Chapter XX: Conclusion

The practice of the art of Miniature Painting has now been traced through several centuries, from its origin in the cloister, to its enthronement on the hearth and place of honour in mid-Victorian homes.

These pages will have been written to little purpose if they have not amply demonstrated the truth of what Dr. Johnson has finely said of the art, namely, that it is "so valuable in diffusing friendship, in reviving tenderness, in awakening the affections of the absent, and continuing the presence of the dead."

I have quoted these words elsewhere; but none that I am acquainted with so aptly express the personal interest pertaining to miniatures, which strikes a deep and vibrant note, one which, when joined to exquisite work, as we have seen it to be in the case of so many examples of the older masters, lends an indefinable charm to miniatures, and makes them amongst the most cherished of human possessions.

Thus much, then, as regards the past. The future progress of this fascinating art it will be for others to chronicle, if, and when, it regains an importance which warrants a record.

At present all good judges agree that, in spite of the number of those who are practising as miniature painters, the standard reached is most disappointing. The reason for this unsatisfactory state of affairs I shall leave my readers to determine for themselves, for I may be told that in talking about old miniatures it is no concern of mine to point out, and still less to dwell upon, the merits or otherwise of recent examples. Nevertheless, as one who has studied the subject somewhat closely for many years, I may be allowed to express the conviction that the deficiencies so painfully apparent in modern work are mainly due to the want of thorough artistic training.

Miniature painting is too often taken up much as ladies take up some new kind of "fancy-work" (as they term it). Want of success--due to lack of knowledge and lack of experience--soon leads to discouragement. Thus the persistent practice which led to success in other days is wanting, and the artist's powers never reach their full development. If this be true, and I think it is, the remedy for it, as far as the artists are concerned, may be found in more careful training and in patient devotion to work.

But then, the public who employ them must play their part. They must show greater refinement of taste, and learn to discriminate; to reject what is bad or indifferent, and realise that good work cannot be cheap work, that it demands and is entitled to adequate remuneration.

It should be the task of each successive generation to see that the art of miniature painting is encouraged. Miniatures must be taken seriously, not regarded as mere bric-à-brac or trifles. I repeat, we must insist upon a high standard. We have a goodly heritage of beautiful work of unique historical value handed down to us, and it is a duty to perpetuate this series, so that the "fair women and brave men" of our own days shall not go unrepresented; and thus shall we add our share to the treasures of our national art and earn the gratitude of posterity.

INDEX

A

Amber, Millicent, wife of William Cobden, 256, 257

Amsterdam, Liotards at, 218

Anglo-Celtic, _see_ Hibernian

_Arlaud_, 28

Ashmolean Museum, miniatures at, 83

_Aubrey, L. F._, 355

Audley, Lady, by Holbein, 286

_Augustin, J. B. J._, quality of his work, 350, 351;
examples of, in Wallace Collection, 310, 351;
his career, 351

_Augustin, J. B. J., Madame_, 351

B

Barbor jewel, the, 315

Battersea enamels, 89

Belvoir, miniatures at, 298

Bessborough family, owners of Liotards, 218

_Betts, J. & T._, 28, 105, 106, 109

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Janets at, 288

_Biffin, Miss_, 35

_Boit, Charles_, 83

Bonaparte, Napoleon I., 308

Bonaparte, Caroline, 308

Bonaparte, Jerome, 308

Bonaparte, Louis, 308

Bonaparte, Pauline, 308

_Bone, Henry_, 30, 90

_Bone, Henry Pierce_, 30, 93

_Bone, W._, 30, 93

_Bone, C. R._, 30, 93

_Bone, P. J._, 31

_Bordier, Jacques_, 75, 198, 201

_Bordier, Pierre_, 76, 201

_Boucher, François_, 308, 337

_Boucher, Madame_, 338

_Bourgeois, C. G. A._, 352

Brandon, Alicia, wife of N. Hilliard, 297

Brandon, Charles and Henry, sons of the Duke of Suffolk, by Holbein, 282

British Museum, enamels at, 73

Buccleuch Collection of Miniatures, the, 22, 118, 122, 140, 143, 149, 160, 293-95, 300

