Chapter I: Introduction: xv

BIBLIOGRAPHY xxvii

1. THE PRIMITIVE PERIODS 1

2. THE HAN [CHINESE] DYNASTY, 206 B.C. TO 220 A.D. 5

3. THE TANG [CHINESE] DYNASTY, 618-906 A.D. 23

4. THE SUNG [CHINESE] DYNASTY, 960-1279 A.D. 43

5. JU, KUAN, AND KO WARES 52

6. LUNG-CH´ÜAN YAO [Chinese] 76

7. TING YAO [Chinese] 89

8. TZ´Ŭ CHOU [CHINESE] WARE 101

9. CHÜN WARES AND SOME OTHERS 109

10. MIRABILIA 136

11. PORCELAIN AND ITS BEGINNINGS 140

12. CHING-TÊ CHÊN 152

13. THE YÜAN [CHINESE] DYNASTY, 1280-1367 A.D. 159

14. KUANGTUNG [CHINESE] WARES 166

15. YI-HSING [CHINESE] WARE 174

16. MISCELLANEOUS POTTERIES 184

17. MARKS ON CHINESE POTTERY AND PORCELAIN 207

LIST OF PLATES

STATUE OF LOHAN OR BUDDHIST APOSTLE, T´ANG DYNASTY (618-906 A.D.). _British Museum_ (_Colour_) _Frontispiece_

PLATE FACING PAGE

1. CHOU POTTERY 4

Fig. 1.--Tripod Food Vessel. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Jar with deeply cut lozenge pattern.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

2. HAN POTTERY 8

Fig. 1.--Vase, green glazed. _Boston Museum._

Fig. 2.--Vase with black surface and incised designs.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 3.--Vase with designs in red, white and black pigments.
_British Museum._

Fig. 4.--"Granary Urn," green glazed. _Peters Collection._

3. HAN POTTERY 12

Fig. 1.--"Hill Jar" with brown glaze. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Box, green glazed. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 3.--"Lotus Censer," green glazed. _Rothenstein Collection._

4. MODEL OF A "FOWLING TOWER" 12

Han pottery with iridescent green glaze. _Freer Collection._

5. T´ANG SEPULCHRAL FIGURES 26

Fig. 1.--A Lokapala or Guardian of one of the Quarters, unglazed.
_Benson Collection._

Fig. 2.--A Horse, with coloured glazes. _Benson Collection._

Fig. 3.--An Actor, unglazed. _Benson Collection._

6. T´ANG SEPULCHRAL FIGURES, UNGLAZED 26

Figs. 1, 2 and 4.--Female Musicians. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 3.--Attendant with dish of food. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

7. T´ANG SEPULCHRAL POTTERY 26

Fig. 1.--Figure of a Lady in elaborate costume, unglazed.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase, white pottery with traces of blue mottling.
_Breuer Collection._

Fig. 3.--Sphinx-like Monster, green and yellow glazes.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

8. THREE EXAMPLES OF T´ANG WARE WITH COLOURED GLAZES:
IN THE _Eumorfopoulos Collection_ (_Colour_) 30

Fig. 1.--Tripod Incense Vase with ribbed sides; white pottery
with deep blue glaze, outside encrusted with iridescence.

Fig. 2.--Amphora of light coloured pottery with splashed glaze.

Fig. 3.--Ewer of hard white porcellanous ware with deep purple
glaze.

9. T´ANG POTTERY 32

Fig. 1.--Ewer of Sassanian form with splashed glazes; panels of
relief ornament. _Alexander Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase with mottled glaze, green and orange.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 3.--Ewer with dragon spout and handle; wave and cloud
reliefs; brownish yellow glaze streaked with green.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

10. T´ANG POTTERY 32

Fig. 1.--Dish with mirror pattern incised and coloured blue, green,
etc.; inner border of _ju-i_ cloud scrolls on a mottled yellow
ground, outer border of mottled green; pale green glaze underneath
and three tusk-shaped feet. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Ewer with serpent handle and trilobed mouth; applied
rosette ornaments and mottled glaze, green, yellow and white.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

11. T´ANG WARES 32

Fig. 1.--Cup with bands of impressed circles, brownish yellow
glaze outside, green within. _Seligmann Collection._

