Chapter XI: Appendix: C

FACTS AND DOCUMENTS OF POSITIVISM, 1841–1865

PREPARATORY WORK, 1841–1850

1841. JOULE: Thermogenic Effects of the Electric Current.

HERSCHEL: Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences.

LIST: Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie.

1842. R. MAYER: Erhaltung der Energie.

R. WAGNER: Handwörterbuch der Physiologie.

A. COMTE: Cours de philosophie positive.

L. FEUERBACH: Wesen des Christentums.

1843. J. S. MILL: Inductive Logic.

MATTEUCCI: Discovery of the Nerve-Current.

1844. FARADAY: Electrical Conduction and the Nature of Matter.

1845. _Discovery of the Electrical Incandescent Lamp._

1846. W. WEBER: Electrodynamic Measurements.

_Discovery of Anæsthesia by Ether._

1847. HELMHOLTZ: Die Erhaltung der Kraft (Conservation of Energy).

_Discovery of Anæsthesia by Chloroform._

1848. QUETELET: Du système social.

DUBOIS-REYMOND: Animal Electricity.

_Discovery of Gold in California._

1849. _Discoveries of Bacillus of Anthrax and of Aniline Dyes._

1850. HERBERT SPENCER: Social Statics (Identity of Laws of Organic and
Social Evolution).

DOMINANCE OF POSITIVISM, 1851–1860.

1851–1860. _Mileage of European Railway Systems increases by 250 per
cent._

1851. LYELL: Principles of Geology.

LOMBROSO: Concerning Marzolo’s “Monumenti storici rivelati dall’
analisi della parola.”

SCHOPENHAUER: Parerga und Paralipomena.

_Discovery of the Neanderthal Skull and Other Evidences of the
Antiquity of Man._

HELMHOLTZ: Ophthalmoscope.

RUHMKORFF: Induction Coil.

RICHARD WAGNER: Oper und Drama.

MILLET: Le Semeur; und COURBET: Das Begräbnis von Ornans.

1852. MOLESCHOTT: Kreislauf des Lebens.

1855. PFLÜGER: Electrotonus.

NAEGELI: Investigations Regarding Vegetable Physiology.

BÜCHNER: Kraft und Stoff (Force and Matter).

FARADAY: Magnetic Philosophy.

_Discovery of Hot-air Engine, of Bessemer Steel, and of
Aniline-violet._

WALT WHITMAN: Leaves of Grass.

1856. _Discovery of the Annular Kiln, of the Regenerative Gas Furnace,
and of the Mercurial Air-pump._

J. VON LIEBIG: Theory and Practice of Agriculture.

LE PLAY: Les Ouvriers Européens.

THE FOUR CLASSICAL YEARS OF POSITIVISM, 1857–1860.

1857. BUNSEN: Exact Methods for the Analysis of Gases.

MOREL: Traité des Dégénérescences.

MARX: Materialist Conception of History.

BUCKLE: History of Civilization.

TOCQUEVILLE: La Révolution et l’Ancien Régime.

FLAUBERT: Madame Bovary.

1858. VIRCHOW: Cellularpathologie.

M. SCHIFF: Lehrbuch der Physiologie.

1859. KIRCHHOFF und BUNSEN: Spectrum Analysis.

DARWIN: Origin of Species.

J. S. MILL: On Liberty.

_Discovery of the Telephone, the Ice Machine, and the Azo
Colouring Matters._

1860. FECHNER: Psyohophysik.

BOUCHER DE PERTHES: De l’Homme Antédiluvien et de ses Œuvres.

BOUCHER DE PERTHES: Discovery of the Gas Engine.

SEMPER: Der Stil.

AFTER-EFFECTS, 1861–1865.

1861. BACHOFEN: Das Mutterrecht (Matriarchy).

GRIESINGER: Pathology of Mental Disorders.

SCHLEICHER: Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.

MANET: Frühstück im Grünen.

DOSTOIEFFSKY: Raskolnikow.

FONTANE: Wanderungen durch die Mark.

_Liberation of Serfs in Russia._

1862. HERBERT SPENCER: First Principles.

IBSEN: The Comedy of Love.

TOURGUENEFF: Fathers and Sons.

_Construction of Pacific Railway._

_Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation._

_Bismarck’s Realpolitik (Blood and Iron)._

1863. HUXLEY: Man’s Place in Nature.

LYELL: Antiquity of Man.

HUGGINS: Spectra of Fixed Stars and Nebulæ.

BROCA: Sur le Siège, le Diagnostic et la Nature de l’Aphémie.

PASTEUR: Theory of Fermentation.

RENAN: Vie de Jésus.

WUNDT: Vorlesungen über die Menschen und Tierseele.

1864. LOMBROSO: Genio e follia.

A. WAGNER: The Reign of Law in the Apparently Voluntary Actions
of Human Beings.

LASSALLE: Bastiat-Schultze.

DE GONCOURT: Renée Mauperin.

ZOLA: Confession de Claude.

TOLSTOY: War and Peace.

1865. MEYNERT: Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex and its Relations to the
Sensory Surface of the Body.

LUBBOCK: Prehistoric Times.

LOMBROSO: Aliénations Mentales Étudiées par la Méthode
Expérimentale.

HAECKEL: Generelle Morphologie.

VON LIEBIG: Induktion und Deduktion.

CANNIZZARO: L’ emancipazione della ragione.

J. S. MILL: Comte and Positivism.

TAINE: Le Positivisme Anglais.

_Extension of Democracy in England by Russell and Gladstone._

_Martin Steel, Gas-engines, Influence Machines._

INDEX

A.

Adaptation, deficient, of degenerates, 123

Africo-Hellene race of Calabria, 129

“Agrarian Investigation,” 114

Agrarian problems, Lombroso, 127

Agrarian reform, 156, 157

Aksakow, Von, 176

Alcoholism and criminality, 95

Altruism deficient in criminal types, 105

Analogies, Lombroso’s talent for the discovery of, 112

Anarchism, 149

Animal magnetism, 168

Anomalous character of genius, 162, 163

Anthropology, earlier and recent significations of the term, 10 note
subject-matter of, 132
Lombroso’s conception of, 135, 137, 138
according to Virchow, Broca, and Mantegazza, 135
criminal, 18–54. See also separate organs, as brain, skull, etc.
tabular statement of primatoid varieties, 27–29
fundamental notion of, 42
physiognomy, 47–53
tabular statement of distinctive anatomical characters, indicating
abnormal congenital predisposition in more than 800 non-insane
criminals, 54
significance of, 130–138
Congress for, 147, 148
of women. See “Woman as Criminal”

Anti-semitism, 149

Anti-social tendencies of degenerates, 104, 105
types, 119, 123
need for segregation of, 146

Ape-like characters. See Primatoid varieties

Apportionment of punishment, 131

Argot. See Jargon

Aristocracy, Jewish, 164, 165

Arrest of development in criminals. See also Atavism, 46

“Art for art’s sake,” in criminals, 89

Art, naturalism in, 133

Artistic method, new, the fruit of positivism, 134

Arts, industrial, and positivism, 133

Aschaffenburg, 60 note, 147, 177

Asymmetry, facial, 104

Atavism, 19–25, 45–48, 59, 60, 95, 96, 101, 105, 118, 160 162
and crime. See Atavism and prostitution, 59, 60

Austrian dominion in Italy, 165

B.

