Chapter M: Tulli Ciceronis (4)

P. 12. -- 27. NE ... QUIDEM: these two words together correspond to the Greek [Greek: oude] ([Greek: ou] = ne, [Greek: de] = quidem), and are best translated here by 'nor' rather than by 'not even'. The rendering 'not even', though required by some passages, will often misrepresent the Latin. -- LOCUS: _locus_ (like [Greek: topos] in Greek) is a rhetorical term with a technical meaning. The pleader is to anticipate the arguments he may find it necessary to use in different cases, and is to arrange them under certain heads; each head is called a [Greek: topos] or _locus_, meaning literally the _place_ where a pleader is to look for an argument when wanted. Hence _locus_ came to mean 'a cut-and-dried argument' or, as here, a 'commonplace'. It is often found in Cicero's rhetorical writings. -- NON PLUS QUAM: 'any more than'. After the negative _ne_ above it is incorrect to translate _non_ by a negative in English, though the repetition of the negative is common enough in Latin, as in some English dialects. Cf. n. on 24. _Plus_ here = _magis_. -- QUOD EST: _sc. tibi_, 'what you have', so Paradoxa 18 and 52 _satis esse, quod est_. -- AGAS: _quisquis_ is generally accompanied by the indicative, as in Verg. Aen. 2, 49 _quidquid id est_ etc.; see Roby, 1697; A. 309, _c_; G. 246, 4; H. 476, 3. The subjunctive is here used, with the imaginary second person, to render prominent the hypothetical and indefinite character of the verb statement. Roby, 1544-1546; Madvig, 370, 494, Obs. 5, (6). -- VOX: 'utterance'; the word is used only of speeches in some way specially remarkable. -- CONTEMPTIOR: 'more despicable'. The passive participle of _contemno_ has the sense of an adjective in -_bilis_, like _invictus_ and many others. -- MILONIS: the most famous of the Greek athletes. He lived at the end of the sixth century B.C., and the praises of his victories were sung by Simonides. It was under his leadership that his native city Croton, in Magna Graecia, attacked and destroyed Sybaris. Many stories are told by the ancients about his feats of strength (see 33), and about his power of consuming food. He is said to have been a prominent disciple of Pythagoras. -- ILLACRIMANS: beware of spelling _lacrima_ with either _ch_ for _c_ or _y_ for _i_; these spellings are without justification. The _y_ rests on the absurd assumption that the Latins borrowed their word _lacrima_ straight from the Greek [Greek: dakry]. -- DIXISSE: combinations like _dicitur dixisse_ are exceedingly rare in good Latin. Cicero nearly always uses two different verbs; _i.e._ he says _aiunt dicere_ and the like. -- AT: there is an ellipsis here such as 'those young men's muscles are powerful but ...'. This elliptic use of _at_ is common in sudden exclamations of grief, annoyance, surprise etc. -- VERO: this is common in emphatic replies, whether the reply convey assent, or, as here, a retort. The usage is well illustrated in Nägelsbach's Stilistik, § 197, 2. -- TAM: _sc. mortui sunt_. -- NUGATOR: _nugari_ = [Greek: lêrein], 'to trifle'. -- EX TE: Cato here identifies a man's person with his soul and intellect, the body being regarded as a mere dress; cf. Rep. 6, 26 _mens cuiusque is est quisque_. _Ex te_, literally, 'out of yourself', _i.e._ 'from your real self's resources'. -- LATERIBUS: see n. on 14. -- AELIUS: his _cognomen_ was Paetus; he was consul in 198, and censor in 194 B.C. He was one of the earliest and most famous writers on Roman Law. His great commentary on the XII tables is often referred to by Cicero, who several times quotes Ennius' line about him. -- _egregie cordatus homo catus Aelius Sextus_. -- TALE: _sc. dixit_. -- CORUNCANIUS: n. on 15. -- P. CRASSUS: consul in 205 B.C. with the elder Africanus; pontifex maximus from 212 to his death in 183. He was famous both as a lawyer (see below, 50; also Liv. 30, 1, 5 _iuris pontifici peritissimus_) and as a statesman (see 61). _Modo_ therefore covers a space of at least 33 years, so that it cannot well be translated by our 'lately'; say rather 'nearer our time'. The amount of time implied by _modo_ and _nuper_ depends entirely on the context; for _modo_ see Lael. 6 with note, for _nuper_ below, n. on 61, where it is used of Crassus as _modo_ is here. -- PRAESCRIBEBANTUR: the meaning is that these lawyers practised in old age as jurisconsults, _i.e._ according to old Roman custom, they gave audience in the early hours of the day to all who chose to consult them about legal difficulties. -- EST PROVECTA: literally 'was carried forward', _i.e._ 'continued', 'remained'. Some wrongly take the phrase to mean 'made progress', 'increased', a sense which would require the imperfect, _provehebatur_. -- PRUDENTIA: here, as often, 'legal skill'.

28. ORATOR: emphatic position. -- SENECTUTE: causal ablative; not 'in age', but 'owing to age'. -- OMNINO -- SED TAMEN: 'no doubt -- but still'. _Omnino_ (literally, 'altogether') has two almost exactly opposite uses -- (1) the affirmative, cf. 9; (2) the concessive, which we have here and in 45. The circumstance which is contrasted with the admitted circumstance is usually introduced by _sed tamen_ or _sed_ as in 45, but in Lael. 98 by the less emphatic _autem_, while in Lael. 69 there is no introductory particle. -- CANORUM ... SENECTUTE: _canorum_ implies the combination of power with clearness in a voice. For the mixture of metaphors in _canorum splendescit_ edd. quote Soph. Phil. 189 [Greek: achô têlephanês]; Cic. De Or. 2, 60 _illorum tactu orationem meam quasi colorari_. -- NESCIO QUO PACTO: literally, 'I know not on what terms'; quite interchangeable with _nescio quo modo_; cf. 82. A. 334, _e_; G. 469, Rem. 2; H. 529, 5, 3). -- ADHUC NON: purposely put for _nondum_, because more emphasis is thus thrown both on the time-word and on the negation. The common view that _nondum_ was avoided because it would have implied that Cato _expected_ to lose the _canorum_ is certainly wrong. -- ET VIDETIS: 'though you see my years'. The adversative use of _et_ for _autem_ or _tamen_ after the negative is not very uncommon in Cicero, but there are few examples of the usage in the speeches. Cf. Lael. 26 _et quidquid_; so sometimes _que_ as above, 13; also Lael. 30 _ut nullo egeat suaque omnia in se posita iudicet_. -- SENI: Madvig's em. for _senis_. In Leg. 1, 11 allusion is made to the great change which advancing years had wrought in Cicero's own impassioned oratory. He was no doubt thinking of that change when he wrote the words we have here. -- SERMO: 'style of speaking'; a word of wider meaning than _oratio_, which only denotes public speaking. -- QUIETUS ET REMISSUS: 'subdued and gentle'. The metaphor in _remissus_ (which occurs also in 81) refers to the loosening of a tight-stretched string; cf. _intentum_ etc. in 37 with n. With the whole passage cf. Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 2 _nam iuvenes confusa adhuc quaedam et quasi turbata non indecent; senibus placida omnia et ordinata conveniunt_. -- FACIT AUDIENTIAM: 'procures of itself a hearing for it'. In the words _per se ipsa_ there is no doubt an allusion to the custom at large meetings in ancient times whereby the _praeco_ or [Greek: kêryx] called on the people to listen to the speakers. Cf. Liv. 43, 16, 8 _praeconem audientiam facere iussit_. Note that this is the only classical use of the word _audientia_; it has not the meaning of our 'audience' either in the sense of a body of listeners, or as used in the expression 'to give audience'. -- COMPOSITA ET MITIS: 'unimpassioned and smooth'. Cf. Quintil. 6, 2, 9 _affectus igitur hos concitatos, illos mitis atque compositos esse dixerunt_. -- QUAM ... NEQUEAS: 'and if you cannot practise oratory yourself'. Evidently _quam_ refers to _oratio_ in the widest sense, not to the special style of oratory mentioned in the last sentence. With _si nequeas_ cf. _nisi exerceas_ in 21 with n. -- SCIPIONI ET LAELIO: '_a_ Scipio and _a_ Laelius'; _i.e._ 'young friends such as Scipio and Laelius are to me'. -- PRAECIPERE: here absolute, = _praecepta dare_; usually an accusative follows. -- STUDIIS IUVENTUTIS: 'the zeal of youth'. _Studiis_ does not imply here the deference of youth to age; the studia meant are the _virtutum studia_ of 26.

