Chapter IV: Part 4

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_Direct-Current Dynamo._—An electric generator producing
currents passing in one direction.

_Earth._—A term for the return circuit, which for economy
is formed through the earth in telegraph work. A return
conductor common to many circuits is sometimes called
“earth.”

_Electrodes._—A term for the poles or plates leading the
current into and out of a cell.

_Electrolysis._—The act of decomposition by the electric
current.

_Electrolyte._—The liquid in a cell.

_Electrometer._—An instrument for measuring electric
potential.

_Electro-motive Force_ (_E. M. F._) (E).—The electric
force tending to produce electric current. The Unit is the
volt.

_Erg._—The C. G. S. Unit of energy. The work of moving a
body through 1 centimetre against the force of a dyne.

_Extra Current._—The induced current of higher E. M. F.,
which appears in a wire wound in a helix when the current is
broken.

_Farad._—The Unit of capacity: a coulomb divided by a
volt.

_Field of Force._—The space between or around the poles
of a magnet.

_Filament._—That part of an incandescent lamp which gives
out the light.

_Field-Magnets._—In a dynamo the magnets between which
the armature revolves.

_Foot Pound._—The British Unit of work, or 1 lb. raised 1
foot high.

_Galvanometer._—An instrument for measuring current.

_Generator._—Another term for a dynamo.

_Governor._—An apparatus for controlling the speed of any
motor.

_Horse-Power_ (_HP._)—indicated HP.—The Unit is 33,000
lbs. lifted 1 foot high per minute. The nominal HP. of
any motor is generally fixed considerably less than the
indicated.

2(A P R S)
Ind. HP. of any engine = —————————
33,000

A = Area of piston in square inches.
P = Average pressure of steam in lbs. per square inch.
R = Number of revolutions per minute.
S = Length of stroke in feet (if in inches, × 33,000 by 12).

The French “force cheval” represents 32,560 foot pounds.

_Horse-Power of Water._—Indian Government rule, 15 cube
feet per second falling through 1 foot = 1 HP.

_Indicator Diagram._—The drawing produced by an
instrument which is fixed to the cylinder of a steam-engine
for the purpose of ascertaining its duty.

_Induction._—The name given to effects produced out of a
force-exerting body or out of the circuit to which the force
is directly applied. A current in a wire induces currents in
other conductors parallel to it.

_Inertia._—The resistance to change of state of rest or
motion.

_Insulators._—Bodies possessing high electrical
resistance. All insulating substances, however, allow some
electricity to pass.

_Intensity._—The old term for the properties now
described as E. M. F. and potential.

_Joule_, also called _Joulad_ (W).—The Unit of heat or
work, it has also been applied to the mechanical equivalent
of heat, 772 foot lbs.

_Kilowatt._—One thousand watts.

_Knot._—The geographical and nautical mile.

_Leads._—Terms usually applied to copper conductors.

_Magnetism._—A condition which can be highly developed in
iron and steel, by electric action or otherwise.

_Measurement._—See Units.

_Metre._—The French standard of length = 3·28 feet.

_Meg Ohm._—The prefix meg signifies a million.

_Millimetre._—The thousandth part of a metre.

_Milliampère._—The thousandth of an ampère.

_Mica-foil._—The fusible portion of a Hedges cut-out.

_Multiple Arc._—Galvanic cells or dynamos connected
parallel, or lamps so arranged that each furnishes a
separate path for the current.

_Negative._—In a machine the wire returning from the
lamp. In a galvanic battery the copper, carbon, or platinum
plate. Sign -.

_Nigger._—An American term used to denote an electrical
fault.

_Ohm._—The Unit of resistance. A volt divided by an
ampère.

_Ohm’s Laws._—Laws, investigated by Ohm, regulating
electrical current magnitudes. Calling the current C,
electro-motive force E, and resistance R: the expression is

Current E. M. F. Resistance.
E E
C = ——, amps. E = C × R, volts. R = —— ohms.
R C
(See Electrical Measurements.)

_Osmose._—The process of diffusion of liquids through a
porous division.

_Paraffin._—An insulating substance much used in
telegraphic work.

_Plummer Block._—The bearing on which a shaft revolves.

_Polarity._—The distinct features of the two separate
poles of a magnet.

_Poles._—The two ends of a magnet. The wires, plates,
&c., leading from a battery.

_Positive._—In a machine the wire proceeding to the lamp.
In a battery the zinc plate. Sign +.

_Potential._—A word used to indicate a condition for
work. Difference of potential is a difference of electrical
condition. Potential of a battery means its E. M. F.

