Chapter C: W. Kinder, a Briton, of the Kaiping mines, built the first (10)

Now, as to the plot and theme. Pierre Loti, the Orientalist, of course knows his China, for he fought in the relief of Peking, and I have related elsewhere in this volume, his unique pilgrimage to Angkor. Judith Gautier, his collaborator, knows the passionate human heart, as should the daughter of the famous romantic French poet, Theophile Gautier. They have combined their skill to write a tragic Shakespearean theme in a Chinese setting, but the human heart beats to the same pulse under all colors of complexion. In short, the theme is as follows: As there has been for three hundred years, in this play there is war between the Ming and Manchu races. Neither the beautiful young widow, the Ming empress, nor the bachelor Manchu emperor, has been allowed by the factionists of their respective parties to consider the national suicide of race strife. The Manchu emperor resolves if possible to do two things: to restrain in time his army which is attacking the Mings, and in disguise personally to sue at Nanking for the hand of the remarkable beauty, the Ming empress. He can not sue as a Manchu emperor; he knows the Ming empress has only too much cause to hate his race. This worthy Romeo gains admittance to the audience chamber of the Ming empress, and his unusual address and fire carry away the forlorn empress’ heart, despite herself. He therefore has made the personal conquest that could only be made on love’s unsupported basis, and he can afford to wait. In the meantime, the Manchu emperor’s real character is discovered, but he escapes from the Ming palace. His armies, controlled by a cabal of generals, against his will, overcome the Mings, kill the Ming empress’ adored little son and thus break her heart by destroying the dynasty. The Ming empress is captured by the Manchu armies, and is brought to the Manchu emperor’s palace at Peking. There, in real character, the emperor sues for two things: for the fruition of long deferred love, and for the patriotic union of the warring races, in their marriage. In an awful scene of Homeric passion, the Ming empress finally decides that too much blood has flowed between the races for her selfishly to accept of the offered love and honor. She sees the shades of the leaders of the great Ming race, led by her adored little son, and she decides in Oriental fashion, just as General Nogi did, that duty calls her to follow them into the spirit land. The fiery hearted Manchu emperor stands by spellbound, for he can not refute the Cathayan viewpoint, terrible as is his personal suffering. He, too, must be willing to resign love. The Ming empress allows the Manchu emperor to escort her up the privileged central stairway reserved for royalty, to the widest and oldest throne of the human race, and for a hushed and glorious moment she sits radiant in the place of power. The shades of her race, in clouds, approach and reproach her. She asks the emperor to return to her the pearl which she gave him at Nanking, when, incognito, he was an accepted suitor. He hands it to her, and she suddenly swallows it. The lines of Loti and Gautier draw out passion, as the French feel it, in this scene to the limit of endurance, and to its exquisite pain the brave Anglo-Saxon acting of the actor Basil Gill adds a tempestuous power that is thrilling and convincing. When the Manchu emperor at last realizes that the long silent Ming empress really sits dead on the throne, with overflowing emotion he strikes the great audience gong, and commands “to their knees and kotows” the host of viceroys and courtiers which enters; yes, though proud Manchus, they must, indeed, at last worship a Ming empress. As I have pointed out in a chapter on the Portuguese in China in my former book, _The Chinese_, such a scene is historically correct, for the frenzied king, Don Pedro, once placed the remains of his beautiful bride, Ignez de Castro, who was murdered for love by his enemies, on the throne and compelled a before unwilling people, to pay homage to her. Such is the deathless pride of true love, which mocks at fate even at the triumphant gates of death.

What further shall be said of the acting of Basil Gill and Viola Allen. He makes a brave, eloquent, manly lover, and his reading of the lines can be heard round and full throughout the immense vault of the Century Theater. Viola Allen, as the Ming empress, touches with finished skill, every chord of emotional acting, ever with burning fire and yet ever with artistic control, which best brings the sympathetic tear. They both ring the changes, both in what they suggest and in what they say, on the noble chord: _Dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori_. Compared with the silly themes of some popular plays, what a wholesome one is _The Daughter of Heaven_. While there is little accurate Chinese music, one wishes for more of it, as the Chinese throughout their plays use more music than this play uses. The costumes, the most gorgeous ever seen, will be seen no more, as the old China has passed away. The Liebler Company have rendered a public service by staging so accurate, expensive and educational a production, even if the actors repeatedly mispronounce the word “dynasty”! All Orientalists eagerly hope that the public will avail themselves of the unique opportunity without delay, as there is no telling how long it will pay the producer to stage such an expensive play. No such spectacle will again be seen; the old China has passed away, but it is caught and preserved in the amber in _The Daughter of Heaven_.

Among the Americans who deserve special credit for awakening an interest in the New China should be mentioned Professor George H. Blakeslee, of the Department of History of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, who for years has brought together a remarkable World’s Oriental Congress, the influence of which, in its published proceedings, etc., is rolling like a golden wheel around the globe, raying forth information, reconciliation, altruism and a forward Americanism in the Orient, which is pro-Oriental and not incursive in any sense, in the opinion of the Orientals. At the last conference there were thirty-six major addresses by specialists.

