Chapter X: Some Chinese Seaports and Commerce 205 (8)

It is always delightful to me to stay there; it is one of the most beautiful spots in the world, but it makes me feel inordinately proud of being British. It is a feather in our cap that the Chinese love to come and live there. When it was first ceded to Britain in 1841 its native population was 4,000 (including the leased port of Kowloon, across the bay); in 1911 it was 444,664 Chinese and 12,089 other nationalities—that is a remarkable record for seventy years. We have 4,673 British military and naval forces there. It is the greatest shipping and the greatest banking centre of the East. No contrast could be greater than that afforded by a visit to the neighbouring port of Macao, the first foreign settlement in China, and only forty miles away. It was first opened for Portuguese traders to build factories there in 1557, and was the only open port till we obtained Hong Kong. The Portuguese were an adventurous and energetic race in those days: it was the emporium of trade in Eastern Asia for three hundred years. To-day it is the most dead-alive place that I have ever visited, and its population is eighty thousand. It is a charming spot, with delicious sea breezes, making the climate far preferable to that of Hong Kong. Its industries (?) are gambling and opium smuggling, with their attendant vices.

An interesting detail is that the dominant colour of Macao is _red_. The dominant colour in China, on the other hand, is _blue_. It may interest some of my readers to note this, and to compare it with the fact that the dominant colour in India is red, the sensuous, as contrasted with blue, the non-sensuous. It seems to me very characteristic of race differences.

We were fortunate enough to be at Macao for an interesting aeroplane function: the opening of an American aerial service between Macao, Hong Kong and Canton. A large and cheerful party of Americans came to the hotel where we were staying, and there was a turn-out of the whole population to see the ceremony. On every rock and vantage point above the lovely bay figures were perched expectant, and the quay was crowded. Unfortunately the necessary petrol had not arrived, and the machines just put inquisitive noses outside their sheds and then withdrew. We did not succeed in penetrating the mystery why the American Company should have selected Macao for such a purpose. No doubt they have some astute reason. The service between Hong Kong and Canton ought to be a useful one commercially.

The lack of railways and roads in China is a tremendous handicap to the country, and the Government has already turned its attention to aviation. An English firm was successful in obtaining from it the contract (in 1918) to supply a hundred commercial aeroplanes, and to construct the necessary aerodromes, supply and repair depôts, etc. The aeroplanes have already been completed, and a service is started from Peking to Shanghai. It will be most interesting to see how the experiment turns out. The planes are like those used for crossing the Atlantic and can carry twelve passengers and luggage. The adviser to the Chinese Government is Lt.-Col. F. Vesey Holt, who is at Peking, with a staff of skilled pilots and engineers.

We enjoyed the hospitality of the Customs Commissioner, and heard of the difficulties of combating opium smuggling and of working an international customs service. The Japanese unfortunately are pushing the opium trade with considerable success.

I made another excursion from Hong Kong of the greatest interest, namely to Canton. It is now the seat of the Southern Government, which is not recognized, however, by any of the foreign powers. The Cantonese are very different from the Northern Chinese and their language is wholly unintelligible to them. They are the cleverest and most advanced people in the empire, and have traded with Europeans regularly since the seventeenth century; they have in consequence been influenced by Western ideas to a certain extent. The native population is estimated at two millions, of whom two hundred thousand live in boats; there are many foreign merchants as well as missionaries of various nationalities. Its hospitals and schools are justly celebrated. I went by the night boat, arriving about 6 a.m., and had engaged a guide to take a young French lady and myself to see all the main sights. Canton is a most fascinating city, and as one was carried in a chair through its narrow granite-paved streets (their average width is twelve feet, and they are eighty miles in extent), one is dazzled by the wealth of beautiful and curious things displayed on every side.

I had been given Sir F. Treves’ description to read before starting, in order to discourage me from visiting Canton; but it simply baffles me that anyone can be so blind to its charm and so keen to note the unpleasant side of things. We first visited the workshops for making kingfisher feather jewellery, and the workmen are wonderfully skilful in this art; none but a Chinaman would do it. The feathers are first cleaned by small boys, who act as apprentices and receive no wages for four years. Then the feather is delicately cut the exact size of the surface of the silver mount on which it is to be laid. The designs are incredibly fine and elaborate. All the workmen wear strong magnifying glasses and work with rapidity as well as meticulous exactness. The bridal head-dress of Chinese ladies are elaborate structures, a foot or more in height, made of this feather work, and they retain for many years the dazzling iridescence of the kingfisher.