_Power_ (P).—The rate of doing work. When an ampère
passes through an ohm, the unit power, called a watt, is
required.

_Quantity_ (Q).—The Unit is the Coulomb.

_Relay._—An electro-magnet which, receiving its current
from a distance, closes the circuit of a local battery so as
to produce the required effect of strength.

_Resistance_ (R).—The opposition presented by the circuit
to the development of the current. The Unit of resistance is
the Ohm.

_Rheostat._—An instrument for inserting resistances.
A valuable artificial resistance employed for measuring
unknown resistances.

_Return Current._—The current in the wire leading to the
machine.

_Rigger._—The pulley or wheel by which power is
transmitted.

_Secondary Battery._—Wrongly termed an accumulator, is an
appliance for storing energy in such a form that it shall be
available for the reproduction of electric currents.

_Secondary Generator._—A transformer of a current of high
potential into a current of less E. M. F.

_Series._—The plan of connecting lamps so that the
current passes one after the other.

_Shunt._—A coil of wire arranged to take a certain
proportion of any current.

_Solenoids._—Helices of wire which act like magnets.

_Switch._—An apparatus for changing one circuit on to
another.

_Spectrum._—The elongated figure of the prismatic colours.

_Torque._—Term used to express the strain on a shaft due
to electro-magnetic action.

_Units._—The various bases of any system of measurement.

_Volt._—The Unit of electro-motive force and potential.
An ampère multiplied by an ohm. (See Electrical
Measurements.)

_Voltameter._—An apparatus for measuring the current by
its chemical action.

_Voltmeter._—An instrument used for measuring E. M. F.

_Watt._—The Unit of power. A volt-ampère. The horse-power
electrical, taken as 746 B A watts, is equivalent to only
736 true watts. The horse-power electrical is equal to 756
B A watts, which is equal to 746 true watts. The “force de
cheval,” or horse-power in use abroad, is defined as 75
kilogrammetres, and is, therefore, 736 true watts.

_Work_ (W.)—Is a volt multiplied by a coulomb, or
(amp.² × sec × ohm) or (amp. × sec × volt). The Unit is the Joule.

_Yoke._—Is a term applied to the apparently neutral mass
of iron which connects the poles of a horse-shoe magnet at
the back.

APPENDIX I.—PRINCIPAL ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN.

APPENDIX II.—PRINCIPAL ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATIONS ON THE CONTINENT.

--------------+---------------------+----------------+-----------+
| Approximate | |Approximate|
| Number of Lights. | | length of |
+-----------+---------+ | longest |
Name of | Incan- | | System | main |
Station. | descent | Arc. | employed. | supply |
| or Glow | | | conductor |
| Lamps. | | | in miles. |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Bergen | 3,000 | 70 | Brush | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Bellegarde | 600 | · · | Gramme dynamos | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Berlin | 11,800 | · · | Edison lamps | · · |
| | | 100 volts | |
” | 17,400 | · · | ” | 1½ |
” | 3,000 | 108 | ” | · · |
” | 42,200 | 400 | ” | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
| | | | |
Breslau | 5,000 | 69 | Siemens | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Brunswick | 2,000 | · · | Edison | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Crefeld | 1,560 | · · | ” | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Darmstadt | 1,000 | · · | ” | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Dresden | 3,400 | · · | ” | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Elberfeld | 2,000 | · · | ” | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Hamburg | 4,000 | 50 | Schuckert | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Hernösand | · · | 70 | Thomson | · · |
| | | Houston | |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
Halle | 1,350 | 10 | Edison | · · |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+
| 10,000 | | | |
Hanover | to be | | | |
| increased | · · | ” | · · |
| to | | | |
| 20,000 | | | |
--------------+-----------+---------+----------------+-----------+

--------------+------------------------------+--------------------+
| Charges. | |
+---------+--------------------+ |
Name of |By Meter.| By yearly | Remarks. |
Station. | | fixed amount. | |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Bergen | · · | · · | · · |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| | Of fr. 0·4 per | |
| | hour, or 8 francs | Worked by |
Bellegarde | · · | per month for | water power. |
| | 8-C.-P. | |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Berlin | |6_s._ per year fixed| |
| | charge, and ½_d._ | Stations at |
| | per hour per | Friedrich Street, |
” | · · | 16-C.-P. lamp; | Mauer Street, |
” | |arc lamps, 6_d._ and| Schadou Street. |
” | | 7_d._ per hour, and| |
| | 60_s._ yearly | |
| | per light | |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Breslau | · · | · · | · · |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Brunswick | · · | · · | · · |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Crefeld | · · | · · | · · |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Darmstadt | · · | · · | · · |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Dresden | · · | · · | · · |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Elberfeld | · · | · · | · · |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| | | Under construction.|
Hamburg | · · | · · | 2 block stations, |
| | | 1 central-station.|
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| | |Yearly contract, |
Hernösand | · · | · · | which is less than |
| | | former lighting by |
| | | oil. |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
Halle | · · | · · | · · |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
|By meter | | |
Hanover | to sub- |0·42_d._ per 10- | |
| scribers| C.-P. lamp per | · · |
| for | hour; 0·5_d._ | |
| three | per 16-C.-P. | |
| years | | |
--------------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+

