Chapter X

Missionary effort in China--First arrival of the
Jesuits--Landing of Michael Roger--Adam Schaal appointed Chief
Minister of State--The scientific work of the Jesuits--Affection
of the young Emperor Kang-Hi for them--Arrival of other
monks--Fatal disputes between them and the Jesuits--The Pope
interferes--Fatal results for the Christians--Speech of
Kang-Hi--Expulsion of the Jesuits--Concessions to Europeans in
newly-opened ports--Hatred of foreigners at Tien-tsin--Arrival of
French nuns--Their mistakes in ignoring native feeling--Chinese
children bought by the Abbé Chevrier--A Chinese merchant's
views on the situation--Terrible accusations against the
Sisters--Murder of the French Consul and his assistant--The
Governor of Tien-tsin responsible--Massacre of the Abbé Chevrier
and one hundred children--The Lady Superior and her nuns cut to
pieces and burnt--The guilty Governor Chung-Ho sent to Paris as
envoy--No proper vengeance exacted by the French--Other sisters
go to Tien-tsin 184

CHAPTER XI

The Great Wall--Its failure as a defence--Forced labour--Mode
of construction--Shih-Hwang-Ti orders all books to be
burnt--Mandarins flung into the flames--The _Shu-King_ is
saved--How the sacred books came to be written--The sedan-chair
and its uses--Modern hotels at Pekin--Examination of students for
degrees--Cells in which they are confined--Kublai Khan conquers
China--Makes Pekin his capital--Introduces paper currency--The
Great Canal--Address to the three Philosophers--Marco Polo's
visit to Pekin--His description of the Emperor--Kublai Khan's
wife--Foundation of the Academy of Pekin--Hin-Heng and his
acquirements--Death of Kublai Khan--Inferiority of his
successors--Shun-Ti the last Mongol Emperor--Pekin in the time of
the Mongols--When seen by Lord Macartney--The city as it is now 205

CHAPTER XII

Fall of the Mongol dynasty--The son of a labourer chosen
Emperor--He founds the Ming dynasty--Choo becomes Tae-tsoo, and
rules with great wisdom--He dies and leaves his kingdom to his
grandson--Young-lo attacks and takes Nanking--The young Emperor
burnt to death--Young-lo is proclaimed Emperor, and makes
Pekin his capital--First European visits China--Tartar chief
usurps supreme power--Dies soon after--Foundation of present
dynasty--Accession of Shun-Che--Chinese compelled to shave their
heads--The old style of coiffure in China--Care of the modern
pig-tail 227

CHAPTER XIII

The Founder of the Ch'ing dynasty--A broken-hearted
widower--The Louis XIV. of China--The Will of
Kang-Hy--Young-t-Ching appointed his successor--The character
of the new Emperor--Mission of Lord Macartney--He refuses
to perform the Ko-too, or nine prostrations--Interview with
Young-t-Ching--Results of the Mission to England--Accession of
Kien-Long--He resolves to abdicate when he has reigned sixty
years--Accession of Taou-Kwang--The beginning of the end--An
adopted brother--War against China declared by England--The Pekin
Treaty--Prince Hassan goes to visit Queen Victoria--The Regents
and Tung-Che--Foreign Ministers compel the young Emperor to
receive them 235