Chapter I: Part 1

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UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Volume 8, No. 5, pp. 307-359, 1 figure in text
---------------------- March 10, 1956 ----------------------

Check-list of the Birds of Kansas

BY
HARRISON B. TORDOFF

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
LAWRENCE
1956

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,
Robert W. Wilson

Volume 8, No. 5, pp. 307-359, 1 figure
Published March 10, 1956

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1956

25-9006

CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF KANSAS

By
Harrison B. Tordoff

Kansas was one of the first states for which a detailed book on birds was published (N. S. Goss, "History of the Birds of Kansas," Topeka, Kansas, 1891). Ornithological progress in Kansas in recent years, however, has not kept pace with work in many other states. As a result, knowledge of the birds of Kansas today is not sufficiently detailed to make possible a modern, definitive report. One purpose of this check-list is to show gaps in our information on birds of the state. Each student of birds can contribute importantly by keeping accurate records of nesting, distribution, and migration of any species in Kansas and by making these records available through publication in appropriate journals. The Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas solicits records and specimens which contribute to our knowledge of birds in Kansas. Files and collections at the Museum are available to any qualified person for study.

The last state-wide list of birds was prepared by W. S. Long (Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 43, 1940:433-456). This list and the unpublished thesis from which the list was abstracted have been of great value in preparing the present report. Many other persons have contributed and among these the names of the following must be mentioned because of the value of their contributions: Ivan L. Boyd, L. B. Carson, Arthur L. Goodrich, Jr., Richard Graber, Jean Graber, Harold C. Hedges, R. F. Miller, John M. Porter, and Marvin D. Schwilling.

Full standing in this check-list has been given only to species for which at least one specimen from Kansas has been examined by some qualified student. Exceptions to this admittedly arbitrary rule have been made in three cases, Trumpeter Swan, Turkey, and Carolina Paroquet, because there is no reason to doubt that each of these three species once occurred in Kansas and because opportunity for obtaining specimens from Kansas has been lost through disappearance of the species from the state. Other species reported from the state but not authenticated by specimens have been relegated to the Hypothetical List and their names and my remarks concerning these birds are enclosed in brackets. This procedure is intended to encourage collection of such species; it is not intended necessarily to indicate doubt of a record. In the case of a carefully identified but uncollected accidental, opportunity for obtaining a specimen may not exist again for a long period. This is unfortunate but emphasizes the need for judicious collecting.

A total of 375 species (or 459 species and subspecies), of which four are introduced, is included in this check-list. Additionally, 15 species are discussed in the Hypothetical List. An asterisk (*) preceding an account indicates positive evidence of breeding in Kansas of the species so marked. The total of species known to have bred at least once in the state is 173. Nomenclature in this list follows the American Ornithologists' Union "Check-List of North American Birds" (1931, 4th edition) and its supplements. Species on the Hypothetical List are included in their current taxonomic position in the main list.

_Gavia immer_ (Bruennich). Common Loon. Uncommon transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Gavia stellata_ (Pontoppidan). Red-throated Loon. Rare transient. One specimen: female (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool. 65778), Marais des Cygnes River, near Ottawa, Franklin County, October 20, 1925, Captain Joe R. White. Several sight records from Shawnee and Johnson counties within past 10 years.

No subspecies recognized.

_Colymbus grisegena._ Red-necked Grebe. Rare transient. One specimen: female (KU 7697), Kansas River east of Lawrence, Douglas County, October 29, 1910, Logan I. Evans.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. g. holboellii_ (Reinhardt).

_Colymbus auritus._ Horned Grebe. Rare transient. Two authentic specimens: Manhattan, Riley County, September 30, 1878; male (KU 27465), 2-1/2 miles north of Lawrence, Douglas County, November 16, 1945, E. C. Olson and Ralph L. Montell. Several sight records, from eastern, central, and western Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. a. cornutus_ Gmelin.

_Colymbus caspicus._ Eared Grebe. Regular transient throughout state; more common than Horned Grebe.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. c. californicus_ (Heermann).

_Aechmophorus occidentalis_ (Lawrence). Western Grebe. Rare transient, perhaps more common in west but status poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Podilymbus podiceps._ Pied-billed Grebe. Common transient and irregular summer resident, rare winter resident.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. p. podiceps_ (Linnaeus).

_Pelecanus erythrorhynchos_ Gmelin. White Pelican. Common transient throughout state. Occasional individuals, probably sick or wounded, remain beyond normal migration periods in spring and fall.

No subspecies recognized.

_Pelecanus occidentalis._ Brown Pelican. Accidental. One specimen: adult, sex not determined (KU 10468), Parker, Linn County, June, 1916, found dead by G. G. McConnell. One seen at Wichita, Sedgwick County, by R. H. Sullivan, April 25, 1910.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. o. carolinensis_ Gmelin.

* _Phalacrocorax auritus._ Double-crested Cormorant. Regular transient, in small to moderate numbers. One nesting record: several nests, eggs, and small young seen, Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, August, 1951, Otto Tiemeier.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. a. auritus_ (Lesson).

_Phalacrocorax olivaceus._ Mexican Cormorant. Accidental. One record: specimen taken 4 miles south of Lawrence, Douglas County, April 2, 1872. Present location unknown but specimen identified by S. F. Baird and R. Ridgway.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. o. mexicanus_ (Brandt).

_Anhinga anhinga._ Water-turkey. Accidental. Several specimens and sight observations are on record but most are prior to 1900. Several records and one specimen at Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, since 1928 (Frank Robl). In recent years, some reported Water-turkeys have proved to be cormorants.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. a. leucogaster_ (Vieillot).

_Fregata magnificens._ Man-o'-war-bird. Accidental. One record: specimen (present location unknown) taken on the North Fork of the Solomon River, Osborne County, August 16, 1880, by Frank Lewis.

Subspecies in Kansas: _F. m. rothschildi_ Mathews.

* _Ardea herodias._ Great Blue Heron. Common transient and summer resident nesting in widely scattered colonies.

Subspecies in Kansas: three reported, _A. h. herodias_ Linnaeus in
northeast, _A. h. wardi_ Ridgway in southeast, and _A. h.
treganzai_ Court in west, but status of these poorly known because
of lack of sufficient breeding specimens.

_Casmerodius albus._ American Egret. Regular postbreeding summer visitant; occasional spring and summer resident. No definite nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. a. egretta_ (Gmelin).

* _Leucophoyx thula._ Snowy Egret. Regular postbreeding summer visitant; rare and local summer resident; occasional in spring. One nesting record: two nests found, summer, 1952, 6 miles north and 4-1/2 miles west of Garden City, Finney County, Marvin D. Schwilling.

Subspecies in Kansas: _L. t. thula_ (Molina).

_Hydranassa tricolor._ Louisiana Heron. Accidental. Two records: specimen taken at Lake Inman, McPherson County, August 9, 1934, by R. E. Mohler and Richard H. Schmidt; one seen, 1-1/2 miles south of Iatan Marsh, Atchison County (near Iatan, Missouri), September 12, 1948, first reported by R. F. Miller and Mr. and Mrs. Ivan L. Boyd, seen by several other observers.

Subspecies in Kansas: _H. t. ruficollis_ (Gosse).

* _Florida caerulea._ Little Blue Heron. Regular postbreeding summer visitant; rare and local summer resident; occasional in spring. Usually more common than Snowy Egret. One nesting record: one nest found, summer, 1952, 6 miles north and 4-1/2 miles west of Garden City, Finney County, Marvin D. Schwilling.