Burdett-Coutts Collection, 298, 299

Byzantine work, 66, 69

C

Camargo, La, portrait of, 309

Canterbury Gospels, 53

Carlisle, Earl of, his collection, 206

Carlovingian school, 53

_Carriera, Rosalba_, 334;
her character, 334;
her pastels, 337

_Carter, W._, 35

Catherine of Braganza, by Cooper, at Victoria and Albert Museum, 316

_Chalon, A. E._, R.A., 31, 271

_Chalon, J. J._, R.A., 31

_Chalon, Miss M. A._, 31

_Chalon, H. B._, 31

Chantilly, works by Janet at, 110, 288;
reference to, 332

Charles I., his collection of miniatures, 22;
his miniature by Petitot, 206

Charles II., by Cooper, 183, 291, 309;
by Flatman, in the Wallace Collection, 309;
his miniature by Petitot, 206

Charlemagne, 53

_Charlier_, patronised by Louis XV., 338;
examples of, at Hertford House, 306, 339

Charlotte, Queen, by O. Humphrey, 252, 292

_Chatillon, C._, 359

_Chavant, Mlle._, imitator of Petitot, 202

_Chinnery, George_, 247

Claypole, Elizabeth, 294, 297

Clive, Lord and Lady, portraits of, 247

_Clouet_, works by, 333

Cobden family, miniatures of, 256

Cobden, William, 256

Cobden, Richard, 256

Cobden, Richard Brooks, 259

Cobden Unwin, Mrs., miniatures belonging to, 256-59

_Collins, Richard_, 31

_Collins, Samuel_, 31, 221, 251

_Constantin, Moïse_, imitator of Petitot, 202

_Cooper, Samuel_, 31, 57;
Evelyn's reference to, 50;
his birth and career, 175;
Pepys's admiration for him, 176;
money value attaching to his miniatures, 179;
his portraits of the Protector's family, 179, 180;
merits of his work criticised, 183;
examples in the Royal Collection, 186;
at Montague House, 294;
at Welbeck, 297;
at Kensington, 314;
at Victoria and Albert Museum, 315, 319

_Cooper, Alexander_, 31;
rarity of his work, 186;
his death, 186;
his inferiority to S. Cooper, 187

_Corneille de Lyon_, 333

_Cosway, Richard_, 31;
his reputation, 232;
his eccentricities, 232;
his career, 235;
his training and dexterity, 235;
the number of his works, 236;
and of forgeries of the same, 236;
a great collector, 238;
his marriage, 238;
his character, 242;
his technique, 245;
his portrait of the Duchess of Devonshire, 292;
his works at Victoria and Albert Museum, 314

_Cosway, Maria_, reference to, 31;
her parentage and marriage, 238;
her ability as a painter, 238, 241;
separates from her husband, 241;
retires to Italy and dies, 242

_Courtois, Jehan_, 70

Cromwell, Oliver, by S. Cooper, at Montague House, 294

_Crosse, Lawrence_, 31;
his style of painting, 218;
examples at Welbeck, 298

_Crosse, Richard_, 31

Cuper, Madeleine and Margaret, 79

D

Dartrey, Lord, collection of, 80, 201

Dauphin, Janet's portrait of, 287

Davis, Mary, by S. Cooper, 297

_Day, Alexander_, 31

_Day, Thomas_, 31

_Dayes, Edward_, 31

_de Court, Suzanne_, 70

_de Heere, Lucas_, 101

_de la Chana, Alexandre_, imitator of Petitot, 202

_Derby, Alfred_, 31

_Derby, William_, 31, 221

Devonshire, Duchess of, portrait of, 238

Dickinson Gallery, exhibitions of miniatures at, 264, 299

Digbys, the, portraits of, 150, 153, 154, 299

Dimier, M., on the Clouets, 331;
on Corneille de Lyon, 333

_Dixon, John_, 31;
engraver, 31;
examples of, in the Buccleuch Collection, 297

_Dixon, N._, 31, 32

_Downman, John_, A.R.A., 268

Drake, Admiral, by S. Cooper, 297

_Dubourg, Augustin_, 352

_Dudman, W._, miniature painter, 256

_Dufey_, copyist of Petitot, 202

_Dumont, F._, his career, 346;
character of his work, 349

_Dumont, Laurent N. A._, 349

Du Thé, Mlle., portrait of, 309

Dyce Collection at Victoria and Albert Museum, 315

E

_Edridge, Henry_, A.R.A., 268;
his copies of Reynolds and drawings, _ibid._

Edward VI., by Hilliard, 286

Enamels, early use of, 65;
_cloisonné_, 66;
_champlevé_, 69;
Limoges, 70

_Engleheart, George_, 32;
his origin, 255;
characteristics of his style, 255;
number of his works, 255;
their rarity in our public collections, 256

