of, 63
Lane, 24
major and minor, of Pembroke, 95, 217 _n._
and masters, 46, 53, 233 _n._

Scholars, poor, 39, 40, 47 _n._, 52, 62 _n._, 66, 92, 218 _n._, 220
secular, 30, 38, 122

Scholarships, extra collegiate, 241
tied, 106 _n._

School Hall Street, Bury, 15 _n._

School Street, 15 _n._, 24, 96

“_Schoolmaster_,” the, 283

Schoolmasters, famous Cambridge, 283, 354 _n._

Schools, 27, 76 _n._, 89, 97, 98 _n._
Anglo-Saxon, 1, 3, 3 _n._, 4, 4 _n._, 311
Enquiry Commission, 314 _n._
monastic, 30 _n._
new, of Philosophy and Law, 97, 154
pre-university, 14, 30, 166
quadrangle, 24, 25, 76 _n._, 89, 98, 133 _n._, 154
_see civil law and divinity_

Science and Cambridge, 14, 153, 154, 179, 180, 192 _n._, 290-291
revival of, at Restoration, 180

Scientists, eminent, 255, 290-291

_S.C.L._, 182 _n._

Scotch universities, 360 _n._

Scotland, 37, 61, 151, 151 _n._

Scottish Church, the, 2

Scroope Terrace, 57, 325

Seaham, 3

Sects, growth of, in the xviith c., 286

Selwyn College, 148

Seminaries, clerical, 29

Semitic languages, 182

Senate, the, 194, 205
council of, 205, 205 _n._, 321 _n._
numbers of, 206, 321 _n._

Senate House, the, 100, 107, 155, 163, 183, 206, 233, 348, 359

Sepulchre’s, S., 90

Seven arts, the, 153

_Sex viri_, 206

Shakespeare and Cambridge men, 295-6

Shakespeare, cited, 295-6, 297 _n._, 307

“_Shepherd’s Calendar_,” 74

Sheriff of Cambridge, 36 _n._
of Huntingdon, 36 _n._

Shrewsbury School, 107 _n._

Sidney Street, 21

Sidney Sussex College, 76, =146=, 151, 152, 307 _n._

Sidgwick Hall, 337

Silver St., 326

Singing taught at Clare, 153

Sixtus IV., Bull of, cited, 143 _n._, 144 _n._

Sizar, 62 _n._, 74 _n._, 217 _n._, 218, =219=, 219 _n._

Skeat, W. W., cited, 7 _n._, 164

Slave trade and slavery, 269

_Solarium_, 58, 66 _n._, 69, 82

Soler, 66 _n._
Hall, 66, 95, 95 _n._

Sonneteers, 256 _n._

Sophister, 159, 160 _n._, 171 _n._

Sophisters’ school, 97, 183

Sophistry, 159 _n._, 217 _n._

_Soprana_, 230

South and North riots, 34 _n._, 44 _n._, =45=

Special examinations, the, 185, 186 _n._

Spelman, cited, 165 _n._

Spinning House, the, 222

“Sporting one’s oak,” 236

Sports, university, 236, 238

Staffordshire, 150, 152

Stamford, 46, 47, 150

_Stans in quadragesima_, 160

Stars and stripes, 61

Statesmen, 260

Stationers’ Company, 100 _n._

_Status pupillaris_, 159, 223 _n._, 225 _n._, 231, 231 _n._

_Statuta antiqua_, 28 _n._
cited, 228 _n._

Statutes, cited, 131 _n._, 164 _n._, 207 _n._
college, 29, 54, =67-8=, 222
of Elizabeth, 28 _n._, 210
of Victoria, 28 _n._

Stoke Clare, 293

Stokys, cited, 164 _n._

Stone houses in Cambridge, 15 _n._, 24 _n._, 39, 78 _n._, 89

Stour, the, 31

Stourbridge fair, 10, 31, 32, 207 _n._
leper hospital, 23

_S.T.P._, 158

Stratford-le-Bowe, 25
prioress of, 43 _n._

Stubbs’ _Const. Hist._, cited, 8 _n._, 27, 86 _n._, 87 _n._

Students’ chambers, 70

“Students” of Christchurch, Oxford, 218 _n._

Students, classes of, 14, 165 _n._, 217-219
migration of, 45, 46, 47

Studies in colleges, 70, 232 _n._

_Studium generale_, 30 _n._, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 68, 68 _n._

Suffolk, 14, 16 _n._, 22 _n._, 293, 304
earls and dukes of, 78, 106, 296, 297, 301

Sunday in Cambridge, 240

Surgery, degrees in, 168 _n._

Surplice, wearing of the, 240 _n._

Tancred studentship, 144

Tanner, cited, 117 _n._

“Tawdry,” 215 _n._

_Taxatores_, _see taxors_

Taxors, 33, 48, 51 _n._
Court of, 98

Teachers, training of, 335, 354 _n._

Templars, 24, 25

Tennis courts, 70

Test act, 149, 212, 213 _n._

“Tetoighty,” 209

Thames, 9

Theology, study of, 119, 153, 166, 208, 213, 242
tripos, 167, 168, 238 _n._

Thirty-nine Articles, 60, 84, 274

Thorney, 12 _n._, 294 _n._

Titular degrees, on whom conferrable, 195

Titles connected with Cambridge, 297, 297 _n._

Tobacco, introduction of, 282

Tonsure, clerical, 92

Tories, 267

Tower of London, 126, 277

Town and gown, 14, 37, 221, 222 _n._, 232, 233 _n._
lodgings, 14, 33, 47, 48

Tractarians, 280, 281

Treasury, 70 _n._

Trinity College, 50, 63, 64, 68, 73,
76, 77, 89, 106, 106 _n._, 113, 116,
123, =130-140=, 141, 145, 146, 147, 151,
153, 156, 213 _n._, 226 _n._, 229, 231,
246, 282, 293, 308 _n._, 315, 329 _n._, 335 _n._, 342
Babington rooms at, 302
Bishop’s hostel at, 138
chapel, 107, 108, 136-7
chapel, memorial brasses in, 137
Entrance Gateway, 36 _n._, 103 _n._, 104 _n._, 133, 136 _n._, 141
great court, 134, 136
Great Gate (Edward’s), 131, 132, 140
library, 137-38
Queen’s Gateway, 133, 135
sedan coach, 136 n.

