Chapter V: Injuries and Continued Disability of Mr. Sumner (5)

“‘The entire chain of symptoms soon pointed to the head and
spine as the seat of a highly morbid condition. The contents
of the other cavities of the body seemed normal. As no regular
medical report had been given me of the case before its arrival
at the Mountain, its original condition after the assault had
to be inferred from present inspection, without the history
of its progress. From this it was clearly evident that the
brain and spinal cord had been the seat of a grave and,
formidable lesion. As the first violent symptoms had passed
off, the consequences of which, veiled and obscure, were the
only evidence by which the case could be read, it was clearly
apparent that its present pathological condition was of a most
serious character, and had been preceded by impending danger
to life. From all the facts it was evident that from the blows
upon the skull there must have been either congestion, or
concussion followed by congestion, or positive inflammation
of the brain or its investing membranes, in this case. Actual
fracture is not at all necessary to this result. In Hope’s
Pathological Anatomy we have the following statement: “In
several cases of fracture of the skull, and in some of injury
of the scalp alone (!), I have found pus, either liquid or
of a pasty consistence, between the bone and the dura mater,
and adhering to both.” Thus inflammation and its products
on the interior of the skull proceed from “_injuries of the
scalp alone_.” The injury occurring in a subject of a highly
impressible and delicate nervous temperament, at a time in
which the central organ of the nervous system was exhausted
by excessive mental tension for days and nights of severe
effort, carried with it impending destruction. The insidious
danger of the first injury was _now_ only to be estimated
by its threatening consequences at the stage of progress of
the case when it arrived at the Mountain. All too plainly
marked by fearful features the true character of the effects
of the assault in the Senate, and plainly showed their fatal
tendencies in the condition of the man. At this stage of the
case, whatever might have been or might now be the condition of
the suffering internal organs, debility and exhaustion of life
was manifestly the clearest phenomenon visible.

“‘This was accompanied with an interrupted action of the
muscles of voluntary motion, great weakness of the loins,
inability to protract beyond a few minutes any mental effort
without pain, weight and uneasiness in the head, together
with soreness in the region of the cervical vertebræ; all of
which symptoms, taken together, demonstrate a case ravaged by
severe disease in the great nervous centre, and showing in that
region still a highly pathological condition of parts. All the
symptoms being of a depressed order, exhaustion and weakness
predominating in all the functions, the clear indication
in the case was to reënergize the man in every way and by
every influence. This, it seemed, would be most effectually
secured by a judicious diet, mild tonic agents, constant
exercise in the open air on horseback or in a carriage, and
by cessation of all active efforts of the diseased parts, and
a gradual stringing up and intonation of the whole body under
the influence of mountain air, mountain water, and change of
climate. Within five weeks, the effects of this treatment
were marked and clearly visible to all. So emphatic were
they in the consciousness of Mr. Sumner, that he could not be
persuaded he was still an invalid, and not almost well and
ready for the field of active operations. He left the Mountain
prematurely, before he was hardened and his body restored to
its normal tone. This was done contrary to my urgent advice and
entreaties. It was clearly apparent, that, with one more month
of the bracing influences of the Mountain, he would have been
much better than at present, and the perfect final restoration
of the Senator’s health greatly facilitated.

“‘Yours truly,

“‘R. M. JACKSON.

“‘CRESSON, Nov. 12, 1856.’

“Since Mr. Sumner’s return to Boston, he has been gradually improving. He has followed a rigid system of exercise in the open air, and carefully avoided all intellectual excitement. The pressure in his head, or sensation of weight, which formerly came on after the slightest mental or physical exertion, and which was very oppressive, is now felt only after great fatigue, or considerable effort of the mind. He still complains, after sitting up for a long time, of pain in his back; and when he rises from his bed or chair, he finds at first some difficulty in using the muscles of the lower extremities, but after walking a short time they become quite flexible and under the complete control of the will. His appetite is good, he sleeps much better than he did, and is gaining flesh and strength. I see no reason why he may not entirely recover, unless he allows himself too soon to enter upon his Senatorial duties. He has already assumed the external appearance of health. Time and mental repose will do the rest.