--------------+--------------------+--------------+-----------+
| Approximate | |Approximate|
| Number of Lights. | | length of |
+--------------------+ | longest |
Name of | Incan- | | System | main |
Station. | descent | Arc. | employed. | supply |
| or Glow | | | conductor |
| Lamps. | | | in miles. |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
| | |Zippernowsky | |
Lucerne | 800 | · · | high-tension | 4 |
| | | current with | |
| | | transformers | |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
Lubeck | 2,000 | · · | Edison | · · |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
| 11,000 | 210 | Edison | ¾ |
Milan | | | | |
| 1,000 | · · | Zippernowsky | ” |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
Munich | 6,500 | 140 | Edison | ” |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
Rome | 14,000 | · · | Zippernowsky | 4 |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
Rotterdam | 1,000 | · · | Edison | · · |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
| | |Edison, Three-| |
St. Etienne | 3,000 | · · | wire system | · · |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
| | | Edison and | |
Strassburg | 1,800 | 62 | Siemens | · · |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
Stuttgart | 1,060 | · · | ” | · · |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
Schwerin | 2,390 | · · | ” | · · |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
| | |Goulard high- | |
Tivoli | 1,000 | 6 |tension trans-| 18 |
| | |formers | |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
Tours | 3,500 | · · | Goulard | 3 |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+
Terni | 3,000 | · · | Zippernowsky | · · |
| | | Transformers | |
--------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+

INDEX.

Arc Lamps,
—— places where suitable, 10.
—— charges for, 10.
—— at Milan, 47.
Accumulators,
—— at Kensington Court, 69.
—— at Vienna, 76.

Birmingham wire gauge resistance table, 105.
—— in French measurements, 106.

Central-stations,
—— Siemens’ suggestion for, 1.
—— at Philadelphia, 2.
—— block, 3.
—— construction, 3.
—— selection of district for, 4.
—— relation between daily output and capacity, 7.
—— loss in, 15.
—— at Deptford, 31.
—— at Eastbourne, 31.
—— at Brighton, 32.
—— at Tours, 32.
—— at Vienna, 76.
—— position of, 16.
—— in United States, 17.
—— at Grosvenor Gallery, 27.
—— Kensington Court, 20, 68.
—— methods of lighting from, 20.
—— tables showing cost of, 86, 87.
Cost of gas compared with electricity, 8.
Cost of kerosene, 9.
Cost of arc lighting, 10.
Conductors,
—— relative size of, for different systems, 22.
—— arrangement of, at Grosvenor Gallery, 28.
—— primary conductors at Grosvenor Gallery, 30.
—— diagram of network system of, at Milan, 46.
—— diagram of multiple series system at Temesvar, 60.
—— conduits for, in New York, 92, 93, 94.

Distribution of Electricity,
—— Edison parallel system, 41.
—— Edison feeders, 42.
—— three-wire system, 43.
—— series system, 52.
—— Bernstein system, 57.
—— multiple series system, 58.
—— by means of secondary batteries, 65.
—— system of, at Kensington Court, 69.
Dynamotors, 79.
—— Swinburne’s Compound, 83.

Electric Lighting,
—— as an investment, 3, 9, 97.
—— people who most readily take it up, 4.
—— relation between number of lights used and number fixed, 4, 5.
—— cost of, to householder, 5.
—— diagram of, in London district, 6.
—— diagram of, at Cincinnati, 7.
—— charges for, 8.
—— description of arc and glow, 9.
—— at Tilbury Docks, 18.
—— at Victoria Station, 18.
—— at Paddington Station, 19.
—— relative cost of, for direct and transformer systems, 21, 27.
—— at Lucerne, 34.
—— at Milan, 34, 44.
—— cost of, at Milan, 48.
—— at Berlin, 52.
—— cost of, at Berlin, 53.
—— Bernstein system of, 55.
—— diagram of, system at Colchester, 67.
—— working cost of, at Athenæum Club, 88.
—— working cost of, at Naval and Military Club, 89.
—— working cost of, at South Kensington Museum, 89.
—— working cost of Thomson-Houston system of,
in an American city, 90.
Experiment at the Teatro dal Verone, 34.