Trinity Hall, 25 _n._, 64 _n._, 65 _n._,
74 _n._, 76, 77, =78-80=, 82, 86 _n._,
87, 89, 90, 127, 143, 150, 152, 156 _n._, 176 _n._
chapel, 109 _n._
library, 79

Trinity, the, dedication to, 25 _n._
church, 25 _n._
Holy, monks of, at Cambridge, 25 n.
Holy, of Norwich, 79 _n._
Holy, guild of, 25 _n._, 79 _n._
Street, 96

Tripos, =162-3=, 163 _n._, 200, 238 _n._
double, 184
results, 238 _n._
standard variable, 184

Triposes, divided, 185 _n._, 189, 231, 238 _n._
list of, 182
not conferring a degree, 179, 184, 185 _n._
popularity among the, 238 _n._, 356

_Trivium_, 153, 164, 164 _n._, 165 _n._, 166

‘Trojans,’ 173, 349 _n._

“_True Intellectual System_” of Cudworth, 287 _n._

Trumpington, 7, 7 _n._, 8 _n._, 23 _n._, 93
Street, 23, 23 _n._, 57, 62, 86, 91, 96, 100, 327

Tudor architecture, 102-3, 103 _n._

Tudors, the, and Cambridge, 74, 87,
102-4, 104 _n._, 131, 133-4, 135,
136-7, 206 _n._, 281, 297

Tutor, 210, 211, 224, =225-226=, 226 _n._

Tyltey monks, 25 _n._
Priory, 24

Ulster, earls of, 293, 295 _n._, 298, 298 _n._, 320 _n._

Undergraduates, 99, 115, 160 _n._, 206,
217 _n._, 219, 223, 225, 231-237
numbers of the, 246, 246 _n._, 357 _n._, 358
entertainments given by, 224 _n._

Union Society, 239

Unitarianism, 279

_Universitas_, 30 _n._, 53, 68 _n._, 166

University, the, 30, 30 _n._, 31, 38, 53, 166, 243, 244
aristocratic period of, 216, 220, 242-3, 244
“on the boards of,” 246 _n._

University buildings, 96-100
Calendar, 192 _n._, 195
careers prepared by, 242-244
a chartered corporation, 30, 30 _n._
charters, 34-35
chest, 155
church, _see Great S. Mary’s_
classes frequenting, 241-245
and the Colleges, 52, 154
diplomatists and, _see diplomatists_
discipline, _see discipline_
earliest existing references to, 33
and the education of women, 310, 354
and great Englishmen, 250-260
Extension lectures, 382
first public buildings in, 97
Hall, 64, 77, 89, 144 _n._, 150, 339
idea of a, 197-200
and intellectual movements, 281-291
jurisdiction, 37 _n._-38 _n._, 222-223, _see also chancellor_
and the kings, _see Henry III.’s
rescript, Edward III. and his relation to the university_;
and in the index of names of persons
under _John_, _Hen. III._, _Edw. I._, _II._, and _III._, _Edw. IV._, _etc._
legends of origin of, 3-4
and national movements, 281-291
officials, 203-208
and the popes, 28-9, 35, 78, 78 _n._, 143, 143 _n._-144 _n._, 144, 193
licensed preachers at, 78 _n._
precincts, 185, 185 _n._
press, 155
and the professions, 197, 198, 242, 259-260
and religious movements, 269-281
secular and religious studies at, 26, 28
settlement, 247, 248
statutes, _see statutes_
a _studium generale_, 30 _n._, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 68, 68 _n._
and technical education, 197-198, 201
and the town, _see town officers and, above, jurisdiction_
wealth of, 154

University College, Oxford, 45 _n._, 150 _n._

Universities Commission, 189
continental, 35, 53, 227 _n._, 228

Uppingham school, 107 _n._

Valence-Mary College, 64, 69

Vercelli monastery, 140 _n._

_Via Devana_, the, 6, 7, 8, 318

Vice-chancellor, 38 _n._, =204-205=,
206, 207, 223, 223 _n._, 225 _n._, 231, 241 _n._, 254

_Vicecomes_ of Cambridgeshire, _see sheriff_

Victoria University, 360 _n._

Vineyards, Cambridge, 221

Visitation of 1401, 109 _n._, 217 _n._

Visits of sovereigns to the university, 112-114

_Viva voce_ examinations, 163, 169

‘Volunteers’ at King’s, 184

Walden Abbey, 128, 129, 143, 150

Wales and the Welsh, 150, 151, 151 _n._, 298, 301, 319 _n._, 330

Walsingham, 114, 293

Warden, 79 _n._, 93, 210 _n._

Ware, Herts, 150

Wareham, 8 _n._

Washington arms, the, 61

Waterbeach, _see Franciscans_

Wealth of the university, 154

Wesleyanism, 280

Westacre, Norfolk, 143

Westminster Abbey, 100, 103, 103 _n._, 120, 120 _n._, 150
Assembly, 277
College, 149, 151

Whigs, 267, 268

Whitefriars, _see Carmelites_

White Horse Inn, 272

‘White nights,’ 240 _n._

Whittington Hospital, 18 _n._

Whittlesey mere, 303

Winchester school, 102 _n._, 107 _n._, 221

Windsor, 150

“Wilderness” the, at S. John’s, 124

Willis, Prof., cited, 95 _n._

Willis and Clark, cited, 58 _n._, 102 _n._, 110, 115, 123, 130 _n._, 141

“Wine,” the, 238

Wisbech school, 107 _n._

Women, colleges for, at Cambridge, 310, 313, 314
and convents, 315
and education, 312, 313
and pioneer committee for, 314 _n._
first Cambridge lecturers to, 328 _n._, 329 _n._
and the ordinary degree, 117

Women and the Reformation, 314
subjects of study chosen by, 355-357
academic successes, 321, 339-40
university settlement, 342, 344, 352
university status of, 359, 360 _n._
and the university, 216

Wranglers, 171, 172 _n._, 322 _n._
senior, 171, 172 _n._, 189

Wyclif’s bible, 138

Wycliffism, 286 (& _see Lollards_)

Yeoman bedell, see _bedell_

York, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 140, 150, 151, 152, 330
School of, 2, 3, 4, 173, 311

York and Lancaster, 112, 262, 292, 296, 299

Yorkshire, 66, 91, 94, 141, 152, 311
dialect, 93

Zachary’s Inn (S.), 50

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Cf. iii. p. 172.

[2] Siegebert, who had been baptized in France, on returning to his own country and becoming king of East Anglia “desiring to imitate those things which he had seen well ordered in France, at once set up a school in which youths could be instructed in letters, and was helped herein by bishop Felix who came to him from Kent, and who supplied him with paedagogues and masters after the custom of the men of Kent.“--Bede, cap. xviii.