29. NE ... INSTRUAT: _docere_ is to impart knowledge, _instituere_ (literally 'to ground' or 'establish') is to form the intellect and character by means of knowledge, _instruere_, to teach the pupil how he may bring his acquirements to bear in practical life. -- OFFICI MUNUS: 'performance of duty'; cf. 35, 72; Fam. 6, 14. In scores of passages in Cicero we find _officium et munus_, 'duty and function', as in 34. -- CN. ET P. SCIPIONES: in Cic. the plural is always used where two men of the same family are mentioned and their names connected by et. In other writers the plural is regular, the singular exceptional, as in Sall. Iug. 42, 1 _Ti. et C. Gracchus_; Liv. 6, 22 _Sp. et L. Papirius_. Even with other nouns the plural is regular; e.g. Cic. Phil. 2, 101 _arationes Campana et Leontina_, though a little above we have _mense Aprili atque Maio_. [See Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1², p. 1.] Gnaeus (_not_ Cnaeus -- see n. on Lael. 3) Cornelius Scipio was consul in 222 B.C. and was sent to Spain at the outbreak of the Second Punic war to command against Hasdrubal. Publius was consul in 218, and after being defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus, joined his brother in Spain. At first they won important successes, but in 212 they were hemmed in and killed, after a crushing defeat. -- L. AEMILIUS: the father of Macedonicus. He was consul in 219 and defeated the Illyrii; but when consul again in 216 was defeated and killed at Cannae. See 75. For _avi duo_ cf. 82. -- CONSENUERINT ... DEFECERINT: _coniunctio_, for which see n. on 16. For the mood see A. 313, _a_; G. 608; H. 515, III. and n. 3. -- ETSI: see n. on 2. -- SENECTUTE: MSS. and edd. have _senectutis_, but the sense requires the abl.

P. 13. -- 30. CYRUS: the elder. -- APUD XENOPHONTEM: 'in Xenophon'; so in 79 where see n.; also 31 _apud Homerum_. See Cyropaedia, 8, 7, 6. -- CUM ... ESSET: '_though_ he was very old', the clause depends on the following words, not on the preceding. -- NEGAT: in Latin as in English the present tense is used in quotations from books. -- METELLUM: was consul in 251 B.C. and won a great victory over the Carthaginians at Panormus (Palermo); consul again in 247. See below, 61. -- MEMINI ... ESSE: for the construction of _memini_ with the present or perfect infinitive, see n. on Lael. 2; also A. 288, _b_; G. 277, Rem.; H. 537, 1. -- PUER: the expression is peculiar, being abbreviated from _quod puer vidi_ or something of the kind. Quintil. 8, 3, 31 has _memini iuvenis_. In Rep. 1, 23 Cicero says _memini me admodum adulescentulo_. -- VIGINTI ET DUOS: the commoner order of the words is _duos et viginti_; see n. on 13 _centum ... annos_. -- EI SACERDOTIO: 'that sacred college'; _i.e._ the pontifical college consisting of the _pontifex maximus_ and the inferior _pontifices_. -- REQUIRERET: see n. on 13 _quaereretur_. -- NIHIL: n. on 1, l. 1 _quid_. -- MIHI: dat. for acc. to emphasize the person. -- ID: 'such a course'; cf. 82 _ut de me ipse aliquid more senum glorier_.

31. VIDETISNE UT: here _ne_ is the equivalent of _nonne_, as it often is in the Latin of Plautus and Terence, and in the colloquial Latin of the classical period. For _ut_ after _videtis_ see n. on 26. -- NESTOR: _e.g._ in Iliad 1, 260 _et seq_. 11, 668 _et seq_. -- TERTIAM AETATEM: cf. Iliad 1, 250; Odyssey 3, 245. -- VERA ... SE: 'if he told the truth about himself'. -- NIMIS: 'to any great extent'. _Insolens_ does not correspond to our 'insolent'; it is almost the equivalent of _ineptus_, and has no harsher meaning than 'odd', 'strange', 'in bad taste'. -- MELLE DULCIOR: Homer, Il. 1, 249 [Greek: tou kai apo glôssês melitos glykiôn rheen audê]. In Or. 32 Cic. says of Xenophon (whom the Greeks called [Greek: Attikê melitta]) that his _oratio_ was _melle dulcior_. -- SUAVITATEM: notice the change from _dulcior_, which seems to be made for the mere sake of variety, since elsewhere (De Or. 3, 161) Cicero writes _dulcitudo orationis_. -- ET TAMEN: see n. on 16. -- DUX ILLE: Agamemnon; see Iliad 2, 370 _et seq_. -- NUSQUAM: _i.e._ nowhere in Homer. -- AIACIS: _i.e._ Aiax Telamonius, who was the greatest Greek warrior while Achilles sulked (Iliad 2, 768). The genitive after _similis_ is the rule in Cicero, though many examples of the dative are found even with names of persons; see Madv. on Fin. 5, 12.