Subspecies in Kansas: _F. c. caerulea_ (Linnaeus).

* _Butorides virescens._ Green Heron. Common transient and summer resident.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. v. virescens_ (Linnaeus).

* _Nycticorax nycticorax._ Black-crowned Night Heron. Transient and summer resident, breeding in scattered colonies.

Subspecies in Kansas: _N. n. hoactli_ (Gmelin).

* _Nyctanassa violacea._ Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Summer resident throughout state, rare in north; numbers perhaps augmented in late summer by postbreeding stragglers.

Subspecies in Kansas: _N. v. violacea_ (Linnaeus).

* _Botaurus lentiginosus_ (Rackett). American Bittern. Common transient; summer resident locally. Two definite nesting records: nest with 4 newly hatched young (male collected, KU 30468), 1/2 mile east and 2 miles south of Welda, Anderson County, June 9, 1951, Maurice F. Baker; nest with eggs, 6 miles north and 3-1/2 miles west of Kalvesta, Finney County, summer, 1952, Raymond Erkic (_fide_ Marvin D. Schwilling).

No subspecies recognized.

* _Ixobrychus exilis._ Least Bittern. Transient and irregular summer resident. Two nests found at Lake Quivira, Johnson County, June 3, 1949, Harold C. Hedges; on June 28, one of the nests contained 4 eggs, on July 10 this nest was empty. No other definite nesting records.

Subspecies in Kansas: _I. e. exilis_ (Gmelin).

_Mycteria americana_ Linnaeus. Wood Ibis. Accidental. Several sight records and one specimen: male (KU 9489), 5 miles north-*east of Goodland, Sherman County, October 4, 1913, Willis Feaster.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Plegadis mexicana_ (Gmelin). White-faced Glossy Ibis. Irregular transient and summer visitant; more common in west. One definite nesting record: photograph of downy young ("Kansas Fish and Game," vol. 9, no. 3, Jan. 1952, p. 7) taken at Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, presumably in summer of 1951, by L. O. Nossaman. Frank Robl has seen individuals in summer in Cheyenne Bottoms on many occasions. Reports of Eastern Glossy Ibis (_Plegadis falcinellus_) in Kansas probably are based on dark-faced immatures of the present species, although the eastern species has been taken in Oklahoma.

No subspecies recognized.

_Ajaia ajaja_ (Linnaeus). Roseate Spoonbill. Accidental. One authentic specimen (present location not known): male, near Douglass, on Four-Mile Creek, Butler County, March 20, 1899, taken by Dr. R. Matthews, identification verified by Jerold Volk and Wilfred Goodman.

No subspecies recognized.

_Phoenicopterus ruber_ Linnaeus. Flamingo. Accidental. Two birds seen in autumn, 1928, at Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, one of which was killed on opening day of duck season and now (1955) is mounted at Kansas Forestry, Fish, and Game Commission headquarters at Pratt.

No subspecies recognized.

_Olor columbianus_ (Ord). Whistling Swan. Transient and winter resident, formerly common, now rare. Many specimens are on record; at least four were taken in winter.

No subspecies recognized.

_Olor buccinator_ (Richardson). Trumpeter Swan. Formerly occasional migrant, no longer occurs in Kansas. All specimens from Kansas alleged to be of this species are actually Whistling Swans. The early sight records seem valid, however, and the species should remain on the state list.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Branta canadensis._ Canada Goose. Common transient; some winter in suitable places. This species was found nesting along the Missouri River near Atchison by early explorers. Modern breeding records probably pertain to captives or their descendants.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. c. moffitti_ Aldrich, _B. c.
leucopareia_ (Brandt), _B. c. minima_ Ridgway, and _B. c.
hutchinsi_ (Richardson) have been collected in Kansas.
Additionally, subspecies _interior_ Todd and _parvipes_ (Cassin)
probably pass through the state but no specimens have been saved.
Canada Geese of widely varying size are regularly seen in
migration.

_Branta bernicla._ Brant. Accidental. Several sight records and one specimen: unsexed bird (KU 7490), Leavenworth County, November 15, 1879, A. Lange. Some hunters refer to immature Blue Geese as "brant." Orville O. Rice saw 4 brant 2 miles north of Burlington, near the Neosho River, Coffey County, March 24, 1955, that appeared to be Black Brant, _Branta nigricans_ (Lawrence).

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. b. hrota_ (Mueller).

_Anser albifrons._ White-fronted Goose. Regular transient throughout state, more common in central and western parts.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. a. frontalis_ Baird.

_Chen hyperborea._ Snow Goose. Common transient throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. h. hyperborea_ (Pallas).

_Chen caerulescens_ (Linnaeus). Blue Goose. Common transient in east, less common in central and western parts of state. In east, this species predominates in early spring migration whereas the Snow Goose is most numerous later. Hybrids between the two are regularly seen.

No subspecies recognized.

[_Chen rossii_ (Cassin). Ross Goose. One reported at Wyandotte County Lake, November 22, 1951, by John Bishop. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen.]

_Dendrocygna bicolor._ Fulvous Tree-duck. Accidental. Frank Robl carefully examined and identified three specimens killed in 1929 or 1930, in Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County. None saved. Specimens collected also in nearby areas of Missouri.

Subspecies in Kansas: _D. b. helva_ Wetmore and Peters, on
geographical grounds.

* _Anas platyrhynchos._ Mallard. Abundant transient, regular winter resident, irregular and local summer resident. Modern breeding distribution poorly known but several nests found in widely scattered areas in past years. Nests regularly in Kearny, Finney, and Barton counties.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. p. platyrhynchos_ Linnaeus.

_Anas rubripes_ Brewster. Black Duck. Regular but rare or uncommon transient and winter resident in east and central (Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County) sections.

No subspecies recognized.

_Anas fulvigula._ Mottled Duck. Accidental. Four specimens allegedly of this species have been reported. Of these, two are actually Mallards, one is a Gadwall, and one, female, Neosho Falls, Woodson County, March 11, 1876, Goss, is a Mottled Duck.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. f. maculosa_ Sennett.

_Anas strepera_ Linnaeus. Gadwall. Transient and occasional winter resident throughout state. Rare summer resident but no satisfactory nesting record reported.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Anas acuta_ Linnaeus. Pintail. Abundant transient throughout state, irregular winter resident, local summer resident nesting in recent years in Barton, Finney, Meade, and Leavenworth counties, but summer distribution poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

_Anas carolinensis_ Gmelin. Green-winged Teal. Common transient, rare winter resident (records from Meade County and Kansas City).

No subspecies recognized.

* _Anas discors_ Linnaeus. Blue-winged Teal. Common transient, locally common summer resident.

No subspecies recognized.

_Anas cyanoptera._ Cinnamon Teal. Rare transient in east, uncommon or fairly common transient in west.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. c. septentrionalis_ Snyder and Lumsden.

* _Spatula clypeata_ (Linnaeus). Shoveller. Common transient throughout state. Frank Robl found a female with young in Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, in approximately 1930. Nest with eggs found 1-1/2 miles south of Friend, Finney County, in spring, 1952, Marvin D. Schwilling.

No subspecies recognized.

[_Mareca penelope_ (Linnaeus). European Widgeon. Carl and David Holmes reported a pair at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, April 16, 1954. Placed on Hypothetical List until a specimen is taken.]