[3] Cair-Graunt means the Castle on the Granta, and is exchanged in the A-S. Chronicle for _Grantacaester_.

[4] “_Civitatulam quandam desolatam ... quae lingua anglorum Grantacaestir vocatur._“--Bede, cap. xix.

[5] The castle, ruinous by the middle of the xv c., was quarried to supply stone for King’s College and other university buildings in that and the next century. Edw. III. had quarried it for King’s Hall, and Hen. IV. granted more of the stone for King’s Hall chapel. Finally Mary gave the stone to Sir Robert Huddleston in 1557 for his new house at Sawston: “Hereby that stately structure, anciently the ornament of Cambridge, is at this day reduced next to nothing,” writes Fuller.

[6] A-S. Chron., _Grantebrycge_. Domesday, _Grentebrige_. Henry I.’s charter (1118) _Grantebrugeshire_ and borough of _Grantebruge_. In Matilda’s grant of the earldom of Cambridge (before 1146) _Cantebruggescire_. Temp. John, _Cantebrige_, _Cantebrig_. Temp. Hen. III., _Cantebr._ (1218) _Cantabr._ (1231, 1261) _Cantabrigiense_. _Cauntebrigg._ and _Cantebrigg._ in the same deed relating to the Merton scholars (1269-70) Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 5832. f. 74. Hundred Rolls (1276-9) _Cantebr._ In a document of Hugh de Balsham’s, 1275, _Cantabr._ Barnwell Chartulary, circ. 1295, _Cantebrige, Cantebrigesire, burgum Cantebrigiae_. In the earliest college statutes (1324) _Cantebrigia_. In Chaucer, Cantebrigge, Cantebregge. In the first half of the next (xvth) century we have _Cambrugge_ in a petition sent by King’s Hall to the Franciscans. Cf. also note _infra_ p. 7, on the name of the river.

[7] The Roman _Deva_.

[8] Caius, writing in 1447, says that the town is divided into two parts by the Canta and the Rhee, called earlier le Ee; and by Spenser the Cle. We have _Granta_, _Guant_, and _Cante_: the _r_ dropped out, and _G_ was replaced by _C_ in the name of both town and river (see _supra_). Cante does not seem to have been the name of a river at all. The river bank by Castle Mound is spoken of in the xiv c. as “the common bank called Cante“: one arm at least of the Cambridge river was known simply as “the water” [Prof. Skeat has pointed out that Ee is the xii, xiii, and xiv c. form of the A-S. _éa_, cognate with _aqua_] and for centuries there would appear to have been no need for any other name. In Henry of Huntingdon’s Chronicle (1130) the river is called the _Grenta_; but Lydgate writes

And of this noble vniuersitie
Sett on this ryver which is called Cante.

In the same decade Spenser knows only the Guant (_Faery Queene, Book iv, Canto xi._ 1590) and Camden for the first time tells us that it was called both Granta and Cam (_alii Grantam_, _Camum alii._ 1586) the name used as we have seen by Milton. If there was no river Cante _à fortiori_ there was no river Cam; for the _m_ in the name of the town is only another change in the original first syllable of Cambridge. See _footnote_, p. 6.

[9] Trumpington is 2 miles S., Grantchester 2 miles S.S.W. of the town.

[10] 878. It was from the town (Grantebrycge) that the Danes set forth, two years before, and surprised Alfred at Wareham. In the time of Ethelred, just before the Danish invasion, Cambridge was a royal mint; it was so in the time of the Conqueror, and had a Danish ‘moneyer,’ and continued to be so under the Plantagenet kings: even Henry VI. coined money at Cambridge. In Domesday the town is described as a “Hundred,” a description, says Stubbs, belonging to big towns with large surrounding common land--Norwich and Canterbury are similarly described. After the history of the town became merged in that of the university, two parliaments were summoned there; in 1388, and in 1447 (afterwards held at Bury-St.-Edmund’s). For the city, see also p. 36 and v. p. 260.

[11] Fuller, p. 7.

[12] The edict expelling the Jews from England dates from 1290, and the Jews left Cambridge the year following.

[13] The fancy appellations Cam and Isis appear to have both been due to Camden. They are not heard of before his work appeared in 1586.

[14] Cambridge, writes Doctor Jessopp, existed as a town and fortress “a thousand years before Oxford was anything but a desolate swamp, or at most a trumpery village, where a handful of Britons speared eels, hunted for deer, and laboriously manufactured earthenware pots.”

[15] They found a Roman stone coffin, sculptured; one, apparently, of many known to have been left there, for portions of Roman sarcophagi are even now to be seen walled up in the church at Grantchester. Bede, cap. xix.

[16] The pollard willow is the chief denizen of the fens.

[17] The water runs flows and dances through the Cantabrigian’s life. The king’s and the bishop’s mills, Newnham mill just beyond, the Mill street, and the hythes, all courted constant recognition. As at Ely, the _hythes_ were the small trading ports along the river: there was Dame Nichol’s hythe, Cornhythe, Flaxhythe, Salthythe, Clayhythe.

[18] For the vii c. foundation of _Ely_ see chap. vi. p. 311. The see dates from 1107, when the minster became a cathedral. _Crowland_, in Lincolnshire on the borders of Cambridgeshire, was built over the tomb of Guthlac, a prince and a saint of the house of Mercia, in the vii c. _Bury_ rose after the martyrdom of the East Anglian king Edmund (870) _c._ 903; it did not become a monastery till 1020. _Peterborough_ was founded by Wulfhere, king of Mercia from 659 to 674: it formed part of the diocese of Lincoln till the xvi c. Ramsey and Thorney were other fen monasteries. Ramsey was on the borders, in Huntingdonshire, but Thorney was in Cambridgeshire. Peterborough and Thorney with Ely and Crowland were sacked by the Danes in 870. All these were ‘black Benedictine’ houses.

[19] Cottenham 7 miles north of Cambridge; the benefice became an advowson of Chatteris abbey in the isle of Ely, and was bestowed by the abbess on Warham in 1500.

[20] Joffred was appointed abbot of Crowland in 1109 in succession to Ingulph: the xiv c. forgery the _Historia Croylandensis_ pretends to be written by Ingulph (_nat._ 1030) and continued by Peter of Blois. It contains fables about the antiquity of Oxford. See _Ingulph and the Historia Croylandensis_ by W. G. Searle, _M.A._

[21] p. 8.

[22] Fuller.