There are several most ancient temples and pagodas to visit, nine-tenths of which are Buddhist. The most interesting of these is the Wa-lam-tsz, where we saw Marco Polo wearing a hat, seated amongst the five hundred life-size figures of Buddha’s immediate disciples. History does not confirm his conversion to Buddhism!

The ancestral temple of the Chen family is very beautiful, though modern, with its figured roofs, to which I have already referred. Although it was erected for one family, admission is granted to others also on payment. Those wishing a first-class position pay a hundred and forty dollars, but there are different grades at varying prices, and even ten dollars will gain admittance. There is a City of the Dead, where apartments can be rented for the deceased pending such time as they are buried: this may not take place for some time, and we were informed that some coffins had been there thirty years already. We visited the Flowery Pagoda and other temples before returning to the shops, and we seemed to cover a great many miles. The shops were tempting in the extreme—wonderful embroideries, baskets, paintings and books, silks, fans, ginger and other fruits, lacquer, furniture, silver and pewter ware, leather goods and curios of every kind. The antique bird-cage is one of the most fascinating creations, with its exquisite inlaying, delicate architectural structure, ornamental food pots and table.

At Canton may still be seen, but not often, I was told, the magnificent old house-boats, the very acme of perfection in artistic decoration. There are numbers of house-boats still which are used as places of entertainment; which certainly seems strange to a Westerner.

We visited other workshops to see fine carving of ivory and jade, and everywhere were impressed by the infinite patience and endurance of the workmen. They certainly rank higher as a class than in any other country. One-fourth of the population of China are labourers and they are sober, laborious, reliable and contented, living on the meanest wages and asking for no holidays, except the rare national ones. Naturally no white people can compete with them, so they are rigorously excluded from most countries. The problem is a difficult one to solve, but the main thing that should be done is to safeguard their own country and to preserve the northern part of Asia from being invaded by non-Asiatic colonists. If Japan and China became friends and had a just settlement of their mutual claims, granting room for expansion for their rapidly increasing population, there would be an unexampled area of prosperity before both countries. Railway communication is confined to seven thousand miles in China: it has been more remunerative than in any other country, and what was started by British enterprise should be carried forward by British tenacity. There is scope enough for all countries in this matter, but we are singularly slow to seize our opportunities; perhaps it is owing to the discouragement of our own railway system. There is a railway line connecting Canton with Hong Kong, and we enjoyed the three hours’ journey back by it through lovely scenery. When Canton is linked up with Hankow by rail, it will be a great help to the unifaction of the empire, as well as to the expansion of commerce.

One of the last duties before leaving China was of course to visit the Bank, and this brings me to the last problem I should mention of all China’s changes—the question of currency. It seems extraordinary that every province and almost every city of importance still has its own coinage. Long ago, I was told, this would have been altered, had it not been for the native banker, who profited amazingly on the system. The Chinese bankers, however, have had much to endure of late years, and were heavily looted by Yuan Shi Kai and other Government officials. They are always in danger of being pounced on, so at last they have decided to initiate a wholly new policy. The new spirit of initiative and organization has entered into them with startling results.

They believe that China is able to support herself and that her financial distress is entirely owing to maladministration. Therefore they have come forward as a body, offering to undertake a financial scheme of their own to solve the problem. “They believe that they can place and maintain China’s finances on so sound a basis that the unavoidable political unrest of the new era, which they realize is still far from concluded, will not greatly impair the Treasury’s credit. They are idealists, but pragmatic idealists.” When the Government was in terrible straits at the New Year (the financial settling day of China), the new union of bankers, through the Shanghai Association, served an ultimatum on the Minister of Finance, prohibiting his issuing a new credit paper, and saying that the banks would refuse to accept it. At the same time they offered to assist the administrative departments out of their difficulty, if the Government would place the matter in their hands and authorize their working out a programme for China’s future finance. This took place, and the Government received six hundred million Mexican dollars, with which its liabilities were met.