In closing this long volume, I would like to make a plea for China. America should at once, without waiting for the “concert of Europe” (the “entangling alliances” which Washington prohibited) recognize the new Chinese republic. For some time, with others, I have been working on such a popular movement (as an American, and in no sense in the pay of the Chinese government), writing to editors, authors and influential men, making addresses before learned and popular bodies, and ascertaining the opinions of Orientalists and Orientals. In public meetings, I have found the sentiment of the American people to be entirely in favor. I wrote Ex-president Roosevelt in full on November 25th, 1912, and the _Outlook_ of November 30, 1912 kindly published an article in favor. The editor of the _Independent_ wrote me that they had long been favorable. From my mail, I quote a few representative sentiments as follows:

“Mr. Carnegie asks me to say that he is confident the republic will be among the first to recognize her sister republic.” The frank editor of the _North American Review_ writes: “We are in sympathy with your belief that the time has come for America’s recognition of, and aid to, the new Chinese republic.” President Woodrow Wilson warmly wrote me from Bermuda: “You may be sure that my interest in the fortunes of China is deep and permanent, and that the subject of recognition to which you call my attention will have my very serious and thoughtful consideration.” The earnest Ex-treasurer of New York, Colonel Arthur MacArthur, editor of the influential Troy _Budget_, writes: “My paper will continue to publish editorials and information in favor, and help to keep the movement prominently before the people.” The Worcester, Massachusetts, _Telegram_ has been most zealous. These are only samples of what the journals of the country are doing. Honorable Champ Clark, Speaker of the House of Representatives, writes me: “Individually I think the Chinese republic ought to be recognized, but it has been settled definitely in this country that the recognition of governments is an executive function.” Governor William Sulzer, the “father” of the famous Sulzer Resolution which passed Congress, and which congratulated republican China on her new form of government, writes me: “You can rely on me to do all I can in the future, as in the past, to promote the welfare of the Chinese republic.” Professor Blakeslee, of Clark University, wrote me: “I want to tell you how much I appreciate all that you are doing to urge the early recognition of the Chinese republic. Have you thought of getting up another petition? I should be glad to sign it; so would Professor A. B. Hart, of Harvard University, and three-fourths of those who spoke at the Conference would sign it.”

Of course there are some American “Manchus” and Laodiceans who are not in favor of the movement. At our last conference, at Clark University, of Orientalists recently arrived from the Orient, it was the general opinion that China should be helped by recognition, as miniature Portugal and South American republics, some of a moth’s life, have been helped. Americans at the head of Chinese universities have told me: “We are heart and soul in favor.” The able Chinese officials educated in America, are passionate in their appeal for recognition by America now, without waiting for the “concert of Europe” on this one point. Wu Ting Fang, first foreign minister, and Wang Chung Wei, assistant foreign minister of the southern republicans, who won the battles of the revolution, have been asking for America’s recognition since their first formal note of January, 1912. America has from the beginning warmly appreciated the recognition by France, Spain, etc., of our struggling republic in 1778, and leading Chinese ministers of state have told me that China would have the same feeling if recognition is not delayed till China is strong enough not to care so much as now. The forceful idiom of one official, who smiled as he spoke, was: “You know a beggar appreciates those favors the most which were given to him when he was a beggar, and not when he comes into his estate.” Are we waiting till China gives a _quid pro quo_ in concessions or monopolies, or until some future election confirms the revolution, as though the battles won were not a firmer expression of determination than even an election, in which latter, enemies can cloud the issue. Americans have almost entire charge of China’s higher education. The Panama Canal is going to bring trade intercourse with China very dose to the Eastern and Mississippi states of America. Secretary of State John Hay’s note to the powers in 1900, insisting for all time on the “integrity of China,” really commits America now to the recognition of the republic. Delayed recognition is really encouraging certain powers in ignoring the American altruistic doctrine of the “non-partition of China”. I refer partially to the secession of parts of Chinese Turkestan and Mongolia, largely caused by Monsieur Korostovetz’ intrusive visit in the van of Cossacks to the heart of the latter dependency as late as December, 1912.

My idea is that generously helping China in republicanism, in accordance with the spirit and terms of Washington’s Farewell Address, which specified that Americans “should recommend their form of government to the applause, affection and the _adoption_ of every nation,” will redound to the reputation of America in altruism. America’s largest field for expansion in trade, educational and religious influence, is in the New China, and the new progressive Chinese, from long association with them, I can give my word, fully deserve our unreserved admiration and friendship. As illustrating the general opinion of American educationalists in China, I quote the following letter from my warm friend Doctor J. E. Williams, Vice-president of the great University of Nanking, China. Mr. Williams led in the movement whereby $430,000 was collected for China’s relief in the last flood and famine, and in the conservative administration of that relief, and the model farm colonies which were later established for the Chinese. “I am greatly interested in what you are doing to hasten America’s recognition of the republic. I am heart and soul in sympathy. I also agree with what you write, that there are many who are not the friends of China. To any one who knows the inside facts, the latter make no case at all against China, but to the people who do not know, they put up a plausible story. Compare China’s advance after a year of revolution and reform, with the efforts of our own forefathers to establish the American republic. After one year of enlistment, Washington’s soldiers were leaving him and returning to their homes. As for financial credit, the original colonies had absolutely none. As for trade and commerce, there was nothing worth mentioning. As for the development of popular education as a basis of republican government, there were hardly the rudiments in evidence. As for the ability to open mines and railways as the _sine qua non_ of recognition, the original Thirteen Colonies had not even dreamed of mines and railways. It is my conviction that the Chinese are better prepared for republican government, and have a better outlook for its achievement than the Americans did any time up to the conclusion of the Civil War. I should be pleased to cooperate in any way in your plans for influencing the leaders in bringing about early recognition. Your plan is capital in every respect and I heartily concur.”