_Mareca americana_ (Gmelin). Baldpate. Common transient throughout state, rare winter resident.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Aix sponsa_ (Linnaeus). Wood Duck. Transient, rare in west to locally common in extreme east. Summer resident in eastern part of state; breeding distribution poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Aythya americana_ (Eyton). Redhead. Fairly common transient and occasional winter resident throughout state. Frank Robl found a nesting pair in Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, in 1928 (approximate). The adults were neither captives nor cripples.

No subspecies recognized.

_Aythya collaris_ (Donovan). Ring-necked Duck. Fairly common transient throughout state, rare winter resident.

No subspecies recognized.

_Aythya valisineria_ (Wilson). Canvas-back. Fairly common transient and occasional winter resident throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Aythya marila._ Greater Scaup Duck. Rare transient, status poorly known. Several sight records, one in winter. Floyd T. Amsden, a competent sportsman and amateur ornithologist of Wichita, identified 3 male specimens killed 3 miles north and 1 mile east of Sharon, Barber County, on October 27 (2) and November 3 (1), 1951. Frank Robl has seen specimens killed in Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County. Every effort should be made to preserve specimens from Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. m. nearctica_ Stejneger, on geographical
grounds.

_Aythya affinis_ (Eyton). Lesser Scaup Duck. Common transient throughout state. A few records of wintering and summering (non-*breeding) individuals.

No subspecies recognized.

_Bucephala clangula._ Golden-eye. Uncommon transient and winter resident. Specimens from Kansas alleged to be the Barrow Golden-eye (_Bucephala islandica_) all are of the present species.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. c. americana_ (Bonaparte).

_Bucephala albeola_ (Linnaeus). Buffle-head. Fairly common transient and occasional winter resident throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Clangula hyemalis_ (Linnaeus). Old-squaw. Rare transient and winter visitant. At least five specimens taken (but only two or three preserved) and numerous sight records, from widely separated parts of state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Somateria mollissima._ Eider. Accidental. One record: immature male (KU 3620), Kansas River near Lecompton, Douglas County, November 3, 1891, A. L. Wiedman.

Subspecies in Kansas: _S. m. v. nigra_ Bonaparte (identification
checked by A. Wetmore).

_Somateria spectabilis_ (Linnaeus). King Eider. Accidental. One record: immature male (KU 27487), Kansas River 1 mile east of Lawrence, Douglas County, November 27, 1947, R. L. Montell.

No subspecies recognized.

_Melanitta deglandi._ White-winged Scoter. Rare transient. Nine specimens from Douglas and Leavenworth counties, taken from 1927 to 1938; several sight records from eastern Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas: _M. d. deglandi_ (Bonaparte).

_Melanitta perspicillata_ (Linnaeus). Surf Scoter. Rare transient. Eight known specimens (three of which are now in University of Kansas collection), all taken in autumn, seven in Douglas County, one in Sedgwick County; several sight records from eastern Kansas.

No subspecies recognized.

_Oidemia nigra._ Common Scoter. Accidental. The two preserved specimens from Kansas supposedly of this species are actually Surf Scoters. L. B. Carson, however, identified an adult male Common Scoter killed by a hunter at Horton Lake, Brown County, in the early 1930's. Others have been seen by reliable field observers. Every effort should be made to secure specimens from Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas: _O. n. americana_ Swainson, on geographical
grounds.

* _Oxyura jamaicensis._ Ruddy Duck. Common transient throughout state, rare winter resident. One breeding record: Frank Robl saw an adult female with one small young at Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, in approximately 1929.

Subspecies in Kansas: _O. j. rubida_ (Wilson).

_Lophodytes cucullatus_ (Linnaeus). Hooded Merganser. Uncommon transient and winter resident throughout state. Probably nests occasionally (two specimens at KU taken in east in June), but no proof of this available.

No subspecies recognized.

_Mergus merganser._ American Merganser. Common transient and winter resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _M. m. americanus_ Cassin.

_Mergus serrator._ Red-breasted Merganser. Uncommon transient throughout state; probably also rare winter resident but records lacking. This species is more common than Hooded Merganser in west, less common than Hooded in east.

Subspecies in Kansas: _M. s. serrator_ Linnaeus.

* _Cathartes aura._ Turkey Vulture. Common transient throughout state; common summer resident west at least to Clark County. Breeding distribution in west poorly known.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. a. teter_ Friedmann.

_Coragyps atratus_ (Meyer). Black Vulture. Once occurred in southeast, but no record since 1885. Goss quotes Dr. George Lisle ("a close observer") as finding this species common and breeding at Chetopa, Labette County, on the Oklahoma line, prior to 1883. Lisle found a nest with two eggs in 1858. Goss also reports one killed by Watson at Ellis, Ellis County, on March 27, 1885, but the location of the specimen is unknown. The species may still occur in southeastern Kansas.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Elanoides forficatus._ Swallow-tailed Kite. Formerly summer resident in at least eastern half of state. Last specimen from Kansas taken by Dr. G. C. Rinker at Hamilton, Greenwood County, May 17, 1914.

Subspecies in Kansas: _E. f. forficatus_ (Linnaeus).

* _Ictinia misisippiensis_ (Wilson). Mississippi Kite. Common summer resident in south-central Kansas, east to Harvey, north to Barton, and west to Kearny counties. Occasional records from Douglas (nested once), Johnson, Greenwood, and Hamilton counties.

No subspecies recognized.

_Accipiter gentilis._ Goshawk. Rare and irregular winter visitor in east. Status in west unknown.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. g. atricapillus_ (Wilson).

* _Accipiter striatus._ Sharp-shinned Hawk. Transient and winter resident throughout state; less common in east. Status in summer poorly known; one nest found in Cloud County, July 11, 1938, J. M. Porter.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. s. velox_ (Wilson).

* _Accipiter cooperii_ (Bonaparte). Cooper Hawk. Resident throughout state but nesting records only from the eastern half, west to Cloud County.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Buteo jamaicensis._ Red-tailed Hawk. Abundant transient and winter resident in east; in High Plains of west, largely restricted to river bottoms in winter. Common summer resident in east; status in summer in west poorly known.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. j. borealis_ (Gmelin) is the breeding
bird of eastern Kansas. _B. j. calurus_ Cassin probably nests in
west but no specimens available. _B. j. borealis_, _B. j.
calurus_, _B. j. kriderii_ Hoopes, and _B. j. harlani_ (Audubon),
the latter considered here as conspecific with _jamaicensis_, all
occur as transients and winter residents. More specimens needed to
establish details of distribution of various subspecies.

* _Buteo lineatus._ Red-shouldered Hawk. Uncommon transient and summer resident and irregular winter resident in eastern Kansas. Breeding records from Leavenworth and Woodson counties; doubtless breeds in other eastern counties but definite evidence lacking.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. l. lineatus_ (Gmelin).

* _Buteo platypterus._ Broad-winged Hawk. Fairly common transient and local summer resident in eastern Kansas. Breeding records only from Douglas, Leavenworth, and Johnson counties, where species nests regularly.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. p. platypterus_ (Vieillot).

* _Buteo swainsoni_ Bonaparte. Swainson Hawk. Abundant transient in west, fairly common in east. Nests commonly throughout western two-thirds of state and at least occasionally in eastern portion. Supposed winter records should be substantiated by specimens.

No subspecies recognized.