Fig. 2.--Cup of hard white ware with greenish white glaze.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 3.--Melon-shaped Vase, greyish stoneware with white slip and
smooth ivory glaze. _Breuer Collection._

Fig. 4.--Cup of porcellanous stoneware, white slip and crackled
creamy white glaze, spur marks inside. _Breuer Collection._

12. T´ANG POTTERY WITH GREEN GLAZE 40

Fig. 1.--Bottle with impressed key-fret. _Eumorfopoulos
Collection._

Fig. 2.--Ewer with incised foliage scrolls. _Alexander
Collection._

Fig. 3.--Vase with foliage scrolls, painted in black under the
glaze, incised border on the shoulder. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

13. T´ANG POTTERY 40

Fig. 1.--Pilgrim Bottle with lily palmette and raised rosettes,
green glaze. KOECHLIN COLLECTION.

Fig. 2.--Pilgrim Bottle (neck wanting), Hellenistic figures of
piping boy and dancing girl in relief among floral scrolls,
brownish green glaze. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

14. T´ANG WARES 40

Fig. 1.--Incense Vase, lotus-shaped, with lion on the cover,
hexagonal stand with moulded ornament; green, yellow and brown
glazes. _Rothenstein Collection._

Fig. 2.--Sepulchral Amphora, hard white ware with greenish white
glaze, serpent handles. _Schneider Collection._

Fig. 3.--Ewer with large foliage and lotus border in carved relief,
green glaze. _Koechlin Collection._

Fig. 4.--Sepulchral Vase, grey stoneware with opaque greenish grey
glaze. Incised scrolls on the body, applied reliefs of dragons,
figures, etc., on neck and shoulder. (?) T´ang. _Benson
Collection._

15. SUNG WARES 48

Fig. 1.--Peach-shaped Water Vessel, dark-coloured biscuit, smooth
greenish grey glaze. (?) Ju or Kuan ware. _Eumorfopoulos
Collection._

Figs. 2 and 3.--Shallow Cup with flanged handle, and covered box,
opalescent grey glaze. Kuan or Chün wares. _Rothenstein
Collection._

16. SUNG WARES (_Colour_) 58

Fig. 1.--Bowl with six-lobed sides; thin porcellanous ware, burnt
brown at the foot-rim, with bluish green celadon glaze irregularly
crackled. _Alexander Collection._

Fig. 2.--Tripod Incense Burner. White porcelain burnt pale red under
the feet. (?) Lung-ch´üan celadon ware. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

17. TWO EXAMPLES OF SUNG WARES OF THE CHÜN OR KUAN FACTORIES
(_Colour_) 64

Fig. 1.--Bowl with lavender glaze, lightly crackled. _O. Raphael
Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase with smooth lavender grey glaze suffused with purple.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

18. SUNG DYNASTY 66

Fig. 1.--Bowl with engraved peony design under a brownish green
celadon glaze. Northern Chinese. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase moulded in form of a lotus flower, dark grey
stoneware, burnt reddish brown, milky grey glaze, closely
crackled. _Freer Collection._

19. VASE OF CLOSE-GRAINED, DARK, REDDISH BROWN STONEWARE,
WITH THICK, SMOOTH GLAZE, BOLDLY CRACKLED. Ko ware
of the Sung dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection_ (_Colour_) 70

20. DEEP BOWL OF REDDISH BROWN STONEWARE, WITH THICK,
BOLDLY CRACKLED GLAZE. Ko ware of the Sung dynasty.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection_ (_Colour_) 74

21. THREE EXAMPLES OF LUNG-CH´ÜAN CELADON PORCELAIN 80

Fig. 1.--Plate of spotted celadon. (?) Sung dynasty.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Octagonal Vase with crackled glaze and biscuit panels
moulded with figures of the Eight Immortals in clouds. (?)
Fourteenth century. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 3.--Dish with engraved lotus scrolls and two fishes in
biscuit. Sung dynasty. _Gotha Museum._

22. VASE OF LUNG-CH´ÜAN PORCELAIN 88

With grey green celadon glaze of faint bluish tone, peony scroll
in low relief. Probably Sung dynasty. _Peters Collection._

23. IVORY-WHITE TING WARE, WITH CARVED ORNAMENT. Sung dynasty 96

Fig. 1.--Bowl with lotus design. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Dish with ducks and water plants. _Alexander Collection._