Generally, America has in the case of the South American republics, etc., recognized governments after they have been established one year. The year has long passed in the case of China. China has poor railroad communication and recognition should not be delayed until the suffrage is voting in machine form, and perhaps by “machine” plan! How smoothly was the American suffrage voting in 1778 when France, Holland, Sweden, Prussia and Spain recognized America? We did not even have a capital at that time, for our enemies had ravaged Philadelphia. China has two capitals (one of sentiment and one of fact) Nanking and Peking, but would like to have one, if foreigners will permit her! Why should America delay? “China has been forever and will be forever.” Soon she will be strong enough not to care, but what America does _now_ she will forever appreciate, and America will sit nearest to her heart’s gratitude. Think of it! A republic of 400,000,000 people trading and communing with us across the narrowing Pacific, and beneath the smiling rays of the same warm sun which we both face: an altruistic brotherhood of East and West, working for the uplift of the whole world. China should be recognized and sent on her way rejoicing. Be not deceived; the new Chinese know us well, and take due remembrance of any delay that is based on narrow-mindedness or the uncharitable or selfish heart. Great cycles have opened beyond the seas; let America and Britain be great with them, and part of that greatness consists in helping China to be great. One leading Chinese minister and polished orator in our own language, who, I believe, will some day be president of China, for he has the youth, ability and ambition, told me with tears in his enthusiastic eyes, as he declaimed on the great subject, that if America will stand by China in this matter of honor, China will engrave gratitude forever on the core of her heart. The Chinese republican officials say that whether the excuse for delay is that the republic must be tried at the polls; or that China hasn’t railways, or China hasn’t credit, or China hasn’t “Christian science”, and whatnot, the delay is encouraging Russia to encroach, and is discouraging their own people, by the fact that one great Pacific republic won’t officially recognize the other one, which was bought by the same awful price set by Freedom: the sacred blood of patriots sacrificed by the war-sword on the altar of Liberty.

The recognition movement is growing among our people, and is not confined to one class. Many business organizations are in favor of it. The Pacific Coast Chambers of Commerce have adopted resolutions urging favorable action without longer delay. Our National Chamber of Commerce has done the same thing. Senator Bacon, of Georgia, has recently introduced in congress a joint resolution, favoring early recognition. Representative university presidents have written me of their sympathy with the movement. I quote from a letter from Doctor David Starr Jordan, president of Leland Stanford Jr. University, of California, as follows: “I am thoroughly in sympathy with your work for recognition, and am thoroughly in sympathy with the desire of most of the American people that the republic in China may be officially recognized by the United States.” Notable pulpit orators have also joined the movement. I quote from a representative letter from the Reverend Doctor John Haynes Holmes, pastor of the Unitarian church of the Messiah, Park Avenue, New York City, as follows: “The Chinese subjects which you have suggested that my church, along with others, should bring to the attention of our people, are certainly pertinent. I am particularly interested in the second, viz., recognition of China as a sister republic. I shall hope to find place in my preaching for some emphatic favorable mention of these matters. With appreciation of the splendid work that you are doing for China’s recognition, I am.”

It is fitting that I should close this volume with the following important letter to me from my one-time fellow-townsman of Hongkong, Doctor Sun Yat Sen (Sunyacius), the leading citizen of the New China, the greatest of the Chinese reformers, who was at the head of the Chinese republican revolution; the first provisional president of China at Nanking, and who is at present the head of China’s National Railway and Industrial Development Board. This message, which will make history, is really a semi-official message from the vast Chinese republic of 400,000,000 people, through their greatest hero, the Christian founder of their republic, and their most influential official and citizen, to the American people. It reads:

“I have the honor of acknowledging your letters, together with the newspaper interviews with you urging America’s prompt recognition of the Chinese republic. In reply I beg to inform you that your effort in your interviews, books, etc., in conducting this campaign in China’s interest, is highly appreciated by me and my associates. We hope that your efforts for the recognition of China by the United States of America will be _speedily crowned with great success_.”

Those who know the American people know that their hearts unanimously bespeak a warm and favorable answer without further delay to so momentous an appeal. It is the great privilege and honor of this book to help to convey Doctor Sun Yat Sen’s message to America.

THE END

INDEX

Aborigines, 349, 361, 437, 446, 455, 490.

