Chapter XVI: Appendix: V

MISCELLANEOUS ESTIMATING

Excavations. Excavations are estimated in terms of the cubic yard, 27 cubic feet. The price per yard will vary according to the nature of the soil.

Where ground is not level, the plot should be divided into squares, each square being figured as to its cubical contents and the various amounts combined.

ANALYSIS OF COST FACTORS PER CUBIC YARD

Spading or picking labor, ¾ hour at ...............
Throwing out labor, ¾ hour at .....................
Wheeling 50 feet, ⅜ hour at .......................
--------
Cost per yard $

=Concrete.=--Concrete is estimated in terms of the cubic yard. The price will vary somewhat according to the mixture and the amount of form work required. Mixtures are designated as "rich"--1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 4 parts crushed rock, by volume; "medium"--1:2½:5; "ordinary"--1:3:6, and "lean,"--1:4:8. The rich mixture is used for cellar floors on high grade work. Cisterns and tanks make use of a special mixture of 1:2:3, the stone or gravel being passed thru a %" screen. Cement topping for cellar floors is a mortar composed of 1 part cement and 2 parts sharp sand. Sometimes a 1:1 mixture is used. Cellar floors and sidewalks are often priced by the foot surface measure, standard specifications for depth and construction being understood.

TABLE FOR ESTIMATING QUANTITIES FOR CONCRETE

(Proportion of materials in one cubic foot of concrete.)

MIXTURE

Rich (1:2:4) Medium (1:2½:5) Ordinary (1:3:6)
Cement 0.058 bbl. 0.048 bbl. 0.041 bbl.
Sand 0.0163 cu. yd. 0.0170 cu. yd. 0.0174 cu. yd.
Stone or gravel: 0.0326 cu. yd. 0.0341 cu. yd. 0.0348 cu. yd.

_Example_ Estimate quantities of various materials needed for a
wall 10" × 7' × 48', using a 1:2½:5 mixture.

_Solution_--(10 × 7 × 48) / 12 = 280 cu. ft.
Cement = 280 × 0.048 bbl. = 13.44 bbl.
Sand = 280 × 0. 017 cu. yd. = 4.76 cu. yd.
Stone = 280 × 0.0341 cu. yd. = 9.548 cu. yd.

Knowing the cost of cement per bbl. and of sand and stone per cu. yd., the cost of materials for the wall may be easily determined.

TABLE FOR ESTIMATING QUANTITIES FOR CEMENT MORTAR

(Proportion of materials in one cubic foot of cement mortar)

MIXTURE

1:1½ 1:2 1:2½
Cement 0.1481 bbl. 0.1239 bbl. 0.1052 bbl.
Sand 0.0311 cu. yd. 0.0344 cu. yd. 0.0370 cu. yd.

_Example_ Estimate quantities of material for 1:2 cement mortar
for topping of cellar floor 1" × 24' × 40'.

_Solution_--(24 × 40) = 80 cu. ft.
Cement = 80 × 0.1239 bbl. = 9.912 bbl.
Sand = 80 × 0.0344 cu. yd. = 2. 752 cu. yd.

ANALYSIS OF LABOR COST FACTORS PER CUBIC YARD

1 mason, 2 hours @ .......................
2 laborers, 2 hours each @ ...............
-------
Total $

Where forms are required add
1 carpenter, 2¼ hours @ ...................

Cellar floor construction costs approximately the same as wall work having forms. The expense of form work in ordinary basement wall construction is offset by labor and additional cement cost of topping of cellar floor.

=Brickwork.=--The unit of measurement in brickwork is the 1000 bricks, ordinarily.

To determine the number of bricks in a wall, multiply each square foot of surface by 7 (sometimes 7½ is used) which is the average number of bricks per foot of wall when 4" thick. Add 5% for breakage. Deduct for openings over 2' square. For walls thicker than 4", make suitable allowance.

A mason can lay 800 to 1000 common and 300 to 400 face bricks in a day.

Bricks may be laid in lime mortar or in cement mortar.