“I think it is impossible to decide with absolute certainty what the pathological condition of Mr. Sumner’s brain has been; but I am inclined to the opinion of Dr. Jackson, ‘that the brain, as well as the spinal cord, has been the seat of some serious lesion.’ The long continued sense of weight in his head, the pain along the spine, the partial loss of power in the lower extremities, the loss of flesh during the first three months after the attack, and the wakefulness, without any affection of the mind, would lead, I think, to this conclusion. Had the patient died, a _post-mortem_ examination would have determined conclusively the character of the injury; but we can only make an approximation to a true appreciation of the case by a cautious interpretation of the symptoms.”

* * * * *

This diagnosis does not extend beyond December, 1856. Subsequent newspapers contain notices of the case. The diagnosis, at a later day, by Dr. Brown-Séquard, has never been published.

“WHATEVER MASSACHUSETTS CAN GIVE, LET IT ALL GO TO SUFFERING KANSAS.”

TELEGRAPHIC DESPATCH TO BOSTON, JUNE 6, 1856.

On the 3d of June, 1856, a resolution for the relief of
Kansas failed in the Massachusetts Legislature, mainly, it
was alleged, through the hostility of Governor Gardner. On
the next day a message from the Governor was received by the
Legislature, recommending the payment of the expense of the
illness of Mr. Sumner. This was followed in the Senate by a
resolution to the same effect. On learning these proceedings,
Mr. Sumner dictated the following telegraphic despatch, which
was signed by his immediate representative in Congress.

WASHINGTON, June 6, 1856.

Mr. Sumner has just learned the recommendation of Governor
Gardner that the Commonwealth should assume the expense of his
illness. He desires me to telegraph at once his hope that the
recommendation will not be pressed. In no event can he accept the
allowance proposed, and Mr. Sumner adds, “Whatever Massachusetts
can give, let it all go to suffering Kansas.”

ANSON BURLINGAME.

REFUSAL TO RECEIVE TESTIMONIAL IN APPROBATION OF KANSAS SPEECH.

LETTER TO A COMMITTEE IN BOSTON, JUNE 13, 1856.

Immediately after the assault on Mr. Sumner a subscription was
started for a testimonial to him. The terms of the paper were
as follows.

“Being desirous of expressing to the Hon. Charles Sumner,
in some permanent and appropriate form, our admiration
of his spotless public and private character, of our
lively gratitude for his dauntless courage in the defence
of Freedom on the floor of Congress, and especially our
unqualified approbation of his speech in behalf of Free
Kansas, delivered in the Senate on the 20th of May last,--a
speech characterized by comprehensive knowledge of the
subject, by logical acuteness, and by Spartan intrepidity
in the chastisement of iniquity, for which he has wellnigh
lost his life at the brutal and cowardly hands of the
creature for which (thanks to the rarity of its appearance)
the English tongue has as yet no appropriate name,--we
deem it alike a privilege and an honor to participate in
offering him some suitable token of our sentiments. For
this purpose we subscribe the sums set opposite our names.”

Among the early signers were the venerable Josiah Quincy, Henry
W. Longfellow, Jared Sparks, F. D. Huntington, R. H. Dana, Jr.,
Edward Everett, Edwin P. Whipple, Alexander H. Rice, Charles
Hudson, Charles Francis Adams, Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, Charles
A. Phelps, Amasa Walker, William Claflin, Eli Thayer, and
George Bliss.

Mr. Sumner was on his bed when he heard of this purpose. He at
once dictated the following letter.

WASHINGTON, June 13, 1856.

MY DEAR SIR,--The papers speak of a token planned by you, in
approbation of my recent speech exposing the _Crime against
Kansas_. Pardon me, if, in advance of any direct information, I
say to you frankly that I cannot allow this flattering project to
proceed further.

It is enough for me that you and your generous associates approve
what I said. Such sympathy and support in the cause, of which I
am a humble representative, is all that I ask for myself, or am
willing to accept. But the cause itself has constant claims on
us all. And I trust you will not deem me too bold, if I express
a desire that the contributions intended for the testimonial to
me may be applied at once, and without abatement of any kind, _to
the recovery and security of Freedom in Kansas_.