32. SED: see n. on 26. -- REDEO AD ME: so 45; Lael. 96, Div. 1, 97 _ad nostra iam redeo_; also below, 67 _sed redeo ad mortem impendentem._ -- VELLEM: see n. on. 26. -- IDEM: A. 238; G. 331, Rem. 2; H. 371, 2. -- QUOD CYRUS: see 30. -- QUEO: the verb _queo_ is rarely found without a negative, _possum_ being used in positive sentences; cf. however Lael. 71 _queant_, where see n. -- MILES etc.: see 10 above. -- FUERIM ... DEPUGNAVI: A. 336, _b_; G. 630, Rem. 1; H. 524, 2, 2. _Depugnavi_ = 'fought the war out', or 'to the end'; cf. 38, _desudans; 44 devicerat_. -- ENERVAVIT: _enervare_ is literally 'to take out the sinews'; cf. the expressions _nervos elidere_ (Tusc. 2, 27) and _nervos incidere_ (Academ. 1, 35) both of which are used in a secondary or metaphorical sense. -- CURIA: = _senatus_. -- ROSTRA: cf. n. on 44 _devicerat_. -- FIERI: A. 331, _a_; G. 546, Rem. 1; H. 498, I. n. -- ESSE: emphatic, = _vivere_; see n. on 21. -- EGO VERO etc.: 'I however would rather that my old age should be shorter than that I should be old before my time'. -- MALLEM: see n. on 26 _vellem_.

P. 14. -- NEMO CUI FUERIM: cf. Plaut. Mercator 2, 2, 17 _quamquam negotium est, numquam sum occupatus amico operam dare_.

33. AT: as in 21, where see n. -- T. PONTI CENTURIONIS: the centurions were generally men of powerful frame; cf. Veget. 2, 14 _centurio elegendus est, qui sit magnis viribus et procera statura_; Philipp. 8, 26 _centuriones pugnaces et lacertosos_; Horat. Sat. 1, 6, 72. -- MODERATIO: 'a right application'; literally 'a governing'. -- TANTUM ... NITATUR: cf. 27 _quidquid agas agere pro viribus_, also 434 _quantum possumus_. -- NE: the affirmative _ne_, often wrongly written _nae_ on the absurd assumption that the word passed into Latin from the Greek [Greek: nai], is in Cicero always and in other writers nearly always followed by a pronoun. For the form of the sentence here cf. Fam. 7, 1, 3 _ne ... nostrum_; Tusc. 3, 8 _ne ista_ etc.; Fin. 3, 11 (almost the same words). -- PER STADIUM: 'over the course'; cf. Athenaeus 10. 4, p. 412 E; Lucian, Charon, 8; Quint. 1, 9, 5 _Milo quem vitulum_ _assueverat ferre, taurum ferebat_. As to Milo see n. on 27. For _cum sustineret_ a modern would have been inclined to use a participle, which was perhaps avoided here because of the close proximity of another participle, _ingressus_. -- UMERIS: this spelling is better than _humeris_, which is now abandoned by the best scholars. There is no sound corresponding to the _h_ in words of the same origin in cognate languages (see Curtius, Greek Etym. 1, 423 of the Eng. Trans.), and although undoubtedly _h_ was wrongly attached to some Latin words, there is no evidence to show that this happened to _umerus_. -- HAS: _i.e. Milonis_, corresponding to _Pythagorae_. -- PYTHAGORAE: chosen no doubt because tradition made Milo a Pythagorean; see n. on 27. -- MALIS: _i.e. si optandum sit_ (cf. Plaut. Miles 170). For the ellipsis see n. on 26. -- DENIQUE: 'in short'. -- UTARE: the second person of the present subjunctive hortative is very rare, excepting when, as here, the command is general. Had the command been addressed to a particular person, Cicero might have written _ne requisieris_. Cf. Madvig, Opusc. 2, 105; Roby, 1596; A. 266, _a, b_; G. 256, 2; H. 484, 4, n. 2. -- DUM ADSIT, CUM ABSIT: as both _dum_ and _cum_ evidently have here a temporal sense, the subjunctives seem due to the influence of the other subjunctives _utare_ and _requiras_. A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1). -- NISI FORTE: see n. on 18. -- CURSUS: for the metaphor cf. n. on 83; also Fam. 8, 13, 1 (a letter of Coelius) _aetate iam sunt decursa_; pro Quint. 99 _acta aetas decursaque_. For _certus_ cf. below, 72 _senectutis certus terminus_. -- AETATIS: here = _vitae_; see n. on 5. -- EAQUE: this is a common way of introducing with emphasis a fresh epithet or predicate. Often _idque_ ([Greek: kai touto]) occurs, the pronoun being then adverbially used, and not in agreement with the subject. Cf. n. on 65 _illius quidem_; also _neque ea_ in 22. -- SIMPLEX: life is compared to a race, in which each man has to run once and only once around the course. -- TEMPESTIVITAS: 'seasonableness'; cf. 5 _maturitate tempestiva_, with n. -- INFIRMITAS: the context shows that not physical but intellectual weakness is meant; so in Acad. 2, 9 _infirmissimo tempore aetatis_; Fin. 5, 43 _aetas infirma_. -- FEROCITAS: 'exultation', 'high spirit'. -- IAM CONSTANTIS AETATIS: _i.e._ middle age, the characteristic of which is _stability_; cf. 76 _constans aetas quae media dicitur_; also 60; Tac. A. 6, 46 _composita aetas_. For _iam_ cf. Suet. Galb. 4 _aetate nondum constanti_; pro Caelio 41 _aetas iam corroborata_; Fam. 10, 3, 2 _aetas iam confirmata_. -- MATURITAS: 'ripeness', _i.e._ of intellect or judgment. -- SUO: G. 295, Rem. 1; H. 449, 2.

34. AUDIRE TE ARBITROR: 'I think that news reaches you'. -- HOSPES: see n. on 28 _orator_. -- AVITUS: there was a strong friendship between the elder Africanus and Masinissa, king of Numidia, who in 206 B.C. passed over from the Carthaginian alliance to that of the Romans. He was richly rewarded by Scipio, and remained loyal to Rome till his death. He lived to welcome the younger Scipio in Africa during the last Punic war, and to see the utter ruin of Carthage. See Sall. Iug. 5, 4. For the expression _hospes tuus avitus_ cf. Plautus, Miles 135 _paternum suom hospitem_. -- CUM INGRESSUS etc.: _i.e._ protracted exercise of one kind did not weary him. -- CUM ... EQUO: though Cic. says _in equo vehi, esse, sedere_ etc. the preposition here is left out because a mere ablative of manner or means is required to suit the similar ablative _pedibus_. So Div. 2, 140 _equus in quo vehebar_, 'the horse on which I rode'; but ib. 1, 58 _equo advectus ad ripam_, 'brought to the bank _by the aid_ of a horse'. -- SICCITATEM: 'wiriness', literally 'dryness' or freedom from excessive perspiration, colds and the like; cf. Tusc. 5, 99 _siccitatem quae consequitur continentiam in victu_; Catull. 23, 12 _corpora sicciora cornu_. -- REGIS: here = _regia_. -- OFFICIA ET MUNERA: see n. on 29. -- NE SINT: 'grant that age has no strength'. This formula of concession for argument's sake is frequent in Cicero, who often attaches to it _sane_. A. 266, _d_; G. 610; H. 515, III. -- SENECTUTE = _senibus_: see n. on 26. -- LEGIBUS ET INSTITUTIS: 'by statute and precedent'. -- MUNERIBUS EIS etc.: chiefly military service. -- NON MODO ... SED NE QUIDEM: when a negative follows _non modo_ these words have the force of _non modo non_, a negative being borrowed from the negative in the subsequent clause. But often _non modo non_ is written; the negative after modo is then more emphatic, being independent. Here _non modo non quod non_ would have had a harsh sound. A. 149, _e_; G. 484, 3 and Rem. 1.; H. 552, 2. -- QUOD: adv. acc. (see n. on 1 _quid_). Cf. Liv. 6, 15 _sed vos id cogendi estis_.