The new financial scheme is being prepared, and an important part of it is the sweeping retrenchment in military expenditure. This extravagant and wasteful expenditure is a source of untold evil to the country at the present time. If the scheme can be achieved it will be a great factor in quieting the country; but the disbanding of large bodies of troops is no easy matter. The worst military leaders are extorting large sums of money from the Government, while the claims of those like Wu-pei-fu and Feng-Yu-Hsiang, who are keeping order, are disregarded. A tremendous sum of ready money would be required to pay the arrears of troops before disbandment: but it can be done if public confidence can be won by necessary guarantees.

I have tried to show many channels through which the new spirit of the Chinese race is flowing. I have taken advantage of the knowledge of men of all sorts and nationalities, in order to appeal to men of all sorts and conditions in the West. For we have the right of brotherhood in all world movements, and there is an infinite variety of mutual service possible to those who have undergone and are still undergoing the pangs of a new birth. My task has been to draw pictures with pen and brush, and my consolation in the inadequacy of its fulfilment is the poet’s view that “a man’s reach should exceed his grasp.” If the book proves a ladder’s rung by which others mount, it will have served its end.

_There is no standardised spelling of Chinese names._]

FOOTNOTES

[1] Yamen is the term used for official buildings in China.

[2] This is the first institution of the kind in China, and is much needed, considering the fact that there is a garrison of seven thousand soldiers. The Institute has a fine lecture hall, two classrooms, two reception rooms, reading and recreation rooms; but it lacks a man to devote himself to developing the work as it should be, and to give his whole energy to work among soldiers.

[3] See Dr. Harold Balme’s _An Inquiry into the Scientific Efficiency of Mission Hospitals in China_.

[4] See _The Face of China_, Chapter V.

[5] We were fortunate in finding an intelligent young English-trained Chinese in Peking to act as our interpreter.

[6] It may interest the reader to know that the coolie hire for nineteen men was $165 (about £50 at the rate of exchange at that date) for the journey from Yünnanfu to Anshun.

[7] Crackers are much used in Chinese worship.

[8] Up this river at a place called Chên-Chow are the richest tungsten mines in the world. The raw product is sold at two thousand dollars per ton.

[9] In one American school the boys are fined if heard speaking Chinese, and are not taught to read Chinese; in many there is no teaching of Chinese classics.

[10] There is an excellent handbook called _An Official Guide to Eastern Asia_, Vol. IV. published by the Imperial Japanese Government Railways in 1915, which is beautifully illustrated, and which gives all the necessary information for making such a trip. It is to be bought at Sifton Praed’s, St. James’s Street, and elsewhere, price 20s.

[11] Chapters II, VII and VIII have appeared by agreement with the publishers in _Outward Bound_.

[12] He was entertained in a large guest-house which we visited. The Governor has recently built it for such occasions.

[13] The first edition of _What the People Ought to Know_ was 2,750,000, and was distributed gratis throughout the province. One section is headed “The Three Fears”—these being (i) God, (ii) the Law, (iii) Public Opinion.

[14] See Chapter VII, the account of General Feng’s influence on town of Changteh.

[15] He intends to add a medical faculty to those already established in the Shansi university.

[16] C.M.S. = Church Missionary Society.

[17] Chinese students studying abroad frequently adopt English names for the sake of convenience. A student called Ng, for instance, experienced much difficulty till he did this.

[18] See illustrations, p. 49.

[19] This description is drawn from an official report of opium culture. No doubt it varies somewhat in different places, but the fact of the great labour required is true of it everywhere.

[20] _China’s only Hope_—written by Chang Chih-Tung, China’s greatest Viceroy after China’s defeat by Japan. More than one million copies of it were sold, so great was its popularity.

[21] _On the Trail of the Opium Poppy_, Vol. II, p. 3. For the names of many trees and plants given in this volume I am indebted to this writer.

[22] The high priest of Taoism in Kiangsi is called “High Priest of the Dragon and Tiger Mountains” (Hackmann’s _Der Buddhismus_, p. 186), and I have seen tiger shrines on Mount Omi.

[23] The Keh-lao are a group of tribes quite distinct from the Miao and I-chia, with a language of their own. The Ya-Ya Keh-lao are so called because every bride has a front tooth (= ya) broken.

[24] The character “ching” is different from the above.

[25] S. R. Clarke’s _Among the Tribes in South-West China_, pp. 41, 42.

[26] _See_ M. E. Burton’s admirable book, _Notable Women of Modern China_ (published by Fleming Revell).