Faults, discovery of, 51.

Gas Lights,
—— heat from, advantages and objections, 3.
—— number used and fixed, 4.
—— cost of, at Berlin, 53.
—— cost of, to householder, 5.
Glossary, 107.

Incandescent Lamps,
—— number obtained per electrical HP., 8.
—— illustration of, 11.
—— candle-power of, 11.
—— consumption of energy in, 10, 63.
—— life of, 11.
—— blackening of, 12.
—— at Temesvar, 63.
Lighting,
—— number of hours of, per annum, 4.
—— cost of, to London householder, 5.
—— diagram of, in London district, 6.
—— diagram of, at Cincinnati, 7.
—— diagram of, 13.
—— relative cost of, with direct and transformer system, 22.
—— relative cost of, by electricity and gas, 91.
Lucigen light, the, 99.
—— cost of working, 100.

Machinery at Grosvenor Gallery, 29.
Motors, Electric, 39.
—— diagram showing power supplied to, in Boston, 40.
—— purposes used for, in America, 39.
Meters, Electric,
—— the Edison, 49.
—— the Aron, 54.
Mackenzie’s conduits for electric light cables, 95.

Priestman’s petroleum engine, 98.

Regulation of E. M. F. at Grosvenor Gallery, 29.
Regulation of E. M. F. at Milan, 44.
Rent of meters at Milan, 49.
Rent of meters at Berlin, 53.
Regulators for secondary batteries, 76.
Resistance of Copper Wire, 105, 106.

Speed indicators at Grosvenor Gallery, 29.
Safety fuses at Grosvenor Gallery, 31.
Safety fuses at Milan, 47.
Switch, double pole, 72.

Table I. showing cost of laying conductors, 74, 75.
Table II. showing cost and maintenance of plant, 86, 87.
Table showing resistance, &c., of copper wire, 105, 106.
Table showing principal electric lighting stations
in Great Britain, 116-119.
Table showing principal electric lighting stations
on the Continent, 120-125.
Terms, explanation of, 107-115.
Transformers,
—— application of, 27.
—— diagram of Ruhmkorff type of, 23.
—— description of Ruhmkorff type of, 23.
—— arrangements of circuits of, 24.
—— two classes of, 24.
—— Kapp & Snell, 27.
—— distribution of electricity by means of, 21.
—— prevention of shocks from, 30.
—— Westinghouse converters, 35.
—— potential used in, 38.
—— direct current, 79.
—— comparison between alternate and direct current, 80.
—— Swinburne’s dynamotor, 83.
—— advantages of Zippernowsky-Deri system of, 34.
Turbines working the dynamos at Tivoli, 32.
Turbines working the dynamos at Lucerne, 33.

Useful Notes, 101-103.
—— incandescent lights, 102.
—— arc lighting of works, 102.
—— approximate cost, 102.
—— wire running, 103.
—— Electrical Measurements, 104.

Westinghouse system, 35.
—— at Pittsfield, 37.
Wires overhead or underground, 91.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

THE

HOUSE-TO-HOUSE

Electric Light Supply Co., Ld.

(MODEL CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATION, KENSINGTON,
ADJOINING THE WEST BROMPTON STATION ON THE
METROPOLITAN DISTRICT RAILWAY)

_Are prepared to assist the formation
of_

LOCAL ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANIES,

_and to erect_

CENTRAL-STATIONS

_for the distribution of Electricity in
any part of the Kingdom_.

Estimates for Complete Sets of Plant
furnished free of charge.

WILLIAM LOWRIE, _Engineer_.

H. St. JOHN WINKWORTH, _Secretary_,
117, Bishopsgate Street, London,
E.C.

_BY THE SAME AUTHOR._
PRECAUTIONS TO BE ADOPTED ON INTRODUCING

THE ELECTRIC LIGHT.
_INSURANCE RULES, &c._,
WITH
NOTES ON THE PREVENTION OF FIRE RISKS.

_Illustrated._ Price 2_s._ 0_d._

THE SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY
BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

Demy 8vo. Illustrated. Price 1_s._

DISTRICT ELECTRICITY SUPPLY.

CENTRAL SUPPLY STATIONS WORKED ON
THE E.P.S.
AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR THE PUBLIC SUPPLY OF
ELECTRICITY FROM
STORAGE BATTERIES.

Descriptive Pamphlet Free.

EPITOME OF THE SYSTEM.

The generating plant is all placed in a
conveniently situated building within
or without the District to be Lighted.