_Buteo lagopus._ Rough-legged Hawk. Winter resident, fairly common in east to common in west.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. l. s. johannis_ (Gmelin).

* _Buteo regalis_ (Gray). Ferruginous Rough-leg. Common transient and winter resident in west, rare in east. Rare summer resident in west. Two nesting records: nest with four young, south fork of Smoky Hill River, near Wallace, May 27, 1883, Goss; nest with three young, west of Russell Springs, Logan County, May 29, 1954, Marvin D. Schwilling.

No subspecies recognized.

_Parabuteo unicinctus._ Harris Hawk. Accidental. Two records: male, Wichita, Sedgwick County, December 14, 1918, LeRoy Snyder; female (KU 10752), 7-1/2 miles southwest of Lawrence, Douglas County, December 25, 1918, Fred Hastie.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. u. harrisi_ (Audubon).

* _Aquila chrysaetos._ Golden Eagle. Formerly common resident throughout state. Now common in winter in west to rare in east. One positive nesting record: a pair nested for several years (prior to 1891) in southeastern Comanche County on a high gypsum ledge, Goss.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. c. canadensis_ (Linnaeus).

_Haliaeetus leucocephalus._ Bald Eagle. Rare transient and winter resident in east; fairly common winter resident in west, where large numbers may gather to roost.

Subspecies in Kansas: _H. l. alascanus_ Townsend. Previous
students refer all Bald Eagles from the state to _H. l.
leucocephalus_ (Linnaeus) but specimens in the K. U. collection,
all taken in winter, are large (three females, wing, 645, 655, 680
mm.) and are clearly of the northern subspecies.

_Circus cyaneus._ Marsh Hawk. Resident, common in winter, less common and local in summer.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. c. hudsonius_ (Linnaeus).

_Pandion haliaetus._ Osprey. Occurs irregularly throughout state but less frequently in west. Most records in spring and autumn but a few at other seasons. No definite nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. h. carolinensis_ (Gmelin).

_Falco rusticolus._ Gyrfalcon. Accidental. One specimen: Manhattan, Riley County, December 1, 1880, A. L. Runyan (specimen at Kansas State College).

Subspecies in Kansas: _F. r. obsoletus_ Gmelin.

_Falco mexicanus_ Schlegel. Prairie Falcon. Rare summer and fairly common winter resident in west; occasional transient and winter resident in east. No satisfactory breeding records.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Falco peregrinus._ Duck Hawk. Rare transient and winter resident, probably more common in west. Formerly nested but no nesting record since before 1900.

Subspecies in Kansas: _F. p. anatum_ Bonaparte.

_Falco columbarius._ Pigeon Hawk. Uncommon transient and rare winter resident in east; more common in migration in west but status there in winter not known.

Subspecies in Kansas: _F. c. columbarius_ Linnaeus is most
frequent in eastern part, west to Reno County; _F. c.
richardsonii_ Ridgway is the common subspecies in west, occasional
in east; _F. c. bendirei_ Swann is known in Kansas from one
specimen (KU 4425) from Ellis County, October, 1875, taken by Dr.
L. Watson (identified by James L. Peters).

* _Falco sparverius._ Sparrow Hawk. Common resident and transient throughout state (but status in winter in northwest not known).

Subspecies in Kansas: _F. s. sparverius_ Linnaeus.

_Bonasa umbellus._ Ruffed Grouse. Formerly common resident in eastern part; now probably extirpated in state but observers in extreme east should watch for it. One authentic specimen (KU 31944), southeastern Kansas, between 1885 and 1910, Alexander J. C. Roese. No definite nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. u. umbellus_ (Linnaeus).

* _Tympanuchus cupido._ Greater Prairie Chicken. Resident, but highly local; absent in southwestern quarter of state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _T. c. pinnatus_ (Brewster).

* _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ (Ridgway). Lesser Prairie Chicken. Resident, but local, in southwestern quarter of state, north to Hamilton and Finney counties and east to Pawnee and Barber counties. A few old records east to Anderson and Neosho counties in winter.

No subspecies recognized.

_Pedioecetes phasianellus._ Sharp-tailed Grouse. Formerly resident in western part of state; scattered old records from eastern localities. Now extirpated, or nearly so, in Kansas; observers in northwestern counties should watch for it. No definite nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. p. jamesi_ Lincoln.

* _Colinus virginianus._ Bob-white. Resident, common in east, less common and local in west.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. v. virginianus_ (Linnaeus) in east,
intergrading through central part with _C. v. taylori_ Lincoln in
west.

* _Callipepla squamata._ Scaled Quail. Locally common resident in southwest, formerly north to Wallace County but now primarily south of Arkansas River, eastern limit not known. Breeding records from Hamilton, Kearny, Finney, Stanton, Morton, Stevens, and Clark counties, Marvin D. Schwilling.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. s. pallida_ Brewster.

* _Phasianus colchicus_ Linnaeus. Ring-necked Pheasant. Introduced. Common in western two-thirds, gradually invading east where a few are now found in most counties.

Origin of North American stock obscure; no subspecies now
recognized here.

_Meleagris gallopavo._ Turkey. Formerly common resident, west along streams at least to Riley County; now extirpated in Kansas. No known specimen from Kansas with authentic data. No definite nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas: _M. g. silvestris_ Vieillot.

_Grus americana_ (Linnaeus). Whooping Crane. Regular transient, now rare. Probably most individuals go through east-central part of state. Several early specimens from state and several recent sight records and one specimen: adult female (KU 31198), found crippled 8-1/2 miles south of Sharon, Barber County, October 31, 1952, Thane S. Robinson.

No subspecies recognized.

_Grus canadensis._ Sandhill Crane. Transient, rare in east, common to abundant in west.

Subspecies in Kansas: _G. c. canadensis_ (Linnaeus) and _G. c.
tabida_ (Peters); comparative status of the two subspecies not
known.

* _Rallus elegans._ King Rail. Transient and summer resident, locally common.

Subspecies in Kansas: _R. e. elegans_ Audubon.

_Rallus limicola._ Virginia Rail. Transient and summer resident, but breeding status poorly known. One breeding record: adult with six small, downy young, 8 miles south of Richfield, Morton County, May 24, 1950, Richard and Jean Graber.

Subspecies in Kansas: _R. l. limicola_ Vieillot.

* _Porzana carolina_ (Linnaeus). Sora. Common transient throughout state; status in summer poorly known. Two breeding records: Osawatomie, Miami County, prior to 1914 (no other details), record by Colvin, a careful observer; two nests, at least one with eggs, Finney County State Lake, August 21, 1951, Marvin D. Schwilling. Additional nesting records should be sought.

No subspecies recognized.

_Coturnicops noveboracensis._ Yellow Rail. Rare or generally overlooked transient. Records only from eastern part of state (west to Sedgwick County).

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. m. noveboracensis_ (Gmelin).

* _Laterallus jamaicensis._ Black Rail. Rare or generally overlooked summer resident. At least ten records, including at least seven specimens from widely scattered localities. Two breeding records: nest with eight eggs, Manhattan, Riley County, June, 1880, C. P. Blachly; nest with nine eggs, near Garden City, Finney County, June 6, 1889, H. W. Menke.

Subspecies in Kansas: _L. j. jamaicensis_ (Gmelin).