[27] I am indebted for much information on this point to T. Tingfang Lew, M.A., B.D. (Yale), Lecturer on Psychology, National University, Peking, etc. etc.

[28] I am greatly indebted to a series of articles by Mr. T. Bowen Partington in the _Financier_ for these and other trade details in different parts of the book.

[29] The blind boys have been wonderfully trained by Mrs. Wilkinson in music. Their singing had the touching pathos so often heard in the singing of the blind, and their orchestra is known for its skill in places remote from Foochow.

_Index_

Aboriginal tribes, Ch. V, 12, 13, 97, 99, 102-4

Aerial Service, 217-8

Afforestation, 25

Agricultural Colleges, 52, 53, 108

American Missions (see under heading “Missions”)
Influence, 20

Amichow, 38

Amoy, 36, 73, 210-2

Ancestor Worship, 124-5, 213, 219

Anglo-Chinese Friendship Society, 20

Animals, domestic, 93, 94
wild, 94

Animism, 129

Anshunfu, 40, 96, 97

Art, Chinese, 89, 90, 96, 102, 215, 219

Baber, Colborne, 131

Bacon, F., 1

Balme, Dr. H., 25

Bamboo, 205

Bannan, Mr. and Mrs., 149

Baptist (see Missions)
Cantonese Church, 30, 31

Barnes, Miss, 179, 181

Becker, Mr. and Mrs., 143

Beggars, 53, 54

Bible School, 152

Birds, 88, 90, 99

Blind, 208

Bradley, Dr., 70

Brigands, 68-70, 77, 107, 111, 144, 151

Browning, R., 140, 158

Buddhism, 43, 107, 211, 215, 219

Butterfield & Swire, 42

Canadian, 24

Canton, 20, 197, 206, 218-20

“Central Chinese Post,” 182-3

Chambers of Commerce, 23, 211

Chang Chih Tung, 16, 43, 81, 192-3

Changsha, 41, 42, 149-55, 178, 180-4

Changteh, 42, 149, 159-71

Chao Chowfu, 213-4

Chekiang, 31, 45, 53

Chen Chow, 42

Chen Kiang, 18

Chen Lun, 95

Chen Yüen, 41, 111-3

Chen Yu Ling, Miss, 71, 73

Child Labour, 197

“China Continuation Committee,” 34

China Inland Mission (C.I.M.), 97, 105, 143, 146, 149, 206

Chinese Classics, 43, 176, 194
Church, 70, 71, 211
Home Mission, 70-3, 169

Christian Endeavour Society, 149, 207

Cinema, 27, 214

City of the Dead, 219

Clarke, S. R., 124, 133-4

C.M.S. (Church Missionary Society), 34, 70, 179, 208

Coal, 62, 89, 150

Colleges—Foochow, Trinity, 208-9
N.C.U. (North China Union) for Women, 71
St. John’s, Shanghai, 147
Yale, 151-2, 184