Convenient Sub- or Storage-Stations
are selected throughout this District,
and contain sufficient Accumulators to
supply the maximum demand.

The Batteries in each of these
Storage-Stations are recharged
in series, _one-half at a time_,
throughout the System during the period
of minimum demand, and by the evening
are all full and ready to cope with the
heavy night work.

The whole of the charging, discharging,
and regulating apparatus is worked
automatically.

ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM.

=_Reliability._=—The Light is
solely derived from Storage, and
is absolutely steady. There is no
connection whatever between the Lamp
and Moving Machinery.

The Supply is continuous day and night.

=_Economy in Prime Outlay._=—The
proportion of Engine Power in use to
the power required for maximum supply
is only about _one- third_, while any
system, if running direct, requires
a large portion of the plant to be
duplicated.

=_Economy in Working._=—The
generating station is only at work a
definite number of hours during the
daytime, after which period the plant
may be let out or utilized for other
purposes, such as motive power, &c.

=_Electro Motors_= for all
purposes can be driven from the
ordinary discharge mains. This is
impossible where alternating currents
are employed.

=GUARANTEE.=—The E.P.S. Co. undertake to supply
all the necessary renewals for the Storage
Batteries in use in the above system at the rate of
=12=% per annum on the actual first cost of
the Batteries.

E.P.S. Accumulators are already in use at the
following Central-Stations:—Vienna; Berlin;
Cadogan (London); Norwich; Taunton; Leamington;
St. Austell; Detroit, U.S.A.; Allentown, U.S.A.;
Blenheim, U.S.A.; Haverford, U.S.A.; Delaud, U.S.A.

_Districts Surveyed, Plans, Specifications
and Tenders submitted by the_
ELECTRICAL POWER STORAGE COMPANY, LTD.,
4 GREAT WINCHESTER STREET, LONDON, E.C.

TELEGRAMS, “STORAGE, LONDON.” TELEPHONE NO. 338.

ANGLO-AMERICAN
Brush Electric Light Corporation, Ltd.

MANUFACTURERS OF
_BRUSH ARC DYNAMOS AND LAMPS._
Victoria Incandescence Dynamos and Lamps.
ALTERNATE CURRENT DYNAMO MACHINES.
Transformers. Motors.
_ALL FITTINGS FOR ARC AND INCANDESCENCE LIGHTING, Etc._

CONTRACTORS FOR
PRIVATE INSTALLATIONS OF ELECTRIC LIGHT.
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT STATIONS.
_INSTALLATIONS ON SHIPBOARD._
ELECTRICAL RAILWAYS AND TRAMWAYS.
Railway Train Lighting by Electricity.
INSTALLATIONS FOR TRANSMISSION OF
POWER, Etc. Etc.

The Corporation are prepared to undertake the
establishment of Central Electric Lighting Stations on the
high or low-tension continuous current systems, with or
without accumulators, or on the alternating current system
with transformers, as may be best suited to the requirements
of each particular case.

The Corporation invite enquiries from Municipalities,
Local Gas or Electrical Companies, or owners of Blocks of
Houses or Shops, for the erection of Central Generating
Stations, and the supply of Electricity, either on their own
account, or upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed
upon.

Full particulars on application to—

THE SECRETARY,
112, BELVEDERE ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

UNITED

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COMPANY, LIMITED.

The company have exceptional facilities for carrying out
contracts at home or abroad in the various branches of
Electrical Engineering. They own several valuable patents in
connection with the =distribution of Electricity and its
application to industrial and domestic purposes=; they
are not, however, restricted to any special system, and give
particular attention to providing those appliances which are
best adapted to the purposes in view.

=The Works= are equipped for =manufacturing,
testing, and repairing, and form a valuable auxiliary to
extensive contract work=, enabling the Company to give
prompt attention to the demands of their clients.

Contractors for

CENTRAL ELECTRIC
SUPPLY STATIONS.

ELECTRIC LIGHT INSTALLATIONS.

TRANSMISSION OF POWER.

THE “TELPHER” SYSTEM
OF CHEAP TRANSPORT.

ELECTRIC TRAMS & RAILWAYS, &c.

_Please apply for complete list of
Electric Light and Power Supplies to_—
=36, ALBERT EMBANKMENT, LONDON, S.E.=

CARBON WORKS, BARNSLEY.

THE GLOBE ELECTRICAL AND
ENGINEERING COMPANY.

ELECTRICAL AND GENERAL ENGINEERS.