[23] “The monk Odo, a singular grammarian and satirical poet, read grammar to the boys and those of the younger sort assigned to him”; logic and rhetoric were imparted to the elder scholars. _Soi-disant Peter of Blois._

[24] iii. p. 164. Their school was in the parish where the university schools rose later--under the shadow of Great S. Mary’s; and opposite was Le Glomery Lane (the _Vicus Glomeriae_).

[25] _La Bataille des vii Ars._ Oeuvres Rutebeuf, Paris 1839, ii. 415.

[26] Abbot Sampson (_b._ 1135) had himself been “a poor clerke” at the school of Bury, and William Diss, a Norfolk man, was the schoolmaster. In 1160 Sampson became its _magister scholarum_. He proceeded to buy certain stone houses--those solid structures which either as Jewish or Norman building were sought for at Cambridge and at Oxford also--so that the scholars might live rent free; and in 1198 he endowed the _magister scolarum grammaticalium_ so that the tuition too became free. (_The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond_, newly edited by Sir Ernest Clarke, _M.A., F.S.A._) “School Hall Street” was just outside the abbey precincts, and answered to the “School Street” and the _Vicus Glomeriae_ in Cambridge. There was an ancient chapel in Cambridge dedicated to the patron saint of Bury, and one of the chief possessions of that rich abbey was the manor of Mildenhall, which provided the expenses of its sacrist and cellarer: it is at least an interesting coincidence that Robert and Edmund of Mildenhall were original fellows of Michaelhouse; the former was its second master, third master, according to Le Neve, of Peterhouse, and chancellor of the university in 1334. An abbot and a monk of Bury are two of those to be specially commemorated in every mass said by the scholars of the new foundation of Michaelhouse (1324); and Curteys the 24th abbot of Bury was one of the personages invited by Henry VI. to assist at the laying of the foundation stone of King’s College. Walter Diss (a name well known in Bury) was a famous Carmelite friar at Cambridge in the xiv c. Fuller preserves the legend that Jocelyn, Abbot Sampson’s Boswell, had studied in the Cambridge schools, the source of which is Bale who was a Carmelite of Norwich and Cambridge. Together these things perhaps suggest that the schools of Cambridge and Bury had some relation to each other as well as to Orléans.

Bury was reckoned among fen monasteries because of its Suffolk property (of which Mildenhall formed part) where the See of Ely possessed several manors.

[27] A Henry of Orléans was sub-bailiff of Cambridge in the 2nd year of Edw. I. (Hundred Rolls i. p. 49).

[28] The transformation of houses of canons serving a church or cathedral into Regular Canons in the xii and xiii centuries was the effect of the rule indited by Yvo of Chartres which gave its final form and name to the “Canons Regular of S. Augustine” at the end of the xi c. The canons of S. Giles and Lanfranc’s hospital of S. Gregory at Canterbury were among the earliest of these communities to be converted, in the reign of Henry I., into Regulars.

[29] In the xi and xii centuries a large number of hospitals of the order of S. Augustine were founded for the relief of poor and impotent persons, the type being that of the Whittington hospital in London. Sometimes their object was to succour the wayfarer, sometimes they were virtually almshouses where leprous and indigent “brethren” formed the larger part of the community with a few “healthful brethren” and the master to look after them. Such was the origin, in the xi c., of the Knights of Malta, or Order of the Hospital of S. John of Jerusalem. At Canterbury Lanfranc erected a hospital of S. Gregory; at Oxford the hospital of S. Bartholomew, founded in the reign of Hen. I., was bestowed by Edw. III. on Oriel College; and Magdalen, Oxford, was erected on the site of another S. John’s hospital, which numbered brethren and sisters among its members. Amalfi merchants trading to the Holy Land endowed the first “master and brethren” of the Order of S. John of Jerusalem; a well-to-do burgess endowed the Cambridge hospice, and the nobles, the bishops, and the sovereign himself are to be numbered among the founders and benefactors of these first almshouses and hospitals. Cf. ii. p. 117 _n._

[30] See chap. ii. Peterhouse and S. John’s.

[31] See chap. ii. S. John’s and Jesus Colleges.

[32] Fordham and Mirmaud-at-Welle. The Gilbertines of Chiksand in Bedfordshire had a house and garden in King’s Childers’ Lane by King’s Hall, which they leased to the university for the schools quadrangle in 1433. The Gilbertines were a double Order of nuns and canons; the former followed the Cistercian rule but were never affiliated to that Order. The canons followed the rule of S. Augustine, but the sympathies, like the dress, of the Gilbertines were Cistercian: “_militat sub instituto Cisterciensi_.” Only in this indirect way did Citeaux enter Cambridge: but see i. p. 25 and ii. p. 143.

[33] The Carmelite Bale says: _ex omni factione sua primus tandem fuit qui theologicus doctor sit effectus_. Pits says the same in the _De illust. Angl. Script._ For Carmelite property in Cambridge see also vi. pp. 325-6.

[34] This was the treatise known in Cambridge as ‘the black book,’ in which Prior Cantilupe tells of Cantaber and his son Grantanus, and their foundation of Cambridge on the site of Caergrant.

[35] The prison or tolbooth had been the house of Benjamin the Jew, which became university property in the reign of Elizabeth, but after a famous trial in the next reign reverted to the citizens. Like the Jewish houses elsewhere it was amongst the most solid structures in the town.

[36] Dugdale says “before 1275.” Their priory was enlarged and perhaps refounded by Alice, wife of de Vere second Earl of Oxford.

[37] Chap. ii., Sidney Sussex and Emmanuel Colleges.

[38] v. p. 275.

[39] All branches of the Augustinians were represented at Cambridge: the Augustinian canon at Barnwell, the hospitaller at S. John’s, and the hermit-friar at the Austin friary. ‘_The friars heremites of the order of S. Austin_’ were settled in Suffolk from the middle of the xiii c., probably by Richard de Clare Earl of Gloucester and Lord of the honour of Clare. One of their chief benefactors was Elizabeth de Burgh. See Clare College chap. ii. p. 64.

[40] Confraternities and friars “of the Sack,” known as Sacconi in their birthplace, Italy, and so called because of the loose gown or ‘sack’ common to begging friars and confraternities, and also because of the large sacks which they sometimes carried when begging for the poor, were associations due to the preaching of S. Francis and especially of S. Antony of Padua in the first quarter of the xiii c. So that the Cambridge friars, dispersed after the Council of Lyons in 1307, were one of the earliest of these communities; and it is interesting to find them addicted to scholarship.

[41] Matthew Paris, anno 1257. _Concessa est mansio fratribus Bethleemitis in Cantabrigia, silicet in vico qui ducit versus Trumpintonam._

[42] They were begging friars following the rule of S. Austin.