24. SUNG AND YÜAN PORCELAIN 96

Fig. 1.--Ewer, translucent porcelain, with smooth ivory white
glaze. Sung or Yüan dynasty. _Alexander Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase of ivory white Ting ware with carved lotus design.
Sung dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

25. TING WARE WITH MOULDED DESIGNS. Sung dynasty 96

Fig. 1.--Plate with boys in peony scrolls, ivory white glaze.
_Peters Collection._

Fig. 2.--Bowl with flying phœnixes in lily scrolls, crackled
creamy glaze; t´u ting ware. _Koechlin Collection._

26. T´U-TING WARE, SUNG DYNASTY, WITH CREAMY CRACKLED GLAZE 96

Fig. 1.--Brush washer in form of a boy in a boat. _Rothenstein
Collection._

Fig. 2.--Figure of an elephant. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

27. VASE OF BRONZE FORM, WITH ROW OF STUDS AND MOULDED BELT OF
_k´uei_ DRAGON AND KEY-FRET PATTERNS 96

"Ostrich egg" glaze. (?) Kiangnan ware, of Ting type; Sung dynasty.
_Peters Collection._

28. VASE OF BRONZE FORM, WITH BANDS OF RAISED KEY PATTERN 96

Thick creamy glaze, closely crackled and shading off into brown
with faint tinges of purple. (?) Kiangnan Ting ware. Fourteenth
century. _Koechlin Collection._

29. VASE OF PORCELLANOUS STONEWARE 104

With creamy white glaze and designs painted in black. Tz´ŭ Chou
ware, Sung dynasty (960-1279 A.D.). _In the Louvre._

30. FOUR JARS OF PAINTED TZ´Ŭ CHOU WARE 104

Fig. 1.--Dated 11th year of Chêng T´ing (1446 A.D.)
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Painted in red and green enamels. (?) Sung dynasty.
_Alexander Collection._

Fig. 3.--Lower half black, the upper painted on white ground.
Sung dynasty. _Benson Collection._

Fig. 4.--With phœnix design, etched details. Sung dynasty.
_Rothenstein Collection._

31. TZ´Ŭ CHOU WARE 104

Fig. 1.--Tripod Incense Vase in Persian style with lotus design
in pale aubergine, in a turquoise ground. Sixteenth century.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Pillow with creamy white glaze and design of a tethered
bear in black. Sung dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

32. TZ´Ŭ CHOU WARE 104

Fig. 1.--Figure of a Lohan with a deer, creamy white glaze coloured
with black slip and painted with green and red enamels. Said to be
Sung dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase with graffiato peony scrolls under a green glaze.
Sung dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

33. TZ´Ŭ CHOU WARE 104

Fig. 1.--Vase with panel of figures representing music, painted in
black under a blue glaze. Yüan dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase with incised designs in a dark brown glaze, a sage
looking at a skeleton. Yüan dynasty. _Peters Collection._

Fig. 3.--Vase with painting in black and band of marbled slips.
Sung dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

34. TZ´Ŭ CHOU WARE 104

Fig. 1.--Bottle of white porcellanous ware with black glaze and
floral design in lustrous brown. Sung dynasty or earlier. (?)
Tz´ŭ Chou ware. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Bottle with bands of key pattern and lily scrolls cut
away from a black glaze. Sung dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 3.--Bottle with _graffiato_ design in white slip on a
mouse-coloured ground, yellowish glaze. Sung dynasty.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

35. FLOWER POT OF CHÜN CHOU WARE OF THE SUNG DYNASTY (_Colour_) 112

Grey porcellanous body: olive brown glaze under the base and the
numeral _shih_ (ten) incised. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

36. CHÜN WARE (_Colour_) 116

Fig. 1.--Flower pot of six-foil form. Chün Chou ware of the Sung
dynasty. The base is glazed with olive brown and incised with the
numeral _san_ (three). _Alexander Collection._

Fig. 2.--Bowl of Chün type, with close-grained porcellanous body
of yellowish colour. Sung dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

