Chapter XXXVIII: Section III: ARCTOIDEA (Bear-like animals)

Family 7. _Ursidæ_ (the Bear family).

_Examples_: The various kinds of Bear.

Family 8. _Procyonidæ_ (the Racoon family).

_Examples_: Racoon, Coati, Kinkajou, Cacomixle.

Family 9. _Ailuridæ_, contains the Panda only.

Family 10. _Mustelidæ_ (the Weasel family).

_Examples_: Weasel, Stoat, Ferret, Badger, Skunk, Ratel, Glutton,
Marten, Polecat, Otter.

[6] _Felidæ._

[7] _Felis leo._

[8] “Tower Menagerie.”

[9] Judges xiv. 5, 6.

[10] 1 Samuel xvii. 34-36.

[11] 2 Samuel xxiii. 20.

[12] Humboldt: “Views of Nature.”

[13] Livingstone.

[14] Mr. Bartlett, the able Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens.

[15] _Felis tigris._

[16] Sir Joseph Fayrer: “The Royal Tiger of Bengal: his life and death.”

[17] _Felis pardus._

[18] Sir James Emerson Tennent, “Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon.”

[19] _Felis onca._

[20] “Naturalist’s Voyage.”

[21] _Felis concolor._

[22] A weapon used by the Gauchos, and consisting of three cords, knotted together at one end, and having each a ball or stone attached to the other. The smallest of these is held in the hand, and the Gaucho “whirls the other two round and round his head, then taking aim, sends them like chain shot rushing through the air.”

[23] _Felis uncia._

[24] _Felis macrocelis._

[25] _Felis pardalis._

[26] Buffon.

[27] _Felis marmorata._

[28] _Felis viverrina._

[29] _Felis pajeros._

[30] _Felis macrura._

[31] _Felis tigrina._

[32] _Felis ferox._

[33] Brehm.

[34] _Felis jaguarondi._

[35] _Felis eyra._

[36] _Felis serval._

[37] _Felis rubiginosa._

[38] _Felis bengalensis._

[39] Jerdon.

[40] _Felis aurata._

[41] _Felis torquata._

[42] Scott, quoted by Jerdon.

[43] _Felis manul._

[44] _Felis maniculata._

[45] _Felis catus._

[46] Brehm.

[47] _Felis domestica._

[48] Pennant, “British Zoology.”

[49] “Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.”

[50] “Natural History of Selborne.”

[51] White’s “Selborne.”

[52] _Felis chaus._

[53] _Felis lynx._

[54] Tschudi, quoted by Brehm.

[55] _Felis pardina._

[56] _Felis canadensis._

[57] _Felis rufa._

[58] _Felis caracal._

[59] _Felis jubata._

[60] “Mammals of India.”

[61] _Hyænidæ._

[62] The dental formula is--incisors, (3-3)/(3-3), canines, (1-1)/(1-1), premolars, (4-4)/(3-3), molars, (1-1)/(1-1) = 34.

[63] _Lycaon._

[64] _Hyæna crocuta._

[65] Andersson.

[66] Harris.

[67] _Hyæna brunnea_ or _fusca_.

[68] _Hyæna striata._

[69] Canon Tristram.

[70] _Cryptoproctidæ._

[71] _Cryptoprocta ferox._

[72] _Protelidæ._

[73] _Proteles Lalandii._

[74] _Viverridæ._

[75] The dental formula is, therefore, incisors, (3-3)/(3-3), canines, (1-1)/(1-1), premolars, (4-4)/(4-4), molars, (2-2)/(2-2) = 40.

[76] _Viverra civetta._

[77] _Viverra Zibetha._

[78] _Viverra pallida_ seu _rasse_.

[79] _Genetta vulgaris._

[80] _Herpestes griseus._

[81] A plant allied to that which produces the well-known _nux vomica_. It is used by Indian physicians in fevers, and as an antidote to poisons.

[82] A tree allied to that which produces Peruvian bark. It is called the Mungo, or “Earth-gall,” by the Malays. It is also supposed to be an antidote to poisons.

[83] The “birth-wort.” It is used in India as a remedy for gout, and in England is given to Cows after calving.

[84] A tree allied to the acacias and to the sensitive plant.

[85] _Pharsalia_, lib. iv. 729.

[86] The nux vomica plant.

[87] _Urva cancrivora._

[88] _Paradoxurus musang._

[89] _Arctictis binturong._

[90] N.B.--The description of some members of the Viverridæ, or Civet family, has been inadvertently omitted from our chapter on that group, and will be found at the end of the article on the Land Carnivora (pp. 206-208).

[91] _Canidæ._

[92] _Canis familiaris._

[93] 2 Kings xvii. 31.

[94] Darwin’s “Animals and Plants under Domestication.”

[95] Youatt: “The Dog.”

[96] Darwin, “Animals and Plants under Domestication.”

[97] “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” 1875.

[98] Darwin’s “Origin of Species.”