35. AT: as in 21, where see n. In his reply Cato adopts the same form as that in which the objection is urged, _at id quidem_ etc. So in 68 _at senex ... at est ..._

P. 15. -- COMMUNE VALETUDINIS: 'common to weak health', i.e. to all in a weak state of health. _Valetudo_ means in itself neither good nor bad health; the word takes its coloring from the context. -- FILIUS IS QUI: a pause must be made at _filius_; the sense is not 'that son of Africanus who adopted you', but 'the son of Africanus, I mean the man who adopted you'. -- QUOD NI ITA FUISSET: 'now if this had not been so'; a phrase like _quod cum ita sit_ and _hoc ita dici_. Cf. also 67 _quod ni ita accideret_; 82 _quod ni ita se haberet_. -- ALTERUM ... CIVITATIS: _illud_ is put for _ille_, by attraction to _lumen_. Roby, 1068. A. 195, _d_; G. 202, Rem. 5; H. 445, 4. Cf. Fin. 2, 70 _Epicurus, hoc enim vestrum lumen est_, 'Epicurus, for _he_ is your shining light'. -- VITIA: 'defects'. -- DILIGENTIA: scarcely corresponds to our 'diligence'; it rather implies minute, patient attention; 'painstaking'.

36. HABENDA ... VALETUDINIS: 'attention must be paid to health'; so _valetudini consulere_ (Fam. 16, 4, 3) _operam dare_ (De Or. I, 265) _indulgere_ (Fam. 16, 18, 1) _valetudinem curare_ often; cf. also Fam. 10, 35, 2; Fin. 2, 64. -- TANTUM: restrictive, = 'only so much'; so in 69, and often. -- POTIONIS: _cibus et potio_ is the regular Latin equivalent for our 'food and drink'; see below, 46; also Tusc. 5, 100; Fin. 1, 37; Varro de Re Rust. 1, 1, 5. -- ADHIBENDUM: _adhibere_ has here merely the sense of 'to employ' or 'to use'. Cf. Fin. 2, 64. -- NON: we should say 'and not' or 'but not'; the Latins, however, are fond of _asyndeton_, called _adversativum_, when two clauses are contrasted. -- MENTI ... ANIMO: properly _mens_ is the intellect, strictly so called, _animus_ intellect and feeling combined, but the words are often very loosely used. They often occur together in Latin; Lucretius has even _mens animi_. -- INSTILLES: see n. on 21 _exerceas_. -- ET: 'moreover'. -- EXERCITANDO: in good Latin the verb _exercitare_ is rare except in _exercitatus_, which stands as participle to _exerceo, exercitus_ being unused. The word seems to have been chosen here as suiting _exercitationibus_ better than _exercendo_ would. So in 47 _desideratio_ is chosen rather than _desiderium_, to correspond with the neighboring _titillatio_. -- AIT: _sc. esse_; the omission with _aio_ is rare, though common with _dico, appello_ etc.; see n. on 22. -- COMICOS: not 'comic' in our sense, but = _in comoediis_, 'represented in comedy'. So Rosc. Am. 47 _comicum adulescentem_, 'the young man of comedy'. The passage of Caecilius (see n. on 24 _Statius_) is more fully quoted in Lael. 99. -- CREDULOS: in almost every Latin comedy there is some old man who is cheated by a cunning slave. -- SOMNICULOSAE: the adj. contains a diminutive noun stem (_somniculo-_). -- PETULANTIA: 'waywardness'. -- NON PROBORUM: Cic. avoids _improborum_ as being too harsh; with exactly similar feeling Propertius 3, 20, 52 (ed. Paley) says _nec proba Pasiphae_ for _et improba P._ Cf. Off. 3, 36 _error hominum non proborum_. -- ISTA: implying contempt. A. 102, _c_; G. 291, Rem.; H. 450, 1. n. and foot-note 4. -- DELIRATIO: 'dotage'; a rare word, used by Cic. only here and in Div. 2, 90.

37. ROBUSTOS: 'sturdy'; implying that the sons were grown up. -- TANTAM: _sc. quantam habuit_; only a little more emphatic than _magnam_ would have been; see n. on 52. -- APPIUS: see n. on 16. -- REGEBAT: the _pater familias_ in early Roman times was an almost irresponsible ruler over his children and household. For a full discussion of the _patria potestas_ see Coulanges, Ancient City, Bk. II. Ch. 8; Maine, Ancient Law, Ch. 5; Hadley, Introd. to Roman Law, Chapters 5 and 6. -- ET ... SENEX: 'though both blind and old'. -- INTENTUM: commonly used of _animus_, like the opposite _remissus_ (28). -- TENEBAT etc.: the _patria potestas_ is often denoted by the word _imperium_; cf. De Invent. 2, 140 _imperium domesticum_. -- VIGEBAT etc.: 'in him ancestral spirit and principles were strong'. While _animus patrius_ here evidently means the strong will for which the patrician Claudii were proverbial (as _e.g._ in Rosc. Am. 46 _intellegere qui animus patrius sit in liberos_) it indicates the feeling of a particular father for his children.