Advertising, 144, 181.

Aeroplanes, 71, 322.

Agriculture, 138, 142, 211, 220, 338, 512, 533.

Aglen, Sir F., 169, 288.

Aigun, 219.

American-British “entente”, 232, 266, 284.

America’s fleet in China, 6, 7, 12, 31, 41, 43, 46, 78, 88, 106, 110,
206, 215, 231, 262, 309.

America’s influence, 3, 48, 50, 73, 79, 84, 90, 93, 96, 134, 139, 154,
187, 206, 211, 240, 284, 308, 318, 336, 344, 346, 380, 567.

America’s troops in China, 86, 100, 368.

Amoy, 44, 378.

Ancestor worship, 92, 453, 488, 533.

Angkor ruins, 541.

Antiquities, 361, 435, 541.

Architecture, 161, 287, 313, 398, 451, 541.

Army, 23, 36, 45, 50, 56, 58, 65, 69, 72, 84, 87, 91, 102, 105, 161,
163, 209, 243, 266, 317, 322, 328.

Art, 39, 154, 254, 313, 543.

Athletics, 335, 339.

Auctioneer, 492.

Austria’s influence, 139, 197.

Automobiles, 84, 195, 375.

Ball, Dyer, 299, 383.

Banking, 4, 18, 47, 130, 165, 172, 211, 405.

Baptists, 340, 404.

Barber S. S. Line, 196.

Bashford, Bishop, 58, 87, 298.

Bell, Major General, 86.

Beresford, Admiral Lord, 326.

Bergen, President P. W., 302, 340.

Bible, 2, 14, 16, 308, 468.

Bible Societies, 243, 461.

Blagovestchensk, 220, 284.

Blake, Sir Henry, 300.

Blakeslee, Professor, 571, 572.

Boats, 120, 190, 204, 325.

Books, 12, 13, 18, 32, 180, 243, 290, 299, 303, 315, 518.

Bowen, President A. J., 301, 337.

Boycotts, 59, 73, 77, 233, 562.

Brent, Bishop, 399.

Bragg, General, 291.

Bridges, new, 190, 193.

Bridges, old, 250.

Broadway Tabernacle, N. Y., 339.

Brownell, Dean, 339.

Britain’s influence, 17, 48, 50, 73, 79, 106, 151, 155, 180, 184, 194,
230, 234, 288, 343, 363, 437, 467.

British-India S. S. Co., 197.

British troops in China, 102, 367, 378.

Bubonic plague, 502.

Buddhism, 7, 35, 104, 311, 351, 450.

Budget, 243.

Business, 24, 137, 159, 175, 184, 235.

Butterfield & Swire, 149, 151, 176, 178, 196.

Calendar, Christian, 47, 82.

Camp, Walter, 339.

Camphor, 538.

Canada in China, 175, 184, 348, 437.

Canadian Pacific Steamship Line, 196.

Canals, 201, 203.

Cantlie, Doctor, 15, 17.

Canton, 4, 6, 23, 43, 84, 106, 190, 202, 380, 516.

Canton Christian College, 304, 380.

Car building, 153, 188, 194.

Carlyle, 453.

Catholic work, 345, 459, 462.

Cecil, Lord, 346.

Cement, 138, 154, 384.

Chang Hsun, General, 42, 63, 166, 317.

Chang Jen, Viceroy, 42.

Chang Shao, General, 25, 38, 76.

Chao Ehr Feng, General, 34, 317, 508.

Chao Ehr Sun, Viceroy, 97, 103.

Chartered Bank, 165.

Chater, Sir Paul, 334.

Cheo Ping Chun, Premier, 109.

Chifu, 406.

Children, 525.

China Merchants S. S., 83, 93, 197, 199, 200.

China-Japan War, 326, 329.

Chinese Eastern Railway, 198.

Chinese Engineering & Mining Company, 148, 178, 197.

Chingtu, 22, 35, 193, 250, 343, 344, 435.

Chin Tao Chen, Minister Fin., 82, 223.

Chin Wang Tao, port, 83, 94, 203, 211, 219, 328.

Chops, 181.

Chungking City, 438.

Chun, Regent, 50, 67, 320.

Civil service, 9, 161.

Clans, 7, 492.

Clark, Speaker Champ, 572.

Clark University Oriental Congress, 304, 571.

Coal, 139, 142, 147, 153, 238, 287, 409, 441.

Colquhoun, Sir Archibald, 189, 202, 205, 293.

Collinson, Engineer, 298.

Commercial attachés, 175.

Compradores, 176, 294.

Copper, 22, 149.

Concessions, 6, 10, 11, 27, 28, 72, 76, 85, 140, 175.

Confucianism, 7, 92, 449, 453, 469, 475, 522.

Confucius, 58, 61, 245, 325, 473.

Conger, E. H., 209.

Congregationalism, 73, 340, 342, 460.

Congress, National, 22, 32, 38, 50, 60, 78, 242, 244, 349.

Connaught, Duke of, 369.

Conservation, 150, 202, 401.

Constitutional Articles, Nineteen, 50, 89, 319.