_Engleheart, J. C. D._, 37

_Essex, William_, 32, 93, 315

_Essex, William B._, 32

Ethelwald, Benedictional of, 56

F

_Felu, C. F._, 35

_Ferrier, F._, 32

_Ferrier, L._, 32

_Ferrand, J. P._, imitator of Petitot, 202

Fitzherbert, Mrs., by R. Cosway, 309

_Flatman, T._, example of, in Dyce Collection, 316

_Foldsome, Miss_, _see_ Mee

_Forster, Thomas_, portraits of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, 314

_Fragonard, J. H._, examples of, 310, 339

_Fragonard, Madame_, works by, 310

French School, as shown at Hertford House, 307;
its excellence, 327

G

Gardiner Collection, 79

_Geddes_, portrait of A. Plimer by, 246

George III., patronises Humphrey, 252;
patronises Engleheart, 255

George IV., miniature of, 245

_Gibson, Richard_, 32

_Gibson, Penelope_, 32

_Gibson, William_, 32

_Goupey, Louis_, 32

_Goupey, Joseph_, 32

_Goupey, Bernard_, 32

_Green, Mrs. Mary_, 32

_Green, Robert_, 32

_Gribelin, Isaac_, 74

_Grimaldi, W._, copy by, 309

_Guérin, J._, 355;
his career, 355;
his portrait of Kléber, 355

Gunning, Elizabeth, Duchess of Hamilton, 222

Gunning, Maria, Countess of Coventry, 222

H

_Hall, P. A._, 80;
his portrait of Marie Antoinette, 205;
works by, 307;
at Hertford House, 310;
facility of his execution, 339;
characteristics of his work, 339;
his career, 340;
high price fetched by his work, 340

Hamilton, Lady Elizabeth, 222

_Hargreaves, Thomas_, 267

_Haughton_ (or _Houghton_), _Moses_, 32

_Hayter, Charles_, 32, 271

_Hayter, Sir George_, 32

_Hazlitt, William_, 242

_Heins, D._, 32

_Heins, John_, 32

_Henderson, R._, 57

Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans, by Petitot, 299

Henry VII., by Hilliard, 286

Henry VIII., by Holbein, 285;
by Hilliard, 286

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, miniature of, 36;
by I. Oliver, 288

Henry, Duke of Gloucester, by S. Cooper, 314

Hertford House Collection, _see_ Wallace

Hibernian School of Manuscript, 53

_Hiles, Bartram_, 35

_Hilliard, Nicholas_, 32;
his manner of painting, 39;
birth and parentage, 127;
employed by Elizabeth, _ibid._;
his death, 131;
examples of his work, _ibid._, 136-44, 286, 288, 297, 314;
his method of painting and merits, 132-36

_Hilliard, Lawrence_, 32, 128, 131

_Holbein, Hans, the Younger_, the founder of miniature painting in England, visits Sir Thomas More, 113;
portraits by him, 114;
taken into the service of Henry VIII., _ibid._;
collection of drawings and miniatures by, at Windsor, _ibid._, 118, 282;
at Hertford House, 309;
other works by, 121, 122

Holmes, Sir Richard, on the Royal Collection, 281, 282, 287

_Hone, Nathaniel_, R.A., 32, 84, 87

_Hone, Horace_, A.R.A., 32, 87

_Hopkins, Thomas_, 33

_Hopkins, William_, 33

_Horneband Family_, 102

_Hoskins, John_, 32;
his career, his pupils, 166;
examples of work, 167;
his merits as a miniature painter, 167, 168;
his death, 169

_Houin, C. J. B._, 345

Howard, Katherine, 282

_Hudson, Thomas_, Master of Cosway, 235

Hughes, Madame, by S. Cooper, 297

_Humphrey, Ozias_, R.A., his qualities as a miniature painter, 248;
compared with Plimer and Smart, 251;
his origin and career, a pupil of Collins, 251;
goes to Italy, 252;
and India, 251;
his prices, 251;
examples of his powers as a copyist at Knole, 255;
beauty of his work, 292;
his portrait of Queen Charlotte, 292

_Hurter, the Brothers_, 80

I

_Isabey, J. B._, his portrait of Napoleon I., 308;
painter to successive monarchs, 356;
examples at Hertford House, 310, 356;
diverse nature of his work, 357, 358