P. 16. -- 38. ITA: = _ea lege_ 'on these conditions, viz. ...', the clause with _si_ being an explanation of _ita_. This correspondence of _ita ... si_ is common in Cicero; see n. on 12 _ita ... quasi_. Here translate 'age can only be in honor if it fights for itself'. -- SE IPSA: cf. Cic. Acad. 2, 36 _veritas se ipsa defendet_; see also the n. on 4. -- SI ... EST: 'if it has passed into bondage to nobody'. _Mancipium_ is a piece of property; _emancipare_ is to pass a piece of property out of its owner's hands. The word acquired two exactly opposite meanings. When used of a slave, or of a son _in patria potestate_, who was legally subject to many of the same ordinances as a slave, it means 'to set free', unless, as in Fin. I, 24 _filium in adoptionem D. Silano emancipaverat_, some person is mentioned to whom the original owner makes over his rights. But in Plaut. Bacchid. 1, 1, 90 _mulier, tibi me emancupo_ the sense is 'I enslave myself to you', _i.e._ 'I pass myself out of my own power into yours'. So in the well-known passage of Horace, Epod. 9, 12 (of Antony) _emancipatus feminae_ 'enslaved to a woman'; cf Cic. Phil. 2, 51 _venditum atque emancipatum tribunatum_. -- SENILE ALIQUID ... ALIQUID ADULESCENTIS: chiasmus. For the sense cf. 33 _ferocitas iuvenum ... senectutis maturitas_. -- QUOD QUI SEQUITUR: 'and he who strives after this', _i.e._ to combine the virtues of age and youth. Cf. Aesch. Sept. 622 [Greek: geronta ton noun sarka d' hêbôsan phuei] -- MIHI ... EST IN MANIBUS: 'I have on hand', 'am busy with'. Cf. n. on 22. -- ORIGINUM: as to Cato's literary labors see Introd. -- OMNIA COLLIGO: referring to the materials Cato was collecting for his 'Origines'. -- QUASCUNQUE DEFENDI: 'as many as I have conducted'. _Defendere causam_ here is simply to act as counsel in a case, whether the client be defendant or plaintiff. So in Lael. 96 and often. -- NUNC CUM MAXIME: 'now more than ever', [Greek: nun malista]. The phrase is elliptic; in full it would be '_cum maxime conficio orationes, nunc conficio_', 'when I most of all compose speeches, I now compose them'; _i.e._ 'the time when I most of all compose is now'. The words _cum maxime_ generally follow _tum_ or _nunc_ and add emphasis to those words, but are sometimes used alone to express the ideas 'then' and 'now' more emphatically than _tum_ and _nunc_ would. Cf. Ver. 4, 82; Tac. Ann. 4, 27. The orators were in the habit of working over their speeches carefully for publication and preservation. -- IUS AUGURIUM etc.: 'the law pertaining to the augurs and pontifices'; _i.e._ the principles applied by them in the performance of their duties. The pontifices had the general oversight of religious observances. See Dict. of Antiq. -- CIVILE: the meaning of _ius civile_ varies according to the context. Here it is the secular law as opposed to the sacred law, as in 50; sometimes it is the whole body of Roman law as opposed to the law of other states; often, again, it is the older portion of the Roman law as opposed to the newer or 'equity' portion. -- COMMEMORO: 'I say over to myself'. In Cicero _commemoro_ is a verb of speaking, and never has the meaning of _recordor_ or _memini_. -- CURRICULA: see nn. on 33. -- MAGNO OPERE: better so written than in one word _magnopere_; so _maximo, minimo, nimio opere_. -- ADSUM AMICIS: 'I act as counsel to my friends'. This legal sense of _adesse_ is common. -- FREQUENS: literally the word means 'crowded' (connected with _farcire_ 'to cram' or 'to crowd together'), hence _frequens senatus_ and the like phrases. Then _frequens_ comes to be used of actions or events that often recur; _e.g._ Orat. 15 _Demosthenes frequens Platonis auditor_; De Or. 1, 243 _frequens te audivi_. On the use of the adj. here see A. 191; G. 324, Rem. 6; H. 443. -- ULTRO: 'unasked', 'of my own motion', a reference to the well-known story that, whatever subject was discussed, Cato gave as his opinion '_delenda est Carthago_'. See Introd. -- TUEOR: 'advocate', 'support'. -- LECTULUS: a couch usually stood in the Roman study, on which the student reclined while reading, composing or dictating, or even writing. Cf. De Or. 3, 17, _in eam exedram venisse in qua Crassus lectulo posito recubuisset, cumque eum in cogitatione defixum esse sensisset, statim recessisse ..._; Suet. Aug. 78 _lecticula lucubratoria_. -- EA IPSA COGITANTEM: = _de eis ipsis cog._: so Acad. 2, 127 _cogitantes supera atque caelestia_, and often. -- ACTA VITA: 'the life I have led'; cf. 62 _honeste acta superior aetas_; so Tusc. 1, 109; Fam. 4, 13, 4. -- VIVENTI: dative of reference. A. 235; G. 354; H. 384, 4, n. 3. 'As regards one who lives amid these pursuits and tasks'. -- ITA SENSIM etc.: _sensim sine sensu_ (observe the alliteration) is like _mentes dementis_ in 16, where see n. _Sensim_ must have meant at one time 'perceptibly', then 'only just perceptibly', then 'gradually' and almost 'imperceptibly'.

39. QUOD ... DICUNT: not strictly logical, being put for _quod careat, ut dicunt_. In cases like this the verb of saying is usually in the subjunctive. Cf. Roby, 1746; A. 341, Rem.; G. 541, Rem. 2; H. 516, II. 1. The indicative here is more vivid and forcible. -- MUNUS ... AUFERT: to say that a gift robs one of anything is of course an _oxymoron_; cf. n. on 16 _mentes dementis_. -- AETATIS: almost = _senectutis_: cf. n. on 45. -- ID QUOD EST etc.: 'the greatest fault of youth'; _i.e._ the love of pleasure. In this passage _voluptas_ indicates pleasure of a sensual kind, its ordinary sense, _delectatio, oblectatio_ etc. being used of the higher pleasures. In 51, however, we have _voluptates agricolarum_. -- ACCIPITE: 'hear'; so _dare_ often means 'to tell'. With _accipere_ in this sense cf. the similar use of [Greek: apodechesthai]. -- ARCHYTAE: Archytas (the subject of Horace's well-known ode, 1, 28) was a contemporary and friend of Plato, and a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy. He wrote philosophical works, and was also famous as a mathematician and astronomer, besides being the leading statesman and general of the commonwealth of Tarentum. For another saying of Archytas, cf. Lael. 88. -- TRADITA EST: 'was imparted to me', _i.e._ by word of mouth. -- CUM ... TARENTI: 'when as a young man I stayed at Tarentum'. For _adulescens_ cf. n. on 26 _senes_. -- NULLAM ... PESTEM etc.: cf. Lael. 34 _pestem ... cupiditatem_; Off. 2, 9 _consuetudo ... honestatem ab utilitate secernens, qua nulla pernicies maior hominum vitae potuit afferri_. -- CAPITALIOREM: 'more deadly'; _caput_ was often equivalent to _vita_, so that _capitalis_ comes to mean 'affecting the life'.

P. 17. -- 40. HINC etc.: cf. Cic. Hortensius fragm. _quod turpe damnum, quod dedecus est quod non evocetur atque eliciatur voluptate?_ Observe the singular _patriae_ followed by the plural _rerum publicarum_; the plural of _patria_ is rare. On the significance of this passage see Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, I. p. 211, n. (Am. ed.). -- CUM HOSTIBUS etc.: attributive phrase; cf. Phil. 12, 27 _colloquia cum acerrimis hostibus_. -- SCELUS: this word looks chiefly to the criminal intention, whether it be carried into action or not, _malum_, _facinus_ to the completed crime; _flagitium_ is sin rather than crime, _Facinus_ in sense is often rather narrower and lighter than _scelus_; cf. Verr. 5, 170 _facinus est vincire civem Romanum, scelus verberare, prope parricidium necare_. -- IMPELLERET: _sc. homines_; so _nos_ is omitted after _iubebat_ below. -- EXCITARI: 'stirred up'. In 39 and 41 we have the verb _in-citare_; for the difference between the two verbs cf. Qu. Fr. 1, 1, 45 _haec non eo dicuntur, ut te oratio mea dormientem excitasse, sed potius ut currentem incitasse videatur_. -- HOMINI ... DEDISSET: cf. Acad. 1, 7 _nec ullum arbitror maius aut melius a dis datum munus homini_. Notice _homini_ 'man', in the same sense as _hominibus_, above. -- MUNERI AC DONO: the two words _munus_ and _donum_ are often found together; the difference in meaning is hardly perceptible. _Donum_ implies the fact of giving, _munus_ the generosity of the giver. -- TAM ... INIMICUM: notice the separation of _tam_ from _inimicum_.