_Contractors for Electric Lighting._

_And Manufacturers of Dynamos, Lamps, Switches,
Cut-outs, and every Appliance used in the
Installation of Electric Light._

NO. 1 DEPARTMENT comprises all Electric Light
Fittings, also Ornamental Electroliers, Pendants, Brackets,
Ceiling Plates, or Rosettes, Globe Lamps and Globe Lamp
Holders, also Glass Shades and Fringes in coloured glass of
many varieties.

NO. 2 DEPARTMENT. This includes the well known
brand of Globe Carbon Rods and Battery Plates, Galvanic
Batteries of all descriptions, Battery supplies or materials
such as terminals, zinc, crushed carbon, chemicals, jars,
and porous pots. Measuring Instruments, Galvanometers,
patent Speed Gauges, Ammeters and Voltmeters—the accuracy
of same certified and laboratory test supplied.

NO. 3 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. Dynamos,
Alternating and Continuous Current. Transformers,
Cable—plain, copper, lead coated; also of _the special
high insulation_ required by London Electrical Supply
Co.’s rules. Sundries for Central-Station Installation.
Special List will be sent on application. Telephones and
Transmitters. Sundries for Telephone Installations.

_Belting, Oils, Waste, Paint, Patent Jointing Mastic, &c., are kept
in Stock, also Cable, Silk and Cotton Covered Wire._

Address:—=The MANAGER=,
Offices—=7, CARTERET STREET=.

_Supply Stores: 20, Dartmouth Street, Westminster, S.W._
Telegraphic Address, “Globulous, London.”

CARBON WORKS, BARNSLEY.

THE
Globe Electrical & Engineering Company.

CARBON CUTTERS AND GRINDERS.

CARBON RODS.

CARBON PLATES.

=ELECTRIC LIGHT CARBON RODS= (Fig. 6), cored and
solid, coppered and plain. All sizes in stock from 4 to 40⁽ᵐᵐ⁾.}
Makers of Sir James Douglas’s Rods (Fig. 4), as used by
the Trinity House.

=CARBON PLATES= for Leclanché Batteries, etc. (Fig. 3),
Consolidated Battery Plates, made to withstand nitric
acid or bichromate, can be supplied up to 13ins. + 10ins.
out of stock, and larger sizes to order.

=CARBON CELLS AND CYLINDERS= (Figs. 1, 2, and 5), of
all descriptions.

Experimental Carbon Goods of every description made to Order.

PRICES ON APPLICATION.
_Offices_:—=7, CARTERET ST., WESTMINSTER, S.W.=

THE GULCHER
ELECTRIC LIGHT & POWER CO., LTD.,
BATTERSEA FOUNDRY, BATTERSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Manufacturers of Electrical Machinery
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

Contractors to H.M. NAVY, H.M. WAR DEPARTMENT,
Sir W. G. ARMSTRONG & CO.,
OUDH AND ROHILKUND RAILWAY CO., etc., etc.

THE COMPANY SUPPLY—
=DYNAMOS.= Series, Shunt, and Compound Wound.
=ARC LAMPS.= Projectors, Search Lights, etc.
=SWITCH BOARDS= and Fittings.
=ALTERNATING CURRENT DYNAMOS.=
=TRANSFORMERS.=
=SECONDARY BATTERIES.=

=COMPLETE INSTALLATIONS= for lighting =TOWNS=,
=PUBLIC BUILDINGS=, =MILLS=, =FACTORIES=,
=IRONWORKS=, and =COLLIERIES=, also =PRIVATE
HOUSES= and =MANSIONS=.

_SOLE CONTRACTORS for the PERMANENT LIGHTING of the CRYSTAL
PALACE, Sydenham, and the ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER,
also the CITY of WELLINGTON, New Zealand._

WOODHOUSE & RAWSON,
LIMITED.

Electrical Engineers and Contractors,
FOR THE
LIGHTING OF CITIES, TOWNS, FACTORIES, MILLS,
AND
PRIVATE RESIDENCES.

COMPLETE CENTRAL-STATION PLANT.

Houses Wired and Fitted throughout for connection
to Central-Station Circuits.

ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION. GOOD WORK AT MODERATE PRICES.

=11, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C.=

_Contractors to the Chief Exhibitions, Stock Exchange,
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Sons, Peak, Frean & Co.,
Crosse & Blackwell, Grosvenor Gallery, &c., &c._

THE
Orient Electric Light Company
LIMITED.

_Contractors for the supply of Electric Lighting Plant for
Private Houses, Public Buildings, Factories, Towns, &c.,
on the most approved system and at moderate cost._

QUOTATIONS GIVEN FOR TEMPORARY INSTALLATIONS.

Central-Stations Fitted Out, and Negotiations
carried on for same.

ESTIMATES AND QUOTATIONS FREE.