[43] They had held land in Cambridge for over 100 years “of the gift of the earl of Mandeville.” At the Suppression they were seized of land in Haslyngfeld, co. Cambridge. Cf. ii. p. 96.

[44] The property was situated “in Henney,” a well-known part of Mill Street in the parish of S. John Baptist, and included the stone house on the high street by S. Michael’s rectory house which passed to the family of Sir John Cambridge in 1311 was by him bequeathed to Corpus Christi College, and became the nucleus of Gonville Hall. The prior of Anglesey is found leasing this land in the reign of Edward III., and selling it to Henry VI. in 1447. The priory lay between Cambridge and Newmarket.

[45] _Rot. Hund._ ii. 360. Cf. also _ibid._ p. 370.

[46] pp. 25 _n._, 49 and ii. p. 90.

[47] Another piece of this ground was conveyed by Henry VI. (who bought it of the university in the same year) to Trinity Hall in 1440 (and became the college garden). It is there described as “a void ground” _pertinent priori et confratribus sancti Johannis in Anglia_. Crouched hostel had already been pulled down for the schools. Like other hostels in Mill Street--God’s house, S. Nicholas, and Austin’s (see King’s and Christ’s Colleges) it stood, as we see, on open ground: “a certain garden of the hostel of the Holy Cross” we hear of in 1421.

[48] It is supposed that monks from Denney and Tyltey came here to study. The former was in fact a cell to Ely abbey before Marie de Chatillon transferred the Franciscans of Waterbeach thither. The two ‘nuns of the Order of S. Clare’ who were friends of Erasmus at Cambridge were probably inmates of Denney. In _Rot. Hund._ two other communities are recorded: the _moniales de Pato_, of whom we know nothing--there is a _Paston_ in Norfolk and another in Northants.; and ‘the monks of the Holy Trinity at Cambridge’ who are mentioned in the Oxford Hundred Rolls of the 7th year of Edw. I.: the name affords another instance of the antiquity and popularity of this dedication to the Trinity, which we find at Michaelhouse, Trinity Hall, Trinity church, and in the guild of the Trinity at Cambridge.

[49] p. 127.

[50] Fuller.

[51] For later monastic influences in Cambridge, see ii. pp. 127-9, Magdalene College.

[52] Pembroke College p. 69. For Scrope see ii. 94, v. 295; for Thorpe ii. 75, 96, v. 295.

[53] _ ...in statutis universitatis ejusdem ... familia scholarium ... immunitate et libertate gaudeant qua et scholares, ut coram archidiacono non respondeant...._ (Balsham’s Judgment A.D. 1275/6). The _Statuta Antiqua_, the old body of statutes of the university, have for the most part no chronological arrangement, and the date cannot in some cases be determined to within a century. The earliest ‘grace’ to which a date is attached belongs to the year 1359, but there is another referable to the year 1275/6. The latest, reduced to chronological order, is of the year 1506. The _Statuta Antiqua_ were replaced in the 12th year of Elizabeth by a fresh body of statutes, and these again by the statutes of Victoria, 1882. The former are printed in Dyer’s _Privileges of the University_.

[54] Simon Montacute (1337-1345) ceded the right of the bishops of Ely to the presentation of fellowships in their own college of Peterhouse. Cf. also iv. pp. 203-4.

[55] Dated February 20, 624; and 689. Martin’s bull recognises their authority. Copies exist in the Cambridge Registry, Nos. 107 and 114 in the catalogue.

[56] “_Si quis de ordine sacerdotium in monasterio suscipi rogaverit, non quidem citius ei assentiatur._“--_Regula S. P. Benedicti, caput lx._

[57] See, chap, ii., Michaelhouse, Corpus, Gonville, and Trinity Hall.

[58] A chartered corporation and a university in the sense of a _studium generale_ possessing European privileges. Cambridge was a _universitas_ many years before this, and was so familiarly styled by Henry III. in 1231.

[59] It has been pointed out that our knowledge of Oxford’s intellectual activity during the xii c. is confined to the visits of three or four celebrated teachers who lectured to its changing population and in its schools, among which the priory school of S. Frideswide was the most important. We must not of course confuse the activities of monastic and episcopal schools with those of a university.

[60] Matthew Paris, _in anno 1209: Ita quod nec unus ex omni universitate remansit_.

[61] p. 47.

[62] _Satis constat vobis quod apud villam nostrum Cantebr’ studendi causa e diversis partibus tam cismarinis quam transmarinis confluit multitudo, quod valde gratum habemus et acceptamus, cum exemplum toti regno nostro commodum non modicum, et honor nobis accrescat, et vos specialiter inter quos fideliter conversantur studentes non mediocriter gaudere debetis et laetari._

[63] _Clerk_ and _scholar_ were used interchangeably in the xiii c. as they are in these two rescripts, _clericus_ being employed in the rescript of 1218 and in that addressed to the sheriff (_vicecomes_) of the county cited above: _Quoniam ut audivimus plures nominantur_ clerici _apud Cantabr. qui sub nullius magistri scholarum sunt disciplina et tuitione, sed potius mentiuntur se esse_ scholares _cum non sint_.... In a further rescript of the king’s the meaning is no less clear: _Ita tamen quod ad suspensionem vel mutilationem clericorum non procedatis, sed eos alio modo per consilium universitatis Cantabr. castigetis_. (Referring to “insults recently offered to certain northern scholars of the university of Cambridge,” 1261.) In the Hundred Rolls, at the same period, we have _clerici de Merton_ and _scholares de Merton_; and _clerici in scholis degentes_ is W. de Merton’s own description of his scholars.

[64] The charter of Oxford university belongs to the same reign.

[65] _Rot. Hund._ 7th Edw. I.

[66] The Pope no doubt refers to the forged bulls (p. 28) but his reference to previous royal rescripts is likely to be more correct, and to have been supplied by Edward himself.

[67] See _studium generale_ pp. 30 _n._, 31.