Bachofen, 180

Bacon, Francis, 113

Baer, A., 24 note

Bagehot, Walter, quoted, 66 note

Battery, Zamboni’s dry, 172

Bebel, 110

Beltrani-Scalia, 80

Benedikt, 94

Bianchi, 175, 177

Biogenetic law, the fundamental, 118

Biological determination of social phenomena, 107 _et seq._
determinism. See also Determinism
of Lombroso, 161, 162

Bismarck, 165

Bistolfi, 82

Blameworthiness, 131

Books consulted, list of, 177

Born criminal. See Criminal, born

Born criminals form a degenerative subtype, 105

Boucher de Perthes, 180

Bourgeois criminality, 87

Brain in criminals, 38–45

Bread-riots at Milan, 1898, 153

Breeding, racial improvement by, 129, 146

Broca, 135, 180

Bruant, 91

Brusa, 141

Büchner, 8, 179

Buckle, 107

Bunsen, 134, 179, 180

Burdach, 7

C.

Calabria, Lombroso’s work in, 114
races of, 114, 129

Camorra, the, 91

Cannizzaro, 181

Capital punishment, Lombroso favours, 128

Cardan, Jerome, Lombroso’s work on, 112, 162

Carrara, 81, 177

Cause and prevention, 158

Causes and prevention of crime, 147

Ceccarel, 177

Cerebrogenous characters, 27–29, 54

Chamberlain, Houston, 129

Characteristics common to criminals and epileptics, 98, 99

Characters, cerebrogenous, primatoid, etc. See under Adjectival term

Charcot, 168

Charuigi, 7

Cheats, 169

Child criminals, 97

Ciolfi, 175

Class-interests, power of, in preventing spread of truth, 151, 152

Class struggle. See Class war

Class war, the, and social evolution, 121, 122, 124, 125

Classes, differentiation by and through, 121

Clinical observation, 136

Comte, vi, 178

Congenital. See Inheritance

Congress for Criminal Anthropology, 147, 148

Conventional element in crime, 90

Correlation of growth, 104

Cosmic causality, 136
determinism, 69, 132–134
influences, 159

Cranio-facial developments, ratios of, 31, 34

Craniology. See Skull

Craniometry. See Skull

Crest, internal frontal, 28, 29
temporal, 29

Crime. See also Criminal
and insanity, 84, 85
and imbecility, 84, 85
and disease, 97
causes and prevention of, 147
related to genius and to insanity, 164
political. See Political crime

Criminal. See also Anthropology, criminal
accidental, 131
anthropology. See also Anthropology, criminal
Congress for, 147, 148
positive foundation of, 134
significance of, 130–138
subject-matter of, 132
born, 100, 131. See also Criminal type

Criminal born, the insensibility of, 88, 89
degenerate, 131
epileptic, 140, 145
habitual, 140, 145
insane, 131, 140, 145
jargon of. See Jargon
jurisprudence. 139–149

“Criminal Man, the,” 140

Criminal nature, 131. See also Criminal type and Criminal, born
and epilepsy, 98–103
occasional, 131, 140, 145
by passion, 140, 145
political, 119, 120. See also Political criminal
psychology. 79–105. See also Psychology, criminal
significance of term, 93 note
tendencies, inheritance of, 96, 97, 101
type, the, 102
criticism of idea of, 55
meaning and limitations of the doctrine, 50
physiognomy of, 51
types, female, comparatively rare, 61–63
lack “mother-sense,” 63
woman. See “Woman as Criminal”

Criminality, atavistic, 160
by passion, 100
evolutionary, 160
influence of environment on, 160

Criminaloid, the, 64, 145

Criminals, cruelty of, 84–86
recklessness of, 84, 85
responsibility of, 85, 86
economic status of, 86, 87

Criminology, school of positive, 140

Crispi, 153

Cro-Magnon, prehistoric man of, 33

Crossing of races, and its effect on political evolution, 74

Cruelty in women, 58
of criminals, 84–86

Cunning and force, 160

D.

Dante, 173

Darwin, 33, 47, 117, 134, 180

Darwin’s “Descent of Man,” 33, 117

Darwinian tipped ear, 47

Darwinism. See Evolution

Death, indifference to, in criminals, 88, note
penalty, Lombroso favours, 128

Decentralization of Government, Lombroso favours, 127

Degenerate, the, an anti-social being, 104, 105

Degenerates, 123

Degeneration, 15 _et seq._, 103–105, 159, 160, 162
and crime, 103–105
genius and, 162
practical significance of term, 104
stigmata of, 103 105
theory of, 160

De Goncourt, 180

Democracy, Lombroso’s faith in, 125

Dental abnormalities, 104

De Perthes, Boucher, 180

“Descent of Man” (Darwin’s), 33, 117

Despine, 13, 14

Determinism, 69, 107 _et seq._, 116, 120, 121, 123, 132–134, 138, 161,
162
biological, of Lombroso, 107, 116, 120, 121, 161, 162
cosmic, 69, 132–134
economic, of Marx, 116, 123

Development, moral. See Moral development

Diagnosis, differential. See Differential diagnosis

Dickens, Charles, quoted, 170

Differences, individual, comparatively unimportant, 161

Differential diagnosis of varieties of criminal, 83–91

Differentiation in human species, 122
sexual, 57, 58, 121
Lombroso’s law of, 57

Differentiation, sexual, in savages as compared with civilized races,
58

Discovery, fruitful period of, in association with a positivist view of
the universe, 133

Disease and crime, 97

Disraeli, 165

Documents of positivism, 178–181

Donna delinquente, la. See “Woman as Criminal”

Dostoieffsky, 180

Dubois-Reymond, 178

Du Prel, 176

E.

Ear, Darwinian tipped, 47
handle-shaped and projecting, 104
Morel’s, 48
peculiarities of, in criminals, 47, 48

Earpoint of Darwin, 47

Economic determinism. See Determinism
factors of crime, 87
motive, supremacy of, 151, 152
status in relation to crime, 86, 87

Ellis, Havelock, vi, 58, note
quoted, 67 note

Environment, 132, 159, 160
and crime, 160
and individual, 132 _et seq._

Epilepsy, 136
chronic, 100
and criminality, 98–103
and genius, 162
as an hereditary equivalent
of criminality, 103
larval, 100
Lombroso’s conception of, 99

Epileptic discharges, 161

Epileptoid states (Griesinger), 100
types common in prisons, 103

Epispadias, 104

Equanimity of criminals sentenced to death, 88 note

Equivalents, hereditary, criminality and epilepsy as, 103

Erotism, strong, abnormal in women, 59

Eskimo, skull of, 35

Esquirol, 7

Ethos and pathos, 164

Eugenics, 123, 128, 129, 146

Eurygnathism, 26, 29

Eusapia Palladino, 169, 172, 175, 176

Evolution of man from unknown primate asserted by Lombroso in 1871, 33
social, _versus_ revolution, 120

Evolutionism, English, 7

Experimental method, Lombroso’s tendency to neglect the, 135–137

Extreme value of weights and measurements in criminal brains, 40, 41,
42
in criminal physiognomy, 49–51
in criminal skulls, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42

F.