J

James II., by Cooper, 291;
by Petitot, 206, 299, 300

_Janet, François_, his family, 109, 331;
his work at Windsor, 287;
by members of his family, 333

_Jansen, S. J._, 89

Jennings, Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, by B. Lens, 319

Jones Collection, 76-80, 148, 156, 193;
index of portraits in, 320-24

Joséphine, Empress, portraits of, 307

K

Kells, book of, 53

Kensington, Loan Collection at in 1865, 131, 143, 144

L

_Lambert_, imitator of Petitot, 202

_Laudin_, 70

_Lavreince, Nicholas_, 343;
his career and nature of his work, 344

Leczinska, Marie, portrait of, 308

_Legarré, Jules_, 207

_Lens, Bernard_, 32;
examples of, at Welbeck, 248

_Lens, Andrew B._, 32

_Lens, Peter P._, 32

_Lens_ family, 218

_Limousin, Lenard_, 70

_Limousin, Jean_, 70

_Limousin, Joseph_, 70

_Limousin, François_, 70

_Linnell, John_, 268

_Liotard, J. E._, his work criticised, examples at Amsterdam and Paris, 218

_Loggan, David_, portrait of Sir G. Verney, 314

Louis XV., portrait of, 308

Louis XVI., portrait of, 308

Louis XVII., portrait of, 308

Louis XVIII., portrait of, 308

Louvre, enamels at, 73, 206;
snuff-boxes, 80, 205;
Le Noir Collection, 205;
Liotards at, 218

M

_Mansion, J._, works by, 310;
at Hertford House, 313, 350

Marie Louise, portraits of, 307

Mary, Queen of Scots, portraits of, 109, 110, 143, 287

_Massé, J. B._, 337

Mayerne, Sir T. de, 75, 194

Medici, Catherine de, 332

_Mee, Mrs._, 268

_Meyer, Jeremiah_, R.A., 87, 88, 315

Milton, John, by S. Cooper, 297

Miniatures, on the collecting of, 22;
forgeries of, 27, 237;
on the care and preservation of, 36-42;
painted on several pieces of ivory, 41;
origin of the art, 45-57;
and of the term, 49;
method of painting, 58-62

Miniature painters, early, 97

Miniature painting, its long history, 363;
importance of perpetuating it, 364, 365

Monck, George, by Cooper, 183, 291

Monmouth, Duke of, by Cooper, 183, 291;
by Dixon, 297

_More, Sir A._, 105

_Moser, G. M._, R.A., 33, 87

_Moser, Joseph_, 33

_Moser, Mary_, 33, 88

_Mosnier, J. L._, 344

_Muss, Charles_, 84

N

Napoleonic period illustrated at Hertford House, 307

_Netscher, Gaspar_, 218

_Newton, Richard_, 33

_Newton, Sir William J._, 32, 41, 271;
the number of his works, _ibid._;
example at Victoria and Albert Museum, 315

_Nixon, James_, 221

O

_O'Keefe, Daniel_, 33

_O'Keefe, John_, 33

_Oliver, Isaac_, 33;
the Oliver family, 147;
examples of Isaac Oliver's work, 149-160

_Oliver, Peter_, 33;
his parentage and family, 161;
his copies ofold masters, 165;
his death, 161;
example at Victoria and Albert Museum, 314

Olivers, the, in Burdett-Coutts Collection, 298, 299

P

Pala d'oro, 69

_Périn, Louis L._, 349

_Perrot_, copyist of Petitot, 202

_Petitot, Jean_, 24, 74, 75, 79;
his origin, 194;
his arrival in England, _ibid_;
introduction to Charles I., and friendship with Van Dyck, 197;
takes refuge in Paris, _ibid._;
his numerous portraits of Louis XIV., 198;
quits France and settles at Geneva, _ibid._;
his death at Vevey, _ibid._;
his copyists, 202;
fine examples of his work, 206, 299;
number of, in Jones Collection, 316

_Petitot Fils_, 201;
inferiority of his work to that of the elder Petitot, _ibid._

_Plimer, Andrew_, 33, 245;
parentage, 33, 245;
death, 246;
his portrait in the Scottish National Gallery, 246;
his group of the Rushout girls, 246;
examples of, at Victoria and Albert Museum, 314