41. LIBIDINE: = [Greek: epithymia]; temperantia = [Greek: sôphrosynê]. _Dominari_ is a very strong word, 'to tyrannize'; _dominatio_ = [Greek: tyrannis]. For _locum_ cf. Lael. 52 _in tyranni vita nullus locus est amicitiae_. -- CONSISTERE: 'find a foothold'. Cf. Fin. 4, 69 _sapientia pedem ubi poneret non habebat_. -- FINGERE ANIMO: 'to imagine'. -- TANTA ... QUANTA ... MAXIMA: 'the greatest that could possibly be enjoyed'. The form of expression is common, _e.g._ Lael. 74 _tanta quanta maxima potest esse distantia_. -- TAM DIU DUM: this is not exactly equivalent to the ordinary _tam diu quam_, but there is ellipsis -- 'so long as this, I mean while, etc.'. Cf. Cat. 3, 16 _tam diu, dum urbis moenibus continebatur_; Off. 1, 2 _tam diu ... quoad ..._ -- MENTE ... RATIONE ... COGITATIONE: 'by thought, by reasoning, by imagination'. _Cogitatio_ like [Greek: dianoia] has often the sense of 'imagination'. The close juxtaposition of words nearly synonymous is quite characteristic of Cicero's Latin. -- QUIDEM: concessive, as in 32 and often. -- MAIOR ATQUE LONGIOR: 'very intense and protracted'. Superlatives might have been expected, in view of _quanta percipi posset maxima_ above. _Longus_ in the sense of 'long-continued' is rare in Ciceronian Latin, excepting when, as in 66 _longa aetate_, it is joined with a word distinctly referring to time. For the general drift of the passage cf. Cic. Hortensius (fragment) _congruere cum cogitatione magna voluptas corporis non potest; quis enim, cum utatur voluptate ea qua nulla possit maior esse, attendere animum, inire rationes, cogitare omnino quidquam potest_? -- ANIMI LUMEN: a common metaphor; _e.g._ Cic. Rep. 6, 12 _tu, Africane, ostendas oportebit patriae lumen animi tui_. Cf. 36 _haec ... exstinguuntur_; also below, 42 _mentis oculos_. -- C. PONTIO: C. Pontius Herennius, the father of C. Pontius Telesinus who defeated the Romans at the Caudine Forks during the Second Samnite war, in 321 B.C. The father is several times mentioned by Livy 9, cc. 1 and 3; cf. especially 1, § 2 _C. Pontium, patre longe prudentissimo natum_. -- NEARCHUS: mentioned by Plutarch, Cato 2, as a Pythagorean and friend of Cato. -- PERMANSERAT: _i.e._ during the siege of Tarentum. -- INTERFUISSET: not in accordance with English idiom; cf. n. on 4 _putassent_; also 44 _devicerat_. -- PLATO etc.: although Plato made two journeys to Italy and Sicily (or, as some authorities say, three) it is scarcely likely that he was present at Tarentum in the year mentioned, 349 B.C., two years before his death, when he was of advanced age. The latest date assigned by other authorities for Plato's last visit to the West is 361 B.C. -- REPERIO: _sc. in annalibus_; so in 15; cf. _videmus_ in 26.

42. EFFICERET: _efficeret, liberet_, and _oporteret_ can be properly rendered into English only by the present tense. Although these verbs express circumstances which _continue_, since the general effect of old age is being described, they are thrown into the past to suit the past tense _dicebam_ or _dixi_ which, though not expressed, is really the principal verb. Cf. below, 62, 78. -- CONSILIUM: 'deliberation'.

P. 18. -- UT ITA DICAM: this softens the metaphor, as _quasi_ or _quasi quidam_ often does, and as [Greek: hoion], [Greek: hôsper] do in Greek [but not [Greek: hôs epos eipein], which is often wrongly said to be the equivalent of _ut ita dicam_; see n. on Lael. 2]. The phrase _mentis_ or _animi aciem praestringere_ often occurs without anything to soften the metaphor; _e.g._ Fin. 4, 37. -- NEC HABET etc: 'and has no relations with virtue'. The use of _commercium_ in the metaphorical sense is common. -- INVITUS: see ref. on 38 _frequens_. -- FECI UT: a periphrasis not unusual. A. 332, _e_; G. 557; H. 498, II. n. 2. -- T. FLAMININI: see n. on 1, l. 1. -- L. FLAMININUM: as prætor he commanded the fleet under his brother Titus during the Macedonian war; in 192 B.C. he was consul. _Septem annis_ denotes seven _complete_ years (cf. n. on 19), as Cato was censor in 184. A reference to Livy 39, 43, 2 will show that Cicero borrows his account of Flamininus' crime from the old annalist Valerius Antias. Livy also quotes (39, 42, 7) an account of the matter given by Cato himself in a speech, which is even more disgraceful to Flamininus. -- EICEREM: the phrase commonly used is not _eicere_, but _movere, aliquem senatu. Notare_ and _nota (censoria)_ are technically used of degradation or disfranchisement inflicted by the censors. For the spelling see Roby, 144, 2; A. 10, _d_; H. 36, 4 and footnote 1. -- FUISSET: for the mood see A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1); for the tense see Roby, 1491; A. 324, _a_; G. 233, 2; H. 471, 4. -- CUM ... GALLIA: not 'when he was consul in Gaul' but 'when he was in Gaul during his consulship'. _Cum_ with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive often has a sense differing very little from that of _cum_ with the imperfect or pluperfect indicative. No doubt when the usage originally arose, the clause with _cum_ was regarded as expressing the _cause_ of the action or event denoted by the principal verb; here the presence of F. in Gaul might be regarded as _a cause_ of the crime. It is more than doubtful, however, whether in actual use the subjunctive in these phrases continued to carry with it to Latin readers any idea of cause. See Roby, 1720, Kennedy, 211; also A. 325, 323 and footnote 1; G. 586 with Rem.; H. 521, II. 2 and footnote 1. -- EXORATUS EST: 'was persuaded'; cf. Liv. 39, 43. -- SECURI FERIRET: the story was that L. Flamininus himself acted as executioner. -- EORUM QUI ... ESSENT: the subjunctive because of the class-notion, 'of such persons as were'. -- TITO CENSORE: _i.e._ in 189 B.C.; see n. on 1. -- FLACCO: L. Valerius Flaccus was the life-long friend of Cato, and his colleague in the consulship and in the censorship. He entirely favored Cato's political views. See Introd. -- IMPERI DEDECUS: Flamininus was at the time Roman governor of the district.