[99] Dr. Huggins, _Nature_, Vol VII.

[100] Youatt.

[101] Youatt.

[102] Darwin’s “Expression of the Emotions.”

[103] Moles.

[104] _Quarterly Journal of Science_, April, 1876.

[105] “St. Ronan’s Well.”

[106] From the _Globe_ newspaper.

[107] “Animal Depravity,” _Quarterly Journal of Science_, 1875.

[108] Quoted from the _Daily News_ in the article on “Animal Depravity” in the _Quarterly Journal of Science_ for 1875.

[109] See Sir Thomas Watson: “Hydrophobia and Rabies,” _Nineteenth Century_, December, 1877.

[110] Sir J. Richardson’s “_Fauna Boreali-Americana_.”

[111] Hayes, quoted by Jesse.

[112] Youatt.

[113] Tristram.

[114] Youatt.

[115] Youatt.

[116] “The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, and China.”

[117] _Canis primævus._

[118] Williamson, quoted by Youatt.

[119] _Canis dingo._

[120] Youatt.

[121] Youatt.

[122] _Canis lupus._

[123] Virgil, Ec. ix., 53:--

“All, all forgotten now, those youthful lays;
My voice will follow, ay, my voice decays;
The Wolf hath eyed me first, hath Mœris eyed.”

[124] L. Énault, quoted by Brehm.

[125] Jesse: “History of the British Dog.”

[126] Richardson: “Fauna Boreali-Americana,” 1829.

[127] _Canis latrans._

[128] Richardson.

[129] _Canis aureus._

[130] _Canis vulpes._

[131] _Canis lagopus._

[132] _Canis zerda._

[133] _Megalotis Lalandii._

[134] The dental formula is, therefore, incisors, (3-3)/(3-3); canines, (1-1)/(1-1); premolars, (4-4)/(4-4); molars, (4-4)/(4-4) = 48.

[135] _Nycterentes procyonides._

[136] _Lycaon pictus._

[137] Gordon Cumming quoted by A. Murray: “Geographical Distribution of Mammals.”

[138] _Ursidæ._

[139] _Ursus arctos._

[140] “Lake ’Ngami.”

[141] _Ursus americanus._

[142] _Ursus ferox._

[143] _Ursus syriacus._

[144] _Ursus isabellinus._

[145] _Ursus tibetanus_ and _U._ (_Helarctos_) _malayanus_.

[146] Jerdon: “Mammals of India.”

[147] _Ursus_ (or _Melursus_) _labiatus_.

[148] Tickell, quoted by Jerdon.

[149] Tannent: “Ceylon.”

[150] _Ursus_ (or _Helarctos_) _ornatus_.

[151] _Ursus_ (or _Thalassarctos_) _maritimus_.

[152] R. Brown, quoted from “Arctic Manual.”

[153] Quoted by Jesse: “History of the British Dog.”

[154] _Procyonidæ._

[155] The dental formula is--Incisors, (3-3)/(3-3); canines, (1-1)/(1-1); premolars, (4-4)/(4-4); molars, (2-2)/(2-2) = 40.

[156] _Procyon lotor._

[157] _Nasua narica._

[158] _Cercoleptes caudivolvulus._

[159] _Bassaris astuta._

[160] _Ailuridæ._

[161] _Ailurus fulgens._

[162] _Mustelidæ._

[163] “Fur-bearing Animals: a Monograph of North American Mustelidæ.”

[164] _Gulo luscus._

[165] The dental formula is--Incisors, (3-3)/(3-3); canines, (1-1)/(1-1); premolars, (4-4)/(4-4); molars, (1-1)/(2-2) = 38.

[166] _Mustela martes._

[167] _Mustela Pennantii._

[168] _Mustela zibellina._

[169] Coues.

[170] _Putorius vulgaris._ The Weasel is very commonly referred to the genus _Mustela_, but this name properly belongs to the Martens.

[171] _Putorius erminca._

[172] _Putorius fœtidus._

[173] _Putorius furo._

[174] _Putorius lutreola_ and _P. vison_.

[175] _Galictes vittata._

[176] _Galictes barbara._

[177] _Mellivora capensis_ and _M. indica_.

[178] _Meles vulgaris._

[179] _The Times_, Oct. 24th, 1877.

[180] _Taxidea americana._

[181] _Mydaus meliceps._

[182] _Ictonyx zorilla._

[183] _Mephitis mephitica._

[184] Coues.

[185] _Mephitis (or Spilogale) putorius._

[186] _Mephitis (or Conepatus) mapurito._

[187] _Lutra vulgaris._

[188] The dental formula is--Incisors, (3-3)/(3-3); canines, (1-1)/(1-1); premolars, (4-4)/(3-3); molars, (1-1)/(2-2) = 36.

[189] “Malacca, Indo-China, and China.”