Commerce, Ch. X, 23, 38, 42-3, 73, 100, 171

Commercial Press, 29

Concessions, Foreign—
Hankow, 43
Shanghai, 28

Confucianism, 190

Confucius, 175, 190

Coolies, 27, 82, 93-4

Country house, 213

Cranmer Byng, 86

Dan, Mr., 212

Davies, Mr. and Mrs., 112, 141

Decorative Instinct, 36, 121

Deluge, The, 132-4

Ding Li mei, 71, 72

Doctors, Women, 177, 185

Dowager Empress, 54, 81, 192

Education, 43, 49, 50, 55, 162, 174, 192-3

Embroidery, 121-2

Empress, Dowager, 54, 81, 192

Examinations, 50, 192

Factories, 23

Farm, Experimental, 52

Farmhouse, 100

Feng Yu Hsiang, Ch. VII, 59, 61, 149, 222

Finance, 22, 220-2

Flag, 137

Flora, 79, 83, 87, 90, 92, 105

Foochow, 207-10

Forestry, 52

Fouillée, 66

France, Students in, 21, 62, 177
Railway, 36-9, 67
Trade, 67, 68

Fukien, 35, 55

Gaols, 59-61

Germans, 23, 27, 102, 146

Girl Students, 35, 50, 161-74, 180-4, 193, 208, 212

Goitre, 78

Government, Chinese, 25, 50, 61, 62, 81, 154, 211, 221

Governors, 58, 59, 106, 145, 171, 190-2, 200

Grand Canal, 35

Guilds, 178, 206

Gymnasium, 209

Haiphong, 36

Hakka, 13

Hangchow, 31-6

Hankow, 41-4

Han River, 43, 215

Hart, Sir Robert, 92

Helena May Institute, 36

Henry, Dr. Augustine, 125-35

Heyworth, Dr., 185, 212

Home for Incurables, 34

Honan, 171

Hong Kiang, 145

Hong Kong, 36, 197, 216-7

Hosie, Sir A., 40, 88

Hospitals, American, 146, 151-2
Anshunfu, 97
Changsha (Yale), 152
Chao Chowfu, 214
French (Yünnanfu), 70
Hangchow, 32-4
Peking, 22
Swatow, 212
Taiyuanfu, 62
Tsinan, 25-6
Wênchowfu, 205
Yünnanfu (C.M.S.), 70

Hotels:
Amichow, 38;
Amoy, 213;
Canton, 218;
Foochow, 213;
Hangchow, 35;
Lao Kay, 37;
Swatow, 213;
Yünnanfu, 39

Hunan, Ch. VI, 41, 42

Hupeh, 43

Hygiene, 26

I-chia or Lolos, 125, 127-135

Indo-China, 36

Industrial Life, 22, 23

Institute, Soldiers’, 24

International Life, 66

Japan, 23, 59, 154, 191-3, 218, 220

Japanese boycott, 183, 208
Education, 50, 59

Japanese Steamers, 42

Jordan, Sir John, 37, 51, 106

Jowett, Benjamin, 48

Kahn, Dr. Ida, 185

Kalachin, Princess, 185

Keh-lao Tribe, 97

Keller, Dr., 73, 152-3

Kuan Tzu Yao, 91

Ku-Chin, 72

Küticul, 79

Kütsingfu, 40

Kwangsi Province, 41, 171

Kwantung Province, 171

Kweichow Province, Ch. IV, 40, 41, 83

Kwei Yang, 41, 104-8

Lacquer, 98, 209

“La Jeunesse,” 194

Lang-Tai-Fung, 95

Language, 55, 56
Lolo, 127-9
Miao, 120-1

Lan-ni-Kou, 104

Lao-Kay, 37

League of Nations, 190

Leper Hospital, 33, 34

Li Ching Chien, Miss, 71

Lingle, Mr. and Mrs., 150

Locke, Mr. and Mrs., 149

Loess, 62

Logan, Mr. and Mrs., 165

Lolo, 124-137

Lo-yung-kio bridge, 35

Lugard, Sir F., 197

Macao, 217

Main, Dr. and Mrs., 31

Malong, 40, 79

Mandarin Chinese, 24, 57

Maternity Hospital, 32, 33

Medicine, Schools of, 22, 24, 33

Mencius, 16

Mettle, 17, 164

Military Escort, 76, 107-11

Minerals, 42, 75, 89

Missions, Baptist, 25, 152, 214-5
C.I.M. (China Inland Mission), 97, 105, 143, 146, 149, 206
C.M.S. (Church Missionary Society), 34, 70, 179, 208
Danish, 153
English United Methodist, 206
L.M.S. (London Missionary Society), 153
Norwegian, 153
Presbyterian (Eng. & Amer.), 149, 210-6
Russian, 153
Wesleyan, 154, 163