37. CHÜN CHOU WARE WITH PORCELLANOUS BODY (_tz´ŭ t´ai_). Sung
dynasty 118

Fig. 1.--Flower Pot, with lavender grey glaze. Numeral mark _ssŭ_
(four). _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Bulb Bowl, of quatrefoil form, pale olive glaze clouded
with opaque grey. Numeral mark _i_ (one). _Freer Collection._

38. CHÜN WARE (_Colour_) 122

Fig. 1.--Bowl of eight-foil shape, with lobed sides, of Chün type.
Sung dynasty. _Alexander Collection._

Fig. 2.--Pomegranate shaped Water Pot of "Soft Chün" ware. Probably
Sung dynasty. _Alexander Collection._

39. TWO EXAMPLES OF "SOFT CHÜN" WARE (_Colour_) 126

Fig. 1.--Vase of buff ware, burnt red at the foot rim, with thick,
almost crystalline glaze. Found in a tomb near Nanking and given in
1896 to the FitzWilliam Museum, Cambridge. Probably Sung dynasty.

Fig. 2.--Vase of yellowish ware with thick opalescent glaze. Yüan
dynasty. _Alexander Collection._

40. CHÜN CHOU WARE 128

Fig. 1.--Bulb Bowl, porcellanous ware with lavender grey glaze
passing into mottled red outside. Numeral mark _i_ (one). Sung
dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase of dense reddish ware, opalescent glaze of pale misty
lavender with passages of olive and three symmetrical splashes of
purple with green centres. Sung or Yüan dynasty.
_Peters Collection._

41. CHÜN CHOU WARE 128

Fig. 1.--Dish with peach spray in relief. Variegated lavender grey
glaze with purplish brown spots and amethyst patches, frosted in
places with dull green. Sung dynasty. _Freer Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase and Stand, smooth lavender grey glaze. Sung or Yüan
dynasty. _Alexander Collection._

42. Two _Temmoku_ BOWLS, DARK-BODIED CHIEN YAO OF THE SUNG DYNASTY
130

Fig. 1.--Tea Bowl (_p´ieh_), purplish black glaze flecked with
silvery drops. _Freer Collection._

Fig. 2.--Tea Bowl with purplish black glaze shot with golden brown.
_British Museum._

43. THREE EXAMPLES OF "HONAN _temmoku_," PROBABLY T´ANG DYNASTY 132

Fig. 1.--Bowl with purplish black glaze, stencilled leaf in golden
brown. _Havemeyer Collection._

Fig. 2.--Ewer with black glaze. _Alexander Collection._

Fig. 3.--Covered Bowl, black mottled with lustrous brown. _Cologne
Museum._

44. EARLY TRANSLUCENT PORCELAIN, PROBABLY T´ANG DYNASTY 150

Fig. 1.--Cinquefoil Cup with ivory glaze clouded with pinkish buff
stains. _Breuer Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase of white, soft-looking ware, very thin and translucent,
with pearly white, crackled glaze powdered with brown specks.
_Peters Collection._

45. T´ANG AND SUNG WARES 150

Fig. 1.--Square Vase with engraved lotus scrolls and formal borders.
_T´u-ting_ ware, Sung dynasty. _Peters Collection._

Fig. 2.--Ewer with phœnix head, slightly translucent porcelain with
light greenish grey glaze with tinges of blue in the thicker parts;
carved designs. Probably T´ang dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

46. TING WARE AND YÜAN PORCELAIN 162

Fig. 1.--Bottle with carved reliefs of archaic dragons and
_ling chin_ funguses. _Fên ting_ ware, said to be Sung dynasty.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Bowl with moulded floral designs in low relief, unglazed
rim. Translucent porcelain, probably Yüan dynasty. _Eumorfopoulos
Collection._

47. VASE OF BUFF STONEWARE (_Colour_) 170

With scroll of rosette-like flowers in relief: thick flocculent
glaze of mottled blue with passages of dull green and a substratum
of brown. Kuantung ware, seventeenth century. _Benson Collection._

48. KUANGTUNG WARE 172

Fig. 1.--Dish in form of a lotus leaf, mottled blue and brown glaze.
About 1600. _British Museum._

Fig. 2.--Vase with lotus scroll in relief, opaque, closely crackled
glaze of pale lavender grey warming into purple. (?) Fourteenth
century. _Peters Collection._

Fig. 3.--Figure of Pu-tai Ho-shang, red biscuit, the draperies
glazed celadon green. Eighteenth century. _British Museum._