London Offices: 2, East India Avenue, E.C.

AGENTS ABROAD:

Messrs. GILLANDERS, ARBUTHNOT & CO. Calcutta and Rangoon
Messrs. GORDON, WOODROFFE & CO. Madras.
Messrs. EWART, LATHAM & CO. Bombay.

_Crown 8vo., 128 pp., Limp cloth, 40 Illustrations. Price 2s. 6d._

PRECAUTIONS TO BE ADOPTED ON INTRODUCING
THE ELECTRIC LIGHT.

WITH NOTES ON THE PREVENTION OF FIRE RISKS.

CONTENTS.—_Fire Risk Committee—Resistance of
Conductors—Glow Lamps—Sizes of Main and Branch
Conductors—Standard and Birmingham Wire Gauge—Factors
for Calculation—Running of Wires—Switches—Connectors
and Joints—Insulators—Short Circuit—Cut-out, Fusible,
and Automatic—Lamp Holders—Life of Lamps, Electrical
Governor, Speed Gauge—Testing Insulation—Fires and
Accidents from Electric Current—Specification for
Electric Lighting—Instructions for Working—Phœnix
Fire Office Rules—American Fire Office Rules—Electrical
Measurements—Resistance of Copper and German
Silver—English and French Measure—Rules for Fusible
Mica-Foils—Rules for Direction of Current—Number of
Electric Lights to compare with Gas—Motive Power, Steam,
Gas—Motive Power, Water—Explanation of Terms—Price List._

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
_The Builder._

“Mr. Hedges points out clearly the risks that are
inseparable from slovenly work and incompetent handling,
and gives clear directions for carrying the main and branch
conductors and the lamp wires, and for calculating the sizes
of the various leads according to the number of lights to be
worked. He insists very properly that some regular system
should be followed, so that it should always be known which
is the positive and which the negative wire,—in other
words, which wire leads from the machine to the lamps, and
which is the return. In addition, however, to showing this
by mere position, _i.e._, by placing the positive wire on
the left side of the negative if vertical, and under it if
horizontal, we should strongly recommend that the insulating
covering should be of different colours on the two wires,
and thus any accidental displacement would not be of
consequence.”

_Revue Internationale de l’Electricité._

“Ce petit livre sans prétention contient une grande
quantité de renseignements pratiques. Tous ceux qui
s’occupent d’éclairage électrique trouveront grand profit à
le consulter.

“Dans les quatre-vingts pages que contient ce travail,
l’auteur a su rassembler toutes les indications nécessaires
et utiles pour effectuer les installations. Il n’était pas
possible de grouper d’une manière plus logique, plus claire
et plus concise les règles à suivre pour assurer le bon
fonctionnement d’une installation d’éclairage.

“L’auteur s’est étendu surtout sur la description et
l’installation des appareils de sùreté, sur la pose des
conducteurs et sur les diamètres à leur donner, sur l’essai
des circuits, etc....

“Un petit dictionnaire, donnent l’explication des terms
techniques, complète d’une manière heureuse ce petit guide
qui sera consulté avec autant de profit que bien d’autres
ouvrages plus étendus et conçus dans un esprit moins
pratique.
“AUG. M.”

_Copies of the above can be obtained from_

The Globe Electrical and Engineering Company,
7, CARTERET STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
Manufacturers of Electrical Supplies.

E. AND F. N. SPON, LONDON.
_Crown 8vo. 156 pp. Cloth gilt. Price 3s._

Useful Information on Electric Lighting.
EMBODYING THE
RULES OF THE FIRE RISK COMMITTEE AND THE
ELECTRIC LIGHTING BILL;

ALSO
PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR THE WORKING OF ELECTRIC LAMPS
AND DYNAMO MACHINES.

BY KILLINGWORTH HEDGES,
_M.I.C.E., M. Soc. Telegraph Engineers, F.C.S._

_CONTENTS.—Introductory Remarks—The Production of
Electricity—The Voltaic Arc—Division of the Electric
Light—Machines or Generators—Power required, and
Motors—Application of the Electric Light—Choice of a
System—Electrical Measurement—Cost of Working—Result
of Various Installations—Measurement of Light and
Current—Storage of Electricity and Transmission of
Power—Conclusion—Useful Tables and Memoranda._

_The Graphic_,

“At the present time, when the question of illumination
by electricity is fully under discussion, a third edition
of Mr. Killingworth Hedges’ _Useful Information on Electric
Lighting_ is doubly welcome. The little work is now fully
brought up to date, and gives a plain, straightforwardly
written account of the various forms of the arc and
incandescent lamps, and, indeed, of the general system of
electric lighting. Thus a very fair idea of the principle
may be gathered by the general reader, who will find it a
welcome companion when visiting the Electrical Exhibition,
while the manufacturer in search of a practicable light for
his workshop will gain valuable information from the various
hints conveyed in its pages. To the scientific student also
the work will be exceedingly useful, if only from the handy
memoranda and tables in the appendix. _Altogether the book
is the best of the kind that we have yet seen_, and we
cannot refrain from hoping that Mr. Killingworth Hedges may
see fit to bring out a more compendious and detailed work
on the subject, with which he is so eminently competent to
deal.”