ANALYSIS OF COST FACTORS PER 1000 BRICKS, LIME MORTAR 1:3

Brick, 1000 @ ............................
Lime, 3 bu. @ ............................
Sand, ½ cu. yd. @ ........................
Mason, 10 hrs. @ .........................
Tender, 10 hrs. @ ........................
-------
Total $

ANALYSIS OF COST FACTORS PER 1000 BRICKS, CEMENT MORTAR 1:3

Brick, 1000 @ ............................
Portland cement, 1¼ bbl. @................
Sand ½ cu. yd. @ .........................
Mason, 10 hrs. @ .........................
Tender, 10 hrs. @ ........................
-------
Total $

=Chimneys.=--One foot of chimney height will contain five courses of ordinary bricks.

CHIMNEYS

No. Size of Size of No. Bricks
Flues Flue Chimney per Ft.

1 8" × 8" 16" × 16" 30
2 8" × 8" 16" × 28" 50
3 8" × 8" 16" × 40" 70
1 12" × 12" 20" × 20" 40

=Slate Roof.=--Exposure of each slate will equal the length of a slate diminished by 3" (the usual amount of lap) divided by 2, multiplied by the width of the slate.

To determine the number of slates required, divide the area to be covered by the exposure of each slate as determined just above.

_Example_--Determine the number of 6" × 12" slates required to
cover a surface 16' × 20'.

_Solution_--( (12" - 3") / 2) × 6" = 27 sq. in.
(16 × 20 × 144") / 27" = 1707 slates.

TABLE OF SLATES PER SQUARE OF 100 FEET

Size Length of Expos. No. Req. Nails Req.
6" × 12" 4½" 533 3.8 lbs.
7" × 14" 5½" 377 2.66
8" × 16" 6½" 277 2
9" × 18" 7½" 214 1.5

ANALYSIS OF COST FACTORS PER SQUARE. (100 SQ. FT.)

Slate, @ .............................
Slater, 8 hrs., @ ....................
Roofing Paper, @ .....................
Placing paper, 20 min ................
Nails, 2 lbs. (8" × 16" slate) @ .....
--------
Total $
Metal work extra.

=Plastering.=--Plastering is estimated by the square yard. In estimating the number of square yards, deduct ½ the area of openings. The extra labor involved in working around grounds is thus allowed for. Strips of plastering less than 1 foot wide are estimated as a foot in width. Closet areas are increased by J/ to make allowance for the extra labor involved in working small surfaces. Special plastering of cornice, etc., will be charged extra: Lathing is usually a part of the plasterer's contract, tho done by a different set of workmen. The unit is either the square yard or the 1000 laths.

ANALYSIS OF COST FACTORS FOR LATHING A SQUARE (100 SQ. FT.)

Lath, 1500 @ .........................
Nails, 10 lbs. 3d fine @ .............
Lather, 8 hrs. @ .....................
--------
Total ............................$

ANALYSIS OF COST FACTORS PER SQUARE FOR 2-COAT LIME PLASTER

Lime, 10 bu. @ .......................
Hair, 6 lbs. @ .......................
Sand, 1 yd. @ ........................
2 plasterers, 12 hrs. each @ .........
1 helper, 12 hrs. @ ..................
--------
Total ............................$

ANALYSIS OF COST FACTORS PER SQUARE FOR 3-COAT LIME PLASTER

Lime, 13 bu. @ .......................
Hair, 8 lbs. @ .......................
Sand, 1½ yds. @ ......................
Plaster of Paris, 1 bbl. @ ...........
2 plasterers, 16 hrs. each @ .........
1 helper, 16 hrs .....................
-------
Total ............................$

=Painting.=--Painting is estimated by the square yard, no deductions being made for openings such as doors and windows. Railings, grills, etc., are figured as if solid.

A gallon of paint will cover approximately 250 to 300 sq. ft. of old work and 350 ft. of new work. A painter should cover 150 sq. ft, 1st. coat, per hour, and 90 sq. ft., 2nd coat.

Cost factors may be easily determined from the above statements, and costs easily estimated for ordinary work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES

Chicago Millwork Supply Co.: _Price Book and
Specifications for Lumber and Millwork_, Chicago.

Gillette: _Handbook of Cost Data_, Myron C. Clark Co.,
New York.