Facts and documents of positivism, 178–181
Lombroso’s respect for, 134

Faraday, 178, 179

Fechner, 137, 180

Ferrati, 156

Ferrero, G., 56, 57, 81

Ferri, Enrico, 79, 140, 169, 177

Ferri, Luigi, 169

Feuerbach, 178

“First Principles,” 116

Flaubert, 179

Fontane, 180

Force and cunning, 160

Forehead, receding, 27, 31, 32

Forel, 168

Fossa, middle occipital, 28, 32

“Fra Diavolo,” skull of, 32

France and the revolutionary spirit, 68, 72–74

Frassati, 177

Free will, illusion of, 133

Frigerio, 48

Frigidity, sexual, of prostitutes, 63

G.

Gabelli, 141

Gall, 13, 14, 17

Garofalo, 140, 141

Gasparone, skull of, 32

Genius, 70–73, 119, 120, 162–164
and anomaly, 162

“Genius and Degeneration,” 162

Genius and epilepsy, 162
its freedom from misoneism, 70
function of, in promoting social evolution, 120
index of, for the departments of France, 72
in the insane, 163, 164
and republicanism, 72, 73
and revolution, 70–72

Géricault’s drawing, “Tête d’un Supplicié,” 51

Gladstone, W. E., 181

Gobineau, 129

Goethe, 111, 113

Goncourt, de, 180

Gosio, 156

Greek racial elements in Calabria, 129

Greenlander, brain of, 44, 45

“Greeting from the spirit-world, a,” 176

Griesinger, 7, 100, 180

Growth, correlation of, 104

Gudden, 7

H.

Haeckel, 118, 181
quoted, 118 note

Hamel, Van, 142, 143

Handle-shaped and projecting ear, 104

Harden, Maximilian, 81

Heinze, 88 note

Hellenic racial elements in Calabria, 129

Helmholtz, 134, 178, 179

“Henkelohr,” 47, 104

Hereditary equivalents, criminality and epilepsy as, 103

Heredity. See also Inheritance criminal, 96, 97

Herschel, 178

History, determinist view of, 107 _et seq._

Hohlenfels, prehistoric man of, 33

Homo delinquens, 120.
See also Criminal industrialis, 122
neanderthalensis, 120.
See also Primitive man sapiens, 124
natural variability of, and its consequences, 120

Huggins, 180

Humanism, modern, 125

Huxley, 180

Hygiene, racial, 128

Hylozoism, 133

Hypnotism, 168

Hypospadias, 104

I.

Ibsen, 180

Ibsen’s “An Enemy of the People,” 154

Illusion of free will, the, 133

Imbecility. See also Insanity and crime, 84, 85

Impatience of reformers, 145

Imprisonment, Mittelstaedt on, 141

Impulsive criminality, 84, 85, 94

Inca bone, the, 35

“Inchiesta Agraria,” 114

Incorrigibility of criminals, 97

Individual differences, comparatively unimportant, 161
and environment, 132 _et seq._
factors influencing, 158–160

Individualism and Socialism, Lombroso’s attitude towards, 124

Industrial arts and positivism, 133

Inheritance of criminal tendencies, 96, 97, 101
pathological, 161, 162

Inhibition, lack of, in criminals, 42, 94

Innovation and misoneism, 66–69

Insensibility of born criminal, 88, 89

Insanity and crime, 84, 85
genius and, 163, 164

Insanity, moral, 100–103, 117
a professional disease of prisoners, 97

Inspiration, cosmic determination of, 163

“Intellectuals,” the, and Italian Socialism, 149

Italian influence on penal reform, 143, 144

J.

Jargon of criminals, 88 note, 91, 92

Jewish aristocracy, the, 164, 165
spirit, the, 129

Jews, civil disabilities of, 2

Joule, 178

Judenhetze. See Anti-semitism

Jurisprudence, criminal, 139–149

K.

Kant, 111

Kirchhoff, 180

Kirn, 103

Knecht, 103

Kosciuszko’s “spirit,” 170

Kraepelin, 141

Krauss, 94

Kuliszew, Madame, 81

Kurella, 177

Kurella’s “Naturgeschichte des Verbrechers,” 94, 96

L.

Labour bureaus, Lombroso advocates, 128

“La donna delinquente, la prostituta, e la donna normale,” 56.
See also “Woman as Criminal”