_Porphyrula martinica_ (Linnaeus). Purple Gallinule. Rare and irregular summer visitant. Five specimens taken in April and June in Douglas, Sedgwick, and Riley counties. Several sight records from eastern Kansas.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Gallinula chloropus._ Florida Gallinule. Rare summer resident; status poorly known. Two breeding records: nest found "on a board," Coffey County, June (year not given), P. B. Peabody; nest (female, KU 27509, and two eggs taken), 3 miles northeast of Lawrence, Douglas County, May 22, 1945 (previously published as 1946), R. L. Montell.

Subspecies in Kansas: _G. c. cachinnans_ Bangs.

* _Fulica americana._ American Coot. Uncommon summer resident, abundant transient, and local winter resident in east and central parts; status in west poorly known. Breeding record: 3 newly hatched young (KU 16694-6), Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, June 13, 1927, H. C. Parker and W. H. Burt. The few other nesting localities include one in Finney County.

Subspecies in Kansas: _F. a. americana_ Gmelin.

_Charadrius hiaticula._ Semipalmated Plover. Regular transient throughout state, often fairly common.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. h. semipalmatus_ Bonaparte.

_Charadrius melodus._ Piping Plover. Rare transient. Three specimens from Douglas County, March and April, and a female (KU 15492) from Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, July 16, 1925, T. E. White. Nests in Nebraska, south at least to Lincoln; observers in north-central Kansas should watch for possible breeding birds.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. m. circumcinctus_ (Ridgway).

* _Charadrius alexandrinus._ Snowy Plover. Summer resident on salt plains of Clark, Comanche, Stafford, Barton, and probably other counties. Breeding range in Kansas poorly known. One definite nesting record: adults with young, and one nest with 3 eggs, Comanche County, June 18, 1886, Goss. One female (KU 7787), from Lawrence, Douglas County, April 22, 1909, L. L. Dyche.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. a. tenuirostris_ (Lawrence).

* _Charadrius vociferus._ Killdeer. Common transient and summer resident throughout state. Occasional winter resident.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. v. vociferus_ Linnaeus.

* _Eupoda montana_ (Townsend). Mountain Plover. Summer resident in High Plains of western Kansas, but current status poorly known. Many specimens from west and one positive breeding record: two half-grown, partly downy males (KU 5512, 5513), 5 miles south of Tribune, Greeley County, June 21, 1911, Bunker and Rocklund.

No subspecies recognized.

_Pluvialis dominica._ Golden Plover. Regular transient in east, sometimes common; more common in spring than in autumn. Formerly abundant; status in west not known.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. d. dominica_ (Mueller).

_Squatarola squatarola_ (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover. Regular transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Arenaria interpres._ Ruddy Turnstone. Rare transient. Several sight records from eastern part of state and two specimens: one killed at Topeka, Shawnee County, August 16, 1898, F. W. Forbes (location of specimen unknown); male, Hamilton, Greenwood County, October 1, 1911, G. C. Rinker.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. i. morinella_ (Linnaeus).

* _Philohela minor_ (Gmelin). American Woodcock. Uncommon transient west to Scott and Kearny counties. Probably does not occur farther west. One early nesting record: adult with several "at least one-fourth grown" young, near Neosho Falls, Woodson County, May 25, 1874, Goss.

No subspecies recognized.

_Capella gallinago._ Wilson Snipe. Common transient and occasional winter resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. g. delicata_ (Ord).

* _Numenius americanus._ Long-billed Curlew. Transient and uncommon summer resident in west; occasional transient in east. Female and two downy young (KU 11607, 8, 9) taken 1 mile from Spring Creek, Morton County, June 27, 1927, W. H. Burt and L. V. Compton.

Subspecies in Kansas: _N. a. americanus_ Bechstein is the breeding
form; _N. a. parvus_ Bishop occurs in migration (specimens from
Riley, Lyon, and Douglas counties).

[_Numenius phaeopus._ Hudsonian Curlew. Reported by Goss, and one seen at Iatan Marsh, Atchison County, May 16, 1948, by Harold C. Hedges, but here placed in Hypothetical List until a specimen from Kansas is taken.]

_Numenius borealis_ (Forster). Eskimo Curlew. Formerly abundant transient in eastern Kansas; now extinct, or nearly so. One unsexed bird (KU 6951) taken in Douglas County, May 6, 1873, by N. J. Stevens.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Bartramia longicauda_ (Bechstein). Upland Plover. Abundant transient and locally common summer resident in suitable habitat; most numerous in west. Nesting records from Johnson, Wabaunsee, Chase, Finney, and Kearny counties.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Actitis macularia_ (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper. Common transient and summer resident throughout state. Breeding records from Leavenworth County and Kansas City region.

No subspecies recognized.

_Tringa solitaria._ Solitary Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _T. s. solitaria_ Wilson is most common in
eastern part and _T. s. cinnamomea_ (Brewster) is most common in
western part of Kansas, with much overlap of the two.

_Catoptrophorus semipalmatus._ Willet. Transient throughout state, usually uncommon, but sometimes locally common.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. s. inornatus_ (Brewster). _C. s.
semipalmatus_ (Gmelin) has been reported, probably erroneously;
all specimens seen are of the western subspecies, _inornatus_.

_Totanus melanoleucus_ (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Totanus flavipes_ (Gmelin). Lesser Yellow-legs. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Calidris canutus._ American Knot. Rare transient. Sight records from eastern and western Kansas; only one specimen preserved, Hamilton, Greenwood County, September 19, 1911, G. C. Rinker.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. c. rufa_ (Wilson).

_Erolia melanotos_ (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper. Common transient through state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Erolia fuscicollis_ (Vieillot). White-rumped Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Erolia bairdii_ (Coues). Baird Sandpiper. Common transient in east; abundant transient in west.

No subspecies recognized.

_Erolia minutilla_ (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state, but less numerous in west than in east.

No subspecies recognized.

_Erolia alpina._ Red-backed Sandpiper. Rare or uncommon transient; reported only from eastern half of state, west to Cloud County. Few specimens have been preserved.

Subspecies in Kansas: _E. a. pacifica_ (Coues).

_Limnodromus griseus._ Short-billed Dowitcher. Rare or uncommon transient in east, status in west not known. One specimen: male (KU 29403), 3 miles east of Lawrence, Douglas County, May 14, 1946, R. L. Montell. Dowitchers having noticeably short bills should be collected when possible.

Subspecies in Kansas: _L. g. hendersoni_ Rowan.

_Limnodromus scolopaceus_ (Say). Long-billed Dowitcher. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Micropalama himantopus_ (Bonaparte). Stilt Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Ereunetes pusillus_ (Linnaeus). Semipalmated Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

_Ereunetes mauri_ Cabanis. Western Sandpiper. Uncommon transient in east; probably common in west but status there unknown.

No subspecies recognized.

_Tryngites subruficollis_ (Vieillot). Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Uncommon but regular transient in autumn in eastern Kansas, west to Republic County; few spring records.

No subspecies recognized.

_Limosa fedoa_ (Linnaeus). Marbled Godwit. Rare or uncommon transient throughout state. Status somewhat uncertain because some observers confuse this species with female Hudsonian Godwits. The latter are larger and often much duller than male Hudsonian Godwits. Marbled Godwits, however, show no contrasting tail pattern in flight.

No subspecies recognized.

_Limosa haemastica_ (Linnaeus). Hudsonian Godwit. Uncommon transient in eastern and central Kansas; status in west poorly known (reported from Ness and Kearny counties).

No subspecies recognized.