Gordon-Van Tine Co.: _Price Book and Specifications for
Lumber and Millwork_, Davenport, Iowa.

Griffith: _Essentials of Woodworking_, Manual Arts
Press, Peoria, Ill.

Hodgson: _Modern Carpentry_, Frederick J. Drake Co.,
Chicago.

Hodgson: _Practical Uses of the Steel Square_,
Frederick J. Drake Co-., Chicago.

Kidder: _Architects' and Builders' Pocket Book_, John
Wiley and Sons, New York.

Kidder: _Building, Construction and Superintendence_,
Wm. T. Comstock, New York.

Radford: _Cyclopedia of Building Construction_, Radford
Architectural Co., Chicago.

Radford: _Details of Building Construction_, Radford
Architectural Co., Chicago.

The National Hardwood Lumber Association: _Rules for
Measurement and Inspection of Hardwood Lumber_, McCormick Bldg.,
Chicago.

INDEX

(NUMBERS REFER TO PAGES)

A

American Bond 20
Anchor, Brick Wall 139
Angle Post 118
Apron 109
Architrave 109
Ashlar 20

B

Backing Hip Rafter for Square
Cornered Building 63
Octagon and Other Hips 80
Balloon Frame 27
Base Block 109
Blocks, Placing 128
Mould 109
Mould, Placing 129
Batter Boards 15
Bed Moulding 98
Belt Course 110
Bibliography of Reading References 183
Blind Stop 109, 138
Board Measure Table 169
Bonds, Masonry 20
Brick Walls 20
Contents Table 172
Bridging 32
Building Paper 95, 98

C

Casing 109, 138
Casings, Placing 128
Chalk Line 103
Common Rafter 74
Concrete Mixtures 19
Corner Boards 109
Board, Splicing 102
Posts 38, 39, 109
Cornice 98
Costs, by Percentages 156
Example of Form 154
Counter Flashing 107
Cove 118
Crown Moulding 98

D

Deck 94
Door, Fitting 130
Frame 137
Hanging 129
Hinging 131
Jambs, Setting 125
Parts Named 129
Sill 109
Trim, Placing 127
Drain Tile 24
Drip Cap 109, 138
"Duck" 127

E

End Cut of Common Rafter 55
of Hip and Valley Rafter 62
of Octagonal and Other Hips and Valleys 79
English Bond 20
Estimating 142
Brick Work 180
Estimating Cement Mortar 179
Concrete 178
Cubic-foot Unit 142
Excavations 178
Labor Costs, Carpentry 150
Lathing 182
Lumber Quantities 146
Millwork Quantities 149
Painting 182
Plastering 181, 182
Quantities of Nails 153
Slate Roof 181
Excavations 18
Exterior Wall Coverings 95

F

Fascia 98
Finish Floor 109
Finishing Exterior Walls 108
Flashing 105
Flemish Bond 20
Floors, Laying and Scraping 135
Footings 18
Forms for Concrete 23
Foundations 18
Laying out 13
Foundation Materials 19
Frames, Basement 25
Framing Common Rafter 49
Joists 31
Roof about Chimney 94
Square with Rafter Table 53
Table for Common and Jack Rafters 52
Frieze 98
Full Frame 27
Furring 109

G

Girders 29, 31
Grade Line 16
Grading Rules, Lumber 143
Griffith's Roof Framing Tables 72
Griffith's Tables, Directions for 173
Grounds 115

H

Half-frame 27
Headers 20, 35, 109
Headroom 119
Hip and Valley Rafter End Cut 62
and Valley Rafter Lengths 61
and Valley Rafter Plumb Cut 60
and Valley Rafter Seat Cut 62
and Valley Rafters for Octagon
and other Polygons 74
and Valley Rafter Side Cut 60
Rafter, Unit Lengths 59

I

Interior Finish 115, 125
Walls 117
Interpolation 164

J

Jamb 109, 138
Jack Rafter for Octagonal and
Other Polygonal Roofs 81
for Square Cornered Building 65