Mixed Courts, 28

Mohammedans, 27

Money, 36, 38, 39, 40, 222

Mongtsze, 38

Morals, 117, 120

Morrison, Dr., 88

Mott, Dr., 163

Music, 54, 135, 208

Nanking, 24, 44

National Language, 56

Nestorians, 132

New York, 199

North and South, Division of, 37
troops, 150, 154-5, 159, 160, 170

Norton, Mr. and Mrs., 209

Nurses, 33, 212

“On the Trail of the Opium Poppy,” 40, 88

Open ports, 28, 43-4, 160, 218

Opium, 70, 72, 76, 79, 80-1, 105-6, 127, 160-1, 170, 218

Otterwell, Mr., 39

“Outward Bound,” 49, 201

Pagoda Anchorage, 207

Partington, T. Bowen, 206

“Passionate Pilgrim,” 188

Peking, 17, 18, 20-3, 71, 92

Peng-I-Hu, 194

Physical Culture, 51, 167, 180, 209

Pike, Mr. and Mrs., 105-7, 111

Ping-yüe, 41

Pollard, S., 135

Portuguese, 80, 217

Postal Commissioners, 39, 91, 92, 106
System, 91-2

Presbyterian Mission, 165, 210-6

Pukow Ferry, 18

Railways, 17, 18, 220
Canton to Hong Kong, 220
Changsha to Chuchow, 150
French, 18, 36
Haiphong to Yünnanfu, 36-8
Hankow to Canton, 41
Peking to Hankow, 18
Shanghai to Hangchow, 31-2
Shanghai to Peking, 17
Shihchiah Chwang to Taiyuanfu, 18, 19
Tsinan to Tsingtau, 24

Rawlinson, 185

Red Cross, 25, 143, 150

Religion, 194-5

Renaissance, 194

Rest House, 34

Richthoven, Baron v., 62

“Ritual of Chau,” 176

River Traffic, 43, 112, 142-3

Rockefeller Institution, 22, 152, 185

Roman Catholics, 96, 151

“Rules for Women,” 176

Scouts, Boy, 26

Script, New, 54, 55

Seaports, Ch. X

Sericulture, 52, 209

Shanghai, 17, 28-31, 197

Shansi, 19, 49

Shantung, 24, 27, 195

Shenchowfu, 146-8

Shihchiah Chwang, 18

Shrines, Wayside, 99, 100

Sianfu, 54

Siang-Kiang, 42

Slichter, Mr. and Mrs., 97

Smuts, General, 204

Soap Tree, 100

Social Welfare, 29, 201

Soldiers, 24

S. S. Lines—
Changsha to Hankow, 42, 150
Changteh to Changsha, 42
Hankow to Shanghai, 42
Hong Kong to Haiphong, 36
Hong Kong to Macao, 217
Hong Kong to Swatow, 216
Shanghai to Hong Kong, 36

Standard Oil Coy., 148

Stone, Dr. Mary, 72

Student Movement, Ch. IX, 182

Student Strikes, 182-4, 191

Sun Yat Sen, 171

Swatow, 131, 185, 212-6

Symbolism, 83

Szechuan, 159

Taiyuanfu, 17, 18, Ch. II

Tan Family, 213-4

Taoism, 43, 94

Ta-ting, 102

Temples, 43, 54, 112, 194, 215, 219

Tengyueh, 39, 71

Ten-ten, 98

“Tide of New Thought,” 191

Tientsin, 24

Ting Fang Lew, 194

Tin-mines, 72

Tong Ting Lake, 42, 150

Trade and Commerce, 43, 171, 166, 209

Tribes-people, Ch. V
list of, 123-4

Trinity College, Foochow, 209

Tsai Yuanpei, 197

Tsao, Lady, 176

Tseng, Miss, Ch. VIII
Marquis, 178

Tsinanfu, 23-7

Tsingchoufu, 25

Tsingtau, 192

Tungsten, 42

Universities—
Hong Kong, 197-8
Peking, 197
St. John’s, Shanghai, 147
Shantung Christian, 24

Varnish tree, 98

Wang Ch’ang Ling, 24

Wang, L. K, 208

Wang of Amoy, 211

War Lords, 171

Warren, Dr., 154

Wênchowfu, 205

West Lake, Hangchow, 24, 35
Hotel, 35

White wax, 144

Whyte, Dr., 215

Wight, Dr., 214

Witchcraft, 135-6

Witt, Dr., 146

Women, Chinese, 174-7, 185
Nurses, 185

“Wooden Combs,” 124

Wordsworth, 116

Workhouse, 54

Wu-chang, 43

Wu Pei Fu, General, 164, 222

Wu-Ting-Fang, 135

Yale in China, 151, 184

Yangtze River, 42-5

Yen Hsi Shan, Ch. II, 70, 194

Yi-ling, 78

Y.M.C.A., 29, 70, 153, 211

Youth of China, Ch. IX

Yuan-Chowfu, 143

Yuan Shi Kai, 192, 221

Yüen Kiang, 41

Yünnanfu, 37, 66-75

Yünnan Pass, 40

Yünnan Province, Ch. III, 38

_Printed in Great Britain by_ Butler & Tanner, _Frome and London_