_Crocethia alba_ (Pallas). Sanderling. Rare transient in eastern and central Kansas; status in west not known. Three specimens have been taken, two from Douglas County (October) and one from Stafford County (July).

No subspecies recognized.

* _Recurvirostra americana_ Gmelin. Avocet. Uncommon transient in east; common transient and uncommon summer resident in west. Breeding records from Kearny, Finney, Haskell, Meade, and Barton counties.

No subspecies recognized.

_Himantopus mexicanus_ (Mueller). Black-necked Stilt. Rare transient. Records from Crawford, Sedgwick, Cloud, Stafford, Finney, and Kearny counties; few recent records. No satisfactory nesting record.

No subspecies recognized.

_Phalaropus fulicarius_ (Linnaeus). Red Phalarope. Very rare transient. Two specimens: female (KU 3778), Lake View, Douglas County, November 5, 1905, E. E. Brown; male (Ottawa Univ. 96), near Ottawa, Franklin County, October 25, 1926, Wesley Clanton (identification checked by Tordoff).

No subspecies recognized.

* _Steganopus tricolor_ Vieillot. Wilson Phalarope. Common transient throughout state. One definite nesting record: adult male with downy young, Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, June 26, 1954, Ted F. Andrews and Homer Stephens. Goss mentioned "breeding birds" in Meade County but the record is not convincing.

No subspecies recognized.

_Lobipes lobatus_ (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope. Rare transient. Goss shot five and preserved one (now in Goss collection) of 17 or 18 seen at Fort Wallace, Wallace County, May 25, 1883. Several sight records.

No subspecies recognized.

_Stercorarius pomarinus_ (Temminck). Pomarine Jaeger. Accidental. One record: immature male (KU 6967), Kansas River near Lawrence, Douglas County, October 10, 1898, Gus Berger and Banks Brown. This specimen erroneously reported as a Parasitic Jaeger, _Stercorarius parasiticus_ (Linnaeus), in previous lists of birds of Kansas.

No subspecies recognized.

_Stercorarius longicaudus_ Vieillot. Long-tailed Jaeger. Accidental. One record: female (KU 32610), Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, June 23, 1955, William M. Lynn and Larry D. Mosby.

No subspecies recognized.

[_Larus hyperboreus._ Glaucous Gull. One bird with crippled leg seen at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, January 27, 1951, and several days thereafter, by many observers including the author. Placed on Hypothetical List until specimen is taken in Kansas.]

_Larus argentatus._ Herring Gull. Transient, regular along Missouri River, uncommon to rare elsewhere in state; probably rare winter resident.

Subspecies in Kansas: _L. a. smithsonianus_ Coues.

_Larus californicus_ Lawrence. California Gull. Accidental. One record: specimen (location unknown) taken by Goss, Arkansas River, Reno County, October 20, 1880.

No subspecies recognized.

_Larus delawarensis_ Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Transient, locally common; rare winter resident.

No subspecies recognized.

_Larus atricilla_ Linnaeus. Laughing Gull. Accidental. One specimen taken 3 miles east and 2-1/2 miles south of Canton, in Marion County, May 15, 1933, Richard H. Schmidt (specimen in his collection); sight records from Barton and Shawnee counties.

No subspecies recognized.

_Larus pipixcan_ Wagler. Franklin Gull. Transient, abundant in west, common in east.

No subspecies recognized.

_Larus philadelphia_ (Ord). Bonaparte Gull. Rare transient. All specimens from eastern part, west to Cloud County; status in west not known.

No subspecies recognized.

[_Rissa tridactyla._ Kittiwake. Immature bird seen at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, October 20, 1951, by L. B. Carson and O. S. Pettingill, Jr. In the absence of a specimen, the species is placed on the Hypothical List.]

_Xema sabini._ Sabine Gull. Three records: immature male, taken at Humboldt, Allen County, September 19, 1876, Peter Long (now in Goss collection); immature male, taken at Hamilton, Greenwood County, October 3, 1909, G. C. Rinker; immature bird seen but not collected on October 18, 28, and 29, 1952, at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, by several observers (Orville O. Rice secured good photographs of this bird).

Subspecies in Kansas: _X. s. sabini_ (Sabine).

_Sterna forsteri_ Nuttall. Forster Tern. Transient, locally common in eastern half of state; status in west unknown.

No subspecies recognized.

_Sterna hirundo._ Common Tern. Rare transient. Two specimens: female, Anderson County, May 11, 1878 (in Goss collection); male, Munger's Lake, near Hamilton, Greenwood County, September 2, 1912, G. C. Rinker.

Subspecies in Kansas: _S. h. hirundo_ Linnaeus.

* _Sterna albifrons._ Least Tern. Uncommon transient and local summer resident throughout state. One definite nesting record: five nests, each with two eggs, Arkansas River at Coolidge, Hamilton County, July 1, 1936, Otto Tiemeier.

Subspecies in Kansas: _S. a. athalassos_ Burleigh and Lowery.

_Hydroprogne caspia_ (Pallas). Caspian Tern. Uncommon transient throughout state. Many sight records but only one specimen: female (KU 17147), Douglas County, September 27, 1928, Harold Standing (skin and body skeleton of this tern saved; erroneously reported previously as two specimens).

No subspecies recognized.

_Chlidonias niger._ Black Tern. Common transient and, in north-central part, regular summer resident but no positive breeding record.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. n. surinamensis_ (Gmelin).

* _Columba livia_ Gmelin. Rock Dove. Introduced. Common around habitations; nesting locally in feral state on cliffs in western Kansas.

No subspecies recognized because of mixed ancestry of birds
introduced into New World.

* _Zenaidura macroura._ Mourning Dove. Common transient and summer resident, uncommon winter resident.

Subspecies in Kansas: _Z. m. carolinensis_ (Linnaeus) in east, _Z.
m. marginella_ (Woodhouse) in west, intergrading in central part.

* _Ectopistes migratorius_ (Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon. Extinct. Formerly irregular transient and summer resident. Two specimens, both males, taken at Neosho Falls, Woodson County, April 14, 1876, by Goss, who also reported this species to nest there occasionally.

No subspecies recognized.

[_Columbigallina passerina._ Ground Dove. One seen on Kansas River, 3 miles west of St. Marys, Pottawatomie County, November 11, 1954, by Thomas A. Hoffman and James Mulligan. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen from Kansas.]

[_Scardafella inca_ (Lesson). Inca Dove. One seen daily at Halstead, Harvey County, November 10, 1951, to January 21, 1952, by Edna L. Ruth and others. One seen in Topeka, Shawnee County, last week of June, 1952, E. J. Rice. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen from Kansas.]

* _Conuropsis carolinensis._ Carolina Paroquet. Extinct. Formerly common resident in wooded areas of east; west along stream bottoms. Goss reported nesting of small flock near Neosho Falls, Woodson County, in spring, 1858. No specimen from Kansas preserved.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. c. ludovicianus_ (Gmelin), on
geographical grounds.

* _Coccyzus americanus._ Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Common transient and summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. a. americanus_ (Linnaeus).