For this I spoke in the Senate, and I shall be proud to regard
these contributions thus applied as my words hardened into deeds.

Believe me, my dear Sir, with much regard,

Very faithfully yours,

CHARLES SUMNER.

CARLOS PIERCE, Esq.

This letter was laid before a meeting of the subscribers
in Mercantile Hall, with Rev. F. D. Huntington, afterwards
Bishop of the Western Diocese of New York, in the chair. A
contemporary newspaper records what ensued.

“A beautiful design of the testimonial which it had been
proposed to offer Mr. Sumner was also submitted to the
meeting. It was to have been a massive and elaborate silver
vase, two feet in height, and was planned by Messrs.
Bailey, Kettell, and Chapman. Upon its summit was a figure
representing Charles Sumner holding his Kansas speech in
his right hand. On either side were the figures of Justice
and Freedom, crowning him with a wreath of laurels. A
winged genius sits at his feet, and is inscribing his name
on a tablet. Figures representing Victory are upon the arms
of the vase, heralding the triumph of Freedom. Above the
inscription to Mr. Sumner, and in the centre, was the coat
of arms of Massachusetts. On the foot of the vase was the
coat of arms of the nation, between masks and appropriate
emblems of Liberty and Slavery.

“Although all were unwilling to abandon this favorite plan
of expressing to Mr. Sumner by a substantial token their
sympathy and their support, yet they were of the opinion
that his letter left them no choice in the matter, and,
after discussing many plans for the disposition of the
funds already raised, the suggestion of Mr. Sumner was
unanimously adopted by the following resolves.

“‘_Resolved_, That the Secretary of this meeting be
instructed to subscribe the amount of funds in his hands to
aid the cause of _Freedom in Kansas_, in the name of Hon.
Charles Sumner.

“‘_Resolved_, That the subscribers be notified by the
Secretary of the above vote, and have leave to withdraw
their subscriptions.’

“The amount already subscribed is one thousand dollars,
and by the action of the meeting Mr. Sumner’s noble and
eloquent speech has ‘hardened into deeds,’ for which we
hope many a poor sufferer in Kansas will long have occasion
to bless his memory.”

The resolutions of the meeting were communicated to Mr. Sumner
by the Chairman in the following letter.

“CAMBRIDGE, June 25, 1856.

“MY DEAR SIR,--You have already been made acquainted with
the earnest movement of some of your host of friends in
this quarter to convey to you a tangible evidence of their
profound esteem for your character, and their enthusiastic
admiration of your conduct. The arrival of your generous
letter stopped their proceedings. At your own request one
thousand dollars will go to Kansas instead of to you.

“At the public meeting where this decision was taken, I
was directed, as being Chairman, to acquaint you with the
acquiescence of the subscribers to the testimonial in
your wishes, and to assure you that all your motives in
this act, and throughout the recent signal and portentous
events, are by us fully appreciated and honored. I will not
add to your fatigues, and to the crowd of communications
which must be pouring in upon you, by a long communication.
Your name is inseparably and nobly associated with
the history of Freedom, in America and in the world,
henceforth. We confide in you for the future. We thank
you for the past. We supplicate, in your behalf, from
the Almighty Source of Good a rapid restoration of your
health and strength, and ever-increasing powers of will, of
faith, of action, and of speech, in the infinite service of
Humanity.

“You will believe, my dear Sir, that my personal feelings
go undivided into these assurances of good-will.

“I beg you to account me, now as always,

“Your faithful friend and servant,

“F. D. HUNTINGTON.

“HON. CHARLES SUMNER.”

The following extract from a letter of Mrs. Lydia Maria Child,
the much-loved and always popular author, shows how this act
was regarded at the time.

“Your letter declining the testimonial proffered by your
native Commonwealth pleased me more than anything you
ever did. I had previously said, ‘I hope Massachusetts
will express her gratitude toward him with princely
magnificence, and I hope _he_ will transfer the gift to
Kansas: that would be morally grand on _both_ sides.’
And Mr. Child answered: ‘Depend upon it, he _will_ do
it. Nothing could be more characteristic of the man.’
That letter and Mr. Wilson’s answer to the challenge have
revived my early faith in human nature. It is impossible to
calculate the salutary influence of such examples.”