43. AUDIVI E: Cic. uses _audire ex, ab_, and _de aliquo_, almost indifferently. -- PORRO: 'in turn'; literally 'farther on', here = 'farther back'; cf. Livy 27, 51. -- C. FABRICIUM: see n. on 15. -- CINEA: the famous diplomatist, minister of Pyrrhus. He was a pupil of Demosthenes and himself one of the most famous orators of his time. Cineas was the ambassador who tried to negotiate peace on the occasion mentioned in 16. -- SE SAPIENTEM PROFITERETUR: the omission of _esse_ is common in such phrases; _e.g._ Fin. 5, 13 _Strato physicum se voluit_. Epicurus, who is here meant (born 342 B.C., died 270), was blamed for calling himself [Greek: sophos] or _sapiens_. Others, says Cicero, who had borne the title had waited for the public to confer it on them (Fin. 2, 7). -- EUMQUE: 'and yet he'; cf. n. on 13 _vixitque_. -- FACEREMUS: for the tense cf. n. on 42 _efficeret_; also _expeteretur_ below. -- AD ... REFERENDA: 'ought to be judged by the standard of pleasure', _i.e._ anything which brings pleasure may be regarded as good, and its opposite bad. So in Greek [Greek: epanapherein ti eis ti]. On the moral teachings of Epicurus consult Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, Ch. 19; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, § 59; Guyan, La morale d'Épicure et ses rapports avec les doctrines contemporaines. -- CURIUM ... CORUNCANIUM: see n. on 15. -- ID ... PERSUADERETUR: intransitive verbs are used in the passive only impersonally (Roby, 1422; A. 230; G. 199, Rem. 1; H. 301, 1); when so used the dative may follow as in the active (see Madvig, 244, _b_; G. 208; H. 384, 5). A neuter pronoun in the singular sometimes, as here, accompanies the passive, and may be regarded as an adverbial accusative of respect or extent, or as a nominative qualifying the impersonal subject. The former is probably the real construction. Cf. Roby, 1423, and Madvig, 229, _b_, Obs. 1. -- SAMNITIBUS: then in alliance with Pyrrhus. -- VIXERAT ... CUM: not to be taken literally of living in the same house; the phrase merely indicates close friendship. In Acad. 2, 115 Cic. writes _Diodoto qui mecum vivit tot annos, qui habitat apud me_, clearly showing that the phrases _vivere cum aliquo_ and _habitare apud aliquem_ are not equivalent. -- P. DECIO: this is P. Decius Mus, who at the battle of Sentinum in 295 gave his life as a propitiatory offering to the powers of the unseen world, in order to bring victory to the Roman arms. His father had sacrificed himself in the same way at the battle of Veseris (close to Vesuvius) in 340, fought against the Latins and Campanians. -- DEVOVERAT: Liv. 10, 28, 13 (speech of Decius) _datum hoc: nostro generi est ut luendis periculis publicis piacula simus; iam ego mecum hostium legiones mactandas Telluri et dis Manibus dabo_. -- ALIQUID etc.: 'some principle'; in his philosophical works Cicero often confounds the Epicureans by quoting the action of the Decii and others like it, as showing that pleasure is not the end of existence. Cf. especially Fin. 2, 61 _P. Decius cum se devoverat et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum irruebat, aliquid de voluptatibus suis cogitabat?_ Cf. also below, 75. With regard to _natura_ see n. on 5. -- SUA SPONTE: 'for its own sake'; 'on its own account'. Cf. Leg. 1, 45 _vera et falsa sua sponte non aliena iudicantur_, where a few lines later _sua natura_ occurs as equivalent to _sua sponte_. -- EX PETERETUR: em. for _peteretur_ in the MSS. The words _expetere_, _expetendum_ are technically used in Cicero's philosophical works to express the Greek [Greek: haireisthai], [Greek: haireton] as applied to the _finis_ or [Greek: telos], the supreme aim of moral action. _Pulchrum_ above is a translation of the Greek [Greek: kalon], a term constantly applied to the [Greek: telos], particularly by the Stoics. -- SPRETA ET CONTEMPTA: the first word is much the stronger of the two; _spernere_ is [Greek: kataphronein], 'to scorn'; _contemnere_ [Greek: oligôreisthai], 'to make light of', 'hold of no account'. _Contemnere_ is often no stronger in sense than _omittere_, 'to pass by, neglect'. Cf. 65 _contemni_, _despici_. -- OPTIMUS QUISQUE: see A. 93, _c_; G. 305; H. 458, 1.

P. 19. -- 44. CRUDITATE: 'indigestion'. -- INSOMNIIS: 'sleeplessness'; the singular _insomnium_ occurs only once in prose (Tac. Ann. 11, 4). _Insomnia, ae_ is found only in poetry and late prose. -- DIVINE: this word in Cic. often means nothing more than 'splendidly', 'extraordinarily'. -- ESCAM MALORUM: 'an enticement to evil' (_esca_ = _ed-ca_, from the root of _edo_). Plato in the Timaeus 69 D (a dialogue translated into Latin by Cicero, a fragment of whose translation is still preserved) has [Greek: hêdonên megiston kakou delear]. Cf. also Cic. Hortensius fr. 76 (ed. Halm) _voluptates corporis quae vere et graviter a Platone dictae sunt illecebrae esse atque escae malorum_. -- MODICIS: for the sake of variety Cic. chooses this, not _moderatis_, as the opposite of _immoderatis_. Trans. 'a moderate amount of goodfellowship'. -- M.F. = _Marci filium_. -- DEVICERAT: pluperfect where a modern would incline to use a perfect. The battle referred to is that of Mylae, fought in 260; its memory was perpetuated by the decking of the _forum_ with the _rostra_ of the captured ships; the _columna rostrata_ bore a long inscription, a restored version of which still exists. -- CENA: so best spelt; some good texts still print _caena_, but _coena_ is decidedly wrong, being based on the fiction that the Latin borrowed the Greek word [Greek: koinê] and turned it into _coena_. -- CEREO FUNALI: 'the torch-light'; _cereo_, the em. of Mommsen for _crebro_; the _funale_ was a torch composed of withs or twigs twisted into a rope (_funis_) and dipped in pitch or oil. -- SIBI ... SUMPSERAT: Cic. seems to think that Duillius assumed these honors on his own authority. This was probably not the case; they were most likely conferred on him by a vote of the _comitia tributa_. Cf. Liv. epit. 17 _C. Duillius primus omnium Romanorum ducum navalis victoriae duxit triumphum, ob quam causam ei perpetuus quoque honos habitus est, ut revertenti a cena tibicine canente funale praeferretur_. No other instance is known where these particular distinctions were decreed; the nearest parallel lies in the right accorded to Paulus Macedonicus and to Pompeius to wear the triumphal _toga picta_ for life on each occasion of the _ludi_. It may be conjectured that the music and the torch were part of the ceremony on the evening of a triumph when the _triumphator_ was escorted home. Cf. Florus 1, 18, 10, ed. Halm. -- NULLO EXEMPLO: 'without any precedent'. -- PRIVATUS: any person is _privatus_ who is not actually in office at the moment referred to, whether he has led a public life or not. -- LICENTIAE: a strong word is used to mark the heinousness of Duillius' supposed offence against ancestral custom.