* _Coccyzus erythropthalmus_ (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo. Uncommon transient and summer resident. Nesting records: female (KU 15480) and nest containing two Black-billed Cuckoo eggs and one Yellow-billed Cuckoo egg, 7-1/2 miles southwest of Lawrence, Douglas County, June 5, 1926, Charles D. Bunker; nests found in Cloud County in June, 1932 (1), 1933 (1), 1934 (1), 1935 (1), 1938 (2), J. M. Porter.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Geococcyx californianus_ (Lesson). Road-runner. Resident in south-central and southwestern Kansas; abundance and distribution subject to wide fluctuation, current status unknown. Four nests found, April to July, 1934, 4-1/2 miles east of Arkansas City, Cowley County, Walter Colvin.

No subspecies recognized.

_Crotophaga sulcirostris._ Groove-billed Ani. Accidental. Three records: specimen (KU 31948), McCune, Crawford County, between 1885 and 1910, Alexander J. C. Roese; specimen, Lyon County, November 1, 1904; male (KU 31951), 6-3/4 miles northeast of Blue Rapids, Marshall County, October 28, 1952, Elizabeth G. McCleod.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. s. sulcirostris_ Swainson.

* _Tyto alba._ Barn owl. Uncommon resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _T. a. pratincola_ (Bonaparte).

* _Otus asio._ Screech Owl. Common resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: Following reported: _O. a. naevius_ (Gmelin)
in northeast, _O. a. hasbroucki_ Ridgway in south-central, _O. a.
aikeni_ (Brewster) and _O. a. swenki_ Oberholser in west. The
status of these subspecies is poorly known; additional breeding
specimens and revisionary study are needed.

* _Bubo virginianus._ Horned Owl. Common resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _B. v. virginianus_ (Gmelin) in east, _B. v.
occidentalis_ Stone in west.

_Nyctea scandiaca_ (Linnaeus). Snowy Owl. Rare and irregular winter visitant throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

[_Surnia ulula._ Hawk Owl. None of the several sight records from Kansas is convincing to me. Reports from eastern Kansas indicating regular occurrence there of this far-northern species are surely erroneous and probably pertain to Short-eared Owls.]

* _Speotyto cunicularia._ Burrowing Owl. Common summer resident in west; irregular transient in east. Numbers seem to be decreasing.

Subspecies in Kansas: _S. c. hypugea_ (Bonaparte).

* _Strix varia._ Barred Owl. Resident in east, locally fairly common. Status in west not known.

Subspecies in Kansas: _S. v. georgica_ Latham in southeast; _S. v.
varia_ Barton elsewhere in state.

* _Asio otus._ Long-eared Owl. Uncommon summer resident, locally common transient and winter resident throughout state. Nesting records from Ottawa, Douglas, Doniphan, and Meade counties. Status in summer poorly known.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. o. wilsonianus_ (Lesson).

* _Asio flammeus._ Short-eared Owl. Resident, probably throughout state, in suitable habitat. More common in winter. Nesting records from Woodson, Republic, and Marshall counties.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. f. flammeus_ (Pontoppidan).

* _Aegolius acadicus._ Saw-whet Owl. Rare winter resident throughout state. One nesting record: a pair found in Kansas City, Wyandotte County, in winter, 1950, remained at least to September, 1951, and were seen with young birds in summer, 1951, John Bishop.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. a. acadicus_ (Gmelin).

* _Caprimulgus carolinensis_ Gmelin. Chuck-will's-widow. Locally common summer resident in eastern Kansas, western limit of distribution poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Caprimulgus vociferus._ Whip-poor-will. Locally common summer resident in eastern Kansas; two specimens reported from Finney County, but status in west poorly known. Two nests reported, at Geary, Doniphan County, June 16 and June 14 to July 3, 1923, by Linsdale. In recent years, Chuck-will's-widows seem to have increased at the expense of Whip-poor-wills in Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. v. vociferus_ Wilson.

* _Phalaenoptilus nuttallii._ Poor-will. Summer resident, common in west, rare and local in east.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. n. nuttallii_ (Audubon).

* _Chordeiles minor._ Nighthawk. Common transient and summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: Nesting; _C. m. minor_ (Forster) in
northeast, _C. m. chapmani_ Coues in southeast, and _C. m.
howelli_ Oberholser in west, intergrading with one another through
fairly broad zones. Migration; _C. m. sennetti_ Coues throughout
state.

* _Chaetura pelagica_ (Linnaeus). Chimney Swift. Common transient and summer resident in east; status in west poorly known. Schwilling reports this species only in migration in Finney and neighboring counties.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Archilochus colubris_ (Linnaeus). Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Common transient and summer resident in east; much less common in west, status there poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

_Stellula calliope_ (Gould). Calliope Hummingbird. One record: immature female, 8 miles south of Richfield and 6 miles east of Kansas Highway 27, Morton County, September 3, 1952, Jean W. Graber.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Megaceryle alcyon._ Belted Kingfisher. Common summer resident and uncommon winter resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _M. a. alcyon_ (Linnaeus).

* _Colaptes auratus._ Yellow-shafted Flicker. Common resident throughout state, but partly replaced in west by Red-shafted Flicker and hybrids between the two species.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. a. auratus_ (Linnaeus) in southeast, _C.
a. luteus_ Bangs in remainder of state. _C. a. borealis_ Ridgway
has been reported in winter in east.

* _Colaptes cafer._ Red-shafted Flicker. Common resident in west, hybridizing with, and replaced by, Yellow-shafted Flicker eastward. Uncommon winter resident in east.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. c. collaris_ Vigors.

* _Dryocopus pileatus._ Pileated Woodpecker. Formerly common resident in eastern Kansas, now much reduced in numbers and distribution. Recent sight records from Leavenworth, Wyandotte, Douglas, Miami, Linn, and Neosho counties may indicate that this species is increasing in its former range. Definite nesting records only from Linn County where Frank Wood and Ivan Sutton found a nest with 4 eggs and a nest with two young and one egg, along Marais des Cygnes River, near Pleasanton, some years ago. Eunice and Wilson Dingus have noted this species at Mound City, Linn County, regularly for several years.

Subspecies in Kansas: _D. p. abieticola_ (Bangs) in northeast, _D.
p. pileatus_ (Linnaeus) in southeast.

* _Centurus carolinus._ Red-bellied Woodpecker. Common resident in eastern part, breeding west at least to Comanche County; additional records in west from Morton, Finney, and Kearny counties.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. c. zebra_ (Boddaert).

* _Melanerpes erythrocephalus._ Red-headed Woodpecker. Common transient and summer resident throughout state. Occasional winter resident west to Cloud County; not found in winter in southwest by Schwilling.

Subspecies in Kansas: _M. e. erythrocephalus_ (Linnaeus),
intergrading in west with _M. e. caurinus_ Brodkorb.

_Asyndesmus lewis_ (Gray). Lewis Woodpecker. Possibly rare resident in southwest but status uncertain. Several specimens and sight records from western third of state; one specimen, female (KU 7890), from Lawrence, Douglas County, November 7, 1908, Bunker and Wetmore.

No subspecies recognized.

_Sphyrapicus varius._ Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Uncommon transient and winter resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _S. v. varius_ (Linnaeus) in eastern Kansas,
_S. v. nuchalis_ Baird in western part (three specimens, Wallace
and Morton counties).

[_Sphyrapicus thyroideus._ Williamson Sapsucker. An adult male seen at Concordia, Cloud County, April 4, 1935, by Dr. J. M. Porter. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen.]

* _Dendrocopos villosus._ Hairy Woodpecker. Common resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _D. v. villosus_ (Linnaeus).