Land reform, 156, 157

Laschi, 78

Lassalle, 71, 180
characterization of, 71

Lavater, 111

Law, Lombroso’s interest in, 126
uniformity of, 137

Le Play, 179

Levi, Zefira (mother of Cesare Lombroso), 2, 3

Liebig, Von, 179, 181

Life-work as social reformer, Lombroso’s, 106–129, 148

List, 178

Liszt, Von, 141

Lombroso, Aron, 1

Lombroso, Cesare, birth, 1
the family, 1–3
childhood and youth, 1–10
family history, 1–3
antecedents, 1–13
revolutionary tendencies, 4
and Marzolo, 5, 6
and Panizza, 7, 33
and Moleschott, 7, 8, 9, 10
and Skoda, 9
and Virchow, 9
and Mantegazza, 10
and Golgi, 11
predecessors in research, 13–17
criminal anthropology, 18–54
comparison of European
with melanodermic races (“L’uomo bianco e l’uomo di colore”), 33
opposition to his views, 55, 56
merits and defects of his work, 56, 57, 65
“Woman as Criminal and Prostitute,” 56–64
“Political Criminals and Revolutions,” 64–79
“L’ uomo di genio,” 72
“The Man of Genius,” 72
_Archivia di psichiatria_, 79
home life at Turin, 79–83
criminal psychology, 79–105
daughters of, 80
“Palimsesti del carcere,” 95 note
on the relations between epilepsy and criminality, 98–103
his conception of epilepsy, 99
and the term “degeneration,” 104, 105
as a social reformer, 106–129
his methods, 106–129
his significance in the history of science, 106 _et seq._
his method of work, 111 _et seq._
his pathographies, 112
work on “Cardanus,” 112
talent for analogy, 112
work in Calabria, 114
on the conception of “the social organism,” 116, 124
his principal contributions to sociology, 118 _et seq._
and the class war, 121, 122, 124
and “revaluation,” 119, 128
his attitude towards Socialism, 124
his philosophy, 124
as municipal councillor, 124 note
not a “party man,” 124
and democracy, 125
and humanism, 125
and social reform, 125–129
views on Parliamentary government, 125 note, 128
views on universal suffrage, 126 note
interested in the legal rather than the economic order, 126
and capitalism, 127
and industrialism, 127
and the agrarian problem, 127
and “protection,” 127
and decentralization of government, 127
and labour bureaus, 128
views on punishment in general, and on capital punishment in
particular, 128
advocates artificial selection, 128
and eugenics, 128
on pellagra, 129
on races of Southern Italy, 129
significance of criminal anthropology, 130–138
on criminal law and its enforcement, 131
hylozoist ideas, 133
and positive science, 134
his respect for facts, 134
his hunger for material, 134
insufficient verification of facts by, 135
occasional credulity of, 135
spiritualistic experiences, 135
his conception of anthropology, 135, 136
his preference for observing _states_ rather than processes, 135
and the experimental method, 135, 136
and Fechner’s psycho-physics, 137
often misunderstood by German biologists and psychiatrists, 137
and the notion of uniformity, 137
and positivism, 138
and determinism, 138
and social reactivity, 138
and responsibility, 138
and apportionment of punishment, 138
“L’ uomo delinquente,” 140
and criminal jurisprudence, 139–149
and “School of Positive Criminology,” 140
on punishment, 140, 145
and Ferri, 140
and Garofalo, 141
and Kraepelin, 141
and the science of law, 144
a utilitarian, 146
and the Congress for Criminal
Anthropology in 1906, 147, 148, 157
pessimism, tendency to, in old age, 148
mystical tendency, 148
an optimist in the field of social reform, 148
as leader of Italian political radicalism, 149
and Marxist Socialism, 124 _et seq._, 149
freedom from opportunism, 149
opposed to compromise, 149
the pellagra controversy, 149–157
proscribed for political reasons in 1898, 153
boycotted by the well-to-do, 154
“Cause and Prevention” the keynote of his life-work, 154
as experimental pathologist, 155
and agrarian reform, 156, 157
his character, 157
as “an enemy of the people,” 154, 157
on “Cause and Prevention,” 158
on the influence of environment, 159, 160
“Causes and Prevention of Crime,” 160
his biological determinism, 161, 162
“The Man of Genius,” 162, 163
“Genius and Degeneration,” 162
“Insanity of Cardanus,” 162
life-work of, 164
his genius and personality, 164–166
a member of the Jewish aristocracy, 164, 165
“the slave of facts,” 165
his ready grasp of the essential, 166
contributions to Italian culture, 166
spiritualistic researches, 167–176
and Eusapia Palladino, 169, 172, 175, 176
effect on his character of the hostile reception of his theories
regarding the etiology of pellagra, 172, 173
“Studi sull’ ipnotismo e sulla credulità,” 173, 174
on the material nature of the will, 174
on muscle-reading, 174
on thought-transference, 174
on misoneism as a hindrance to the acceptance of new discoveries, 175
“Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotisi e spiritici” (a posthumous work), 176
and the “Spirit-World,” 176
Gina, 177
Paola, 177
contributions to “Positivism,” 180, 181

Loria, 78, 124

Lubbock, 181

Lucas, 14

Lucchini, 141

Lumbroso, 1 note

Lunatic, the criminal, 140, 145

“L’ uomo delinquente,” 140

Luzzati, Luigi, 78

Lyell, 134, 179, 180

M.

Maffia, the, 91

Magnet, its alleged influence upon suggested colour sensations 173, 174

Magnetism, animal, 168

“Man of Genius, the,” 162, 163

Man, palæolithic, 44
prehistoric. See Primitive man
primitive. See Primitive man

Manet, 180

Man’s place in Nature, 117, 134

Mantegazza, 10, 135

Marriage and prostitution, 67 note

Marx, Karl, 107, 108, 110, 116, 124, 149, 179
and Marxism, 124

Marzolo, 5, 6, 157

Masochistic nature of woman, 59

Material nature of the will, 174

Materialism, 107 _et seq._ See also Determinism
German, 7

Matteucci, 178

Mattoids, 77, 118
and revolts, 71

Mayer, R., 134, 178

Measurement of punishment, 131, 138

Medievalism, persistent, 5

Mediterranean region, races of, 129

Mediums, spiritualistic, 136

Meteorological influences, 159

Method of work, Lombroso’s, 111 _et seq._

Meynert, 181

Microcephaly, partial, in relation to criminality, 41

Milan, bread-riots at, 1898, 153

Mill, J. S., 178, 180, 181

Millet, 179

Misoneism, 66–76
as manifested in the pellagra controversy, 151
in relation to new discoveries, 175

Mittelstaedt, 141

Moeli, 103

Moleschott, 7, 8, 9, 10, 134, 179

Moral development, inferior in women, 59
ultimate goal of, 59
imbecile, the, 102
imbecility, 104
insanity, 100–103

Morality, traditional and ideal, 67 note

Morbidity and crime, 97

Morel, 13–17, 105, 179

Morel’s ear, 48

“Morlocks,” the, 123 note

Mosso’s plethysmograph, 172

Motherhood, woman’s function of, its influence on her sexual
differentiation, 57–59

Mother-sense, lack of, in genuine women criminals and in prostitutes,
63
unimpaired, in female criminals, by passion, and female occasional
criminals, 62, 63

Müller, F. Max, quoted, 92 note

Muscle-reading, 174

N.

Naegeli, 179

Naturalism in art, 133

Nature, criminal. See Criminal type

Nature, man’s place in, 117, 134

Neanderthal, 32, 120

Nicolson, 14, 16

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 86, 163

Non-moral, woman fundamentally so (in Lombroso’s view), 59

O.

Occasional criminals form the majority of women criminals, 62–64

Occultism. See Spiritualism

Organizations, criminal, 91

“Organism” of human society, 116
a strained metaphor, 124

Organs, rudimentary. See Rudimentary

Ossification of sutures of skull, peculiarities in, 34, 35

P.