Consuls, 175, 192, 207, 308.

Copyright and patents, 156.

Corporations, 146, 179, 184, 279, 412, 482.

Cotton, 178, 277, 538.

Creasy, Sir Edward, 240.

Credit system, 166.

Crime, 117, 124, 472, 561.

Currency, 86, 167.

Curzon, Lord, 293.

Customs, National, 161, 163, 169, 288.

Dalai Lama, 35, 311.

_Daughter of Heaven, The_, play, 567.

Debt, National, 28, 162, 164.

Dentists, 509.

Deutsche-Asiatique Bank, 165, 405.

Docks, 151, 215, 404.

Dogs, 524.

Dollar S. S. Co., 196.

Doumer, Paul, 189, 285, 292.

Dorpmuller, Herr, 298.

Dress, 7.

Edmunds, President, 304.

Education, modern, 8, 10, 162, 243, 297, 302, 334, 343, 347, 460, 531.

Eighth Division, 90, 319.

Electric development, 139, 194, 211, 257.

Emigration, 156, 216, 236.

Emperor Pu Yi, 91.

Engine building, 140.

Engineering, 180, 187, 251, 341.

English language, 143, 194, 341, 347, 359.

Episcopalians, 13, 25, 40, 73, 302, 335, 342, 343, 346, 405, 406, 461,
466.

Eunuchs, 311.

Eurasians, 527.

Extraterritoriality, 20, 232.

Fairs, 493.

Famine, 89, 161, 257, 526.

Farms, 533.

Favier, Bishop, 303.

Feng, General, 317, 404.

Finance, 141, 146, 161, 185.

Fire departments, 140.

Floods, 8, 89, 441.

Flour, 138, 294.

Food, 6, 8, 221, 371, 496.

Foreigners, 6, 7, 12, 14, 24, 28, 49, 71, 85, 192, 234, 287, 288, 302,
363, 447.

Forests, 194, 533, 538.

Formosa, 149, 165, 311.

France’s influence, 31, 153, 170, 189, 198, 285, 292, 304, 311, 332.

Fuchau, 30, 332, 343, 386.

Fulton, Doctor Mary, 345.

Furniture, 154, 553.

Gamewell, F. D., 298.

Gautier, Judith, 568.

George, Henry, 13, 407, 555.

Germany in China, 11, 31, 54, 59, 63, 84, 148, 152, 154, 180, 193,
197, 199, 253, 298, 311, 341, 347, 407.

Goethe, 356.

Gordon, “Chinese”, 289.

Grand Canal, 200, 203.

Graphite, 150.

Greeley, Admiral, 292, 364.

Green, Owen, 300.

Guilds, 142, 233, 560.

Hangchow, 390.

Hankau, 36, 39, 40, 45, 48, 52, 333, 403.

Hanyang, 36, 51, 55.

Hanyang Steel Works, 145, 188, 249, 298, 404.

Hart, Sir Robert, 169, 288.

Hay, John, 209.

Hayes, Doctor W. M., 300, 340.

Hirth, Professor, 300.

Holcomb, Chester, 300.

Homes, 494, 495, 546.

Hongkong, 15, 20, 33, 43, 51, 63, 77, 143, 150, 154, 185, 189, 285,
293, 296, 309, 363, 377, 507, 512.

Hongkong & Shanghai Bank, 4, 165, 177, 191.

Hongkong and Whampoa Dock, 151, 178.

Horses, 141, 307, 376, 443.

Hosie, Sir Alexander, 300, 315.

Hospitals, 126, 382, 402, 414, 515.

Hotels, 212, 374.

Humor, 70, 114.

Hunan, 27, 36.

Hupeh, 18, 23.

Hsu, Commander-in-chief, 24, 46, 62, 68, 82, 87, 317.

Hwang Hing, General, 16, 21, 43, 45, 55, 82, 87, 317.

Hygiene, 257, 399, 533.

Ichang, 405.

Idols, 125, 456.

Imperial Third Division, 39, 40, 106, 404.

Indemnities, 6, 11, 28, 32, 85, 164, 169, 232, 309, 336.

Industrial China, 138, 153, 170, 294, 347.

Insurance, 181.

International Banking Company, 165, 176.

International Merchants’ Marine, 198.

Irrigation, 250, 286, 534.

Iron, 139, 145, 149, 188, 441.

Japan’s debt, 264, 265.

Japan’s influence, 3, 25, 29, 31, 48, 53, 73, 79, 93, 109, 152, 155,
193, 199, 201, 215, 230, 259, 563.

Jardine, Matheson & Company, 149, 176, 196, 396.

Jehol, 39, 45, 255.

Jeme Tien Yao, Engineer, 187, 223, 252.

Jordan, President David Starr, 577.

Kalgan, 39.

Kang Yu Wei, 12, 96, 243, 312.

Kerr, Doctor, 15.

Kinder, C. W., 194, 298.

Kitchener, Lord, 293.

Knitting factories, 144, 183.

Korea, 15, 165, 168, 260.