[68] The importance of Cambridge was steadily growing in the reigns of Henry I. and Stephen. The isle of Ely supported Matilda; and the earldom of Cambridge was conferred both by her and by Stephen for the first time. The former by her letters, issued before the year 1146, bestowed it on her favourite Aubrey de Vere, “if the King of Scotland hath it not,” as prior in dignity to the counties of “Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, or Dorsetshire” one of which he was to take if Stephen’s gift of the earldom of Cambridge to Saint David of Scotland held good. De Vere had to accept the county of Oxford which has since remained in that family--the earldom of Cambridge passing to royal hands and becoming in time a royal dukedom. David of Scotland held Cambridge in his own and Huntingdon in right of his wife. Malcolm of Scotland held both earldoms together in exchange for the northern counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. The union of these earldoms is still represented by the union of Huntingdon and Cambridge under one _vicecomes_ or sheriff. Edward III. created his wife’s brother (the Count of Hainault) and after him his son Edmund Langley, earls of Cambridge. Edmund’s son Richard held the earldom until his attainder, and his son Richard Duke of York was again created Earl of Cambridge by Henry V. (p. 295). This was Edward IV.’s father in whom the earldom became merged in the crown. The arms of Edmund Langley, Duke of York and Earl of Cambridge, are on the first of the 6 shields of arms of Edward’s sons over the entrance gate of Trinity; beneath is inscribed: EDMONDUS D. EBOR. C. CANTABRUGIE.

[69] See “Town and Gown” chap. iv. p. 233 _n._

[70] Cf. “the students from regions near home” (_e partibus diversis tam cismarinis_ ...) of his father’s rescript p. 33.

[71] For other references to this important document see _ante_ pp. 14, 28; chap. iii. p. 165 _n_, iv. p. 203.

[72] Henry VI., VII., VIII., and Edward VI. continued the favour shown by the Henrys and Edwards to Cambridge; the exceptions were Henry V. and Edward IV. See ii. p. 101, v. p. 262. For the relation of the English queens to the university see Queens’ College pp. 109, 112, and p. 114.

Edward III. allowed the university to appropriate any church of the yearly value of £40; to receive (through its chancellor) the oaths of the mayor and aldermen and the bailiffs; to take cognizance of all causes in which the scholars were concerned, “maim and felony” excepted; and required that the chancellor should not be disquieted if he imprisoned offenders; that masters of arts should not be cited out of the university; and that the mayor should make assay of the weight of bread as often as the chancellor demanded it.

[73] pp. 29, 54.

[74] Peterhouse p. 55, S. John’s pp. 122-3.

[75] Except Kilkenny’s exhibitioners, _infra_ p. 40.

[76] “I have given to God, the Blessed Virgin, blessed John Baptist, and to the House of the Scholars of Merton“: these words occur in the same deed with those in the text. _Harl. Add. MSS. 5832. ff. 74, 75._ The gift includes a stone house in the town: _Dedi etiam et concessi prefatae domui ... domum illam lapideam in Cauntebrigg. cum gardino et curia adjacente_.... Three deeds relating to the same transaction are dated _mense Martii_ 54th of Hen. III. In _Rot. Hund._ 7th Edw. I. p. 366, a certain John gives a quit rent to the scholars of Merton for 18 acres of this property.

[77] The priory of S. Frideswide granted him land in 1265, and he obtained much more two years later.

[78] The wording provides for the existing or any other _ordinatio_ Merton may formulate.

[79] “_Domus scolarium de Merton._” _Burg. Cantebr. Rot. Hund._ i. 55.

[80] _Rot. Hund._ ii. 360.

[81] The “Merton clerks,” _clerici de Merton_, are mentioned again in the next paragraph. At the same date a certain Johanna declares that she had as a marriage portion from her father a messuage given him by Cecil at the Castle, for which is paid a quit rent of twelve pence a year to “the scholars of Merton.” _Rot. Hund._ ii. 379. In the Hundred of Chesterton (p. 402) we find that “the scholars of Merton hold of the fee of Hervey Dunning” such and such properties. They also paid a quit rent to Edmund Crouchback for lands he held (on the death of de Montfort) as earl of Leicester.

[82] _Rot. Hund._ ii. 364, 407.

[83] The general rule in these Rolls is to add no qualification of origin in cases where the owner, or religious house, has another habitation in the locality to which the transaction refers. Hence we find “the prior of Anglesey,” “the prioress of Stratford,” side by side with “the scholars of Merton” in the Cambridge Hundred Rolls (cf. _Rot. Hund._ ii. 364).

[84] Grantchester (7th Edw. I. p. 565): _et tota dicta pars alienata est scolaribus Oxon’ per dominum Walter’ de Merton’, nescit quo warranto_. Gamlingay: “William of Leicester sold the whole of that holding to _dominus_ Walter de Merton and the said Walter _gave it all to the scholars_ of the _domus de Merton Oxonie_.”

[85] “Villani ejusd’ Gunnor’ dicunt quod _prior de Mertone_” held the advowson of the church of Barton. (_Rot. Hund._ ii. 564.)

The Bishop of Nelson points out that the scholars were called not after Walter de Merton, but after the place--Merton priory. Merton himself had no surname; he was born at Basingstoke, and was perhaps educated at the priory from which he also took his name. Beket was certainly educated at this well-known Merton, which gave its name to the “Statute of Merton” devised there in 1236, and was also the theatre of a council held by the archbishop 22 years later. At the evaluation of 1291, the priory held property in Norfolk (_Index Monasticus_). The Cambridge estates settled on the scholars of the _domus apud Meandon_ (Malden) in 1270 were in Gamlingay, _Merton_, _Over-Merton_, Chesterton, etc. It is worth notice that among a number of scholars who received the king’s pardon in 1261 for the part they had taken in a riot, there is a _William de Merton_, servant to two of the East Anglian scholars implicated.

[86] For the “Ely scholars” see ii. pp. 122-3. The first _to leave an endowment_ for scholars was William of Durham in 1249; but several years elapsed before the fund was utilised, scholars maintained, or University College Oxford founded. University College was thus the outcome of an earlier _intention_ to endow, and Balliol College was an earlier foundation in embryo, than either Peterhouse or Merton.

[87] The preamble of these letters addressed to the civic authorities at Northampton is as follows: _Occasione cuiusdam magnae contentionis in villa Cantabrigiensi triennio jam elapso subortae nonnulli clericorum tunc ibidem studentium unanimiter ab ipsa villa recessissent, se usque ad villam nostram praedictam Northam. transferentes et ibidem (studiis inherendo) novam construere universitatem cupientes_. The letters are dated from Westminster 1 Feb. in the 49th year of his reign (1265). _Rot. Claus._ 49, _Hen. III. membr._ 10. _d._ [1 Feb. 1264-5].

[88] Chaucer shows us that the system of private lodgings continued in vogue at Oxford even in the late xiv c. His “pore scholer” lodges in the house of a well-to-do carpenter.

[89] p. 33.

[90] Cf. the regulations for lodgings at the present day, iv. pp. 224, 225.

[91] Caius speaks of “two principals” overseeing respectively the studies and the economics of Physwick hostel.