Palæolithic man, 44

Palladino, Eusapia, 169, 172, 175, 176

Panizza, Bartolomeo, 7, 33

Parasitism of criminals, 95

Parliamentary government, Lombroso on, 125 note, 128

Passion, criminality by, 100

Pasteur, 180

Pathographies, 112, 163

Pathological inheritance, 161

Pathos and ethos, 164

Pellagra, 12, 129, 149–157, 172, 173
recent theories as to its etiology, 152, 153 note
in the United States, 156 note

Pellagrozeïn, 156

Pellizzi, 45, 156

Penal reform, 139–149

Perthes, Boucher de, 180

Pflüger, 134, 179

“Physical phenomena” of spiritualism, Lombroso’s interpretation of, 171

Physiognomy, the criminal, 47–53

Pickmann, 172, 176

Place in Nature, man’s, 134

Play, le, 179

Plehve, 110

Plethysmograph, Mosso’s, 172

Poetry and art, naturalism in, 133

Political crime, essence of, 67
individual factors of, 76–79

“Political crime,” 119

Political criminals, 55
classification of, 55, 56

“Political Criminals and Revolution,” 64–79

Politics, realism in, 133

Porta, 173

Positive criminology, school of, 140
view of the world, 133

Positivism, 134, 138
French, 7
and the industrial arts, 133
and scientific progress, 133
preparatory work (1841–1850), 178
dominance (1851–1860), 179
four classical years (1857–1860), 179, 180
after-effects (1861–1865), 180, 181
facts and documents of, 178–181

Predisposition to crime, 160
its organic character, 97

Prehistoric man. See Primitive Man

Prel, du, 176

Preyer, 168

Prichard, 14, 16, 17

Primatoid varieties, 27, 29, 30, 43, 44, 54
definition of term, 30, 31

Primitive man, 32, 33. See also Atavism

Professional crime, 90

Prognathism, 27, 31

Progress as influenced by climatic and other physical conditions, 72–76
inevitable slowness of, 68
positivism and, 133
prerequisites of, 67 _et seq._

Proletarian, the, 122
criminality, 86

Prometheus, the fire of, 164

Prostitute, the, 56

Prostitutes, commonly sexually frigid, 63

Prostitution, 115
antiquity of, 59
an atavistic phenomenon in Lombroso’s view, 58, 59
as counterpart of major criminality in the male, 60–62
and marriage, 67 note

Protection, Lombroso opposed to, 127

Pseudo-genius and revolt, 71

Psycho-physics, 137

Psychology, criminal, 79–105

Punishment, 138
apportionment of, 131
theory of, 145, 146

Q.

Quetelet, 107, 160, 178

R.

Races of Calabria, 114, 129

Races of Southern Italy, 114, 129

Radicalism, Lombroso and, 149

Ranke, Johannes, 40–42

Reaction the fruit of too rapid innovation, 68–70

Reactivity, social, 131, 138, 142

Realism in politics, 133

Receding forehead. See Forehead Recidivism, 97

Reciprocal action between individual and environment, 132–134

Recklessness of criminals, 84, 85

Reform, agrarian, 156, 157
penal, 139–149

Reformer, social, Lombroso as, 106–129, 148

Reformers, impatience of, 145

Reforms, true, how effected, 126.
See also Misoneism

Reich, 8

Relapses into crime, 97

Renan, 8, 180

Republicanism and genius, 72, 73

Researches into spiritualism, 167–176

Responsibility, 83–86, 97, 130, 132, 133, 138
the problem of, 130, 132, 138

Revaluation of old values, 119, 128

Revolts, 71

Revolution, 64–79.
See also Political crime
nature of, 70

Revolutionist. See Political criminal
by passion, 77

Ribot, 96

“Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotisi e spiritici,” 176

Richet, 168, 169

_Ride du vice_, 53

Ridges, superciliary, 27, 32

Romance peoples of Mediterranean region, 129

Roncoroni, 45

Rudimentary organs, 45–47

Ruhmkorff, 179

Russell, Lord John, 181

S.

Sander, 103

Scaphocephaly, 35

Schaeffle, 117

Schiff, 179

Schleicher, 180

Schönlank, 110

School of Positive Criminology, 140

Schopenhauer, 107, 117, 179

Science. See Positivism

Scientific. See Positive

Segregation of anti-social types, 146

Selection, artificial, 128. See also Eugenics

Semitic racial elements, importance of, 129

Semper, 180

Sensibility, lesser, of woman, 58
lack of, in born criminals, 88, 89
and in epileptics, 99

Sergi, 169

Sexual differentiation, 57, 58, 126,
See also Differentiation
Lombroso’s law of, 57
in savages as compared with civilized races, 58

Sexual frigidity of prostitutes, 63

Sexuality increased in genuinely criminal feminine types, 63
not increased in female criminals by passion and female occasional
criminals, 63

Siemiradzki, 169, 170, 176

Significance of criminal anthropology, 130–138

Simian characteristics of criminals.
See Primatoid varieties

Skoda, 9

Skull, anomalies of, in relation to
moral imbecility, 104
cubical capacity of, 36–38
Eskimo, 25
eurygnathism, 26, 29
Inca bone, 35
measurements of, extreme values common in criminals, 37, 38, 40, 41,
42
peculiarities of, in relation to criminal anthropology, 26–39
peculiarities in ossification of sutures, 34, 35
prognathism, 27, 31
scaphocephaly, 35
stenocrotaphy, 41
submicrocephalic, in criminals, 37
sutures, ossification of, 34, 35
Wormian bones, 35

Slang. See Jargon

Social environment, man and, 132–134
inadequacy of degenerate individuals, 104
reactivity, 131, 138, 142
_versus_ punishment, 142
reformer, Lombroso as, 106–129, 148

Social sentiments, their congenital character, 119

Socialism, Italian school of, 124
Lombroso and, 124 _et seq._, 149

Socialist? was Lombroso a, 124

Society as an “organism,” conception of, 116, 117

Sociology, Lombroso’s principal contribution to, 118 _et seq._

Sommer, 103, 177

Soutenage, 60

Spencer, Herbert, 116, 117, 178, 180

Spinoza, 107, 117

Spiritualistic researches, 167–176

“Spirit-world,” the, 176

Spy, prehistoric human remains of, 32

Statistical method, the, 134, 136

Steinheil, Madame, 83

Stenocrotaphy, 41

Stigmata of degeneration, 103–105, 136

Stone Age, 44

Struggle, the class. See Class war

Subject-matter of criminal anthropology, 132

Suffrage, universal, Lombroso’s views on, 126 note

Suggestion in the waking state, 168

Superman, criminal’s own persuasion that he is, 46

Supermen, breeding of, 123, 128, 129

Sutures of skull, peculiarities in ossification, 34, 35

Sympathy, greater development of, in women, 58, 59

T.

Taine, 181

Tamburini, 175

Tariffs, protectionist, Lombroso opposed to, 127

Tattooing, 92, 93

Teeth, abnormalities of, 104

Telepathy, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175

Teleurgists, 169

Telluric influences, 159

Temperature and political crime, 75, 76

Thaumaturgy, 168, 169

Theory of punishment, 145, 146

Theromorphism, 12, 19, 20, 21, 58

Theromorphs in women, their significance greater than in men, 58

Thomson, J. Bruce, 14

Thought-reading, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175

Thought-transference, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175

“Time Machine, the,” quoted, 122 note

Tirelli, 156

Tocqueville, 179

Toldt’s “Atlas of Human Anatomy,” 35 note

Tolstoy, 180
and “The Hanging Czar,” 153

Torus occipitalis, 29
palatinus, 26

Tourgueneff, 180

Traditional criminality, 90

Trance, 136

Trance-state, the, 176

Trickery, “spiritualistic,” 169

Troppmann, 88 note

Truth, alleged dangers of, 9

Tubercle of Darwin, 47

Type, criminal. See Criminal

U.