Kwang Hsu, Emperor, 13, 98, 200, 242, 245, 312.

Kwangtung province, 5.

Labor, 142, 143, 217, 237.

Lanchow camp, 38, 76, 83, 87.

Land Tax, 9.

Land values, 370, 478.

Language, 2, 177, 289, 299, 359.

Laws, 20, 63, 85, 156, 299, 472.

Lea, Homer, 46, 69, 261.

Leprosy, 510.

Lhasa, 35.

Liang Chi Chao, 12.

Lighthouses, 257.

Li Hung Chang, 8, 21, 200, 318.

Likin, 171.

Ling, General, 24, 42, 44, 47, 49, 62.

Liquor, 132, 314, 508.

Literature, 351.

Little, Archibald, 115, 192, 205.

Little, Robert, 300.

Li Yuan Heng, General, 24, 25, 35, 45, 48, 55, 65, 87, 133, 209, 317,
327, 402.

Lloyds Bank, 165.

Loans, 11, 20, 28, 29, 57, 59, 64, 69, 84, 85, 93, 103, 108, 161, 169,
171, 191, 201, 292.

Lockhart, Sir Stewart, 300.

Loti, Pierre, 285, 541, 568.

Lowry, Doctor H. H., 297.

Macao, 16, 131, 138, 202, 207, 370, 383, 484.

Machinery, 138, 176, 212.

Manchuria, 29, 94, 138, 188, 211, 217, 231, 261, 278, 281, 300, 306,
315, 432.

Manchus, 4, 6, 9, 11, 18, 22, 31, 38, 40, 44, 54, 60, 72, 79, 85, 146,
239, 248, 254, 305, 311, 356, 421.

Manila, 152, 211.

Martin, Doctor W. A. P., 297, 342, 469.

Masons, 369.

Mateer Doctor C. W., 301, 468.

Matting, 536.

Medical Missions, 15, 40, 335, 337, 339, 340, 342, 414, 465, 502, 515.

Messageries Maritimes Steamship Company, 198, 285, 293.

Methodists, 298, 301, 340, 342, 344, 402, 467.

Mines, 11, 24, 27, 28, 151.

Ming claimant, 102, 222.

Ming dynasty, 11, 254, 392.

Ming tombs, 47, 392.

Missionaries, 13, 39, 49, 78, 171, 261, 302, 400, 462, 465.

Missions, 7, 15, 25, 30, 56, 73, 90, 344, 345, 461, 469.

Mitsu Bishi Company, 152, 179.

Mitsui & Company, 179, 197, 278.

Model town, 5.

Mody, Hormusjee, 334.

Mongolia, 138, 281.

Morrison, George E., 292, 298.

Mosby, Colonel, 291.

Moving pictures, 489.

Mukden, 39, 45, 93, 193, 430.

Museums, 348.

Music, modern, 338, 341.

Nanking, 42, 43, 47, 49, 53, 56, 62, 83, 338, 343, 392.

Nanking Assembly, 80, 91.

Nathan, Sir M., 296, 364.

Navy, 4, 8, 25, 36, 41, 67, 69, 70, 88, 95, 141, 151, 162, 233, 326.

Newchwang, 429.

Newspapers, 4, 7, 8, 13, 21, 33, 114, 140, 300, 357, 368, 377.

Ningpo, 388.

Ninth Imperial Division, 44.

Nippon Yusen Kaisha Steamship Company, 197, 200.

Non-partition of China, 79, 86, 230, 282, 328, 429, 574.

Northern Pacific Railway Steamship Company, 196.

Oils, 141, 149, 179.

Okuma, Count, 76.

Open Door policy, 217, 230, 305.

Opium, 3, 309, 339, 399, 499.

Pacific Mail, 176, 196, 198, 292.

Paint, 149.

Panama Canal, 96, 137, 198, 267.

Parker, Professor, 60, 299.

Parsees, 365.

Patent and copyright, 156, 182.

Pawnshops, 172.

Peculation, 118, 121, 146, 162, 200.

Peking, 38, 194, 339, 343, 413.

Peking, rebellion of troops, 99.

Peking-Kalgan Railway, 191.

Peking Syndicate, 27, 148, 178, 197.

Peninsular & Oriental Steamship Company, 176, 196.

Philippines, 33, 214, 237, 261, 267, 285, 290.

Physicians, 122.

Piracy, 51, 53, 67, 78, 106, 122, 286, 483.

Pneumonic plague, 342.

Ports, 187, 201, 203.

Portugal, 31.

Port Arthur, 425.

Post-office, 144, 243.

Population, 322, 526, 533.

Pott, President F., 302, 335.

Pottery, 150, 421, 551.

Presbyterians, 13, 62, 301, 302, 340, 342, 344, 345, 467, 516, 531,
548.

Presses, 345, 460.

Prisons, 120, 446.

Provincial Governors, 248.

Public Works, 161, 250, 257.

Quarantine practise, 513.

Queues, 4, 70, 81, 245, 314.

Railways, 3, 11, 61, 93, 148, 153, 162, 186, 193, 211, 219, 249, 282,
298, 382, 578.