[92] Cf. ii. Trinity Hall p. 79, Magdalene pp. 127, 128.

[93] Crouched, Crutched, for _Crossed_. So the Trinitarians who also wore a conspicuous cross on their habit were known in England as Crutched friars.

[94] p. 56.

[95] S. Austin’s or Augustine’s hostel had a length of 220 feet with 80 of breadth.

[96] See _pensioners_, iv. p. 217 _n_.

Mr. J. Bass Mullinger has published (_Hist. Univ. Camb._ pp. 218-220) a highly interesting statute relating to hostels which dates in all probability from the end of the xiii c., and shows how rapidly university rights in these _hospitia locanda_ were extended as a consequence of Henry’s rescript (p. 47). Any scholar who “desired to be principal of a hostel” offered his “caution“--with sureties or pledges--to the landlord and became _ipso facto_ its head, and could be instituted by the chancellor against the will of the landlord. The scholar, who has become principal, may not abdicate in favour of a fellow scholar but only give up possession to the said landlord. The next candidate could also appeal to the chancellor should the landlord refuse his request to succeed when a vacancy in the principalship occurred. An interesting clause provides that though the landlord should agree with the scholar-principal that “mine hostel” should not be taxed, the scholars who come to live there may, in spite of both of them, have the house taxed by the taxors, “inasmuch as agreements between private persons cannot have effect to the prejudice of public rights.”

[97] For university and collegiate officials, see iv. pp. 203-10.

[98] i. 29, 38, ii. 55-6.

[99] See iv. 217 _n._, and early college discipline pp. 221-2.

[100] Balsham (a village 9-1/2 miles S.E. of Cambridge) was one of the 10 manorhouses, palaces, and castles of the bishops of Ely in the xiv c. Montacute resided here in 1341. In 1401 a controversy regarding archidiaconal jurisdiction in the university was held here: a similar dispute occurred in Balsham’s time (p. 28). On the alienation of this manor from the see of Ely it was purchased by the founder of the Charterhouse, and now forms part of the endowment of that college. There is a mention of Hugh de Balsham (Hugo de Belesale) in Matthew Paris.

[101] S. John’s College, pp. 122-3.

[102] iv. p. 214.

[103] Gray, _Installation Ode_. There has been little water in Coe fen for the last hundred years. The wall and water gate were made during the mastership of Warkworth and the episcopacy of Alcock (1486-1500) and ornamented with the arms of the latter, who was probably a Peterhouse man.

[104] i. p. 22. Their house was on a messuage purchased by them “opposite the chapel of S. Edmund“: it lay on the south of the two hostels, and reached “as far as the marsh“--_i.e._ Coe fen.

[105] The rebuilding of the hall and combination room took place in 1866-70. Gilbert Scott, William Morris, Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown were called in, and an excellent piece of work accomplished, the fellows’ old “Stone parlour” and “inner parlour” being thrown into one to make the present picturesque combination room.

[106] College libraries, p. 138 _n._ The two Beauforts, the Cardinal and the Duke of Exeter, and two of Henry VI.’s physicians Roger Marshall and John Somerset (p. 106), all enriched this library.

[107] _Beata Maria de Gratia._ For S. Peter’s church and Peterhouse chapel, see _Willis and Clark, i. p. 40_.

[108] v. p. 280.

[109] v. pp. 263-4. Isaac Barrow uncle of his great namesake was one of the fellows ejected by the Puritan commissioners, before his nephew who had been entered for the college could come into residence. Crashaw was another; and Whitgift was a third fellow whose name stands for anti-Puritanism.

[110] Both sent by Edward VI. to inculcate Protestant doctrine in Cambridge.

[111] See v. p. 278.

[112] In the reign of Richard II. the merits of the Peterhouse scholars were as celebrated as their “indigence” was “notorious”; they continued in unceasing exercise of discipline and study, and the tithes of Cherry Hinton appear to have been bestowed in the hope of providing through them a bulwark against lollardry.

[113] The Bible-clerks (_bibliotistae_) were so called because it was their duty to read the Scriptures in hall at meal time: they were a sort of poorer scholar or ‘sizar,’ see iv. p. 219.

[114] He was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward II.; Canon of York and Wells, and Rector of East Dereham and of North Creake in Norfolk. For Michaelhouse, see also Statutes p. 67 and Trinity College p. 133.

[115] Elizabeth de Burgh speaks of “the college” of her “aforesaid house.” Cf. the words used by the founder of Trinity Hall as regards his own foundation: University Calendar _sub rubrica_ Trinity Hall.

[116] See royal visits, p. 113.

[117] See Mill Street, pp. 96-7 _n._

[118] She was daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford by Joan daughter of Edward I. Her brother and co-heir fell at Bannockburn 1314. Like Lady Margaret she was three times married, first to John de Burgh son and heir of Richard Earl of Ulster, her third husband also being an Irishman.

Chancellor Badew was a member of the Chelmsford knightly family of that name.

[119] April 5 1340. Grant by the university of the _domus universitatis_ to Elizabeth de Burgh Lady de Clare, in consideration of her gift of the advowson of Litlyngton. See Caius p. 144 _n._

[120] Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Clare House--the earliest name for a Cambridge college; Corpus also was incorporated as the _Domus Scholarium Corporis Christi_, etc. King’s Hall is the first to be so styled and is followed by Pembroke Hall. In 1440 we have King’s College. Peterhouse and Trinity Hall are now the only colleges which retain the older style, although Clare itself was called Clare Hall until 1856.

[121] Cf. p. 109 _n._

[122] “Soler,” apparently used for a loggia or balcony. East Anglian belfries were called bell-solers. Cf. _solarium_ for an upper chamber, and _nei solai_ (Ital.) for “in the garrets.” In early Cambridge college nomenclature _solar_ was an upstairs, _celar_ (cellar) a downstairs room.

[123] Simon Montacute, 17th Bishop of Ely, re-wrote the statutes of Peterhouse, 1338-44.

[124] Cf. Merton’s “Oxoniae, vel alibi ubi _studium vigere_ contigerit” (1264), and the words in Alan Bassett’s bequest for monastic scholars at Oxford or elsewhere _ubi studium fuerit universitatis_ (1233).

[125] See also p. 86 footnote.

[126] The proportion of priests among the fellows (_i.e._ scholars on the foundation) was to be 6 in 30, 4 in 20, 2 in 12. See also pp. 152 and 153.

[127] Cf. King’s Hall, p. 132.