FOOTNOTES

[1] Resolutions of the Legislature of South Carolina, December 16, 1835. See also Resolutions of the Legislature of North Carolina, December 19, 1835; of Georgia, December 22, 1835; of Alabama, January 7, 1836; and of Virginia, February 16, 1836. Massachusetts Senate Documents, Sess. 1836, No. 56.

[2] “Ahi serva Italia, … bordello!”--_Purgatorio_, Canto VI. 76-78.

[3] Civil Code of the State of Louisiana, Art. 35.

[4] Statutes at Large of South Carolina, Vol. VII. p. 397, Act No. 670, sec. 1.

[5] Sketch of the Laws relating to Slavery in the several States, pp. 22, 23.

[6] Genesis, ix. 25-27.

[7] Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, Part I. 301, 302.

[8] Encyclopædia Metropolitana, First Division, Pure Sciences, Vol. I. p. 32 (ed. 1829, 4to): Preliminary Treatise on Method, Sect. 2, _Dark Ages_.

[9] By the Rev. Thomas Thompson, Vicar of Reculver, in Kent, and printed at Canterbury in 1772. Boswell’s defence of the Slave-Trade was kindred in character. (Life of Johnson, ed. Croker, London, 1848, Vol. VII. pp. 23, 24, Sept. 23, 1777.) Nothing can be more melancholy than the effort of Capitein the African, who, surrendering to the Dutch influences about him, made himself the apologist of Slavery, in a Latin Dissertation, translated into Dutch, and reprinted four times, entitled “_Dissertatio politico-theologica de Servitute Libertati Christianæ non contraria_, quam sub Præside J. Van den Honert publicæ Disquisitioni subjicit J. E. J. Capitein, Afer, in 4to, Lugduni Batavorum, 1742.” In our own country, the Rev. John Beck, of Georgia, dared to preach and print, in 1801, two sermons entitled “The Doctrine of Perpetual Bondage reconcilable with the Infinite Justice of God, a Truth plainly asserted in the Jewish and Christian Scripture.” Good men must join in the thanks expressed to Colonel Humphreys by the philanthropist Grégoire, for his exposure of this baseness in his Valedictory Discourse before the Cincinnati of Connecticut. Grégoire, De la Littérature des Nègres, p. 232.

[10] Epistle to Philemon, 10-19.

[11] See Parliamentary Papers, 1852, Vol. XXXI.; 1852-53, Vol. LXII.; 1854-55, Vol. XXXVI.; 1856, Vol. LVII.; 1857, Vol. XL.; 1862, Vol. LVII. Also, Davy’s West Indies, pp. 65, 200, 245, 277, 412.

[12] Speech at Opening of Assembly, Oct. 30. 1838; Parliamentary Papers, Sess. 1839, Vol. XXXV., No. 107, p. 151.

[13] Despatch from Gov. Higginson to Earl Grey, April 5, 1849: Parliamentary Papers, Sess. 1849, Vol. XXXIV. [No. 1126], p. 219.

[14] Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser. Vol. XLV. col. 4, Feb. 5, 1839.

[15] Speech on American Taxation, April 19, 1774: Works (London, 1801), Vol. II. p. 413.

[16] Of Goodness, and Goodness of Nature.

[17] Exodus, xxxiii. 18,19.

[18] Marston, History of Antonio and Mellida, Act III. Sc. 1.

[19] Hansard, Parliamentary History, XXX. 659, April 11, 1793.

[20] Cowper, Sonnet to Wilberforce.

[21] De Bow’s Statistical View, pp. 94, 95.

[22] “Our Southern islands, for I call them ours.” Speech of Mr. Butler, of South Carolina, March 20, 1854: Congressional Globe, 33d Cong. 1st Sess., Vol. XXVIII. p. 690.

[23] Inferno, tr. Brooksbank, Canto III. 37-39.