* _Dendrocopos pubescens._ Downy Woodpecker. Common resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _D. p. pubescens_ (Linnaeus) in southeast
(Labette and Montgomery counties), _D. p. medianus_ (Swainson) in
rest of state, with fairly broad zone of intergradation between
the two subspecies.

_Dendrocopos scalaris._ Ladder-backed Woodpecker. Common resident in extreme southwestern Kansas (Morton County). Six specimens. No nest found yet in Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas: _D. s. symplectus_ (Oberholser).

* _Tyrannus tyrannus_ (Linnaeus). Eastern Kingbird. Common transient and summer resident throughout state; most numerous in east.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Tyrannus verticalis_ Say. Western Kingbird. Common transient and summer resident east to Flint Hills; uncommon transient and summer resident in east (occurs regularly at Lawrence but rarely at Kansas City).

No subspecies recognized.

_Tyrannus vociferans._ Cassin Kingbird. Transient and summer resident in extreme western part, east to Finney County. One specimen: male, Kansas Highway 27 at Cimarron River [7-1/2 miles north of Elkhart], Morton County, May 26, 1950, Richard and Jean Graber. No nesting record. Status poorly known.

Subspecies in Kansas: _T. v. vociferans_ Swainson.

* _Muscivora forficata_ (Gmelin). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Common summer resident in southern and central Kansas; nesting west to Morton County, north to Cloud County, east to Neosho County. Sporadic records elsewhere in state.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Myiarchus crinitus._ Crested Flycatcher. Common transient and summer resident throughout state, but perhaps less numerous in west.

Subspecies in Kansas: _M. c. boreus_ Bangs.

_Myiarchus cinerascens._ Ash-throated Flycatcher. Known only from Morton County; several seen in May, 1950, and a female with somewhat enlarged ovary taken, 8 miles south of Richfield, May 7, 1950, Richard and Jean Graber. No nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas: _M. c. cinerascens_ (Lawrence).

* _Sayornis phoebe_ (Latham). Eastern Phoebe. Common transient and summer resident in east; occurs, but must less common, in west.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Sayornis saya._ Say Phoebe. Common transient and summer resident in west. Nesting records from Rawlins, Jewell, Logan, and Ness counties. In migration, reported east to Republic and Lyon counties.

Subspecies in Kansas: _S. s. saya_ (Bonaparte) is the breeding
bird; _S. s. yukonensis_ Bishop probably occurs in migration.

_Empidonax flaviventris_ (Baird and Baird). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Uncommon transient in east. Specimens from Johnson, Douglas, and Shawnee counties.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Empidonax virescens_ (Vieillot). Acadian Flycatcher. Summer resident in eastern Kansas. Specimens from Doniphan, Leavenworth, Douglas, Woodson, Montgomery, and Labette counties. Nesting records from Doniphan County (Jean M. Linsdale), Linn County (Wilson J. and Eunice Dingus), and Douglas County (R. F. Miller).

No subspecies recognized.

_Empidonax traillii._ Alder Flycatcher. Transient throughout state; no satisfactory nesting records or specimens taken in breeding season.

Subspecies in Kansas: _E. t. brewsteri_ Oberholser transient,
probably more common in west, and _E. t. traillii_ (Audubon)
transient and perhaps breeding in east.

_Empidonax minimus_ (Baird and Baird). Least Flycatcher. Common transient throughout state; no satisfactory evidence of nesting.

No subspecies recognized.

_Empidonax oberholseri_ Phillips. Wright Flycatcher. Known only from three specimens, May 8 (male and female) and May 12 (male), 1950, eight miles south of Richfield, Morton County, Richard and Jean Graber.

No subspecies recognized.

_Empidonax difficilis._ Western Flycatcher. Known only from two specimens taken eight miles south of Richfield, Morton County; September 3, 1952, immature female, Jean Graber; September 5, 1952, immature male (KU 31203), Richard Graber.

Subspecies in Kansas: _E. d. hellmayri_ Brodkorb (female
specimen); intermediate between _E. d. hellmayri_ and _E. d.
difficilis_ Baird (male specimen).

* _Contopus virens_ (Linnaeus). Eastern Wood Pewee. Common transient and summer resident in east, rare transient in west. Breeding distribution in state poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

_Contopus richardsonii._ Western Wood Pewee. Common transient and probably summer resident in west; rare transient in east (specimen from Greenwood County and one seen in Cloud County). No nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. r. richardsonii_ (Swainson).

_Nuttallornis borealis_ (Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Uncommon transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Eremophila alpestris._ Horned Lark. Common transient and resident throughout state. Numbers augmented by northern birds in winter.

Subspecies in Kansas: _E. a. praticola_ (Henshaw) resident in
east; _E. a. enthymia_ (Oberholser) resident west of Flint Hills;
_E. a. hoyti_ (Bishop), _E. a. alpestris_ (Linnaeus), and _E. a.
leucolaema_ (Coues) in winter.

[_Tachycineta thalassina._ Violet-green Swallow. Five birds seen at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, April 14, 1947, by L. B. Carson. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen.]

* _Iridoprocne bicolor_ (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. Summer resident in extreme northeastern Kansas; common transient throughout eastern half of state, status in west not known. Nesting records only from Doniphan County, along Missouri River, four nests located by Linsdale, in 1922, 1923, and 1924, and Leavenworth County, nests found by Brumwell along Missouri River.

No subspecies recognized.

* _Riparia riparia._ Bank Swallow. Common transient and summer resident, probably throughout state but status in northwest not known.

Subspecies in Kansas: _R. r. riparia_ (Linnaeus).

* _Stelgidopteryx ruficollis._ Rough-winged Swallow. Common transient and summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _S. r. serripennis_ (Audubon).

* _Hirundo rustica._ Barn Swallow. Common transient and summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _H. r. erythrogaster_ Boddaert.

* _Petrochelidon pyrrhonota._ Cliff Swallow. Common transient and locally common summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. p. pyrrhonota_ (Vieillot).

_Progne subis._ Purple Martin. Common transient and summer resident in east to uncommon or rare in west.

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. s. subis_ (Linnaeus).

* _Cyanocitta cristata._ Blue Jay. Common transient and resident throughout state; less common in northern and western sections in winter.

Subspecies in Kansas: _C. c. bromia_ Oberholser in east, _C. c.
cyanotephra_ Sutton in west, intergrading through central Kansas.

[_Cyanocitta stelleri._ Steller Jay. Several sight records from southwestern Kansas. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen.]

_Aphelocoma coerulescens._ Scrub Jay. Irregular winter resident in southwestern Kansas. Five specimens (KU 20812-5, 21213), 12 miles northeast of Elkhart, Morton County, November 8, 10, 14, 1934, W. S. Long and Fred Hastie. Two seen in Finney County, January 15, 1955, by Marvin D. Schwilling.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. c. woodhouseii_ (Baird).

_Aphelocoma ultramarina._ Arizona Jay. Accidental. One specimen: "probably female," near Mt. Jesus, Clark County, March, 1906, B. Ashton Keith. Identification confirmed by L. L. Dyche; present location of specimen unknown.

Subspecies in Kansas: _A. u. arizonae_ (Ridgway).

* _Pica pica._ American Magpie. Common resident in west; occasional in east in winter. Eastward extent of breeding range poorly known; nests from Ottawa (1951), Republic (1951 and 1953), and Cloud (1954) counties. Extending breeding range eastward (J. M. Porter).

Subspecies in Kansas: _P. p. hudsonia_ (Sabine).