Universal suffrage. See Suffrage

V.

Values, extreme, of weights and measurements. See Extreme values
revaluation of, 119, 128

Van Hamel, 142, 143

Vanity of habitual criminal, 89

Variability, lesser, of woman, 58

Vico, 5, 107

Villon, François, 91

Virchow, 9, 135, 179

Von Alesakow, 176

Von Liebig, 179, 181

Von Liszt, 141

W.

Wages and prices in relation to crime, 87, 88

Wagner, A., 180

Wagner, Richard, 163, 178, 179

War, the class. See Class war

Weber, W., 178

Wells, H. G., quoted, 122 note

Westermarck, 59

Whitman, Walt, 179

Will, the, and action at a distance, 174
material nature of, 174

Woman, lesser variability of, 58
lesser sensibility of (general, and to pain), 58
sympathy, greater development of, 58, 59
cruelty in, 58
masochistic nature of, 59
erotism, strong, abnormal in, 59
moral development, inferiority of, 59

Woman as criminal, 55–64
absence of distinctive anthropological characters in, 55, 56
prostitution in women regarded by Lombroso as counterpart of
criminality in men, 60, 61
comparative infrequency of criminality in women, 61, 62
chiefly criminals by passion and occasional criminals, 62, 63, 64

Woolner’s tip, 47

World-all, the, 132 _et seq._

Wormian bones, 35

Wundt, 180

Y.

Youthful criminals, 97

Z.

Zamboni’s dry battery, 172

Zola, 180

Zöllner, 168

_Zukunft_, 81

-----

Footnote 1:

The family name, originally pronounced Lumbroso, shows clearly that
the family belonged to the Spanish Jews who were expelled from Spain
and settled in North Africa. The name is a Spanish adjective in common
use, denoting “clear” or “illuminating.”

Footnote 2:

Bartolomeo Panizza—in 1812–13 army surgeon attached to the grande
armée in Russia; in 1815 professor of anatomy at Pavia—discovered the
characteristic of the crocodile to which Brücke gave the name of
_foramen Panizzæ_; widely known as a teratologist and comparative
anatomist; in 1856 published his “Osservazioni sperimentali sul nervo
ottico,” based upon the method of secondary degeneration of the
medullary sheath, subsequently applied by Gudden with such valuable
results.

Footnote 3:

I have not been able to ascertain precisely to what extent Lombroso
was influenced by Quetelet. The writings of this investigator did not
reach him directly, but they probably influenced him indirectly by way
of von Oettingen’s “Moral Statistik.”

Footnote 4:

“Ricerchi sul cretinesimo in Lombardia,” _Gazz. Medica Italiana
Lombarda_, No. 13, 1859.

Footnote 5:

Together with Mantegazza, his colleague (as experimental pathologist)
in Pavia from 1861 to 1866, Lombroso was the founder of anthropology
in Italy. Of anthropology in the modern sense it is possible to speak
only since, in the year 1859, Broca founded the Parisian
Anthropological Society. Previously the term had denoted, as Kant’s
“Anthropology” shows, empirical descriptive psychology. From the first
the doctrine of the important varieties of human beings (insanity,
cretinism, criminality, genius, degeneration) was for Lombroso a
chapter of general anthropology. From the first also he regarded a
knowledge of the environment as of the greatest importance for an
understanding of the origin of these varieties (_vide infra_).

Footnote 6:

In Pavia, in 1871, he was appointed, in addition, lecturer on forensic
medicine and hygiene.

Footnote 7:

Lombroso, as professor of forensic medicine, was also a member of the
legal faculty. From 1896 onwards he held, in addition, the position of
professor-in-ordinary of psychiatry and superintendent of the
psychiatric clinic. As early as 1891 he had received the appointment
of professor-extraordinary of psychiatry. In the year 1900, the
Minister of Education (L. Bianchi) appointed him professor-in-ordinary
of criminal anthropology, whilst he retained the professorship of
psychiatry.

Footnote 8:

The title given by the author, then only nineteen years of age, to
this study of important relations of correlation, does not give an
adequate notion of the real contents of the essay.

Footnote 9:

These two works, with two publications regarding criminal lunatics
(1871), and the “Antropometria di 400 delinquenti veneti” (_R.C. dell’
Istituto Lombardo_, fasc. 12) form the nucleus of his subsequent work
on “L’ uomo delinquente.”

Footnote 10:

A. Baer, one of the fiercest opponents of criminal anthropology,
pushes his criticism so far as to maintain in his leading work “that
the formation of the skull is in no way dependent upon that of the
brain.” The book, upon p. 12 of which will be found this monumental
nonsense, is entitled by Baer “Der Verbrecher in anthropologischer
Beziehung” (“The Criminal from the Anthropological Standpoint”),
Leipzig, 1893.

Footnote 11:

“Iets over criminelle Anthropologie,” Haarlem, 1896; P. H. J. Berends,
“Eenige Schedelmaten van Recruten, Mordenaars, Paranoisten,
Epileptici, en Imbecillen,” Nymegen, 1896.

Footnote 12:

The “Inca bone” will be found figured in Toldt’s “Atlas of Human
Anatomy” (London: Rebman, Limited), p. 100, fig. 218, where it is
described as “a large Wormian bone in the uppermost part of the
lambdoid suture.”

Footnote 13:

Certain peculiarities are discoverable in the brains of criminals
which are not yet explicable on comparative anatomical considerations.
I have described these as _atypical_, and in my “Natural History of
the Criminal” I have collected and discussed them. Since the date of
publication of this work (1893) only one extensive investigation of
the brains of criminals has been undertaken, and in this the number of
brains dealt with was about equal to the number examined in all the
previous investigations put together. In so far as it furnishes any
new particulars, this investigation confirms the doctrine of criminal
anthropology, a fact of especial interest for the reason that the
brains examined were chiefly those of women (Leggiardi-Laura, _Rivista
di sc. biologiche_, ii., 4–5, 1900; _ibid._, _Giorn. de le R.
Accademia di Torino_, 1900, fasc. 5).

Footnote 14:

The _ear-point_, or _tubercle of Darwin_, is a small prominence on the
edge of the helix, an atavistic vestige of the former point of the
ear. It is sometimes called _Woolner’s tip_, Darwin’s attention having
been drawn to this prominence by the sculptor Woolner (Toldt’s “Atlas
of Human Anatomy,” London, Rebman, Limited).

Footnote 15:

The Germans speak of thieves as being _langfingerig_, “long-fingered,”
in the same sense in which we in England speak of them as
“light-fingered.”—TRANSLATOR.

Footnote 16:

“La Donna Delinquente, la Prostituta, e la Donna Normale.”

Footnote 17:

Havelock Ellis confirms this statement, as the result of a most
laborious investigation (“Man and Woman,” 4th edition, London, 1904,
chap. xvi, and appendix).