49. COVERED JAR OF BUFF STONEWARE 172

With cloudy green glaze and touches of dark blue, yellow, brown
and white; archaic dragons, bats and storks in low relief;
border of sea waves. Probably Kuangtung ware, seventeenth
century. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

50. YI-HSING STONEWARE, SOMETIMES CALLED _Buccaro_ 176

Figs. 1 to 4.--Teapots in the Dresden Collection, late seventeenth
century.
(1) Buff with dark patches.
(2) Red ware with pierced outer casing.
(3) Black with gilt vine sprays.
(4) Red ware moulded with lion design.

Fig. 5.--Peach-shaped Water Vessel, red ware. _Dresden Collection._

Fig. 6.--Red Teapot, moulded design of trees, etc. Inscription
containing the name of Ch´ien Lung. _Hippisley Collection._

51. TWO VASES WITH GLAZE IMITATING THAT OF THE CHÜN CHOU WARE
(_Colour_) 180

Fig. 1.--Vase of Fat-shan (Kuangtung) Chün ware. Late Ming.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Bottle-shaped Vase, the base suggesting a lotus flower and
the mouth a lotus seed-pod, with a ring of movable seeds on the rim.
Thick and almost crystalline glaze of lavender blue colour with a
patch of crimson. Yi-hsing Chün ware of the seventeenth century.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

52. WINE JAR WITH COVER AND STAND (_Colour_) 186

Fine stoneware with ornament in relief glazed green and yellow
in a deep violet blue ground. Four-clawed dragons ascending and
descending among cloud scrolls in pursuit of flaming pearls; band
of sea waves below and formal borders including a _ju-i_ pattern on
the shoulder. Cover with foliate edges and jewel pattern, surmounted
by a seated figure of Shou Lao, God of Longevity. About 1500 A.D.
_Grandidier Collection, Louvre._

53. VASE WITH CHRYSANTHEMUM HANDLES (_Colour_) 192

Buff stoneware with chrysanthemum design outlined in low relief and
coloured with turquoise, green and pale yellow glazes in dark purple
ground. About 1500 A.D. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

54. VASE WITH LOTUS HANDLES (_Colour_) 196

Buff stoneware with lotus design modelled in low relief and coloured
with aubergine, green and pale yellow glazes in a deep turquoise
ground. About 1500 A.D. Grandidier Collection, Louvre.

55. MING POTTERY WITH DULL _san ts´ai_ GLAZES 200

Fig. 1.--Wine Jar with pierced outer casing, horsemen and attendants,
rocky background. Fifteenth century. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 2.--Tripod Incense Vase, dragons and peony designs and a panel
of horsemen. Dated 1529 A.D. _Messel Collection._

56. MISCELLANEOUS POTTERY 200

Fig. 1.--Jar with dull green glaze and formal lotus scroll in relief
touched with yellow and brown glazes. About 1600. _Goff Collection._

Fig. 2.--Beaker of bronze form, soft whitish body and dull green
glaze. (?) Seventeenth century. _Eumorfopoulos Collection._

Fig. 3.--Vase of light buff ware with dull black dressing,
vine reliefs. Mark, _Nan hsiang t´ang_. Eighteenth century.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

57. SEATED FIGURE OF KUAN YÜ, THE WAR-GOD OF CHINA, A DEIFIED
WARRIOR (_Colour_) 204

Reddish buff pottery with blue, yellow and turquoise glazes,
and a colourless glaze on the white parts. Sixteenth century.
_Eumorfopoulos Collection._

58. MISCELLANEOUS POTTERY 206

Fig. 1.--Jar with lotus design in green, yellow and turquoise glazes
in an aubergine ground. About 1600. _Hippisley Collection._

Fig. 2.--Vase of double fish form, buff ware with turquoise, yellow
and aubergine glazes. (?) Seventeenth century. _British Museum._

Fig. 3.--Roof-tile with figure of Bodhidharma, deep green and creamy
white glazes. Sixteenth century. _Benson Collection._

Fig. 4.--Bottle with archaic dragon (_ch´ih lung_) on neck,
variegated glaze of lavender, blue and green clouded with purple and
brown. (?) Eighteenth century. Yi-hsing ware. _Peters Collection._