[24] Case of Passmore Williamson, pp. 3-5, 9-11, 15, 73, 157-163.

[25] Notes on Party Principles: Life of Wilberforce by his Sons, Vol. II., Appendix, p. 456.

[26] Case of Passmore Williamson. See, _ante_, p. 52.

[27] Hon. Henry J. Gardner.

[28] “Tu vero, si quid in te artis est, ita compone domum meam, ut, quicquid agam, ab omnibus perspici possit.”--A saying of the tribune M. Livius Drusus, preserved by Velleius Paterculus, _Historiæ Romanæ_, Lib. II. c. 14.

[29] Of this Professor Agassiz is a brilliant instance.

[30] Madison’s Debates, July 5, 1787, p. 1024, note.

[31] Ibid., July 6, p. 1040.

[32] Ibid.

[33] Madison’s Debates, July 6, 1787, p. 1042.

[34] Ibid., p. 1043.

[35] Ibid., July 14, pp. 1096-1098.

[36] Madison’s Debates, August 8, 1787, pp. 1266, 1267.

[37] Madison’s Debates, July 6, 1787, p. 1044.

[38] Madison’s Debates, June 13, 1787, pp. 855, 856.

[39] Ibid., August 13, p. 1307.

[40] Ibid., July 6, p. 1041.

[41] Ibid., p. 1043.

[42] Elliot’s Debates, June 14, 1788, Vol. II. p. 283, ed. 1828.

[43] Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. IX. p. 509. May’s Law of Parliament, p. 407, ed. 1851.

[44] May’s Law of Parliament, pp. 415, 418.

[45] Ibid., p. 425.

[46] Hon. George P. Marsh.

[47] Webster’s Works, Vol. VI. pp. 406, 409.

[48] Wheaton, Elements of International Law (ed. Lawrence, 1863), note, pp. 334, 335, Part II. Ch. 4.

[49] Exec. Doc., 34th Cong. 1st Sess., 1855-56, No. 1, p. 9.

[50] Ibid., p. 30.

[51] Commentaries on the Constitution, § 1838.

[52] Foster et al. _v._ Neilson, 2 Peters, 314

[53] Ware _v._ Hylton et al., 3 Dallas, 284.

[54] Ibid., 261.

[55] 1 United States Statutes at Large, 578.

[56] Annals of Congress, 5th Cong., 1797-1799, col. 2120.

[57] Ibid., col. 2123.

[58] Ibid., col. 2126.

[59] Executive Documents, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 2, p. 11.

[60] 9 United States Statutes at Large, pp. 109, 110.

[61] Executive Documents, 33d Cong. 1st Sess., 1853-54, No. 108, pp. 40, 42.

[62] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XI. p. 720. Wheaton, Elements of International Law (ed. Lawrence, 1863), note, p. 335, Part II. Ch. 4.

[63] This illustration, deemed necessary to expose the hateful violence to a beautiful region for the sake of Slavery, was denounced by Mr. Cass, in the Senate, while Mr. Sumner was absent, as “an unpatriotic metaphor”, and the critical Senator added: “I believe that hundreds of thousands of copies of that production which contains this passage, and many others equally objectionable, were sent through the country during the last Presidential election.”--Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 3d Sess., p. 90, December 11, 1856.

[64] Florus, Epitome Rerum Romanarum, Lib. IV. cap. 2, § 4. Five years later the fury of the propagandists broke forth in the war here foretold.

[65] Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 107, February 28, 1856.

[66] Hildreth, History of the United States, Vol. VI. p. 713.

[67] Referring to this provision of the Missouri Bill, Mr. Niles italicizes “_forever_,” thus showing his construction of the word.--Niles’s Weekly Register, March 11, 1820.

[68] This letter, which the _Columbian Centinel_, of Boston, April 1, 1820, properly styles “tell-tale,” was addressed to the Editor of the Charleston _City Gazette_, under date of March 2, 1820.

[69] Act to organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas, Sec. 14: Statutes at Large, Vol. X. p. 283.

[70] Senator of Missouri at Washington from 1843 to 1855, and for several sessions President _pro tempore_ of the Senate.