_Plimer, Nathaniel_, 33, 245;
exhibits at Royal Academy, 245

_Plott, John_, 87

Plumley Collection at Victoria and Albert Museum, 315

Pompadour, portrait of, 308

_Pope, Alexander_, miniature painter and poet, 33

Portland, Duke of, his collection, 297;
Coopers in, 298

Portsmouth, Duchess of, by Cooper, 297

Powis, earl of, collection of, 247

_Prewitt, W._, 84

Primitifs Français, Exhibition of, 332, 334

Propert, Dr., on forgeries, 236, 237

_Prudhon, P. P._, 350

Q

_Quaglia, F._, 358

R

Radnor, Earl of, collection of, 241

_Raeburn, Sir Henry_, 268

Raleigh, Sir Walter, and his son at Belvoir, 298

Ramolino, Madame, portrait of, 307

_Reymond, Pierre_, 70

_Reynolds, Sir Joshua_, P.R.A., referred to, 235, 251, 255

_Robertson, Andrew_, his origin, 33, 263;
his varied talents, 263;
comes to London and makes B. West his patron, 264;
characteristics of his work, 264;
his death and character, 264

_Robertson, Archibald_, 33

_Robertson, Alexander_, 33

_Robertson, Mrs. A._, 33

_Robertson, Walter_, 34

_Robertson, Charles_, 34

Rome, King of, portrait of, 308

_Romney, George_, goes to Italy with Humphrey, 252

_Ross, H._, 34, 276

_Ross, Mrs._, 34

_Ross, H., Junr._, 34

_Ross, Miss Maria_, 34

_Ross, Miss Magdalene_, 34

_Ross, Sir William Charles_, R.A., 34;
his birth and parentage, 275;
his precocity, 275;
is patronised by Royalty, 275;
the great number of his works, 275;
characteristics of his style, 276;
many examples in the Royal Collection, _ibid._, 292;
examples of, at Victoria and Albert Museum, 315

_Rouvier, M._, 346

Rouvigny, Rachel de, her portrait, 197

Rupert, Prince, by Dixon, 297

Rushout, the Misses, Plimer's miniature of, 246, 247

Rutland, Duke of, his collection, 298

S

_Sadler, Thomas_, 34

_Sadler, William_, 34

_Saint, D._, 359

_Saunders, George L._, 34

_Saunders, Joseph_, 34

_Saunders, R._, 34

Schreiber Collection, 89

Seymour, Jane, by Hilliard, 286

Sheepshanks Gallery, _see_ Victoria and Albert

_Shelley, Samuel_, 221

Sheridan, Mrs., 251

_Sherlock, William_, 34

Shipley's Drawing School, 235, 247

_Sicardi_, or _Sicard, L._, 345;
charm of his colouring, 345;
example at Hertford House, 345

Sidney, Sir Philip, by I. Oliver, 288

_Singleton, Joseph_, 34

_Singleton, William_, 34

_Smart, Anthony_, 35

_Smart, John_, 34;
his birth and career, 247;
goes to India, 247;
qualities of his art, 248

_Smart, John, junr._, 34, 247

_Smart, Samuel Paul_, 34

_Smith Thomas Correggio_, 34

_Smith, John Raphael_, 34

Snuff-boxes, 79;
their use in the eighteenth century, 205

_Soutter, J. G._, imitator of Petitot, 202

T

_Teerling, Levyn_, 102

_Thorburn, Robert_, A.R.A., his method of painting large works on ivory, 41;
his rapid rise, 271;
his method of making cabinet pictures, 275

_Toutin, Jean_, 74, 193

_Toutin, Henri_, 75

U

Unwin, Mrs., _see_ Cobden

Upsala, MSS. preserved at, 57

V

_Van Cleef, J._, 105

Van der Doort's catalogue, 285, 286, 288

_Van Dyck, Sir A._, his friendship with Petitot, 197

Victoria and Albert Museum, enamels at, 73, 74, 76, 93;
snuff-boxes at, 205;
miniatures at, 313

W

Waddesdon Collection, 73, 74

Wallace Collection, miniatures in, 304-313;
snuff-boxes, 79

Walpole, Horace, his criticisms, 183, 299

Welbeck Collection, 297

_West, Benjamin_, P.R.A., a patron of Robertson, 264;
his influence at Court, 264

Windsor, collection at, its extent, 282, 291;
Olivers at, 149, 150, 165, 288

_Wood, William_, 267

_Wright, Mrs._, _see_ Biffin

Z

_Zincke, C. F._, 83, 300

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