Footnote 18:

Aschaffenburg also writes: “I believe that in some instances we are
entitled to regard the prostitute as the equivalent of the criminal;
but, notwithstanding this, I believe that the complement to the
prostitute is to be looked for, not in the thief, the pickpocket, or
the forger, but rather in the beggar and the vagrant.”

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE.—Lombroso’s views regarding the prostitute are
disputed by many who accept the greater part of his teachings in the
matter of criminal anthropology. Prostitution is largely a
socially-caused phenomenon, and therefore prostitutes, in so far as
they are the complements of criminals will be mainly complementary to
socially-caused and occasional “criminals,” _not_ to habitual and
instinctive criminals. Thus, Bloch (“The Sexual Life of Our Time,”
London, Rebman, Ltd., 1909, p. 401), while admitting that the world of
crime is very near to that of prostitution—because the prostitute has
need of a man to whom she is not simply a chattel, to whom she can be
something from the personal point of view, and also because she shares
with the criminal the life of the social pariah—goes on to say:
“Lombroso’s doctrine that prostitution is throughout equivalent to
criminality is certainly not justified. It is only by the outward
circumstances of their life that the bulk of prostitutes are driven
into intimate relations with criminality.” For a careful consideration
of the pros and cons of this profoundly important question, with
reference to leading authorities, see Havelock Ellis, “Sex in Relation
to Society,” pp. 266–269.

Footnote 19:

In Germany in the year 1899 (“Statistik des Deutschen Reichs,” vol.
xxxii., II., 50–65), for every 100 men condemned for the offences
specified below, there were of women convicted of the like offence:

Crime and misdemeanour in general 19·3
Breaches of the peace 12·0
Perjury 14·6
False accusation 35·8
Procurement 164·6
Procuring abortion 375·9
Infant exposure 400·0
Fraud 20·0
Injury to property 6·0
Simple assault 11·8
Aggravated assault 7·9
Petty larceny 37·9
Major thefts 13·3

Footnote 20:

Compare Walter Bagehot’s phrase, “the pain of a new idea,” which will
be found in his brilliant little volume on “Physics and Politics” (p.
163).—TRANSLATOR.

Footnote 21:

Compare also Havelock Ellis, “Studies in the Psychology of Sex,” vol.
vi., “Sex in Relation to Society,” where this fundamental and
profoundly important paradox is most thoughtfully expounded. After
explaining the difference between _traditional morality_ and _ideal
morality_, the former being concerned with the accepted standards of
social conduct, the latter embodying an attempt to reform those
standards, and showing how the two moralities are of necessity opposed
each to the other, Ellis goes on to say (_op. cit._, p. 368): “We have
to remember that they are both equally sound and equally
indispensable, not only to those who accept them, but to the community
which they continue to hold in vital theoretical balance. We have seen
them both, for instance, applied to the question of prostitution;
traditional morality defends prostitution, not for its own sake, but
for the sake of the marriage system, which it regards as sufficiently
precious to be worth a sacrifice, while ideal morality refuses to
accept the necessity of prostitution, and looks forward to progressive
changes in the marriage system which will modify and diminish
prostitution.”—TRANSLATOR.

Footnote 22:

Translated as “The Man of Genius.” London: Walter Scott.

Footnote 23:

This brilliant expert has given the best summary of his own aims in
the speech which he delivered in the year 1870 in Cincinnati, at the
Congress for Prison Reform. He said: “When the chains have been
removed, when corporal punishment has been abolished, when the
treatment of prisoners has become something altogether different from
what it has been in the past, when, in a word, in penology severity
has been replaced by mildness and consideration, still it will not be
easy to say if and to what extent this humane spirit will have dammed
the spreading flood of crime, nor should I find it easy to determine
precisely the grounds by which we have been guided to a decision
whether severity or mildness is to be preferred.

“To study the criminal, this is the first and the greatest need. After
so many years filled with work and discussion we have arrived at the
point from which we ought to have started, precisely because, after
taking such an infinity of trouble, we have discovered nothing but
emptiness.”

Footnote 24:

“Pensieri sui processo Steinheil,” _Archivio di psichiatria_, etc.,
vol. xxx., p. 87, 1909.

Footnote 25:

The monumental work of the Public Prosecutor, E. Wulffen (Berlin,
1909), offers a notable exception to this generalization.

Footnote 26:

The born criminal is, invariably, utterly destitute of the feeling
that he is doing wrong. Murderers frequently describe their misdeeds
as trifles, as pardonable errors of youth, and they are astonished and
indignant that they are so severely punished. To the true criminal,
the pangs of conscience are entirely unknown, and a brutish
indifference to death is a most frequent manifestation. This is shown
very clearly in the turns of phrase met with in the jargon of
criminals in relation to the punishment of execution. One of the most
sensational trials in recent days—the trial of Heinze and of the
prostitute with whom he lived—served to acquaint the general public
with the phrase “cut the cabbage” for decapitation. The expression “to
sneeze in the sack” corresponds to this (the guillotined head, when
severed by the falling knife, is received in a sack); and there are
many others. Lombroso gives numerous examples of a perfect equanimity
persisting up to the very moment of death. One of his reports
(_Archivio di psichiatria_, 1891, Section 4) tells us of a murderer
who, whilst awaiting his execution, drew caricatures of the
spectators. Allied to this indifference, appears to be the puzzling
impulse of professional murderers before the commission of a crime to
speak openly of their plans, and even to describe the actual details
of the proposed murder. Troppmann, although he lied in court during
the trial, while confined in his cell made drawings of the way in
which he had committed the murder.

Footnote 27:

_Cf._ F. Max Müller, “The Science of Thought,” 1887, pp. 270, 271: “If
the science of language has proved anything, it has proved that every
term which is applied to a particular idea or object, unless it be a
proper name, is already a general term. _Man_ meant originally
anything that could think; _serpent_, anything that could creep;
_fruit_, anything that could be eaten.”—TRANSLATOR.

Footnote 28:

Very various significations are attached to the term “criminal
psychology.” Some denote by it a general theory of responsibility;
some, an account of the mental disorders which have forensic
importance; some, the theory of the will, of purpose, of deliberation,
of design, of resolve, of the associations with and the aids to crime;
some, the developmental history of individual criminals, or a
description of the means by which they have been led to commit some
particular crime, or which they have adopted in the course of its
performance; some, finally, denote by the term a classification of the
world of criminals in accordance with character, after the manner of
Benedikt and Krauss. The teaching of Lombroso is concerned solely with
the elements of the criminal nature which possess an anthropological
interest, just as the ethnologist endeavours to elucidate the natural
character of a race.

Footnote 29:

“Naturgeschichte des Verbrechers” (“The Natural History of the
Criminal”), pp. 230–246.

Footnote 30:

See above, p. 42, the observations of Professor Ranke.