[71] Message relative to Affairs in the Territory of Kansas, January 24, 1856: Executive Documents, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 28, p. 4.

[72] Hon. S. C. Pomeroy, afterwards for many years Senator of Kansas at Washington.

[73] Hon. Wilson Shannon.

[74] Burke, Speech in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, February 16, 1788: Works (London, 1822), Vol. XIII. p. 202.

[75] Horatio Greenough, the earliest of our sculptors, and also excellent with his pen.

[76] Cicero, Oratio in Catilinam I. 12.

[77] This review Mr. Sumner was disabled from making, as will appear in the sequel.

[78] Statutes of the Territory of Kansas, passed at the First Session of the Legislative Assembly, 1855, and the Act of Congress organizing said Territory, and other Acts of Congress having immediate relation thereto, Shawnee M. L. School, 1855, Chap. 151, pp. 715-717. Mr. Sumner’s copy of this curious volume, which once belonged to Mr. Seward, is lettered on the back, “Laws of Kansas; Territorial Legislature, _alias_ The Ruffians’ Legislature.”

[79] This story is told of Sir James Marriott, the Admiralty Judge. (Basil Montagu’s Essays: _Barrister_.) Something similar may be traced to Lord Mansfield, not usually pedantic or technical, in the Debate on the Right of Parliament to tax America, Feb. 10, 1766. (Hansard, Parliamentary History, XVI. 176.)

[80] Mr. Crampton, the British Minister at Washington, was dismissed. Lawrence’s Wheaton (ed. 1863), p. 438, note. See also Executive Documents, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 107.

[81] Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 424.

[82] Ibid., Vol. II. p. 443.

[83] Mr. Douglas’s Report on the Affairs of Kansas: Senate Reports, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 34, p. 29.

[84]

“_Emigravit_ is the inscription on the tombstone where he lies.”

This is the verse of Longfellow on the artist Albert Dürer, buried at Nuremberg.

[85] Livy, XXXVII. 46. See, also, Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, art. COLONIA.

[86] Massachusetts Special Laws, Vol. X. p. 282.

[87] Hon. John Carter Brown, of Providence, R. I.

[88] Hon. John M. S. Williams, of Cambridge, afterwards an earnest member of the Republican party, and for some time Chairman of its Republican State Committee, in Massachusetts.

[89] Hon. A. A. Lawrence, of Boston.

[90] Hon. Reuben A. Chapman, of Springfield, afterward Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts.

[91] Mr. Evans, of South Carolina, here interrupted Mr. Sumner to say that he did not know of any such address. Mr. Sumner replied, that “it was in a speech or letter of one of the gentlemen enlisted in obtaining emigrants in South Carolina.”--Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 538.

[92] Mr. Douglas was born in Vermont.

[93] Mr. Butler, of South Carolina, in his two days’ speech reviewing and denouncing Mr. Sumner, while the latter was suffering at home, said of this passage: “The best part of his late speech is a periphrasis of Demosthenes, almost a servile imitation of the apostrophe of Demosthenes. I never saw such a remarkable resemblance.… I do not say it is a plagiarism; but it is a remarkable imitation, as far as one man incapable of comprehending the true spirit of Demosthenes could imitate him.”--Speech in the Senate, June 12th and 13th, 1856: Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 634.

[94] At this point, Mr. Sumner, having spoken three hours, yielded for a motion to adjourn. On the next day, May 20th, he concluded.

[95] Hansard, Parliamentary History, XVIII. 33, 34.

[96] Speech in the Senate, March 6, 1856: Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 587.

[97] For an abstract of this bill, see Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 693, March 20, 1856. Printed by the Senate at the time, but, as it was never passed, will not be found in the Statutes.

[98] Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book I, 545-547.

[99] Journal of Congress, Vol. IX. p. 153.

[100] This was the ratio at the cession of Florida. At the cession of Louisiana it was 33,000.

[101] Memorial of the People of the Territory of Florida for Admission into the Union: Executive Documents, 27th Cong. 2d Sess., Vol. IV. No. 206, p. 3.