K

King-Post 78

L

Lap Siding 111
Lathing 115
Length and Number of Wire Nails
to the Pound 168
Length of Common Rafter 50, 54
of Hip and Valley Rafters 61
of Jacks for Square Cornered Building 66
Length of Octagon and Other Polygonal Jacks 82
of Rafter by Scaling 53
of Side of Polygon 73
Leveling Door Sill 110
Foundation 16
Rod 14
with Straight-edge 17
Lintels 141
Locks, Fitting 132
Lookout 98
Lookouts, Framing 99

M

Main Frame 27
Masonry Construction, Woodwork for 138
Miter Cuts of Plate 69

N

Natural Trigonometric Functions 158
Nosing 118

O

Octagonal and Other Jacks 81
Roofs 73
Octagon Bay, Framing 85
Openings in Framework 42, 94

P

Parting Strip 109, 138
Partition 38
Wall Detail 116
Patterns for Joists and Studding 38
Pier 123
Pitch 46
Pitch Board 120
Placing Joists 32, 41
Plancher 98
Plank Frame 27
Plates 41, 98
Platform, Stair 118
Plumb Cut of Hip and Valley Rafter 60
of Octagonal Hip and Valley Rafters 74
Porches 122
Porch Steps 117
Protractor, Framing with 82
Pulleys 138
Pulley Stile 109, 138

R

Raked Moulding 100
Reduction for King-post 79
for Ridge 57
Ribbon Boards 39
Ridge, Length of 56
Piece 57
Rise 46
Rise of Stair 119
Riser 118, 121
Roof Boards, Cutting of 95, 96, 98
Frame 45
Frame, Any Polygon 69
Framing 45
Framing Terms 46
Rough Floors 42, 109
Rubble Work 20
Run 45
Run of Stair 119

S

Sash Cord 127
Scaffolding 96
Scribing Against Irregular Surface 114
Seat Cut of Common Rafter 55
of Hip and Valley Rafter 62
of Octagonal and Other Hips and Valleys 79
Setting Basement Frames 25
Setting Partitions 41
Studs 40
Window Frames 110
Sheathing or Sheeting 95, 98
Shed Roof Framing 89
Shingling 102
Hips and Valleys 105
Shingle Tins 106
Shoe Mould 109
Placing 129
Side Cut, Hip and Valley Rafters 60
Octagonal and Other Hips and Valleys 75
of Jack Rafter 65
of Octagonal and Other Polygonal Jacks 81
Siding 111
Circular Tower 113
Hook 113
Stick 111
Sills 29, 31, 109, 138
Six-eight-ten Method 15
Sole Piece 109
Solution of Right Triangles 159
Spacing Joists 32
Stair Building 117
Types 118
Stirrups 36
Stock Bill Form 149
Stone Work 20
Stool 109
Stop Bead 109, 138
Story Pole 42
Straightening Studding 117
Strength of Materials 170
Stretchers 20
Stringer 118

T

Table for Hip and Valley Rafters 60
of Common and Jack Rafters 52
Table of Fractional Equivalents
for Decimal Values 166
of Natural Functions 163
of Octagonal Hip and Valley Rafters 75
Tail, Rafter 56
Tangents 69
Threshold 109
Toe Hold 104
Transit 13
Translating Framing Problems from Protractor
to Framing Square and Vice Versa 84
Tread 118, 121
Trimmers 35

U

Uneven Pitch of Roof 90
Useful Tables 166

V

Valley Rafters 65
Rafter Unit Lengths 58
Value of a Function, The Angle Being Given
in Fractional Degrees 164
of Angle, The Value of a Function Being
Known 164
Veneer, Brick 138

W

Wall Board 121
Walls 38
Water Proofing 24
Table 109
Weight Pocket 109, 138
Well Hole 36
Winders, Stair 118
Window Detail, for Brick Wall 140
Frames 137
Sash, Fitting 126
Window Sill 109
Stool 109
Trim, Placing 127
Wire Brads, Table for 169
Wood and Machine Screw, Sizes, Table of 167
Wooden Bricks 26
Wood's Key to the Steel Square 70

Y

Y-level 14
Yoke 109

* * * * *

Transcriber Note

A link to the Index was added to the Contents table.