Footnote 31:

In Lombroso’s “Palimsesti del carcere” (1891) are to be found
extremely interesting histories of the childhood of criminals, to
which, in my German edition of the work, I have added certain
observations of my own (Hamburg, 1900).

Footnote 32:

Lombroso’s syllogism: “All criminals are morally insane, all
epileptics are morally insane, therefore all criminals are
epileptics,” should have been stated in the hypothetical rather than
in the categorical form.

Footnote 33:

“Il delitto politico e le rivoluzioni,” Turin, Fratelli Bocca, 1890.
(A French translation of this work has been published.)

Footnote 34:

_Archivio di psichiatria_, vol. vi., p. 148, 1884.

Footnote 35:

See p. 33.

Footnote 36:

The _fundamental biogenetic law_ runs as follows: “The history of the
fœtus is a recapitulation of the history of the race, or, in other
words, ontogeny is a recapitulation of phylogeny.”—Haeckel, “The
Evolution of Man,” Popular English Edition, p. 2.

Footnote 37:

For the reason that in such a moral scheme the true social instinct is
lacking.

Footnote 38:

In his earliest great imaginative work, “The Time Machine,” Mr. H. G.
Wells imagines in the distant future of our race such a
differentiation into two types; the “Morlocks,” the underground race,
who had taken to preying on the above-ground moiety, were the
descendants of our present proletarians.—TRANSLATOR.

Footnote 39:

In 1899 he was chosen as municipal councillor by one of the
working-class quarters of Turin, and sat for some years. In this
position, however, he attracted public attention only by his
successful resistance to a proposed large municipal loan for the
purpose of building a great electric power station, to be driven by
water-power.

Footnote 40:

Of parliamentary government he writes (“Delitto politico,” p. 531):
“Parliamentary government, which has with justice been stigmatized as
the greatest superstition of modern times, offers greater and ever
greater obstacles to the introduction of a good method of government,
so that, whilst the electors lose sight more and more of the high
ideals of the State, some of the elected representatives obtain a
freedom from responsibility which tends to the advantage of
crime—which may, indeed, make of them occasional criminals, if they
have not inherited the criminal nature. For five centuries Italy has
fought for the abolition of the privileges of priests, feudal lords,
and kings; and now in the name of freedom we endow 500 kinglets with
inordinate privileges, and even free them from liability to
prosecution for ordinary crime!”

And of universal suffrage he writes: “In the general view, universal
suffrage works for the abolition of class distinctions, but in the
hands of the corrupt and the uncultured it may be directly subversive
of freedom.

“Let us therefore advocate everything that can be for the advantage of
the common people, but let us at the same time give these latter only
so much power as may be necessary to wring from the upper classes the
concessions needful for the good of the commonalty” (“L’uomo
delinquente: Cause e rimedii,” 1897, pp. 442, 443).

Footnote 41:

“L’uomo delinquente.”

Footnote 42:

See also R. Sommer, _Kriminalpsychologie_, 1904, p. 6 _et seq._ It may
be mentioned that Sommer, in the spirit of positive science, has
discovered methods by which psychomotor processes, some of which
possess great crimino-psychological importance, may be rendered
objectively cognizable.

Footnote 43:

“Della pene” (R. Instituto Lombardo, Rendic, second series, vol.
viii., pp. 993–1005, 1875); “Sull’ incremento del delitto in Italia e
sui mezzi di arrestarlo,” Turin, 1879; Troppo presto. “Appunti al
nuovo pregetto di codice penale,” Turin, 1888; “Il delitto politico e
le rivoluzioni,” Turin, 1890. In addition, there was founded in the
year 1880, in association with Ferri and Garofalo, the _Archivio di
psichiatria_, “Scienze penali ed antropologia criminale” (Turin, E.
Loescher).

Footnote 44:

See above, p. 124 _et seq._

Footnote 45:

In view of the fact that shortly after the death of Lombroso it was
widely asserted both in the medical and the lay Press of this country
and of the United States that Lombroso’s views regarding the nature of
pellagra had recently been shown to be erroneous, I wrote to Dr.
Kurella for further information. He replied as follows: “On receipt of
your letter, I wrote to an Italian colleague to inquire of him what
were the views presently held regarding the etiology of pellagra. He
informs me that the majority of experimental pathologists in Italy
remain convinced of the truth of Lombroso’s views. He also refers me
to this year’s (1910) _Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift_, No. 23, p.
963, where there is an article by Raubitschek, an Austrian
experimenter, who claims to have confirmed Lombroso’s theory by means
of experiments on rats.”

Unquestionably, therefore, numerous investigators, both in Italy and
elsewhere, hold fast by one form or other of the _zeist_ theory of the
etiology of pellagra, which Lombroso believed himself to have
established beyond the possibility of refutation. But during the past
year this theory has, nevertheless, been largely discredited. In the
_Lancet_ of February 12, 1910, will be found the report of the
Pellagra Investigation Commission, in which some of the alternative
hypotheses are discussed. Dr. Sambon was despatched by this Commission
in charge of the Pellagra Field Commission in Italy, and in an
editorial note in the _British Medical Journal_ of May 21, we are told
that a telegram had been received from Dr. Sambon, under date of May
13, stating “The Commission has definitely proved that maize is not
the cause of pellagra; the parasitic conveyor is the _Simulium
reptans_.” It is probable that the matter will soon be definitely
settled, and it cannot be denied that pellagra presents many analogies
with other endemic disorders due to protozoal infection conveyed by
the bite of a blood-sucking insect.—TRANSLATOR.

Footnote 46:

See the translation of Count Tolstoy’s pamphlet, “The Hanging Czar,”
published by the Independent Labour Party.—TRANSLATOR.

Footnote 47:

In view of this advice, it is interesting to note that I have just
received a medical periodical published in the United States, from
which I learn that during the winter of 1909–1910 the Romance and Slav
population of the towns of the Mississippi States has been extensively
ravaged by pellagra. As late as the year 1908, in the great American
textbook, Osler’s “Principles and Practice of Medicine,” we learn that
pellagra “has not been observed in the United States!”

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE.—Dr. Kurella writes to me to the following effect:
“I remember twenty-five years ago, in asylums both in Pennsylvania and
in Illinois, finding cases of pellagra, with the characteristic
skin-lesions, in addition to the mental disorder. But my American
colleagues then ridiculed my diagnosis.”

Footnote 48:

Among other tributes to Lombroso may be mentioned those which he
received at the International Congress of Criminal Anthropology, held
at Turin in the year 1906.

Footnote 49:

English translation in Scott’s Contemporary Science Series.

Footnote 50:

Milan, 1878. A volume of the International Scientific Series.

Footnote 51:

Pure nominatives, such as anyone could extract from a dictionary in
default of all knowledge of the language.

Footnote 52:

See note to page 152.

Footnote 53:

_Annales des Sciences Psychiques_, 1904.

_Rebman Limited, 129, Shaftesbury Avenue, London, W.C._

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.