Railways, Nationalization of, 10, 23, 27, 28, 33, 85, 137, 171, 344,
492.

Rea, G. B., 300.

Recognition of China, 85, 88, 94, 101, 214, 571.

Red Cross, 47, 342.

Reforestation, 194, 533, 538.

Reform Edicts, 243.

Republicanism, 22, 31, 54, 56, 68, 71, 73, 77, 79, 88, 94, 97, 99,
111, 248, 334, 336.

Republican revolution, 1, 6.

Revenue, 161.

Richard, Doctor Timothy, 342.

Roads, 142, 254.

Roots, Bishop, 346.

Ross, of Wisconsin, Professor, 533.

Russian Volunteer fleet, 199.

Russia’s influence, 29, 31, 48, 60, 79, 108, 153, 189, 193, 219, 229,
263, 281, 300, 425, 434, 563.

Russo-Asiatique Bank, 64, 103, 165, 170, 405.

Sah, Admiral, 36, 41, 327.

Saigon, 153, 187, 292.

Salt, 141, 161.

Schiff, Jacob H., 216.

Schools, 4, 6, 135.

Scott, Admiral Sir Percy, 364.

Secret Societies, 247.

Servants, 131.

Sewage, 512.

Seward, W. H., 206, 210, 292.

Shanghai, 15, 41, 70, 152, 189, 202, 343, 393.

Shanghai-Nanking Railway, 171, 191.

Shek Kam Chuen, 107.

Sheng Kung Pao, 27.

Sheng Yun, General, 49, 71, 103, 104.

Shintoism, 469.

Shorthand, 349.

Ship-building, 11, 151, 213, 327.

Shops, 144.

Siberian Railway, 192, 283.

Singan, 37, 433, 541.

Singapore, 152, 187, 201, 286.

Sociology, 555.

Sowerby, Captain, 53.

Soy-bean and oil, 278.

Sports, 369, 376.

Standard Oil Company, 176, 179, 196.

Steamships, 140, 158, 162, 190, 196, 199, 204, 290.

Straight, Willard, 292.

Straits Settlements, 8, 237.

Students, 29, 77, 310, 347.

Suchow, 401.

Sugar, 149, 277.

Suicide, 87.

Sulzer, Governor William, 572.

Sun Yat Sen, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 21, 46, 69, 76, 80, 88, 92, 95, 101,
209, 247, 312, 382, 393, 402, 462, 469, 505, 555, 578.

Syndicates, 27, 191.

Szechuen province, 35.

Taiping rebellion, 15, 306, 462.

Tang Shao Yi, 69, 74, 105, 222, 411.

Taoism, 7, 92, 454.

Tai Yuan, 343, 441.

Tariff, 137, 214, 217, 231, 259.

Taxes, 9, 22, 30, 72, 141, 161, 169, 244, 259, 320, 556.

Tayeh, 138.

Tea, 155.

Technical schools, 154, 162, 194, 341, 344, 406.

Telegraph, 162.

Temperance, 469.

Temples, 10, 343.

Tenny, Doctor, 94, 297.

Theatricals, 358, 567.

Tibet, 70.

Tientsin, 178, 202, 343, 409.

Tientsin-Shanghai Railway, 186, 191, 253.

Tin, 8, 148, 151, 286.

Tongshan shops and school, 154, 194, 298.

Togo Kisen Kaisha Steamship, 152, 184, 197.

Trade, 210, 287, 534.

Traffic, 193, 256.

Transportation, 143, 195.

Tropical Club, 518.

Treaties, 6, 85, 208, 219, 229, 308.

Tse Hsi, Empress, 13, 98, 310, 312, 316, 433, 452.

Tsinan, 341, 343, 408, 448.

Tsingtau (German), 152, 186, 407.

Tsitsikar, 219.

Tuan Fang, 5, 71.

United States Marine Hospital Service, 514.

United States Steel Corporation, 179.

Universities, 10, 200, 243, 362.

University, Boone, 334, 343.

University, British, 346.

University, Canton, 334, 343, 380.

University, Hangchow, 334, 342, 391.

University, Harvard, 340, 516.

University, Hongkong, 15, 295, 334.

University, Nanking, 46, 48, 64, 301, 334, 337, 392.

University, Nan Yang, 396.

University, Pei Yang (Tientsin), 155, 297, 318, 334, 341, 411.

University, Peking, 200, 243, 297, 334, 342.

University, Pennsylvania, 340, 382, 510, 516.

University, St. John’s, 302, 334, 335, 395, 548.

University, Shangtung, 334, 340, 449.

University, Shansi, 233, 334, 342, 442.

University, Suchow, 334, 342, 402.

University, Yale, 21, 327, 334, 339, 516.

University, Yunnan, 445.

Van Buren, J. S., 289.

Vladivostok, 278.

Volunteer Companies, 239.

Walled cities, 7.

Ward, General Frederick, 321.

Washington, George, 210.

Water-works, 139, 256, 512.

Webster, Daniel, 206, 208, 292, 384.

Wei Hai Wei, 203, 232, 300, 326, 331, 407.