[190] _Lutra canadensis._

[191] _Pteronura Sandbachii._

[192] _Enhydra lutris._

[193] Dental formula--Incisors, (3-3)/(2-2); canines, (1-1)/(1-1); premolars, (3-3)/(3-3); molars, (1-1)/(2-2)=32.

[194] Capt. C. M. Scammon, “American Naturalist,” Vol. IV., 1870.

[195] H. W. Elliott, quoted by Coues, “Fur-bearing Animals.”

[196] The dental formula is--Incisors, (3-3)/(3-3); canines, (1-1)/(1-1); premolars, (2-2)/(2-2); molars, (1-1)/(1-1) = 28.

[197] The dental formula is--Incisors, (3-3)/(3-3); canines, (1-1)/(1-1); premolars, (4-4)/(4-4); molars, (3-3)/(3-3) = 44.

[198] “Les Enchaînements du Monde animal, dans les temps géologiques.” Paris, 1878.

[199] _Cynogale Bennettii._

[200] _Cynictis penicillata._

[201] _Crossarchus obscurus._

[202] _Suricata zenick._

[203] _Pinna_, a fin; _pes_, a foot.

[204] _Pinna_, a fin; _gradus_, a step.

[205] From the Greek, θρίξ, a hair, and ἔχω, I have.

[206] From the Greek, οὖς, ὠτός an ear.

[207] From the Greek, φώκη, a seal.

[208] _Trichechus rosmarus._

[209] _Otaria ursinus_, the genus _Callorhinus_ of certain authorities.

[210] _Otaria Stelleri_, the genus _Eumetopias_ of Gray and others.

[211] _Otaria Gilliespii._

[212] _Otaria Hookeri_, the genus _Arctocephalus_ and _Phocarctos_ of Gray.

[213] _Otaria albicollis_, the _Neophoca lobata_ of Gray.

[214] _Otaria jubata._

[215] _Otaria falklandica_, placed under the genus _Arctophoca_ by Peters, and _Euotaria_ by Gray.

[216] _Otaria pusilla_, the _Arctocephalus antarticicus_ of Gray.

[217] _Otaria Forsteri_, the _Gypsophoca tropicalis_ of Gray.

[218] _Otaria (Euotaria) cinerea._

[219] _Phoca vitulina_, the genus _Callocephalus_ of some authorities.

[220] _Phoca fœtida, or Phoca hispida_; the genus _Pagomys_ of Gray.

[221] _Phoca groelandica_; the genus _Pagophilus_ of Gray.

[222] _Phoca barbata._

[223] _Halichœrus gryphus._

[224] _Monachus albiventer._

[225] _Cystophora cristata._

[226] _Macrorhinus elephantinus_; the genus _Morunga_ of Gray.

[227] _Ommatophoca Rossii._

[228] _Stenorhynchus leptonyx._

[229] _Stenorhynchus (Leptonyx) Weddellii._

[230] _Lobodon carcinophaga._

[231] _Platanista gangetica._

[232] _Inia Geoffrensis._

[233] _Pontoporia Blainvillii._

[234] _Z. cavirostris._

[235] _Z. indicus._

[236] _M. Sowerbiensis._

[237] _Berardius Arnouxi._

[238] _Hyperoodon rostratus._

[239] _Physeter macrocephalus._

[240] _Kogia breviceps_; the _Physeter simus_ of Owen.

[241] _K. (Euphysetes) Grayii_ of MacLeay.

[242] _Globiocephalus melas._

[243] _Grampus griseus._

[244] _Phocœna communis._

[245] _Orca gladiator._

[246] _Delphinus delphis._

[247] _D. tursio._

[248] _Beluga leucas._

[249] _Monodon monoceros._

[250] _Balæna mysticetus._

[251] _Megaptera_; μέγας, great, and πτερόν, fin.

[252] _Rhachianectes glaucus_ of Cope.

[253] _Balænoptera_; φάλαινα, a whale, and πτερόν, fin.

[254] _Rhytina Stelleri._

[255] _Halicore dugong._

[256] παχὺς, thick; δέρμα, skin.

[257] _Elephas indicus._

[258] _Graphic_, June 12, 1875.

[259] _Elephas africanus._

[260] From the Latin _unguis_, _ungula_, a hoof.

[261] περισσός, uneven; δάκτυλος, toe.

[262] ἄρτιος, even; δάκτυλος, toe.

[263] _Tapirus americanus._

[264] _Tapirus villosus._

[265] _Tapirus malayanus._

[266] _Philosophical Transactions_, xlii.

[267] _Rhinoceros Oswellii._

[268] The numbers in each figure refer to the digits, the thumb being always absent. The seven square-shaped bones above the digits in each figure constitute the wrist or carpus. Above these are the large radius, and the small ulna in some.

[269] ἀ, without; ὀπλή, a hoof; θηρίον, wild beast; wild beast without hoof.

[270] _Sus scrofa._

[271] _Sus scrofa_ (Indian variety).

[272] _Phacochœrus Ælianus._