[128] The xv c. library at Pembroke was over the hall; the older library of the same date at Peterhouse was next the hall.

[129] The earliest of these features appears at Pembroke, which had a treasury. For the combination room see p. 135 and iv. p. 214. For the gateway, p. 140. For students’ studies, iv. p. 232 _n._

[130] Cf. Peterhouse p. 56. The Christian church evolved in Rome no doubt originated in the domestic _aula_, the basilica, of a great private house, and was surrounded by those dwelling-rooms which constituted the first _titulus_ or _domus ecclesiae_. So at Cambridge we have a _domus collegii_, and _domus vel aula scholarium_ sancti Michaelis or Clarae.

[131] After the founder’s death two rectors were to exercise complete jurisdiction, one of these was to be a secular graduate but the other is to be a Franciscan. Moreover the fellows of the college were “to give their best counsel and aid” to the abbess and sisters of Denney abbey who had from the founder “a common origin with them.” For Denney, see i. p. 25, 25 _n._

[132] _Notabile et insigne et quam pretiosum collegium quod inter omnia loca universitatis ... mirabiliter splendet et semper resplenduit._

[133] Spenser entered as a sizar.

[134] Gray left Peterhouse on account of some horseplay on the part of its students who raised a cry of fire which brought him out of bed and down from his window overlooking Little S. Mary’s church in an escape which his dread of fire had induced him to contrive. Of his treatment at Pembroke he writes that it was such as might have been extended to “Mary de Valence in person.”

[135] Pitt in introducing his son to the college writes: “Such as he is, I am happy to place him at Pembroke; and I need not say how much of his parents’ hearts goes along with him.” (Letter to the Senior tutor of the college, 1767.)

[136] He was afterwards fellow of Trinity Hall, and Spenser dedicates one of the Eclogues to him there.

[137] See Trinity Hall, p. 80.

[138] The asterisks denote Masters of the College. Whitgift migrated from Queens’ to Pembroke, and was subsequently fellow of Peterhouse and Master of Pembroke. Langton of Winchester was a fellow.

[139] pp. 27 and 96.

[140] v. p. 275.

[141] Reyner D’Aubeney and Robert Stanton.

[142] p. 68 _n._

[143] Alcock himself, by a unique arrangement made with Rotherham, held the Seals conjointly with that prelate, then Bishop of Lincoln, from April to September 1474; and he had acted in parliament in the same capacity for Stillington in 1472. Merton whose Cambridge operations were described in the last chapter was Lord Chancellor; so was Sir Robert Thorpe who began the Schools, and so were Booth and Rotherham who completed the Schools quadrangle and built the old library. John Somerset, who was chiefly instrumental in the founding of King’s College, was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Henry VI.

[144] Cf. nationality of founders of colleges p. 150.

[145] The stone house (p. 24 _n._) and John Goldcorn’s property--all opposite Michaelhouse--were then fashioned by Bateman, after the founder’s demise, as Gonville Hall.

[146] See Gonville and Caius, pp. 143-4.

[147] Twelve preachers from each university were annually licensed for any diocese in England. Gonville was now allowed two such licences on its own account.

[148] p. 141.

[149] He landed at Yarmouth in June, and the charter of foundation is dated November 20.

[150] Magdalene, p. 127.

[151] The style “the keeper and scholars of the college of the Holy Trinity of Norwich,” reminds us that the original dedication of this and Gonville corresponds to that of two of the ancient Cambridge guilds--the Holy Trinity and the Annunciation.

[152] The N.E. corner was obtained four years after the foundation by the purchase of a house at the corner of Henney Lane.

[153] See also King’s.

[154] See also Caius.

[155] Account given of the building of Corpus by Archbishop Parker’s Latin secretary, John Jocelyn, fellow of Queens’. It is supposed that the hall of the guild of Corpus Christi was near the old court; S. Mary’s guild met at the hostel of that name near the present Senate House. See also p. 83.

[156] _Ibid._

[157] The brethren and sisters of the two guilds presumably thus taxed all house property bequeathed by them to their college, to defray the expenses of the wax lights so freely used in funeral and other liturgical rites. It has been pointed out that the riots occurred two days after the feast of Corpus Christi, with its recent procession in England, the contribution of wax tapers for which may have greatly aggravated the grievance. The feast is of xiii c. origin, the outdoor procession dates from the late xivth.

[158] She was heiress to her sister Eleanor who had been betrothed to Edward IV. They were the daughters of John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth’s only child Ann was wife to Richard of York murdered in the Tower.

[159] The dearth of clerks or clergy and the failure of learning: the former engaged the attention of the founders of Gonville, Trinity Hall, and Corpus, the latter of the founder of Clare who writes: “to promote ... the extension of these sciences, which by reason of the pestilence having swept away a multitude of men, are now beginning to fail rapidly.”

[160] The fact that we have a guild college built in Cambridge is especially interesting, for, as Dr. Stubbs has shown, Cambridge ranks highest among English towns for its guild history. Even the Exeter statutes do not rival those of one of its ancient guilds which united the craft or religious guild with the frith-guild--the guild instituted for the religious interests of its members or to protect craftsmen and their craft, and the guild which was an attempt “on the part of the public authorities to supplement the defective execution of the law by measures for mutual defence.” The Cambridge statutes, in fact, show us the guild as an element in the development of the township or burgh, one of those communities within a community which was the earliest expedient of civilisation, the earliest essay in organisation, everywhere. The guild which combined these two institutions was a thanes guild. It made and enforced legal enactments; it paid the blood-money if a member slew a man with righteous cause, and exacted eight pounds from any one who robbed a member. “It is improbable” writes Dr. Stubbs “that any institution on so large a scale existed in any other town than London.” In Athelstan’s reign we have a complete code of such a London frith-guild. (_Constitutional History of England_, vol. i. p. 414.)

It is against this historic background that we find the guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin uniting to add a common scholastic interest to interests civil and religious, by founding a college. The guilds were lay institutions; in two of the best known Cambridge guilds priests were either excluded, or, if admitted, denied a share in the government; and a chaplain for the guild of the Blessed Virgin was only to be maintained if the necessary assistance to the poorer members permitted of it.

[161]

“Thus of Cambridge the name gan first shyne
As chieffe schoole and vniuersitie
Vnto this tyme fro the daye it began”

[162] The “good duke of Lancaster” was Alderman of the Guild of Corpus Christi. John of Gaunt greatly befriended the college. It was _anno 1356_ that the “translation of the college of Corpus Christi out of lay hand to the patronage of the duke of Lancaster,” took place; a document so entitled once formed part of the Registry MSS.