_Also, by the same Author, demy 8vo.
Illustrated, 32 pp. Paper. Price 1s._

The Supply of Electricity by Local Authorities.
READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERS AND SURVEYORS, OXFORD, 1883.

All Mr. Hedges’ books are sent post free on receipt of
postal order, by the GLOBE ELECTRICAL AND ENGINEERING
COMPANY, Supply Stores, 7, Carteret Street, Westminster, S.W.

THE
BARNSLEY
CARBON COMPANY.

Wholesale Manufacturers of

PURE CARBON POINTS, CANDLES,
AND BATTERY PLATES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
CARBON CUTTERS AND GRINDERS.

CARBON WORKS:
=BARNSLEY,
YORKSHIRE=.

LONDON OFFICE:
7, Carteret Street,
Westminster, S.W.

J. EDMUNDSON & CO.,
LIMITED,
Engineers & Electricians,

19, GREAT GEORGE ST., WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Electric Lighting for Country
and Town Mansions, &c.

=J. EDMUNDSON & CO.=, invite an inspection of their
Complete System of Lighting COUNTRY and TOWN
MANSIONS, by means of Incandescent Electric Lights.

=A COMPLETE INSTALLATION= consisting of =DYNAMO
MACHINE=, =ENGINE=, =STORAGE BATTERY and
LAMPS=, may be seen working at J. E. & Co.’s =SHOW
ROOMS, 19, GREAT GEORGE STREET, WESTMINSTER=, where
all information, including Estimates of Cost, &c., may be
obtained.

ESTIMATES ALSO GIVEN FOR TEMPORARY LIGHTING BY MEANS OF
STORAGE BATTERIES, FOR BALLS, RECEPTIONS, &c.

SPECIAL AGENTS FOR
EDISON & SWAN LAMPS.

Special Terms to the Trade.

MANUFACTURERS OF ELECTROLIERS, BRACKETS,
AND
All Descriptions of Electric Light Fittings.

Central-Station Lighting.

_THE KAPP TRANSFORMER._

THE CONNAUGHT
alternating current Dynamo.
(KAPP’S PATENT.)

SHARP AND KENT,
ENGINEERS AND ELECTRICIANS,
_Connaught Mansions, Victoria St., Westminster, S.W._

TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS—
“=MEGAVOLT, LONDON.=” =TELEPHONE, 3,125=

DR. ARONS ELECTRICITY METERS

For Alternate and Continuous Current. Used in all the most
Important Central-Stations in the World.

THE GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.,
(G. BINSWANGER & CO.) _Manufacturers and Suppliers of_

The APOSTLE Carbons. | China and Glass Ware,
Switches, Lamps, Cables, Casings, &c.

_The best without exception._| _In great variety_.
Electrical Fittings of every description.

=LONDON=:
THE GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.,
5, GREAT ST. THOMAS APOSTLE,
LONDON, E.C.
_Telegrams: “Electricity.”_
_Telephone: “1887.”_

=MANCHESTER=:
MANCHESTER ELECTRIC WORKS CO.,
(G. BINSWANGER, _Managing Director_),
45, CHAPEL STREET, SALFORD,
MANCHESTER.
_Telegrams: “Induction.”_

THE GLOBE ELECTRICAL AND
ENGINEERING COMPANY.

_Offices_:—=7, CARTERET ST., WESTMINSTER, S.W.=

MANUFACTURERS OF
HEDGES’ PATENT SAFETY CATCHES, OR CUT-OUTS,
WITH
FUSIBLE SAFETY PLUGS AND OF ALBO METAL MICA-FOILS.

DIRECTIONS FOR INSERTING A SPARE MICA-FOIL.—Undo
the Contact Screws, lift the Contact Pieces and place Foil
fairly under, and screw down, taking care not to jam the
Mica on to the Foil, which should be loose, so as to allow
for expansion.

_Certificate from the Vienna Exhibition,
which was protected throughout by
“Hedges’ Patent Fuses.”_

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Central-Station Electric LightingChapter IV: Part 4

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