45. ALIOS: _sc. nomino_. -- PRIMUM: the corresponding _deinde_ is omitted, as often. -- SODALIS: the _sodalitates_ or _sodalitia_, brotherhoods for the perpetuation of certain rites accompanied with feasting, were immemorial institutions at Rome. The clause _sodalitates ... acceptis_ must not be taken to mean that Cicero supposed these brotherhoods to have been first instituted in the time of Cato; it is only introduced to show that Cato, so far from being averse to good living, assisted officially in the establishment of new clubs. Most of the _sodalitates_ were closely connected with the _gens_; all members of a _gens_ were _sodales_ and met together to keep up the old _sacra_, but in historical times fictitious kinship largely took the place of real kinship, and feasting became almost the sole raison d'être of these clubs. [See Mommsen's treatise _De collegiis et sodaliciis Romanis_] The parallel of the London City Companies readily suggests itself. The national _sodalitates_ or priesthoods such as those of the _Sodales Titii, Luperci, Augustales_ etc. were somewhat different. -- AUTEM: for the form of the parenthesis cf. 7. -- MAGNAE MATRIS: the image of Cybele was brought to Rome in 204 B.C. from Pessinus in Phrygia. See Liv. 29, 10. The _Sacra_ are called _Idaea_ from Mount Ida in Phrygia, which was a great centre of the worship of Cybele. _Acceptis_, sc. _in civitatem_; the worship of strange gods was in principle illegal at Rome unless expressly authorized by the State. -- IGITUR: the construction of the sentence is broken by the introduction of the parenthesis, and a fresh start is made with _epulabar igitur. Igitur_ is often thus used, like our 'well then', to pick up the broken thread of a sentence. So often _sed_ or _ergo_. -- FERVOR: Cf. Hor. Od. 1, 16, 22 _me quoque pectoris temptavit in dulci iuventa fervor_. -- AETATIS, QUA PROGREDIENTE: 'belonging to that time of life, but as life advances'. The word _aetas_ has really two senses here; in the first place it is _bona aetas_ or _iuventus_ (cf. 39 where _aetas = senectus_), in the second place _vita_ (for which see n. on 5). -- NEQUE ENIM: the _enim_ refers to _modice_. -- COETU ... SERMONIBUS: for the order of the words see n. on 1 _animi tui_. -- METIEBAR: cf. n. on 43 _referenda_. -- ACCUBITIONEM: a _vox Ciceroniana_, rarely found in other authors. -- VITAE CONIUNCTIONEM: 'a common enjoyment of life'. -- TUM ... TUM: here purely temporal, 'sometimes ... sometimes'; often however = 'both ... and'; cf. 7. -- COMPOTATIONEM etc.: cf. Epist. ad Fam. 9, 24, 3. _Compotatio_ = [Greek: symposion]; _concenatio_ = [Greek: syndeipnon]. -- IN EO GENERE: see n. on 4. -- ID: _i.e._ eating and drinking.

46. TEMPESTIVIS ... CONVIVIIS: 'even in protracted banquets'. Those banquets which began _early_ in order that they might last long were naturally in bad repute, so that the phrase _tempestivum convivium_ often has almost the sense of 'a debauch'. Thus in Att. 9, 1, 3 Cicero describes himself as being evil spoken of _in tempestivis conviviis, i.e._ in dissolute society. Cf. pro Arch. 13. The customary dinner hour at Rome was about three o'clock in the afternoon. The word _tempestivus_, which in 5 means 'at the right time', here means 'before the right time'. So in English 'in good time' often means 'too early'. See Becker's Gallus, p. 451 _et seq_. -- QUI PAUCI: the substitution of the nominative of the relative for the partitive genitive (_quorum_) is not uncommon. A. 216, _e_; G. 368, Rem. 2; H. 397, 2, n. -- PAUCI ADMODUM: Cic. usually says _admodum pauci_ rather than _pauci admodum_. -- VESTRA AETATE: = _eis qui sunt vestra aetate_. Cf. n. on 26 _senectus_. -- SERMONIS ... SUSTULIT: notice the indicatives _auxit, sustulit_, the relative clauses being attributive, though they might fairly have been expected here to be causal. G. 627; H. 517, 2. In this passage Cic. imitates Plato, Rep. 328 D. -- BELLUM INDICERE: common in the metaphorical sense; _e.g._ De Or. 2, 155 _miror cur philosophiae prope bellum indixeris_; Hor. Sat. 1, 5, 7 _ventri indico bellum_. -- CUIUS EST etc.: _i.e._ nature sanctions a certain amount of pleasure. This is the Peripatetic notion of the _mean_, to which Cicero often gives expression, as below, 77; also in Acad. 1, 39; 2, 139; and in De Off.; so Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 106 _sunt certi denique fines quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum_; cf. Od. 2, 10. -- NON INTELLEGO NE: for the negatives cf. nn. on 24, 27.

P. 20. -- MAGISTERIA: generally explained as referring to the practice of appointing at each dinner a 'master of the feast', _arbiter bibendi_ or [Greek: symposiarchês]. This explanation is not quite correct. Mommsen shows in his work '_de collegiis_' that each one of the _collegia_ or _sodalicia_ annually appointed a _magister cenarum_ whose duty it was to attend to the club-dinners during his year of office and no doubt to preside at them. That some office is meant more important than that of the _arbiter bibendi_ appointed for a particular feast is shown by the words _a maioribus instituta_. It is scarcely likely that Cicero was ignorant of the Greek origin of the custom of appointing an _arbiter bibendi_. -- ET IS SERMO etc.: 'and the kind of talk in which following the fashion of our fathers we engage, beginning at the upper table, as the cup goes round'. The cup circulated from left to right, not, as with us, from right to left. The guests at a Roman dinner reclined on three couches, placed at three tables; two of the couches (_lecti_) were parallel, and the third was at right angles to the other two. The _lectus_ at which the cup began to circulate was _summus_, the next _medius_, the last _imus_. For a _summo_ cf. _da (sc. bibere) a summo_ in Plaut. Asin. 5, 2, 41. See Becker's Gallus, p. 471 _et seq_. -- SICUT ... EST: 'as we find'; so Off. 1, 32 _ut in fabulis est_, and often. -- IN SYMPOSIO: 2, 26. -- MINUTA: see n. on 52. -- RORANTIA: here with an active sense, 'besprinkling', representing [Greek: epipsekazein] in Xenophon; often however not different in sense from _'roscida'_. -- REFRIGERATIO ... HIBERNUS: cf. closely 57 _ubi et seq_. Note the changes of expression in passing from _refrigeratio_ to _sol_ (_apricatio_ would have more exactly corresponded with _refrigeratio_) and from _aestate_ to _hibernus_ (for _hieme_). -- IN SABINIS: 'when with the Sabines', who were celebrated for their simplicity of life. Cato had an estate in the Sabine district. -- CONVIVIUM VICINORUM COMPLEO: 'I make up (_i.e._ to the proper number) a company of my neighbors'. -- QUOD ... PRODUCIMUS: 'and we continue our companionship to as late an hour as we can, with changing talk'. The phrases _multa nocte_ or _de nocte_ 'late in the night', _multo die_ 'late in the day', are common; cf. also Att. 13, 9, 1 _multus sermo ad multum diem_; Rep. 6, 10 _sermonem in multam noctem produximus_.