[102] Message relative to Affairs in the Territory of Kansas, Jan. 24, 1856: Executive Documents, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Vol. VII. No. 28, p. 6.

[103] Congressional Globe, 24th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 140, Jan. 26, 1836.

[104] Ibid., Appendix, p. 307, April 1, 1836.

[105] Congressional Globe, 24th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 331, April 1, 1836.

[106] Ibid., p. 308.

[107] Senate Journal, 24th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 262, April 1, 1836.

[108] Ibid., pp. 437, 439. Act of July 2, 1836: Statutes at Large, Vol. V. p. 113.

[109] Reports of Committees, 24th Cong. 1st Sess., Vol. II. No. 380, p. 18.

[110] Act of June 15th, 1836: Statutes at Large, Vol. V. p. 50.

[111] Senate Documents, 24th Cong. 2d Sess., Vol. I. No. 36, p. 2.

[112] Senate Journal, 24th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 72. Act of 26th January, 1837: Statutes at Large, Vol. V. p. 144.

[113] Senate Documents, 24th Cong. 2d Sess., Vol. I. No. 36, p. 5.

[114] Congressional Globe, 24th Cong. 2d Sess., pp. 60, 61.

[115] Debates in Congress, Vol. XIII. Part I. col. 233, 24th Cong. 2d Sess. This debate is not reported in the Congressional Globe.

[116] Ibid., col. 209.

[117] Ibid., col. 208.

[118] Ibid., col. 300.

[119] Ibid.

[120] Debates in Congress, Vol. XIII. Part I. col. 215, 24th Cong. 2d Sess.

[121] Dépêche Circulaire, Laybach, 12 Mai, 1821: Martens, Nouveau Recueil de Traités, Tom. V. p. 644.

[122] Speech of Mr. Corbin, June 7, 1788: Elliot’s Debates, Vol. II. p. 104.

[123] 1 Virginia Cases, 70, 71, Kamper _v._ Hawkins.

[124] The Federalist, No. 40.

[125] Debates in Congress, Vol. XIII. Part I. col. 313, 24th Cong. 2d Sess.

[126] An examination of the _Globe_ shows, that, besides a regular speech, the Senator intervened, often irregularly and impatiently, no less than thirty-five times.

[127] Hon. James H. Lane, afterwards Senator of Kansas at Washington.

[128] Speech on Memorial of the Legislature of Kansas, April 7, 1856: Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 826.

[129] Art. I. § 6.

[130] The close of the Rebellion witnessed the fulfilment of this prophecy.

[131] Lowell, The Present Crisis.

[132] This was the case of Mrs. Douglas, which at the time caused sensation.

[133] Æneid, tr. Dryden, VI. 853 [1177].

[134] “_Il gran rifiuto._” Dante, Inferno, III. 60.

[135] Deuteronomy, xxvii. 17.

[136] Ibid., xxviii. 16-19.

[137] Ezekiel, xiv. 8.

[138] American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. I. col. 446.

[139] _Ante_, Vol. III. p. 368.

[140] _Ante_, Vol. III. pp. 368-423.

[141] The second day of the delivery.

[142] The short-hand reporter of the Senate.

[143] House Journal, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., pp. 1199-1221, July 14, 15, 1856.

[144] Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, pp. 831-833, July 14, 1856.

[145] Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., pp. 1304-1306, May 27, 1856.

[146] Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 626, June 12, 1856.

[147] New York Independent, February 5, 1857. See also New York Herald, January 31, and February 2, 1857; New York Times, January 30, 1857. The effect of this on the House is described by correspondents at the time.

[148] January 29, 1857, p. 502, 34th Cong. 3d Sess.

[149] _Ante_, Vol. III. pp. 368-423.

[150] Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 629, June 12, 1856.

[151] Ibid., p. 626.

[152] Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 625, June 12, 1856.

[153] Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 633, June 13, 1856.

[154] Congressional Globe, 34th Cong. 3d Sess., Appendix, p. 356, February 26, 1857.

[155] Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. LV. pp. 417-421, December 25, 1856.

[156] This letter was addressed to Hon. H. Wilson.