Wen Tsung Yao, 82.

Western Electric Company, 211.

West Point Military Academy, 325.

West River, 67.

Wildman, Consul, 291.

Williams, J. E., 304, 337, 575.

Wilson, General J. H., 11, 204.

Wilson, President Woodrow, 572.

Wireless telegraphy, 199.

Wood, General, 364.

Women, Chinese, 7, 69, 90, 128, 313, 519, 560.

Women, Manchu, 121, 209, 312.

Women, medical college, 344, 516.

Women, schools, 335, 345, 530.

Wool, 138, 275.

Wuchang, 12, 31, 35, 55, 343, 346.

Wuhu, 440.

Wu Ting Fang, 12, 19, 26, 32, 41, 45, 59, 65, 71, 82, 93, 166, 208,
305, 315, 352, 472, 573.

Yangtze River 189, 192, 346.

Yellow Peril, 2.

Yin Tchang, General, 26, 103, 315, 317, 320.

Yokohama Specie Bank, 165.

Y. M. C. A., 468.

Young, Doctor, 342.

Younghusband, Sir F., 70, 306, 508.

Yuan Shih Kai, 12, 14, 45, 48, 55, 57, 60, 92, 95, 104, 110, 243, 300,
318, 343, 410.

Yunnan, 22, 41, 120, 188, 250, 293, 343, 444.

Yunnan Railway, 238, 285, 293.

THE CHINESE

By John Stuart Thomson; published by The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis and New York; seventy-one splendid illustrations, three colored maps, $2.50; and by T. Warner Laurie, Fleet Street, London, 12s. 6d.

PRESS COMMENTS

Cook’s _Tours Annual_, 1911–12, page 108, recommends this book to world tourists.

Philadelphia _Item_: “It is not only the most authoritative, valuable and up-to-date book on China; it is also the most readable.”

Paris _La Nouvelle Revue_: “You will not find its equal as first-hand information. Treated with marvelous mastership ... a keen observer ... full of puissant interest.”

New York _Herald_: “A very complete view, graphically dealt with.”

New York _American_: “The definitive book on China.”

New York _Evening Post_ and New York _Nation_: “Relates in a humorous vein his rich observations. It is refreshing to find so much valuable and fresh information expressed in a quaint and original manner. A comprehensive grasp of the greatest problem of the Far East.... Prophetic words.... One of the most interesting and instructive books on the Chinese; ... most charming.”

New York _Tribune_: “A fund of descriptive information.”

New York _Times_: “The British reviewers speak as enthusiastically of this book as the American journals have done. Written in a pleasant and easy manner.... He is the happy possessor of a highly developed efficiency and sense of humor.... Should prove agreeable to a great circle of readers.... Excellent descriptive powers and gift of observation.... Of inestimable use to the student, merchant or traveler.”

New York _Sun_: “Fresh and seeing eyes; a flowing pen; that human sympathy which counts greatly in gaining sympathetic readers; an astonishing quantity of facts presented with so light a hand as to invite the reader on almost every page; ... brilliantly clear photographs; Mr. Thomson’s text itself is almost pictorial.”

Chicago _Journal_: “The only readable book ever written about that weirdly interesting people.”

Columbus _Journal_: “A book that is believed to be the best English definition yet given of the Chinese and their country.”

Portland, Oregon, _Chamber of Commerce Bulletin_: “This volume is in the forefront of them all.”

Philadelphia _Press_: “For the American there is no book on China equal to this one.”

Pittsburgh _Dispatch_: “Our leading authority on Far Eastern questions; he enunciates the American doctrine of the Far East.”

London _News_: “Few writers have dealt satisfactorily with the subject, and there was plenty of room for such a book as _The Chinese_.... He has given a valuable and instructive picture of China as she stands to-day at her time of crisis.”

London _Times_: “Knows China intimately; keen eye for detail; terse and graphic style; ... mass of information.”

Hongkong, China, _Mail_: “Keenly observant; shrewd and sympathetic insight; ... a vision of China of the present day, very telling in its brightness and jauntiness of comparison; splendidly phrased.”

New York _Commercial_: “Most acute and pertinent observer. Fascinating qualities of style not unworthy of the brilliant pen of Macaulay. The book has a deep and permanent delight.”

Chicago _Banker_: “A new authoritative treatise by a writer resident in China for years.”

Edinburgh _Scotsman_: “It may be doubted if there has been a volume published for a long time which gives a better idea of the present condition of the country.... He gives a vivid impression and is endowed with a gift of humor.”

Transcriber’s Notes

Simple typographical errors were corrected.

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found; otherwise, they were not changed.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 121: “heard Madame Manchu Innocence thrill” was printed that way.

Page 181: “Nasymth Wilson Company” is a misprint for “Nasmyth Wilson Company”.

Page 215: “not calculated to give China fair play” was printed as “not calculated in give China fair play”; changed here.

Page 220: “oligarchal Russian army” was printed that way.

Page 279: “Incoporator Dill” was printed that way.

End of Project Gutenberg's China Revolutionized, by John Stuart Thomson